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Overview of Quasi-Planar Transmission Lines: Finlines

This document provides an overview of several quasi-planar transmission line technologies, including finlines, slotlines, suspended striplines, and coplanar waveguides. It reviews the physical characteristics and propagation properties of each technology and compares their attenuation characteristics. It also discusses challenges with modeling discontinuities in these transmission line types.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
85 views6 pages

Overview of Quasi-Planar Transmission Lines: Finlines

This document provides an overview of several quasi-planar transmission line technologies, including finlines, slotlines, suspended striplines, and coplanar waveguides. It reviews the physical characteristics and propagation properties of each technology and compares their attenuation characteristics. It also discusses challenges with modeling discontinuities in these transmission line types.

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Vimal
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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IEEE TRANSACTIONSON MICROWAVE THEORY A N D TECHNIQUES, VOL.

31, NO. 2 , FEBRUARY 1989

215

Overview of Quasi-Planar Transmission Lines

Ahstrad -A number of quasi-planar transmission lines are reviewed in terms of the general propagation characteristics including useful features, precautions in practice, and some design information. Transmission lines discussed in this paper include coplanar waveguides, finlines, suspended stripline, and microslab waveguides. Attenuation characteristics of some of these lines are compared. In addition, the problems of discontinuity characterizations are included.

Fig. 1. Slot line.

I. INTRODUCTION

LTHOUGH the majority of microwave and millimeter-wave integrated circuits have been fabricated with the microstrip line, the search continues for an alternative transmission medium which would present a potential advantage over the microstrip line or supplement it. For instance, the suspended stripline with a quartz substrate has been used for receiver applications at 230 GHz [l]. With the advent of monolithc microwave integrated circuits, a renewed interest is evident in the coplanar waveguide. However, in contrast to microstrip lines, a relatively limited amount of information is available on these transmission lines. It is true that there are still many problems with microstrip lines, particularly with regard to the highfrequency characterization of microstrip discontinuities. Nevertheless, the situation of the microstrip line is far better, in terms of both theoretical and experimental characterizations, than the suspended stripline and coplanar waveguide. Finlines are somewhat better than these two in terms of the amount of information. The objective of this paper is to review the nature of these quasi-planar transmission lines. Collection of most of the basic information for each transmission line has been attempted. However, it is not possible to cover all the relevant publications. In the first part of the paper, each transmission line will be described in terms of its physical nature and propagation characteristics. Next, comparisons are made of the attenuation characteristics. General comparisons will also be provided. A few attempts to characterize discontinuities appearing in these transmission lines will then be mentioned.

Fig. 2.

Bilateral, unilateral, and antipodal finlines.

11. FINLINES AND SLOTLINES

Manuscript received January 5, 1988: revised July 20, 1988. This work was supported by the Army Research Office under Contract DAAL0388-K-0005, by the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-79C-0553, and by the Joint Services Electronics Program (F49620-86-C0045). The author is with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712. IEEE Log Number 8824987.

The slot line (Fig. 1) was proposed by Cohn, who also provided an analysis method [2]. He has pointed out that the guided mode has a region of elliptical polarization and hence is suited for applications with a ferrite material. The slot line was not widely used in comparison with other quasi-planar transmission lines, particularly the finline, which happened to have a similar configuration on the substrate. However, the slot line mode plays an important role, as we will see later in other quasi-planar transmission lines such as coplanar waveguides. The finline was invented by Meier [3] as an alternative to the microstrip line at millimeter-wave frequencies. It was considered to be compatible with batch-processing techniques and superior to microstrip lines in a number of aspects at millimeter-wave frequencies. There are three types of finlines: unilateral, bilateral, and antipodal, as shown in Fig. 2. They are basically printed ridge waveguides and hence they can have a wider single mode spectrum than a corresponding waveguide in which the finline is housed. One consequence of this configuration is that a transition to the standard waveguide is quite easily fabricated. Usually, the finline electrodes are tapered down so that a planar horn is formed on the substrate. On the other hand, a transition from the antipodal finline to a microstrip line can be made easily. One of the fins is tapered down to a center strip while the width of the fin on the other side of the substrate is gradually increased to form the ground plane of the microstrip line.

