PROJECT-1 REPORT

ON

TO GENERATE PRN/TRUNCATED PRN SEQUENCE AND STUDY THE PERFORMANCE USING LAB VIEW

AMITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY.

Under the val a!le " #dan$e %& 'r( P( )aner*ee & M+( M%n#,a -a +h#,

AMITY UNI.ERSITY/ UTTAR PRA'ESH

SU)MITTE' )Y0NAME 0 MANISHA SHARMA ENROLLMENT NO( 0A1213311441 PROGRAMME0 M(TECH 56(C(7

CERTIFICATE

On the basis of declaration submitted by MANISHA SHARMA , student of M(Te$h 56#rele++ C%88 n#$at#%n7, we hereby certify that the project titled TO GENERATE PRN9TRUNCATE' PRN AN' TO STU'Y THE PERFORMANCE USING LA) .IE6 which is submitted to Department of Electronics and Communication, Amity School of Engineering and degree of 'aster of echnology, Amity !ni"ersity, #O$DA, !ttar %radesh in partial fulfilment of the re&uirement for the award of the echnology in (ireless Communication, is an original contribution with e)isting *nowledge and faithful record of wor* carried out by her under our guidance and super"ision+ o the best of our *nowledge this wor* has not been submitted in part or full for any Degree or Diploma to this !ni"ersity or elsewhere+

'r( P( )ANERJEE Dept+ Of ECE ASE

M+( MONI-A -AUSHIDept+ Of ECE ASE

AC-NO6LE'GMENT

$ , sincerely , ac*nowledge with sincere than*s contribution of 'r( P( )ANERJEE, and M+( MONI-A -AUSHI- , in guiding the preparation of %roject , + $ also ac*nowledge with sincere than*s , to the contribution of M+( NEERU AGAR6AL who helped and guided me in the finali-ation of the %roject ,+

$, sincerely than* them for the guidance and help pro"ided by them in the completion of this %roject , +

'A#$S.A S.A/'A '+ EC.+ 0(+C+1

'ECLARATION

$, MANISHA SHARMA student of '+ ech 0(C1 hereby declare that the %roject , titled TO GENERATE PRN9TRUNCATE' PRN AN' TO STU'Y THE PERFORMANCE USING LA) .IE6 which is submitted by me to Department Of ECE, Amity School of Engineering and echnology, Amity !ni"ersity !ttar %radesh, #O$DA, in partial fulfilment of re&uirement for the award of the degree of 'aster of echnology in (ireless Communication , has not been pre"iously formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma or other similar title or recognition+

#O$DA DA E Student #ame and signature of

A)STRACT

A "ery dynamical de"elopment of "irtual instrumentation in recent years has caused a "ery good acceptance of this concept and its use in many applications+ his concept, as one fle)ible and cost2effecti"e solution for test and measurement, is used in this project for implementation of ma)imum length pseudorandom noise se&uences0%/#1 and their truncation+ 3ecause of their properties, the pseudorandom binary se&uences are often used in de"elopment and impro"ement of modern pseudorandom position encoders as well as in testing of some sensors, analog2to2digital con"erters, etc+ Also the %/# codes act as spreading codes in the spread2spectrum communications system+ Sometimes there is a need to shorten the %/# se&uence to decrease the ac&uisition time and to match the data field si-e in frame structures + Some properties of truncated %/# se&uences will be studied *eeping in mind its application in communication system 4 stage shift registers will be used to implement in 5ab 6iew + -e: ;%rd+7 "irtual instrument, pseudorandom noise se&uence

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INTRO'UCTION
he "ision of "irtual instrumentation changed and impro"ed the way engineers and scientists wor*, deli"ering solutions in less de"elopment

