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Introduction to MATLAB

Dr. Suhas P. Deshmukh

Professor, Sinhagad Academy of Engineering, Kondhawa, Pune

Outline
Introduction Basic Operations using MATLAB

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MATLAB : Introduction

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MATLAB Introduction
MatLab : Matrix Laboratory Numerical Computations with matrices Why Matlab?
User Friendly (GUI) Easy to work with Powerful tools for complex mathematics Every number can be represented as matrix

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MATLAB : Introduction

MATLAB System
Desktop Tools and Development Environment
This part of MATLAB is the set of tools and facilities that help you use and become more productive with MATLAB functions and les. Many of these tools are graphical user interfaces. It includes:

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the MATLAB desktop and Command Window, an editor and debugger, a code analyzer, browsers for viewing help, the workspace, and les, and other tools.
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MATLAB System

Mathematical Function Library

This library is a vast collection of computational algorithms ranging from elementary functions, like sum, sine, cosine, and complex arithmetic, to more sophisticated functions like matrix inverse, matrix eigenvalues, Bessel functions, fast Fourier transforms and many more

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MATLAB : Introduction

MATLAB System

The Language
The MATLAB language is a high-level matrix/array language with control ow statements, functions, data structures, input/output, and object-oriented programming features. It allows both programming in the small to rapidly create quick programs you do not intend to reuse. You can also do programming in the large to create complex application programs intended for reuse.
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MATLAB System

Graphics
MATLAB has extensive facilities for displaying vectors and matrices as graphs, as well as annotating and printing these graphs. It includes high-level functions for two-dimensional and three-dimensional data visualization, image processing, animation, and presentation graphics. It also includes low-level functions that allow you to fully customize the appearance of graphics as well as to build complete graphical user interfaces on your MATLAB applications.
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MATLAB System

External Interfaces
The external interfaces library allows you to write C and Fortran programs that interact with MATLAB.

It includes facilities for calling routines from MATLAB (dynamic linking), for calling MATLAB as a computational engine, and for reading and writing MAT-les.
External DAQ System can be interfaced for digital/analog Input Output
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Menus

MATLAB Window

View or change current directory

Files in work Directory

Workspace Window Command Window Move or resize window Command History

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MATLAB : Introduction

Essential Requirements

for successful Programming You need to learn the exact rules for writing MATLAB statements. You need to develop a logical plan of attack for solving particular problems Garbage in, garbage out.
If you give MATLAB a garbage instruction, you will get a garbage result. With experience, you will see that with MATLAB you can design, develop and implement computational and graphical tools to do relatively complex science and engineering problems.

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Arithmetic Operations
Since we have experience doing arithmetic, we want to examine if MATLAB does this correctly. When applying computer tools this is a required step to gain condence in the tool and in our ability to use the tool. Carry out simple arithmetic operations at command line as below >> 3+5 >> 5*10/2 >> 3^2+5^3+10/5 The line with the >> prompt is called the command line. Use of Backspace , Left-arrow , Right-arrow and Del keys. Use of Up-arrow and Down-arrow
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Arithmetic Operations
Assign values to variable to do arithmetic operations
>> a=5 >> b=10 >> c=(a+b)/a etc

MATLAB has all of the usual mathematical functions that are on a scientic-electronic calculator, like sin, cos, log
Carry out simple trigonometric operations and verify

MATLAB has numerous general functions such as date, calendar, clc, clear, who, whos etc

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Simple Command Prompt Operations

Arithmetic
25 2 1 5 1 3 ( 5 1) 2
5

Operations 2 ^ 5 / ( 2 ^ 5 - 1) 3 * (sqrt(5) -1) / (sqrt(5) +1) ^ 2 1.0323 -0.6459

Exponential and Logarithmic

log10 (e3 )
Trigonometric 2 2
sin 6 cos 6

log10(exp(3))

3.0000

(sin( pi / 6))^2 + (cos( pi / 6))^2

1.0000

Complex Number
1 3i 1 3i

(1 + 3i) / ( 1 3i) exp( i * pi / 4)

MATLAB : Introduction

-0.800 + 0.600 i 0.7071 + 0.7071 i

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Precedence of Arithmetic Operations

Precedence 1 2 3 Operator Parentheses (round brackets) Power, left to right Multiplication and division , left to right

Addition and Subtraction, left to right

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Infinity and Not-A-Number

MATLAB is sensible about anticipating some errors; it warns you in case you didnt realize you were dividing by zero, but still gives the answer Inf. If you insist on using in a calculation, which you may legitimately wish to do, type the symbol Inf (short for innity), e.g. try 13+Inf and 29/Inf. Another special value that you may meet is NaN, which stands for Not-a-Number. It is the answer to calculations like 0/0.

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Variables and the Workspace

Variables are fundamental to programming. In a sense, the art of programming is
getting the right values in the right variables at the right time.

A variable name must comply with following rules:

It may consist only of the letters az, the digits 09 and the underscore ( _ ). It must start with a letter. MATLAB is case sensitive, Give name to variable which is easily distinguishable

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General Commands
Online help
help topic lookfor string demo who whos size clear WP) clc list topics on which help is available lists help topics containing string runs the demo program lists variable currently in workspace lists variable currently in workspace with their clears workspace (deletes all variables from clears command window returns a current date and time vector creates a directory lists contents of current directory
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Workspace Information

General Information
clock mkdir ls

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Arrays: Vectors and Matrices

A vector is a special type of matrix, having only one row, or one column. Vectors are also called lists or arrays in other programming languages. A matrix is a rectangular object (e.g. a table) consisting of rows and columns.