0018-9480/89/0200-0275$01.00 01989 IEEE

216
2.0

IEEE TRANSACTION s ON MICROWAVETHEORY A N D TECHNIQUES, VOL.

31, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 1989

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Fig. 3.

Dispersion characteristicsof a finline (from [6]).

The propagation characteristics of the finlines have been studied by a number of research groups [4]-[6]. These works have treated idealized structures and computed the phase constant and the characteristic impedance. Fig. 3 shows typical examples of the propagation characteristics for the dominant and the second-order modes calculated by the spectral-domain method [6]. The characteristic impedance is calculated on the basis of the voltage-power definition, in which the voltage across the slot and the power transmitted are used. Although t h s definition is not unique, it is perhaps the most suitable and is widely used for finlines. The characteristic impedance is usually higher than 100 52, although the antipodal configuration can find a lower impedance. In addition to these fundamental characteristics, both the dielectric loss ad and the conductor loss a , have been computed and the results are shown in Fig. 4 [7]. It is generally agreed that the measured values of finline attenuation are about three times the predicted values, due to surface roughness and other factors. In an actual realization of finlines, one often uses a small groove in the top and bottom walls of the waveguide housing in which the finline is accommodated. The effect of these grooves may not be negligible. In addition, the thckness of the fin metallization can affect the propagation characteristics of the finline. These problems have been studied recently [8], [9]. It was pointed out that the effects of the grooves and the metallization thickness become increasingly important as the frequency is increased.

oped, it can be used for a number of stripline configurations, including the microstrip line [lo]. The suspended (and inverted) striplines have a number of useful features. First, the attenuation due to the dielectric material is reduced, because the substrate is usually used for supporting the strip and the greater part of the electromagnetic field is located in the air. The loss characteristics will be compared with other quasi-planar and planar transmission lines shortly. This also makes the modal dispersion small and the effective dielectric constant relatively small. The low dispersion nature is useful for broad-band applications and the low effective dielectric constant relaxes the mechanical tolerance of the structure as the physical size is allowed to be large. Second, it is possible to use both sides of the substrate. For instance, a broadside coupled stripline can be fabricated whch is suitable for filter configuration due to a strong coupling between the two strips facing each other through the substrate. Another example of t h s feature is the electromagnetically coupled patch antenna shown in Fig. 6. Furthermore, two surfaces can be used for different types of printed transmission lines, such as the unilateral finline on one side and the suspended stripline on the other. On the other hand, there is a lower limit to the realizable characteristic impedance in the case of a shelded suspended stripline. This is because the size of the shield case, which limits the maximum width of the strip, is designed in such a way that the higher order waveguide-type modes are cut off. Usually, the substrate of the suspended stripline is supported mechanically with grooves in the sidewalls of the waveguide-type housing. In many theoretical efforts, the effect of these supporting grooves is neglected. The results of these analyses are usually acceptable for design. It is found that groove effects can be significant for a shallow groove. In such a case, these effects cannot be neglected for precise filter design based on the suspended stripline. The significance of these effects can be reduced by the use of a waveguide housing with very low sidewalls [ll]. IV. COPLANAR WAVEGUIDE