time, with lower costs, and greater fle)ibility+ $t can be noted that "irtual instrumentation has had a constant and e)tensi"e de"elopment regarding hardware and software and was widely adopted mostly in test and measurement areas in the last decade+ Of course, the main catalyst of that de"elopment is a "ery dynamical de"elopment of computer techni&ues and digital electronics+ he presence of "irtual instrumentation in industry, education, e"eryday life etc, is getting wider each day+ he "irtual instrument concept offers the possibility for an engineer to use fle)ible and powerful software running on a computer combined with instrumentation hardware to define a custom test and measurement solution+ he de"elopment of "irtual instrumentation enables a series of new possibilities in the field of measurement techni&ues, research wor*, etc+ (hat is important is the fact that "irtual instruments are significantly cheaper than traditional+ hey are also "ery fle)ible, i+e+ ha"e a possibility of simple modification and upgrading+ he good properties of "irtual instruments are modularity and hierarchy, i+e+ the possibility of di"iding a comple) tas* into simplier problems and their separate reali-ations and testing, and connecting them to comple) "irtual instrument+ 6irtual instrumentation also offers a possibility of communication with traditional instruments through an appropriate interface, which is widely used in de"elopment and during reali-ation of "irtual and remote laboratories+ here are different de"elopment tools and en"ironments for reali-ation and design of "irtual instruments+ One of the most often used and widespread is 5ab6$E(, by #ational $nstruments , which as a graphical de"elopment platform enables intuiti"e and simple de"elopment without the need for serious pre"ious programming *nowledge+ he programming is performed by a graphical programming language, which is easier for learning and debugging than te)tual+ he pseudorandom binary se&uences 0%/3S1 are a useful type of periodic signals, which ha"e the following properties7 ,1 the signal is bipolar, series of ,Fs and DFsG 91 the %/3S is a deterministic repeatable signalG ;1 the %/3S e)hibits a uniform power spectral density o"er a wide fre&uency bandG @1 according to the window property of %/3S of length 9n2,, any n2bit code word obtained by a window of width n, is uni&ue and may fully identify the windowFs absolute position p relati"e to the beginning of the se&uence+ his is used in pseudorandom absolute encoders+

he area of %/3S application is wide, for e)ample, during design and testing of pseudorandom position encoders, then for testing of measurement transducers , AD con"erters testing , in the field of communication , measurement of fre&uency response , na"igation systems, scrambling, cryptographic applications, etc+ Other applications are found in surface characteri-ation and ;D scene modeling, and in audio applications to measure the properties of loudspea*ers+ he generation of pseudorandom binary se&uences can be implemented in different ways, including using a discrete shift register and flip2flops, using a microprocessor, using a :%<A2based implementation ,'A 5A3 etc+ .owe"er, methods of pseudorandom binary se&uences generation based on "irtual instrumentation concept are presented in this project+

NI La! .#e;0 A )r#e& .#e;

5ab6$E( is a highly producti"e de"elopment en"ironment that engineers and scientists use for graphical programming and unprecedented hardware integration to rapidly design and deploy measurement and control systems+ (ithin this fle)ible platform, engineers scale from design to test and from small to large systems while reusing $% and refining their processes to achie"e ma)imum performance+ $t is a graphical programming language that uses icons instead of lines of te)t to create applications+ $n contrast to te)t based programming languages, where instructions determine program e)ecution, 5ab6$E( uses dataflow programming, where the flow of data determine e)ecution order+ $t consists of two main bloc*s7 35OCC D$A</A' H :/O# %A#E5+ ,+ 35OCC D$A</A'7 3loc* diagram objects include terminals, sub6$s, functions, constants, structures, and wires, which transfer data among other bloc* diagram objects+

E)ample of a 3loc* Diagram window

9+ :/O# %A#E57

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he front panel window is the user interface for the 6$ +

E)ample of a :ront %anel (indow

5ab6$E( programs are called "irtual instruments, or 6$s, because their appearance and operation often imitate physical instruments, such as oscilloscopes and multimeters+ 5ab6$E( contains a comprehensi"e set of tools for ac&uiring, analy-ing, displaying, and storing data, as well as tools to help troubleshoot code we write+

GENERATION OF PSEU'ORAN'OM )INARY SE<UENCES OF MA=IMUM LENGTH

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he pseudorandom binary se&uences of ma)imum length can be generated by using shift register which is composed of n flip2flops and appropriate feedbac* connections+ he order of binary -eros and binary ones depends on feedbac* configuration+ (ith a proper selection of feedbac*, a pseudorandom binary se&uence of ma)imum length m I 9^n- , is generated, where n is the number of stages in the shift register+ Also, it does not matter which state is considered to be initial, if state J-eroJ is turned off+ $n the configuration of pseudorandom se&uence generator using e)clusi"e2O/ 0?O/1 gates is not allowed to appear the state where all outputs of shift register are -eros, because D?O/ D I D+ A properly selected feedbac* pro"ides a generation of pseudorandom se&uences of ma)imum length, m I 9Kn,+ he se&uences are deterministic, but e)hibit noise properties similar to randomness+

