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TO
DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT: A Approved for public release; Distribution unlimited.

LIMITATION CODE:

FROM

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USABRL Ltr; 16 Dec 68

THIS PAGE IS UNCLASSIFIED

REPORT NO. 620/ OCTOBER 1947

AERODYNAMIC DATA FOR SPINNING PROJECTILES H. P. Hitchcock

E

OCT 25I

IOrdnance Research &Development Project No. TB3-0824

B3ALLISTIC RESEARCH LABORATORIES

POVIG ABEDEE

ROUDMARYLAND

-Aberdeen

Ballistic huosearch Laboratories Proving Ground, Maryland 14 January 1952 ERRATA SHEET FOR BRL REPORT 620 p. 10, line 3. For "e", read "10". p. 10, par. do After "459", insert, "532".

p. 11, line 4. Note that a table of p and I/p, "Functions of Stability Factor", is available (BRL File N-II-h6). pp. 11 and 12. The following empirical formulas, which give approximate
values of the normal force coefficient and the distance

from the base to the center of Iressure for projectiles with ogiva. and conical heads, should be substituted for those given in the report:
-

.653 + .0223a - .6139b - .0023c + .2635d + .6476 (1/e), l.019b + *6032c

+

- .0747 + .0443a,

.2459d + .8083 (1/e).

p. 14, par. h. p. 14, bottom.

After "1408", add "664". Add "The axial couple damping factor is a - N/N - KApd4 U/A."

p. 26, last line.

For "MR" read "BRLM 417".

P. 35, par c. After "A.P. T9E4 Tracer" insert "BRL 416". P., 5. For "M308 (T23) and T23El" read "T23 and M308 (T23E1)".
-

pp. 56 and 58. For "M308" read "T23", and for "T23EI" read "M308".
p.71 After "(APO Photo A8392)" insert "Design 3-76J, NDRC Report

A-428". P. 77, par fl

P.

After "Tank Gun MIA2" insert, "T94 and T102", and

add the line "76mm Tank Gun T91 -- 25".-

.5, par. f. Add the line "Gun T119 -- 25".

p. 93, par. d.

After "Chem. (WP) M60 M48" insert "BRLM 447".-

p. 140 For "597", read "602", and add the following BRL reports:

X120

Maple, C. G., and Synge, J. L. General Equations of Motion for a Projectile with Rotational Symmetry.

491 503 51 2

Sterne, T. E. On Jump due to Bore Goldstine, A. K., and Kelley, J. L.

Clearance. Ballistic Data for Flat Fire.

Thomas, R. N. Sonie Comments on the Form of the Drag Coefficient at Supersonic Velocities. John, F. Formulae for Computation of Differential Effects for Forward Fire from Aircraft. Hoffleit, D. On the Determination of Yaw from Yaw Cards. Morrey, C. B. Functions. A Formuila for the Representation of Resistance

567

591 602 619 628

Hitchcock, H. P. Form Factors and Stability of Ammunition for German 3-cm Aircraft Gun MK 103. Synge, J. Lo Initial Effects of Overturning Moment on a Shen Fired with Large Initial Yaw. Karpov, B. 0. The Accuracy of Drag Measurements as a Function of Number and Distribution of Timing Stations. Kent, R. H., and Galbraith, A. S. A Note on the Stability Conditions for Spinning Shell and Rockets. Turetsky, R. Reduction of Spark Range Data. Zaroodny, S. J. On Jump due to Muzzle Disturbances.

658

664 684 703 717 719 729 and 7.0 p. le.

Richards, F. Comparative Dispersion and Drag of Spheres and Right Cylinders. Clippinger, R. F., and Gerber, N. Supersonic Flow over Bodies of Revolution. Clippinger, R. F., Giese, J. It., and Carter, W. C. Tables of Supersonic Flows About Cone Cylinders. Part It Surface Pressure. Part II: Complete Flows.

--

After 02930, for *Hicthcock", read "Hitchcock".

--

p. 142, par. b. Add the following memorandum reportst

347 Hallperin, T. Comparison of Boattail and Square Base.

365 Siljander, d. A. Effects upon the Moment and Drag Coefficient of an Increase in Width of Driving Band.

426 Hitchcock, 1f. P.

435 447 Turetsky, R. A.