The coplanar waveguide (in Fig. 7) was invented by Wen [12] as a planar transmission line which is made of a 111. SUSPENDED STRIPLINES center strip on the surface of a substrate with two ground Fig. 5 shows the cross section of the suspended stripline planes placed adjacent and parallel to the strip. To date, and its twin, the inverted stripline. Usually, these configu- the coplanar waveguide has been used much less frerations are placed in a shielding waveguide. In that in- quently than the microstrip line. However, with the advent stance, the difference between these two ceases to exist. of monolithic microwave and millimeter-wave integrated These structures provide a way to reduce the attenuation circuits, there is renewed interest in the coplanar wavein a microstrip line at higher frequencies and yet retain guide. All three conductors in the coplanar waveguide are some of the features of the microstrip line such as the on the same side of the substrate. Since the dominant quasi-TEM nature of the dominant-mode propagation. mode is quasi-TEM, there is no low-frequency cutoff. This Like the case for microstrip lines, the characteristic mode is a balanced mode. Because of the existence of three impedance is usually based on the power-current defini- separate conductors, the coplanar waveguide is suitable for tion. From the analysis point of view, these configurations accommodating MESFET's and other three-terminal decan be treated in a unified manner as strip transmission vices. However, heat removal from an active device is not lines containing multiple layers of dielectric materials. easy. An additional ground plane may be placed on the Therefore, once a generalized analysis algorithm is devel- other side of the substrate as shown in Fig. 8. T h s modi-

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Fig. 6. Electromagnetically coupled patch antenna

fied structure is called the conductor-backed coplanar waveguide [13]. Since there are gaps on both sides of the center strip in the coplanar waveguide, this configuration may be thought of as two coupled slot lines. The coupled slot line mode may be excited in the coplanar waveguide as an unbalanced mode if, for example. the structural symmetry is broken. To prevent excitation of the coupled slot line mode, air bridges between the two ground planes are often used so that the R F potentials of the two ground planes are kept equal. Because of the balanced nature of the

278

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL.

37,

NO.

2, FEBRlJARY 19x9

STRIP

Fig. 9. Coplanar strips.

coplanar waveguide mode, the radiation from a short-circuited coplanar waveguide resonator is much smaller than that of the open-ended microstrip resonator [14]. However, a short-circuited half-wave resonator excited by the coupled slot line mode radiates very well. This fact has been advantageously used in fabricating a planar quasi-optical receiver in which the R F signal is received by a coupled slot antenna while the structure operated by the coplanar waveguide mode is used as part of the LO circuit due to its high Q [15]. The propagation characteristics of the coplanar waveguide have been calculated by Wen under a quasi-TEM approximation [ 121. More recently, a dynamic full-wave analysis has been carried out by a number of researchers, including Knorr and Kuchler [16]. The characteristic impedance in the reference is based on the voltage-power definition. Losses in the coplanar waveguide have been computed by Gopinath [17] and Jackson [14]. It is pointed out that the coplanar waveguide can have significantly smaller losses than the microstrip line over a wide range of impedance. As described above, an additional ground plane is often added to the opposite side of the substrate accommodating a coplanar waveguide. T h s conductor-backed coplanar waveguide provides a mechanism to remove heat from the active devices in the coplanar waveguide circuits. However, this additional conductor causes an added complexity in controlling the guided mode. First, in addition to the two ground planes on both sides of the center strip, the third ground plane on the underside of the substrate must be maintained at the same R F potential. Otherwise, higher order modes may be generated. In addition, it has recently been pointed out that a leakage loss is caused by the wave propagating away from the central coplanar waveguide region [18]. This is heuristically understood if one finds that the ground planes on both sides of the substrate form a parallel-plate waveguide. V. OTHER QUASI-PLANAR TRANSMISSION LINES In addition to the quasi-planar transmission lines described above, there are several lesser known structures. One such structure, shown in Fig. 9, comprises a pair of coplanar strips. T h s transmission ,line has been studied by Jansen [lo] and by Knorr and Kuchler [16]. The coplanar strips are used more often in high-speed digital circuits than in microwave circuits. Sequiera and McClintock introduced a Microslab (trademark of the Martin Marietta Corporation) [19] as a low-loss millimeter waveguide. As shown in Fig. 10, the Microslab looks like a modification of the microstrip line. It consists of a conductor strip on a dielectric strip. This

GROUND PLANE
Fig. 10. Microslab waveguide.