E)ample of linear feedbac* shift register

A %# se&uence has three following properties7 L he number of M,Fs and the number of MDFs in a %# se&uence are only different by one 03A5A#CE %/O%E/ =1+ L /un lengths of -eroes or ones are the same as in a coin flipping e)periment+ .alf of the run lengths are unity, one2&uarter are of length two, one2eighth are of length three and a fraction ,N9 n of all runs are of length n 0/!# %/O%E/ =1+ L $f the se&uence is shifted by any non2-ero number of elements, the resulting se&uence will ha"e an e&ual number of agreements and

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disagreements with the original se&uence 0A! OCO//E5A $O# %/O%E/ =1. he 35OCC D$A</A' of the reali-ed "irtual instrument using a 5ab6$E( ,,+D software en"ironment is shown in :ig+ .ere a ,A bit pn se&uence is generated using @ 5inear :eedbac* Shift /egisters+

3loc* Diagram of ,A length %# se&uence

:ollowing %# code is generated on the :ront %anel of the 5A3 6$E(+ %# CODE7

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(A6E:O/'7

he abo"e generated pn code is satisfying all the properties of the pn se&uence7 ,+ #o+ of ,Fs 0I E1 O #o+ of DFs 0I 81 , balance property is satisfied+ 9+ otal no+ of runs I E+ .alf the no+ of runs 0I@1 are of length, , i+e+ D,,,D,,+ One2&uater 0I91 are of length 9 ,i+e+ ,, H DD+ One2eighth 0I,1 are of length ; i+e+ DDD+ .ence /un property is satisfied+ ;+ $f the se&uence is shifted by any non2-ero number of elements, the resulting se&uence will ha"e an e&ual number of agreements and disagreements with the original se&uence+ ,,,D,D,,DD,DDD ,,,,D,D,,DD,DD aaaddddadaddaa .ence Autocorrelation property is satisfied+ #O E7 $n the de"eloped solution, for a gi"en length of shift register, the generation mode of pseudorandom binary se&uences can be selected, i+e+ if generation is done by using ?O/ gates or ?#O/ gates+

>11 PN SE<UENCE GENERATION

(ith reference to the pre"ious @ bit %# se&uence , we will now generate a 42bit %# se&uence ,which will result in a A,, length se&uence+ A nine2element shift register is placed on a (hile 5oop+ An e)clusi"e O/ gate is used whose inputs ha"e been wired to >A and >4+ he loop inde) *eeps trac* of the cycle count, and it stops when the output becomes e&ual to the initial "alue+ An initial seed is set at starting of the process and each shift registers on the loop are initiali-ed+ he parallel output can be obser"ed either on 5ED indicators or in addition, a pseudo2random se&uence of ones and -eros can be produced at Serial Out+ :ollowing is the bloc* diagram of 42bit %# se&uence+

3loc* Diagram of 42bit %# se&uence

$n this code the tapping is done from @ th and 4th shift register and then )oring them + his output is then fed bac* to the , st register + he code length and the seed "alue are A,,+

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he output of the set up is obser"ed on the wa"eform chart on the :ront %anel of 5A3 6$E(, as follows+

he A,, %# code is "ery large to be obtained , hence plotting the wa"eform is more con"enient and moreo"er it gi"es a better "iew+ his se&uence also satisfies all the three basic properties of the %# se&uence li*e the pre"ious one+