Ballistics of Caliber 0.60 H.E.I. Bullet T91...

Cone Cylinder Model E12M3.

Hitchcock, H. P. Stability of 105-mm Chemical Shell M60. Fired from Shortened Caliber 0.60 Barrels.

456 Hitchcock, H. P. Form Factor and Stability"of A.P.I. Bullet T39 464 Zaroodny, S. J., and Sultanoff, M. Ballistic Tests of Cartridge Caliber .50 A.P.I.T., T63.
514 Carter, W. C. Theoretical Supersonic Pressure Distributions on Non-yawing Cone Cylinders with Boattails. Nicolaides, J. D. Projectile. On the Development of a Low Spin Anti-tank

527 532

Hitchcock, H. P. Formulas for Normal Force and Center of Pressure of Long Bodies of Revolution, Based on DeMeritte and Darling's Experimental Results. Hitchcock, H. P. Hitchcock, H. P. On Estimating the Drag Coefficient of Missiles, Table of Form Factors of Projectiles.

545 564

p. 142, par. c. NOTS TM RRB-109

Add the following miscellaneous reports: Hall, N. S., Friesen, E. W., and Leitmann, G.

Cross-wind Firing of 20-mm Guns. BRL TN 474

BRL TN Ui

Hitchcock, H. P, Projectile T1314.

Windage Jump of 20-mm Practice

Krieger, R. H. Supersonic Wind Tunnel Tests of Small Caliber Projectiles: Cal .50 A.P.I. M23, Cal .60 A.P.I. :39,. and 20-mm H.E.I. N97. Patton, R. B. Determination of Drag Functions for 8" Howitzer Shell HE. M106. After ref. to Fowler's "The Aerodynamics of a Spinning Shell", add "Part II, A222, 227-247 (1922).

BRL TN 392

p. 2i2, par. d.

I INCI ASSIFIED
&SA

REPORT No. 620

Aerodynamic Data for Spinning Projectiles,

P. HITCHCOCK

ORDNANCE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DIVISION OFFICE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE PROJECT NO. TB3-0824

rTOM L947

aopfkqtod-rbruary 1952

ABERDEEN

PROVING

GROUND,

MARYLAND

C9

RD,

(vsim

is)

70l!l

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Par.
1 2 3 4 5 8 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 18 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

Title
Introduction Nomenclature Formulas Standard Atmospheric conditions at Surface of Earth Calber 0.30 Bullets C ller 0.50 Bullet, Caliber 0.63 Bullets 20 mm projectiles 37 mm projectiles 40 mm projectiles 57 mm projectiles 75 mm projectiles 3-inch projectiles 90 mm projectiles 105 mm projectiles 4.5-inch projectiles 120 mm projectiles 6-inch projectiles 155 mm projectiles 8-inch projectiles 240 mm projectiles Drag of slugs Drag of spheres Point fuzes Drag of typical projectiles List of reports on Aerodynamics of Spinning Projectiles List of Illustrations List of Graphs Index of Projectiles

a,
4 5 9 15 16 21 27 31 38 47 50 58 68 78 85 94 98 98 100 124 126 127 131 132 134 139 143 146 148-

-:

WMA,

BALLISTIC RESEARCH LABORATORIES REPORT NO. 620 HLtchcock/jmh Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md. 17 October 1946

\A

RODAMIC DATA FOR SPININ -1 ABSTRACT

PROJECTILES

.L

This is a collection of the physical and aerodynamic data of spinning projectilen (excluding spin-stabilized rockets) which have been obtained experimentally In the U.S. during the past decade. Some theoretical and empirical formulas are included. The index classifies the projectiles according to their shape. Most of these data were determined from free fligat, but a few wind tunnel results are included.

