College of Engineering and Computer Science Mechanical Engineering Department

Mechanical Engineering 370 Thermodynamics

Fall 2010 Course Number: 14319 Instructor: Larry Caretto

UnABDNOEVats.
Assume that oxygen behaves as an !eal gas so that "e can use the e#uat on $or the entro%y change o$ an !eal gas " th tem%erature an! s%ec $ c volumes as the n!e%en!ent var ables as sho"n belo"&

s2 s1 = cv
T1

T2

v2 T2 v2 dT + R ln if cv const , s2 s1 = cv ln + R ln v T v1 T1 1

In th s case' (1 ) 2*oC ) 29+&1* ,' (2 ) 2+-oC ) *.0&1* ,' v1 ) 0&+ m3/0g an! v2 ) 0&1 m3/0g& For oxygen' 1 ) 0&2*9+ 02/0g, $rom (able A31 on %age 910 an! cv ) 0&.+. 02/0g, at the mean tem%erature o$ 429&1* ,' $rom (able A324b5 on %age 912& 6ubst tut ng these numbers nto the e#uat on $or constant heat ca%ac ty g ves the !es re! result&

T2 v 2 0.686 kJ 560.15 K 0.2598 kJ 0.1 m 3 / kg s2 s1 = cv ln + R ln 298.15 K + kg K ln 0.8 m 3 / kg T v = kg K ln 1 1

s2 s1 = -0.107 !"#!g$ 2. % 1.& m' insulated rigid tan! contains 2.7 !g of car(on dio)ide at 100 !*a. +o, paddle,heel ,or! is done on the s-stem until the pressure in the tan! rises to 1&0 !*a. Determine the entrop- change of the car(on dio)ide during this process in !"#$. %ssume constant specific heats. I$ "e assume that carbon ! ox !e behaves as an !eal gas' "e can use the same e#uat on that "e use! n the %rev ous %roblem to $ n! the change n s%ec $ c entro%y&

s2 s1 = cv
T1

T2

v2 T2 v2 dT + R ln if c const , s s = c ln + R ln v 2 1 v v T v T 1 1 1

7ere the volume s constant' so the 1ln4v2/v15 term s 8ero& 9e !o not have the tem%eratures' but "e can $ n! these n terms o$ other !ata us ng the !eal gas la"& For carbon ! ox !e' 1 ) 0&1++9 02/0g, $rom (able A31 on %age 910 :s ng th s value $or 1' an! the g ven values $or the other !ata' g ves the $ollo" ng values $or the tem%erature' $rom the !eal gas la"&

T1 =

P 1V = mR

(100 kPa )(1.5 m 3 ) = 294.10 K 0.1889 kJ 1 kPa m 3 ( 2.7 kg ) kg K kJ

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T2 =

P2V = mR

(150 kPa )(1.5 m 3 ) = 441.15 K 0.1889 kJ 1 kPa m 3 ( 2.7 kg ) kg K kJ

9e can nter%olate n (able A324b5 on %age 9.2 to $ n! c v ) 0&-21. 02/0g, at the mean tem%erature o$ 3.-&-* ,& 9e thus com%ute the s%ec $ c entro%y change as $ollo"s&

T2 s 2 s1 = cv ln T 1

v2 + R ln v 1

0.7215 kJ 441.15 K 0.2925 kJ 294.10 K + R ln (1) = kg K = kg K ln

9e can no" com%ute the entro%y change n the !es re! un ts o$ 02/,&
0.2925 kJ S = m( s2 s1 ) = ( 2.7 kg ) kg K = 0.7.// !"#$

Coul! "e have use! the e#uat on $or entro%y change n terms o$ the %ressure rat o s nce "e are g ven the n t al an! $ nal %ressures? (he ans"er s yes' o$ course@ 7o"ever "e "oul! then have to calculate an a!! t onal term n ln4=2/=15& (hat calculat on s sho"n belo" "here "e com%ute c % ) cv A 1 ) 0&-21* 02/0g, A 0&1++9 02/0g, ) 0&9104 02/0g,&

T2 s 2 s1 = c p ln T 1

P2 R ln P 1

0.9104 kJ 441.15 K 0.1889 kJ 150 kPa 0.2925 kJ 294.10 K kg K ln 100 kPa = kg K = kg K ln

