The document discusses the basic equations for one-dimensional compressible flows. It derives the energy equation for steady, inviscid, adiabatic flows and shows that total energy is constant along a streamline. The equations include the stagnation temperature and pressure relations, isentropic flow properties, and the characteristic Mach number. It also discusses when a flow can be treated as incompressible and defines important concepts like stagnation conditions and sonic flow.
The document discusses the basic equations for one-dimensional compressible flows. It derives the energy equation for steady, inviscid, adiabatic flows and shows that total energy is constant along a streamline. The equations include the stagnation temperature and pressure relations, isentropic flow properties, and the characteristic Mach number. It also discusses when a flow can be treated as incompressible and defines important concepts like stagnation conditions and sonic flow.
The document discusses the basic equations for one-dimensional compressible flows. It derives the energy equation for steady, inviscid, adiabatic flows and shows that total energy is constant along a streamline. The equations include the stagnation temperature and pressure relations, isentropic flow properties, and the characteristic Mach number. It also discusses when a flow can be treated as incompressible and defines important concepts like stagnation conditions and sonic flow.
The document discusses the basic equations for one-dimensional compressible flows. It derives the energy equation for steady, inviscid, adiabatic flows and shows that total energy is constant along a streamline. The equations include the stagnation temperature and pressure relations, isentropic flow properties, and the characteristic Mach number. It also discusses when a flow can be treated as incompressible and defines important concepts like stagnation conditions and sonic flow.
To derive and discuss the energy equation for steady, inviscid, adiabatic flows To derive and discuss the basic relationship for 1D isentropic compressible flows To learn how to use the Isentropic Flow Properties Table
HIGH-SPEED AERODYNAMICS MACE 31321
Lecture 3 Basic equations for 1D compressible flows
TOTAL ENERGY OF FLOWING FLUID
Internal energy Flow energy Kinetic energy
THE ENERGY EQUATION
Consider 1D steady inviscid flow in a stream-tube h1 T1 U1 m1 Control volume h2 T2 U2 m2
Total energy
=e+
U + gz 2 p v E U
Potential energy
Control volume
where
From mass conservation: m1 = m2 =m Energy equation W & = h + 1 U 2 m h + 1 U 2 m & +Q
2 2 2 1
p/ = work required to push a unit mass into/out the CV 1 gz : negligible for gases Note v = specific volume
& = 0, W & =0 Q
Use entropy: h = e + Total energy = h +
U2 2
1 2 1 2 h + U = h + U 2 2 2 1
Along a streamline in a steady, inviscid, adiabatic flow,
1 h + U 2 = const. 2
THE ENERGY EQUATION
For 1D steady, inviscid, adiabatic, compressible flow h+ U2 = const. 2 U2 C pT + = const. 2 or
THE ENERGY EQUATION
For 1D steady, inviscid, adiabatic, compressible flow h+ U2 = const. 2 U2 C pT + = const. 2 or
e+
U2 = const. 2
e+
U2 = const. 2
Bernoulli Equation p U2 + = const. 2 What are the condition for BE to be valid?
Bernoulli Equation p U2 + = const. 2 What are the condition for BE to be valid?
Estimation of max. temperature changes T =
At U=10m/s, At U=1300m/s,
T = 0.05o C
U2 /2 Cp
Estimation of max. temperature changes T =
At U=10m/s, At U=1300m/s,
T = 0.05o C
U2 /2 Cp
T = 841o C
T = 841o C
In high-speed flows, the variations in flow velocity will result in a large changes in fluid temperature hence a significant variations in fluid density. 5 6
STAGNATION CONDITIONS p, T and are static quantities in the local flow field. Stagnation Conditions: the conditions which exist at a point if the fluid were brought to rest isentropically. It can be either real or imaginary. Stagnation values denoted by underscore o 1 h + U 2 = ho = C pTo 2 Stagnation temperature Static temperature
THE ENERGY EQUATION
For steady, inviscid, adiabatic flows,
ho = const. Usually it applies along a streamline. However, if all the streamlines of the flow originate from a common uniform freestream. ho is the same for each streamline. ho then becomes constant for the entire flow field. y
To = T +
U2 2C p Dynamic temperature
A perfect gas with a constant Cp and Cv is called a calorically perfect gas. For a calorically perfect gas, To = const. 7 8
BASIC EQUATIONS FOR 1D COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
BASIC EQUATIONS FOR 1D COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
Along a streamline in a steady, inviscid, adiabatic flow, we have
1 C pT + u 2 = C pT0 2 T0 u2 = 1+ T 2C pT R
For isentropic flow
po To = p T 1
Cp =
u2 = 1+ 2RT / ( 1) = 1+ u2 2a 2 / ( 1) 2 a 2
o To = T
To 1 2 M =1 + T 2
po 1 2 1 = 1+ M p 2
o 1 2 1 M = 1+ 2
a = RT
2 ( ( 1) M 2 1) u = 1+ = 1+ 9 10
BASIC EQUATIONS FOR 1D COMPRESSIBLE FLOW Ratio to stagnation conditions o as function of Mach number To 1 2 M =1 + T 2 po 1 2 1 = 1+ M p 2
IS THE FLOW INCOMPRESSIBLE?