4 1. Introduction a. This report contains the physical and aerodynamic data of spinning projectiles (excluding spin0abilized rockets)which have been obtained experimentally in the United States during the past decade, together with a few of the earlier results. Ballisdc Research Laboratory Report No. 27 on "Resistance Functions of Various Types of Projectiles" gives the data on drag which were obtained from resistance firings and air stream experiments before June 1935. Ballistic Research Laboratory Report No. 30 on "Stability Factors of Projectiles" gives the data which were obtained from stat4lity firings before September 1940 (the first edition was dated December 1935). b. In the present report, the symbols tre listed alphabetically for convenience; they are the ones commonly used in the Laboratory. Some of the formulas which define and connect the physical and aerodynamic quantities are collected for reference purposes: these include several empl-11c;al formulas that can be used for estimating the values of coefficients when no better method of determining them is available. c. The data are arranged in the following manner: ordinary projectiles are grouped according to caliber; then, separate paragraphs are devoted to the drag of slugs, the drag of spheres (included as a simpie basis of comparison), characteristics o! point fuzes, and the drag of typical projectiles. For ordinary projectiles of each caliber, the known data are given In the following order: (1). A sketch of the projectile, showing the principal dimensions in calibers, and the numbers of the official drawings. (2). The physical characteristics, Including weight, distance from base to center of gravity, and principal moments of inertia. (3). The drag coefficient and the form factor relative to one of the typical projectiles, with a refer. ence to the report and the method of observation (with a few exceptions, form factors obtained by range firings have been omitted.) (4). The standard stability factor for a given pitch of rifling, the moment coefficient, and a reference to the report. (5). The cross wind force coefficient, which was usually determined from drift firings and taken from the referenced report, and the yawing moment coefficient and Magnus moment coefficient, which were determined from the damping of the yaw in connection with the stability firings. (6). The axial couple coefficient and sl.ir frict!on drag coefficient, which were determined from the observed loss of spin. (7). The pitch of rifling of various guns, In terms of the caliber whose true value is expressed in inches. d. The Mach number
--

the ratio of the velocity of the projectile to the velocity of sound in air -- ,Is

the principal varlable on whi'h the aerodynamic coefficients depend. It Is given whenever both the velocity of the projectile and the temperature of the air are accurately known. Otherwise, only the velocity of the projectile is given. e. The list of reports given herein includes those from which the experimental data were taken, and also some which explain the theory and the methods of performing the tests. The illustrations and graphs

contained in the present report are listed. Finally, the index Is convenient when data are desired pertaining to a particular shape of projectile,

2. Nomenclature Symbol a b c c
2
1

Nomenclature Velocity of sound wav.s in air Windage jump coefficient (mil. ft/sec) Cross wind factor Couple factor

Unt* ft/sec rad.ft/sec ft ft ft . ft ft ft 1 sec'

2 1 1

c, c d

c"

Damping coefficients Damping coefficient Diameter; caliber (inch or mm) Diameters of bearing -3urfaces (in) 2.71828; base of natural logarithms Yawing moment damping factor Gravitational acceleration (m/sec ) Distance from base to center of gravity Distance from .ase to center of pressure Density factor (m Form factor Drift factor Retardation coefficient Radius of gyration about transverse axis Mass of projectile (grain or gram) Pitch of rifling; reciprocal of twist Moment of inertia factor; square of radius of gyration about axis of projectile (cal 2 Function of stability factor
I

dip d 2 e f g g h h I j k k m n p

ft/sec cal cal ft 1 1 ft

"I o

cal lb cal

1 1

*These units will produce consistent results. Other common ones are given In.parentheses.

'S

S. Nomeaclature (Cos.)
S~blNomenclature

q r a ss t u v V Vr vb w w X y z A A A B B C CL C'DF D D DF G

Nutatonl frequency factors Function of damping and stability Stability factor ~tandard Time Velocity of projectile relative to air Velocity of projectile relative to gun Muzzle velocity Recoil velocity Increase in projectile velocity caused by the blast Velocity of air relative to gun; wind (ml/hr) Angular velocity of axis of projectile (deg/sec) ioi ,ontal range (yd or m) Altitude (yd or m) Linear drift (yd or m)
2 or m.lb/n Siacci Altitude function (ft.lb/In 2 lb.in 2 or (gr.in inertia of Axial moment 2

rad/sec sec-1 1 1 sec ft/sec ft/sec* ft/sec ft/sec ft/sec ft/sec rad/sec ft ft ft ) ft 2 lb.ft rad 2 lb.ft

stability factor at the surface of the earth

Azimuth (deg) 2 2 (gr.in or lb.in ) Traneverse moment of inertia

2 Dragcoefiflent (lb/In /ft); 5.217 x 10"4KD

Ballistic coefficient (lb/in ) Drift coefficient Skin friction drag coefficient Angular drift (mil) Drag Skin friction drag

lb/ft2 sec 3/f2 I red lb.ft/sec

2

lb.ft/sec2

2 Drag function (lb/in /sec)

sc sec'