As ex%ecte!' the results are the same& '. % piston-c-linder de0ice contains 1.2 !g of nitrogen gas at 120 !*a and 27 oC. 1he gas is no, compressed slo,l- in a pol-tropic process during ,hich *2 1.' = constant. 1he process ends ,hen the 0olume is reduced (- one-half. Determine the entrop- change of nitrogen during the process. For =Bn ) constant' the en! states are relate! as $ollo"s: =1B1n ) =2B2n ) constant& 9e can comb ne th s e#uat on " th the !eal gas e#uat on' =B ) m1( to obta n the $ollo" ng result&

P1V1n =

mRT1 n mRT2 n V1 = P2V2n = V2 V1 V2

mRT1 mRT2 = 1 n V11 n V2

9e can cancel the common $actor o$ m1 on both s !es o$ the last e#uat on& 9hen "e !o th s' "e see that the $ nal tem%erature s relate! to the n t al tem%erature by the e#uat on ( 2 ) (14B1/B25n31& In th s %roblem' (1 ) 2-oC ) 300&1* ,' B2/B1 ) C' an! n ) 1&3& (h s g ves the $ nal tem%erature as 4300&1* ,54251&331 ) 3.9&* ,& I$ "e assume a constant heat ca%ac ty "e can use the value o$ c v at the average tem%erature o$ 334&+ , ) 0&-43- 02/0g , $rom (able A324b5 on %age 912D the value o$ 1 $or n trogen' $rom (able A31 on %age 910 s 0&29.+ 02/0g ,& :s ng the $ormula $or !eal gas entro%y change as a $unct on o$ tem%erature an! volume rat o " th the !ata g ven here g ves the s%ec $ c entro%y change&

T2 v2 0.7437 kJ 369.5 K 0.2988 kJ 0.0514 kJ s2 s1 = cv ln 300.15 K + kg K ln ( 0.5) = kg K T + R ln v = kg K ln 1 1

9e no" $ n! the total entro%y change

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 0.0514 kJ S = m( s2 s1 ) = (1.2kg ) kg K

= 0.0 17 !"#$

3. % mass of 1& l(m of helium undergoes a process from an initial state of &0 ft '#l(m and .0o4 to a final state of 10 ft'#l(m and 200o4. Determine the entrop- change of the helium during this process5 assuming 6a7 the process is re0ersi(le and 6(7 the process is irre0ersi(le. 6 nce entro%y s %ro%erty an! "e are as0e! to com%ute the change n entro%y bet"een t"o g ven states' the ans"ers to %arts 4a5 an! 4b5 " ll be the same& For the same change n state the change n entro%y s the same& For hel um' the gas constant 1 ) 0&49.1 Etu/lbm1 $rom (able A31; on %age 934& 6 nce hel um s a monatom c gas' ts heat ca%ac ty s constant over a " !e tem%erature range& 7ere "e " ll use the value o$ cv ) 0&-*3 Etu/lbm1 $rom (able A32;4a5 on %age 9.1& 9e $ n! the entro%y change o$ an !eal gas' " th constant heat ca%ac t es' us ng volume an! tem%erature as n!e%en!ent var ables as $ollo"s&

T2 v2 s2 s1 = cv ln T + R ln v = 1 1 ft 3 10 lbm 0.753 Btu 659.67 R 0.4961 Btu 0.6474 Btu = ln + ln 3 ft lbm R lbm R lbm R 539.67 R 50 lb m
<ult %ly ng th s by the mass g ves the total entro%y change&

0.8092 Btu S = m ( s2 s1 ) = (15 bm ) lb R m = -/.71 !"#$

& %ir is compressed in a piston c-linder de0ice from 100 !*a and 17oC to .00 !*a in a re0ersi(le adia(atic process. Determine the final temperature and the ,or! done during this process assuming 6a7 constant specific heats and 6(7 0aria(le specific heats for air Eecause a revers ble a! abat c %rocess s sentro% c' "e can $ n! the $ nal state $rom the e#uat ons $or an sentro% c %rocess n an !eal gas& I$ the s%ec $ c heats are constant' the $ nal tem%erature n an !eal3gas sentro% c %rocess s $oun! $rom the e#uat on ( 2 ) (14=2/=1540315/0& For a r' " th an n t al tem%erature o$ 1-oC ) 290&1* ,' "e can use the value o$ 0 ) 1&400 at 300 , $rom (able A324a5 on %age 911& (h s g ves
P2 T2 = T1 P 1
k 1 k