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Entering Matrices Direct entry

4 ways of entering matrices in MATLAB:
Enter an explicit list of elements Load matrices from external data files Generate matrices using built-in functions Create matrices with your own functions in M-files

Rules of entering matrices:

Separate the elements of a row with blanks or commas Use a semicolon ; to indicate the end of each row Surround the entire list of elements with square brackets, [ ]

To enter matrix, simply type: A = [16 3 2 13; 5 10 11 8; 9 6 7 12; 4 15 14 1]

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Defining a Array

Explicit list of elements Array Variables

Variable x can be defined as a row vector by specifying its elements as below X=[0 , 0.1 , 0.2 , 0.3 , 0.4 , 0.5] ;
Variable x Elements Separation either by blank space or comma Simicolon decides output, remove semicolon output will appear on screen

Elements of variable

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Defining Array

Initializing vectors: the colon operator

Starting Number

>> x = 1 :
Variable Name

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End Number

1 as default increment

Colon operator for increment

>> x = 1
Increment of +0.5

0.5 :

Positive increment

>> x =
Increment of -1
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10 :

-1

Negative increment

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Defining Array

Initializing vectors: linspace, rand etc. functions

linspace Function : Linearly spaced vector
>> x = linspace( start_no, end_no, no_of_divisions) >> x = linspace(0, pi/2, 10)

rand function: Uniformly distributed pseudorandom numbers >> x = rand( row_nos, col_nos) >> x = rand(1,7)

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Defining a Matrix

Explicit list of elements

Matrix Variables
Matrix X can be defined as a row vector by specifying its elements as below Variable X X =[1 2 3 ; 1 2 3 ; 1 2 3] ;

Second Row First Row Next Row by ;

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Defining MATRIX
Inbuilt Functions
eye Function : Identity matrix >> x = eye(row_nos, col_nos) >> x = eye(5, 5) zero Function : Zeros array (M-by-N matrix of zeros) >> x = zero(row_nos, col_nos) >> x = zero(5, 5) ones Function : Ones array (M-by-N matrix of ones) >> x = ones(row_nos, col_nos) >> x = ones(5, 5)

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>> help elmat Functions

Elementary Matrices zeros ones

Elementary matrices and matrix manipulation

Zeros Array / Matrices Ones array / matrices

eye
linspace repmat logspace freqspace meshgrid

Indentity Matrix
Linearly spaced vector Replicate and tile array Logarithmically spaced vector Frequency spacing for frequency response X & Y arrays for 3D plots

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>> help elmat Functions

Basic array information

Elementary matrices and matrix manipulation

size
length ndims numel disp isempty isequal isequalwithequalnans

Size of array
Length of vector Number of dimensions Number of elements Display matrix or text True for empty array True if arrays are numerically equal True if arrays are numerically equal.

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>> help elmat Functions

Matrix manipulation cat reshape

Elementary matrices and matrix manipulation

Concatenate arrays Reshape array

diag
blkdiag tril flipplr rot90 end

Diagonal matrices and diagonals of matrix

Block diagonal concatenation Extract lower triangular part Flip matrix in left / right direction Rotate matrix 90 degrees Last index

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>> help elmat Functions

Special Variables and constants

Elementary matrices and matrix manipulation

ndgrid
permute ipermute Shiftdim circshift Squeeze isscalar isvector
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Generate arrays of N-D function

Permute array dimensions Inverse permute array dimensions Shift dimensions Shaft array circularly Remove singleton dimensions True for scalar True for vector
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Array Utility Functions

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>> help elmat Functions

Multi-dimensional array functions eps Floating point relative accuracy realmax Largest positive floating point realmin intmax inmin pi
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Elementary matrices and matrix manipulation inf nan isnan isinf isfinit e i&j Infinity Not a number True for not a number True for infinite elements True for finite elements Imaginary unit
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Smallest positive floating point Largest positive integer value Smallest integer value 3.1415926535897....
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>> help elfun (Functions)

Trignometric Functions
sin, cos, tan, sinh, cosh, tanh, etc

Exponential Functions
exp, log, log10, log2, realpow, reallog, sqrt, nthroot etc

Complex Functions
abs, angle, complex, conj, imag, real, etc

Rounding and reminder Functions

fix, floor, ceil, round, rem, mod, sign etc

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>> help specfun

Specialized math functions. Specialized math functions Math Functions airy besselj, bessely, besselh beta etc gamma etc legendre etc cross dot
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Number theoretic functions factor isprime, primes gcd (),lcm rat factorial

Coordinate transforms cart2sph cart2pol pol2cart sph2cart hsv2rgb rgb2hsv

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Matrix Manipulations
Transpose of Matrix >> A = rand(3,3) >> A = rand(3,3) >> B = A >> B = det(A) Dash Operator Dash Operator Determinant of Matrix

Multiplication of Matrix >> C = A * B Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors Dash * Operator

>> A = [0 1;0 -1]; >> [V,L] = eig(A)

Inverse of Matrix

eig function inv function

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>> A = [0 1;0 -1]; >> B= inv(A)

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Matrix Manipulations
The colon operator >> A=magic(3,3) >> A (2:3, 1:2) Deleting rows & columns >> a ( :, 2) = [] >> a ( 1, 2) = [] Sum of elements of matrix >> A=fix(10*rand(3,3)) >> sum (A) Colon : Operator Deletes 2nd column of a Deletes single element of a Colon : Operator

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Thank You
Tutorials (20 Problems for 60 min ) Plz solve problems from tutorials

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