2. Nomenclature (Con.)
ni

Symbol G1, etc. H Hw I J K KA KD KDA KDF KH KS KK KL KM KN L L Lb M M M N N N0 P

Nomenclature-Drag function for Projeitile Type 1, etc. Density as a function of altitude (ratio', Yawine moment
2 Slaccl Inclination function (lb/In )

2 lb.ft /sec

1
2 lb.ft /sec 2

Magnus moment Magnus force Axial couple coefficient Drag coefficient; 1916.8 B Yaw-drag coefficient (deg-2 Skin friction drag coefficient Yawing moment coefficient Magnus moment coefficient Magnus force coefficient Cross wind force coefficient Moment coefficient Normal force coefficient Length of nutational period Cross wind force Bearing length (in) Moment of air resistance about center of gravity Spin reducing moment Mach number Normal force Spin (rev/sec) Muzzle spin (rev/sec) Distance, measured along the line of departure, to a point directly above the projectile (yd) t

lb.ft/sec 1 1 rad 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ft lb.ft/aoc ft. lb.ft /sec lb.ft 2/se 1 lb.ft/sec rad/sec rad/sec ft
2 3 2 2

*'

.-

2. Nomenclature (Con.)
Symbol Nomenclature Unit

Drift function
Drop of projectile (yd)

sec2 /ft 2
ft lb.ft/sec 1 ft ft
2 2

R R S s' T T Z a

Total air resistance Reyrolds number

2 SlacclSpace function (ft.lb/in or m.lb/in )

Surface of projectile, exclusive of base (in )

2 Slacci Time function (sec.lb/in )

sec sec rad rad rad seec, rad rad rad rad sec
" I 2

Nutational period Zenith angle (deg) Maximum yaw (deg) Minimum yaw (deg) Magnus moment damping factor Yaw (deg) * Yaw in the bore (deg or min) Angle of inclination of the trajectory (deg or rail) Angle of departure (deg or mil) Cross wind force damping factor Cross wind force factor Magnus force damping factor (strictly, N X 1 is the damping factor) Moment factor Normal force factor

I I
7

0 0 X X

lb.ft/sec

I lb.ft /sec lb.ft/sec 1 lb/ft 3 lb/ft

3 . 2 2

ir

3.1416; ratio of circumference to diameter

3 Air density (l,gr/in ,

p
pps U

lb/in , kg/m

, etc.)

Standard air density at the surface of the earth Air viscosity of plane of yaw (deg) Time raLe of change of orientation (deg/sec)

lb/ft/sec rad rad/sec rad/ft rad

0Orientation 0'
A

Linear rate of change of orientation (deg/ft) Windage jump (mil)

3. Formulas

The following formulas are given without full explanation. whose numbers are given in parentheses (par. 26 lists their ttles). a. Physical characteri:;tIcs: (1) (X-i13)

They are explained in the BRL Reports

For a hollow (or solid) cyjinder of mass m, outside diameter D, Inside diameter d, and length L:

gD=

,L

A =m

9BD+d

B A

+m

L=

(2) Sim1ar formulas with approxirrate empirical coefficients for caliber 0.30 and 0.50 ball and armor-piercing bullets are:
2 A-0.115 md , 2 B=0.5A+0.0543 mL

gd=C. 400 L, Here, d is the caliber and L the length of the bullet.

~~L

(3) are:

Likewise, the approximate empirical formulas for high explosive shells of caliber d and length . gd=0.375 L, A-0.140 md , B-0.5A+0.0594 mL2

(4)

In general, the squares of the radii of gyration, expressed in calibers, are: p = A/rd

k2.B/md

b.

ab: (X-113, 261, 276)

4=-D/m - g sin 0 (Dot denotes time derivative) aich number, M=u/a. and the yaw KD=D/Pd2u2 (A function of the Reynold's number also has a small effect.)

Approximately, if the yaw Is not too large, and if KD denotes the drag coefficient for 0 yaw,
0 2

KD= KDo (I+KD5a

'

k - D/mu 2

KDPd 2 /m The Magnus force and the yawing force due to yaw-

+L2 )1/2. R - (D2 ing are neglected in this formula.