800 kPa 1.4 = ( 290.15 K ) 100 kPa

1 .4 1

= &2&.&$

For an close! system' the $ rst la" g ves 9 ) F G : ) F G m4u2 G u15& For an a! abat c %rocess F ) 0 an! $or an !eal gas " th constant heat ca%ac t es' u ) cv( so that the "or0 s g ven by the $ollo" ng e#uat on: 9 ) m4u1 G u25 ) mcv4(1 G (25& At an average tem%erature o$ 40-&9 ,' "e $ n! that cv ) 0&-2- 02/0g, $rom (able A324b5 on %age 912& (h s g ves the $ollo" ng result $or the "or0&

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w=

W 0.727 kJ ( 290.15 K 525.5 K ) = cv ( T1 T2 ) = m kg K = -171.1 !"#!g

For var able heat ca%ac ty "e use the $ollo" ng e#uat on $or an sentro% c %rocess n an !eal gas: =2/=1 ) =r4(25/=r4(15 "here =r4(5 s $oun! $rom the a r tables& From (able A31- on %age 9*+ "e $ n! that =r4(1 ) 290&1* ,5 ) 1&2334 so that =r4(25 ) =r4(15 =2/=1 ) 41&233454+00 0=a5 / 4100 0=a5 ) 9&+.-0& 9e nee! to $ n! the value o$ ( $or "h ch = r4(5 ) 9&+.-0D "e $ n! th s by nter%olat ng n the a r tables bet"een =r4*20 ,5 ) 9&.+4 an! =r4*30 ,5 ) 10&3-&

T2 = 520 K +

530 K 520 K ( 9.867 9.684 ) = &22.7$ 10.37 9.684

A s m lar nter%olat on g ves us the nternal energy at th s $ nal tem%erature&

u2 = 374.36 kJ

kg

381.84 kJ

374.36 kJ kg kg ( 9.867 9.684) = 376.36 kJ kg 10.37 9.684

Also' by nter%olat on "e $ n! that u1 ) u4290&1* ,5 ) 20-&02& (hus "e $ n! the s%ec $ c "or0' " ) 9/m $rom the $ollo" ng e#uat on& " ) u1 G u2 ) 20-&02 02/0g G 3-.&3. 02/0g ) 1 /.' !"#!g& . 8elium gas is compressed from /0 !*a and '0oC to 3&0 !*a in a re0ersi(le adia(atic process. Determine the final temperature and the ,or! done5 assuming the process ta!es place 6a7 in a piston c-linder de0ice and 6(7 in a stead--flo, compressor. 6 nce hel um s a monatom c gas' ts heat ca%ac ty s constant over a " !e tem%erature range& 7ere "e " ll use the values o$ c% ) *&192. 02/0g,' cv ) 3&11*. 02/0g,' an! 0 ) 1&..- $rom (able A324a5 on %age 911 For revers ble' a! abat c com%ress on the entro%y s constant an! the $ nal tem%erature can be $oun! $rom the $ollo" ng e#uat on $or !eal gases " th constant heat ca%ac ty n an sentro% c %rocess: (2 ) (14=2/=1540315/0&
P2 T2 = T1 P 1
k 1 k

450 kPa 1.667 = ( 303.15 K ) = 577.1 K 90 kPa

1.667 1

I$ th s %rocess ta0es %lace n a close! system the $ rst la"' " th F ) 0' g ves 9 ) G : ) m4u1 G u25' so " ) 9/m ) u1 G u2 ) cv4(1 G (25 $or an !eal gas " th constant heat ca%ac t es&

w=

W 3.1156 kJ ( 303.15 K 577.1 K ) = cv (T1 T2 ) = m kg K = -.&'.3 !"#!g

For an a! abat c stea!y3$lo" system " th one nlet an! one outlet an! negl g ble changes n 0 net c an! %otent al energ es' the "or0 4%er un t mass5 s g ven by the $ollo" ng e#uat on: " ) h n G hout& For an !eal gas " th constant heat ca%ac t es' h n G hout ) c%4( n G (out5& In th s case "e $ n! the "or0 as $ollo"s:
w= W 5.1926 kJ ( 303.15 K 577.1 K ) = c p (Tin Tout ) = m kg K = -15322.' !"#!g

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