dielectric is placed on a double dielectric layer backed by a ground plane. The dielectric permittivities of the dielectric strip and the grounded layer are lower than that of the second dielectric layer. At low frequencies, the waveguiding mechanism is somewhat similar to that of the microstrip line. As the frequency is increased, however, the greater part of the field is in the center guiding layer. Therefore, the conductor loss at higher frequency is reduced. It is expected, therefore, that this quasi-planar waveguide will be usable over a broad frequency range. An analysis based on the mode-matching method and a set of design data are presented for this waveguide in [20]. Fabrication of the Microslab waveguide requires machining and bonding. VI. COMPARISON OF LOSSES The attenuation in the transmission lines is caused by three mechanisms: conductor loss, dielectric loss, and radiation loss. Of these, the radiation loss is typically associated with discontinuities and the bend of the waveguide although, as pointed out by Oliner [18], certain waveguides will be'influenced by the inherent leakage phenomena. In this paper, however, we restrict our attention to the conductor loss and dielectric loss. These losses are calculated by perturbation techniques on the assumption that the loss is small. As presented above, the attenuation in the finline has been characterized in [7]. In Fig. 4, it is seen that for a 400 pm gap, the total loss is around 2.5 dB/m over the whole Ku-band. In comparison, a typical 50 L? microstrip line attenuation at 35 GHz is about 25 dB/m while that of a WR 28 waveguide is 0.5 dB/m. For quasi-TEM-type quasi-planar transmission lines, a simple calcul<tion of the conductor loss based on the incremental igductance rule and of the dielectric loss by a perturbatioa ,Bnalysis can provide a comparison of the various 1ines.iFig. 11 shows the sum of the dielectric loss and the conductor loss for microstrip line, inverted stripline, coplanar waveguide, and conductor-backed coplanar waveguide. It is assumed that the 4-mil (100 pm) thck GaAs substrate has a relative permittivity of 13, and the gold metallization is assumed to be 0.04 mil (1 pm) thick. Other structural dimensions are different from waveguide to waveguide so that all waveguides have a characteristic impedance of 50 L?. The attenuation is plotted as dB/A,, where A, is the guide wavelength. As expected, the inverted stripline has the lowest loss. For this configu-

I I O H : OVERVIEW OF QUASI-PLANAR TRANSMISSION LINL5

719

TABLE I ok QUASI-PLANAR TRANSMISSION LINFL (MS = Mrc R O S ~ K I P COMPARISON SS = SUSPENDED STRIPLINE, CPW = COPLANAR WALEGUIDL. CBCPW = CONDIJCTOR-BACKED COPLANAR WAVEGUIDE, FL = FINI INE) EFFECTIVEDIEL CONST DISPERSION IMPEDANCE ATTENUATION SERIES ELEMENT SHUNT ELEMENT HEAT SINK INFORMATION O N DISCONT MONOLITHIC INTEGRATION MS M M M H
-

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Fig. 11. Attenuation characteristics of quasi-planar transmission lines.

ration, the attenuation of the microstrip line is found to be lower than that of the coplanar waveguide. VII.

taining the discontinuity is formed, by placing short-circuited walls reasonably far away from the discontinuity. By finding the resonant conditions for a given frequency, the circuit parameters needed to describe the discontinuity effect are extracted. The field analysis to this end can be the spectral-domain method [26] or the transverse resonance technique [27]. Both of these approaches usually presume that the transmission line is enclosed in a waveguide-type housing either by design or as an analytical artifice. Therefore, radiation effects are not immediately obvious in these analyses. In addition, an extreme case is required for obtaining convergent solutions.