By the rule of thumb that an air flow can be assumed to be incompressible when M<0.3. Why M=0.3 is used? Consider air which is accelerated from rest to Mach number M isentropically, o 1 2 1 M = 1+ 2 1
o 1 2 1 = 1+ M 2
These ratios are tabulated as functions of M for air (=1.4).
11
For M<0.3, the variation in /0 < 5%, hence the flow can be treated as incompressible. 12
QUESTION 1 During re-entry, Space Shuttle Orbiter flies at 1.3 km/s at an altitude 33,000 m. A bow shock forms in front its nose. The corresponding conditions at stagnation point (2) are
Solution Q1 Since point 2 is the stagnation point, we have po = p2, T0=T2 p 0.2347 = 1.893 The pressure ratio at point 3 is o = p3 0.124
p2 = 0.2347 bar T2 = 2145o C Static pressure at (3)
p3 = 0.1240 bar , The two points are outside the boundary layer Calculate the local static temperatures and velocities at points (3) using the Isentropic Flow Properties Table. [Answers: 1742oC, 900m/s] 13
Since the flow is outside the boundary layer, it can be treated as isentropic. From the Isentropic Flow Properties Table, To 2145 + 273 T = 1.2 T3 = o = = 2015K T3 1.2 1.2 T3 = 1742o C 1 2 C pT3 + u3 = C pT0 2
From
u3 = 2Cp(T0 T3 )
= 2 1005 (2145 + 273 2015) = 900m / s
15
BASIC EQUATIONS FOR 1D COMPRESSIBLE FLOW Along a streamline in a steady, inviscid, adiabatic flow, 1 h + u 2 = const. 2 Cp =
THE CHARACTERISTIC MACH NUMBER
Along a streamline in a steady, inviscid, adiabatic flow, *2 1 2 ( + 1)a + u = 1 2 2( 1) a* is constant along a given streamline. Note the local sonic velocity a varies with T.
1 1 2 CpT1 + u12 = CpT2 + u2 2 2
a2
(1)
RT1 1 2 RT2 1 2 + u1 = + u2 1 2 1 2
2 a12 1 2 a2 1 2 + u1 = + u2 1 2 1 2 If at a certain point in the flow, the flow velocity reaches the local sonic speed, i.e. u=a, Let u* = a*,
a = RT
Substituting the characteristic Mach number M * = u a* into (1) it can be approved that M* 2
*2 1 2 1 *2 ( + 1)a + u = + a = 1 2 1 2 2( 1)
a2
a *2
( + 1)M 2 = 2 + ( 1)M 2
M*<1 when M<1 M*=1 when M=1 M*>1 when M>1
17
16
SONIC CONDITION Substituting M=1 into To 1 2 M =1 + T 2 po 1 2 M = 1+ p 2 1
QUESTION 2 Consider a point in an airflow where the local Mach number, static pressure and static temperature are 3.5, 0.3atm and 180K. Calculate the values of a, a* and M*. [answers: 268.9m/s, 456m/s, 2.06] = 1.894
=1.4
To + 1 = = 1.2 2 T* po + 1 = p* 2 1
=1.4
o 1 2 1 =1.4 M = 1+ 2
o + 1 1 = = 1.577 * 2
These relations are useful in determining if the sonic condition is reached at a given point in the flow. 18 19
Solution Q2 From the local static temperature, the local sonic speed can be found a = RT = 1.4 287 180 = 268.9m / s
APPENDIX 1: THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES
u = Ma = 3.5 268.9 = 941m / s
ADIABATIC = No Heat Transfer REVERSIBLE = No Energy Dissipation ISENTROPIC = Adiabatic and Reversible ENERGY DISSIPATION phenomena Viscosity Mass diffusion Thermal conductivity
From Table A, at M=3.5, T0/T=3.45 and at M=1, T0/T*=1.2, hence
T * T * To 1 = = 3.45 = 2.875 T To T 1.2
T * = 2.875T = 517.5K
Thus a * = RT * = 1.4 287 517.5 = 456m / s
u 941 = = 2.06 M* = a * 456 21
The flow in a boundary layer is not isentropic.
22
APPENDIX 2: SPECIFIC HEAT
Specific heat at constant volume: Cv Specific heat at constant pressure:C p Cp = Specific heat ratio: C v Additionally, we have C p Cv = R , C p = 1 R, Cv = 1 R 1
APPENDIX 3: ISENTROPIC RELATIONS These are very useful relations
p2 T2 = p1 T1 1
2 = 1
Condition of validity Outside the boundary layer
At moderate temperature (T<1000K for air), Cp and Cv are approximately constant. For air at standard conditions, = 1.4 Cp=1005 J/kg.K R = 287 J/kg.K 23
24
READING MATERIAL
Lecture notes Fundamentals of Aerodynamics by J D Anderson, 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill.
7, p.393-411: review thermodynamics as necessary 8.4: Special forms of energy equation 8.5: when a flow is incompressible