G - D/Pd2u - KD u (In most tables, G - Bu = 5.217 x 104 K u) G/G n (n1,2 ... )

In

2 C n = m/nd2 (expressed in lb/in unless otherwise stated)

,i n,

,,,

n, ,

, ,

.. , . . i

10 3. Formulas (Con.)
Bn " Cn H *h h, n n h
1 0.000,045 m- , 0.000,013,716 ft
"I

..X -

GH..
.-

GH.
y U - g (standard trajectory)

c. S acci Functions: Here, c is an arbitrary constant and U an arbitzary value of the velocity u. The formulas are approximately valid if C (lb/tn2 ) and P (ratio to standard) are constant. The subscript0 denotes initial values. (X-113, 114, 276).
S.

Idu~ u

T u

Gu

d~f u

, A= u

"fd-, I

I-c+

Gu gdu2

xM- C

cos o (S-S (T - To)

o)

.Sc-

0
2

y-xtan

C o ---..

(AC o)+ (A.A

- sec - 0

Iox
-(-

tanG-tan

-C

( -sc o

fy-0,sin2

crA - AO

.]

d. Stability. (X-113, 116, 261, 276, 446, 459). N - P sin S - D sin I + L cos S (normal force) N/ p d u2 . KDKL
-g)s

M-Nd(h

a
g) -

sin S

KM - KN(h
c2 a /Bu 2N2 2N
IfN N .2

a/P d 3u2
-

3 =iK M ad /8

(Here, N is the spin)

fv o a v2oA 2 fV2

pn d BK MU
f
2

A2

Under standard conditions,

p p,

u - V,

s POn dBKM

3. Formulas (Con.)
The following formulas are approximately valid if the yaw is small, say less than 10s. Neglecting the variation of r radians in orientation during each period of yaw, which usually occurs near the minimum yaw:

- AN/2B,
Tq '/fp, /T - AN/2Bp p (1 - l/s)
1 2,

0 . I A/Bnd
L /P p

sa(T/ r ), (s - 1)
2

V )i/ )2 (a - 1)
2 '

(TO/
(TO/1

)s
Z-

4 2-dld 2(rad), 1 rad 2L

=57.3

deg- 3438 min

The necessary and sufficient condition for stability is that

2 -K

d2 (K

d [2 LK.2K..

+ 2 (K

Since the right member of this inequality can never exceed 1, it is necessary, though not sufficient, that a or else negative.

A '

The following empirical formulas give approximate values of the normal force coefficient and the distance from the base to the center of pressure for projectiles with ogival heads:'

K N - 0.020 a - 0.748 b + 0.1715 c + 0.540 d - 0.0268 e, h - -0.0135 a + 1.97 b + 0.6276 c + 0.4837 d - 0.0233 e,
where a b c d e is the angle of boat-tail, in degrees, is the length of boat-tail, in calibers, is the length of the cylindrical -art of the body, in calibers, Is the length of the ogival head, in calibers, is the radius of the ogival arc, in calibers.

The following formulas, whose empirical coefficients were poorly determined, pertain to squarebased projectile. with conical heads:* *Some data have been determined recently by free flight in the Aerodynamics Range, but have not yet been published. The above empirical formulas yield approximatelythe same values for KN and h when the ogival radius is moderately long, but give different results for conical or nearly conical heads.

12

S. Formula& (Con.)
K
where

0.575 + 0.25 j,

h - c - 0.51 + 0.30 J,

C is the length of the cylindrical part of the body, in calibel 3, n calibers. j Is the length of the head, e. Drift: (261, 276) L
) sin I (cross wind force) X

KL -

/pd2u
L2 X /mu - K L pd u/m

.l

Imu2 Kpd 2/m

2

Q-KL/KMU ) if Q r is a standard drift function Jr " Q/Or (r- 1, 2.... CLr - n/2 r gpj rv - md2n/2 rgAjrVo a (The subscript Is dropped from

Q CL, G and C)

oLL Approximately, on a nearly horizontal trajectcry, if K - KL/KMCL ,

d(z/K) N
o

BP

df a/K) .z/K

Then, since D mz/x (rad),

D L . z/K ML (whence K can be found if D i observed)

The Magnus force, sin A - muN K-puNd 3KK KK1 sin a,

also has a very small effect on the direction of motion of the center of gravity. f. Damping: (281, 278, 446, 459) w ( 2 +j2 sin' S)1/2 (angular velocity of axis)

KH- 11/ P d4 u (Hw is the yawing moment) f - H/B - K H Pd4u/B

P d uN sin A KI 1 - '1

y- /AN sin

-KPd4 u/A

13
3. Formulas (Con.)