INFORMATION ON DISCONTINUITIES REMARKS VIII. CONCLUDING


There still remains a large amount of \vork to be done for quasi-planar transmission lines. A critical lack of information exists on discontinuities in a quasi-planar transmission line. Therefore, accurate full-wave characterizations of these discontinuities need to be worked out more extensively. Results of such characterizations will be useful in eventually developing computer-aided design (CAD) programs, for instance by means of a lookup table. In lieu of conclusions, comparisons of various quasiplanar transmission lines are summarized in Table I. For comparison purposes, characteristics of the microstrip line are also included. Entries of this table are often not clear-cut and are quite subjective. However, the results are based on general consensus among many researchers and engineers.
REFERENCES M. V. Schneider and G. T. Wrixon. "Developmcnt and testing of a IM,croiwv , .Yi.m[i. receiver at 230 GHz." in I974 I E E E MTT-S [ / I / D I ~(Atlanta. . GA), June 12-14. 1974. pp. 120-122. S. H. Cohn, "Slot line on a dielectric substrate..' .h.licro\trir*e Theori, T t d . . vol. MTT-17. pp. 768-778. P. J. Meier, "Integrated fin-line millimeter compo T r u m Zf/crowuw Tlzeoq. Ted7.. vol. MTT-22. pp. 1209-1216. Dec. 1974. H. Hofmann. "Dispersion of planar a.a\eguidcs for millimeter-aa\e z. / ~ x L'/wrrru,qwi,q,. . vol. 31. no. 1. pp. 40-44. application." ~ r c ~ E Jan. 1977.

Unlike the microstrip line case, a rather limited number of works have appeared in the literature on the characterization of the discontinuities in other quasi-planar transmission lines. In the case of microstrip lines, there are three levels of characterization of the discontinuity effect. The most primitive one is a quasi-static analysis, in which the discontinuity capacitance and inductance are calculated. The most sophsticated characterization is the fullwave analysis, which includes all the wave phenomena including radiation and leakage from the discontinuity [21], [22]. The t h r d one is the intermediate solution based on the waveguide model [23]. It is interesting to note that such an intermediate model is not easily found for other quasi-planar transmission lines such as slot lines and finlines. Most of the discontinuities appearing in the quasi-planar transmission structures can be treated as the scattering problem of the incident guided wave along the transmission line. A typical approach for such an analysis is the mode-matching method with a possible improvement [24]. These methods can be applied to a variety of quasi-planar transmission lines. By using this technique, a number of finline discontinuities have been characterized [25]. In the approach, a large number of modes, typically 50 or so, need to be found before the mode-matching procedure is invoked. Another approach is to treat the discontinuity problem as an eigenvalue problem, after a resonator con-

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQIJES, VOL.

37, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 1989

J. B. Knorr and P. M. Shayda, Millimeter-wave fin-line characteristics, IEEE Trans. Microwuve Theory Tech., vol. MTT-28. pp. 737-743, July 1980. L.-P. Schmidt and T. Itoh, Spectral domain analysis of dominant and higher order nodes in fin-lines, IEEE Trans. Microw~ave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-28, pp. 981-985, Sept. 1980. D. Mirshekar-Syahkal and J. B. Davies, An accurate, unified solution to various fin-line structure, of phase constant, characteristic impedance and attenuation, IEEE Trans. Microwuve Theory Tech., vol. MTT-30, pp. 1854-1861, Nov. 1982. A. Beyer, Analysis of the characteristics of an earthed fin line, I E E E Trans. Microwave Theoty Tech., vol. MTT-29, pp. 676-680, July 1981. R. Vahldieck, Accurate hybrid-mode analysis of various finline configurations including multilayered dielectrics, finite metallization thickness, and substrate holding grooves, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-32, pp. 1454-1460, Nov. 1984. R. H. Jansen, Unified user-oriented computation of shielded, covered and open planar microwave and millimeter-wave transmission-line characteristics, Proc. Inst. Elec. Eng., pt. H. vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 14-22, Jan. 1979. E. Yamashita, B. Y. Wang, K. Atsuki, and K. R. Li, Effects of side-wall grooves on transmission characteristics of suspended striplines, I E E E Trans. Microwuoe Theory Tech., vol. MTT-33, pp. 1323-1328, Dec. 1985. C. P. Wen, Coplanar waveguide: A surface strip transmission line suitable for nonreciprocal gyromagnetic device applications, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-17, pp. 1087-1090, Dec. 1969. Y. C. Shih and T. Itoh, Analysis of conductor-backed coplanar waveguide, Electron. Lett., vol. 18, no. 12, pp. 538-540, June 1982. R. W. Jackson, Coplanar waveguide vs. microstrip for millimeter wave integrated circuits, in IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Svmp. Dig., June 1986, pp. 699-702. V. D. Hwang, T. Uwano, and T. Itoh, Quasi-optical integrated antenna and receiver front end, IEEE Trans. Microwuve Theoiy Tech., vol. 36, pp. 80-85, Jan. 1988. J. B. Knorr and K.-D. Kuchler, Analysis of coupled slots and coplanar strips on dielectric substrate, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-23, pp. 541-548, July 1975. A. Gopinath, Losses in coplanar waveguides, IEEE Trans. M I crowuue Theoty Tech., vol. MTT-30, pp. 1101-1104, July 1982. H. Shigesawa, M. Tsuji, and A. A. Oliner, Conductor-backed slot line: Dangers and full-wave analysis, presented at 1988 IEEE M T T - S Int. Microwave Symp., May 1988. H. B. Sequeira and J. A. McClintock, MicroslabTM-A novel planar waveguide for mm-wave frequencies, in 5th Benjamin Franklin Svmp. Dig. (Philadelphia, PA), May 4, 1985, pp. 67-69. B. Young and T. Itoh, Analysis and design of microslab waveguide, I E E E Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-35, pp. 850-857, Sept. 1987. P. B. Katehi and N. G. Alexopoulos, Frequency-dependent characteristics of microstrip discontinuities in millimeter-wave integrated circuits, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT33, pp. 1029-1035, Oct. 1985.