TRUNCATE' PSEU'O RAN'OM NOISE SE<UENCE

he %# se&uences are not truly random but these codes ha"e a "ery good correlation properties and nearly ideal properties similar to those of a se&uence of independent and identically distributed binary random "ariables+ hese properties are essential components in a wide "ariety of modern applications li*e radar ranging system , code di"ision multiple access in spread spectrum ,error correction, cryptographic systems, and many others+ .owe"er ,the properties of randomness in %/#2se&uences are strictly dependent on their full length+ Pust cutting out one or few bits from the specified length can ad"ersely disturb the system performance+ 3ut it may be desirable to shorten the length of se&uence in some applications +:or e)ample, for E2stage %/# se&uence the length of the se&uence is 9AA, whereas for 42stage it is A,, and for ,D2stage is ,D9;+ here is large gap in the selection of se&uence length between 9AB and A,, and further between A,, and ,D9;+ Some shorter or intermediate length may be con"enient to reduce the ac&uisition time and still preser"e the ad"antage of a %/#2se&uence + E"en more commomnly, the %/# se&uence could be shortened to fit into the data field si-e in frame structures + :urther , the se&uence number which is di"isible by A or ,D, sometimes ma*e the system design less complicated+ o shorten the se&uence one has to delete few bits+ he resulting se&uences may be called truncated PRN sequences , where the first or last few bits ha"e been cut+ $n this project the last ,, bits of A,, length %/# se&uence are being remo"ed by using some additional bloc*s in that of the generation + .ere a DE5E E :/O' A//A= icon from the fuction pallete is inserted in the pre"ious diagram and ,, bits are then remo"ed from the A,, se&uence to obtain the ADD length se&uence+

:ollowing is the bloc* diagram for the truncation of the last ,, cycles of A,, %# se&uence7

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3loc* Diagram of runcated %/# se&uence

3y running the abo"e bloc* diagram we obtain se&uence in which last ,, cycles are remo"ed +$t can be seen below the following wa"eform charts of the normal %/# se&uence and runcated %/# se&uence that wa"eform in the 9nd chart are stopped at the ADDth se&uence +

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(a"eform of normal %/# se&uence

(a"eform of runcated %/# se&uence

.ence the desired result was obtained+

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CONCLUSION
%seudorandom binary se&uences are a type of periodic signals with some useful properties, and can be generated in different ways+ he ad"antages of using "irtual instrumentation for generation of pseudorandom binary se&uences are pointed out in the project . he %seudo /andom 3inary #oise se&uences were successfully generated and further are truncated in #$ 5ab 6iew software+ he wa"eforms of both the se&uences are being compared+ he reali-ed %/# se&uence is "ery fle)ible and can be used widely in "arious fields of research wor*+ <raphical programming which is used for implementation of this generation is easier to learn than te)tual or 6.D5 programming+ Changing %/# signal parameters, such as generation mode, length of shift register, fre&uency, minimum and ma)imum "alue of signal, is &uite easy in a user friendly interface+ !niform power spectral density o"er a wide fre&uency band of %/# signal is used for measurement of some properties of the test object, such as fre&uency response+

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FUTURE 6ORhe %/# se&uences and the runcated %/# are "ery widely used

se&uences in "arious applications, so there is a lot of scope in the study of these se&uences by modifying them in different ways, li*e by truncating the pn se&uence ,more number of se&uence can be generated, and can be implemented in different softwares+ $n 5ab 6iew software, by studying the performances of these se&uences can be done and then comparing it with the simple %/# se&uence+

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REFERENCES

,+ Study on %otentiality of runcated %/# Se&uences for Communication Q %+3anerjeeR , !shaben Ceshwala and 'oni*a Caushi* ECE ,ASE ,Amity !ni"ersity, #oida29D,;D;+ 9+ 'arco 3aldi, :ranco Chiaraluce, #oureddine 3ounjnah, /oberto <arello, On the Autocorrelation %roperties oSf runcated 'a)imum25ength Se&uences and heir Effect on the %ower Spectrum $EEE rans Signal %rocessing, "ol+ AE , no+ ,9, December 9D,D+ ;+ S+(+<olomb, Shift /egister Se&uences+ 5aguna .ills ,CA7 Aegean %ar* %ress, ,4E,+ @+ 5ab6$E( E+D, User's Manual, #ational $nstruments, www+ni+com, !SA, 9DDA+ A+ $mpro"ed Channel Estimation 'ethods based on %# se&uence for DS2O:D' ,'ing 5iu, 'atthieu CrussiTere, Pean2:rancUois . Velard !ni"ersitVe EuropVeenne de 3retagne 0!E31 $#SA, $E /, !'/ B,B@, :2;A8DE, /ennes, :rance+ B+ #$ 5ab 6iew, !sing E)ternal Code in 5ab 6iew+
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:undamentals of Digital Electronics ,'arch ,44E Edition %art #umber ;9,4@EA2D, ,by %rofessor 3arry %aton Dalhousie !ni"ersity

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