R. W. Jackson and D. M. Pozar. Full-wave analysis of microstrip open-end and gap discontinuities, IEEE Truns. Microwme Theory Tech.. vol. MTT-33, pp. 1036-1042, Oct. 1985. W. Menzel and I. Wolff, A method for calculating the frequencydependent properties of microstrip discontinuities, I Truns. Microwurle Theoiy Tech., vol. MTT-25, pp. 107-112, Feb. 1977. C. J. Rialton and T. Rozzi The rigorous analysis of strongly coupled step discontinuities in microstrip, in 17th Europeun Microwace Coilf. Dig. (Rome, Italy), Sept. 1987, pp. 323-328. H. E. Hennawy and K. Schuenemann. Impedance transformation in fin lines, Proc. Inst. Elec. Eng., vol. 129. pt. H, no. 6, pp. 342-350. Dec. 1982. R. H. Jansen. Hybrid mode analysis of end effects of planar microwave and millimetenvave transmission lines, Proc. Inst. Elec. Eng., vol. 128, pt. H, no. 2, pp. 77-86, Apr. 1981. R. Sorrentino and T. Itoh, Transverse resonance analysis of finline discontinuities, IEEE Trans. Microwave T h e o y Tech.. vol. MTT-32, pp. 1633-1638, Dec. 1984.

Tatsuo Itoh (S69-M69-SM74-F82) received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Illinois, Urbana, in 1969. From September 1966 to April 1976, he was with the Electrical Engineering Department, University of Illinois. From April 1976 to August 1977, he was a Senior Research Engineer in the Radio Physics Laboratory, SRI Intemational, Menlo Park, CA. From August 1977 to June 1978, he was an Associate Professor at the University of Kentucky, Lexington. In July 1978, he joined the faculty at the University of Texas at Austin, where he is now a Professor of Electrical Engineering and Director of the Electrical Engineering Research Laboratory. During the summer of 1979, he was a guest researcher at AEG-Telefunken, Ulm, West Germany. Since September 1983, he has held the Hayden Head Centennial Professorship of Engineering at the University of Texas. In September 1984, he was appointed Associate Chairman for Research and Planning of the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department. He also holds an Honorary Visiting Professorship at the Nanjing Institute of Technology, China. Dr. Itoh is a member of Sigma Xi and of the Institute of Electronics and Communication Engineers of Japan. He is a member of Commission B and Chairman of Commission D of USNC/URSI. He served as the ON MICROWAVE THEORY A N D TECHEditor of the IEEE TRANSACTIONS NIQUES for 1983-1985. He serves on the Administrative Committee of the IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society. Dr.Itoh is a Professional Engineer registered in the state of Texas.

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