The following formulas are approxtrr.dt ely correct along a nearly horlzontal trajectory if the initial minimum yaw Is zero, the retardation coefficient Is constant, the damping factors are proportional to the velocity, and the subscript 0 pertains to x - 0.

2kx, p-(1-/s) a-soe 0 1 1/2 exp( C-a 0(pJ

1/2 -1 80 If a 0 (polp)

1/2 , f+r
-. -

"

f-

+2 2

)cosh
x) sinh

(-v
x)

x),

f+ xp(---

(v x)

and ,C 2 are the maximum yaws at x and x., and 1# 21 is the minimum yaw at 17.

v x2

..

-K

+27 -2pr,

P
f+y x2 vXl

2
. (

"

21)
22)

log e

. P2

2-

..

Usually, but not always, r is approximately 0. The yawing moment ccefficient, determined with projectiles from caliber 0.30 to 37 mm inclusive at velocities from 2000 to 3050 ft/sec, approximately satisfies the relation
1 KH - 0.35 L 5

where L is the length of the priiectile, expressed in calibers. g. Aircraft Gunfire Trajectories: (116, 345)
U2. 2
v2 o 2 + 2wv o sin Z cos A + w

- w2 (1 - sin2Z cos2A)

/u2

(approximately)

so v 2sS/Pu 2 0 if ss Is the standard stability factor, and p Istheratio of the air density to the standard air density at the surface of the earth

~ .L
C

*~p2[

KL]

KDPsd2/2m
C w+

lk

14 3. Fokmulas (Con.) #. KD62 0

3 -

S-S
dt - 1

-,

P+

I/2 - -(1 ol

-2 pcP
-e

PCP

ANK L M

t. Spi: (287, 408)

1 (Vo+Vr -vb)/nd No - 2

~(approximately;

here, c Is the mass of the propelling charge, and R is

the mass of the recoiling partE of the gun) 1i KAd 4

logeN -lOgN
-d

?f

Approximately, on a nearly horizontal trajectory, K logeN - logeN A 14 p x

" Ms/ 'd 4uN

d , 4 KA 4KAd 2 /S'

KDF - DF CDF

DF/ P S' Us

The skin friction drag is a function of Reynold s number, R-udP/ w.

The average empirical value of C'DF for ten projectiles is 0.00168.

2 The average value of S'/d for 8 H.E. Shells, excluding the 120 mm Shell M73, is 11.5.

4. Standard Atmospheric Conditions at Surface of Earth

Barometric pressure Temperature Relative Humidity Velocity of sound Density 1.203,4 0.075,126,5 0.000,043,48 0.000,521,7 0.000,000,301,9 525.9 0.304,34 3.652 43.825

750 mm Hg 15' C 78% 341.46 m/sec Unit k /m 3 lb/ft 3 lb/in 2 lb/in .ft lb.ft2 /in gr/ft 3 gr/in3 gr/In 2 .ft gr/In.ft
2 5 3

29.5275 in Hg 59* F 78% 1120.27 ft/sec Log 0.08041 8.87579 - 10 5.63825 - 10 1.71743 - 10 3.47989 - 10 2.72089 9.48335 - 10 0.56253 1.84171

Note: As explained in the introduction, the sketches of the projectiles on the following pages precede the tabular data pertaining to each caliber.

18

LE. SAN

4.

a o

pg

0 0 p.

pg

4.
'I'
-. -

.4

11~

0 I.'

~
pg pg

I
I
0

0%

--

SE.

I'

I
-

I
a

4
0

18

5. Caliber 0.30 Bullets a. Physi-cal Characteristics Weight Grains St .- Meas. 172 172 150 164 150 151 167 149 134 142 150 108.5 B 7638432 157 107 155 5 1 1.44 1.043 9.06 No. of Rds 5 5 10 5 2 cal. 1.827 1.455 1.980 2.097 2.50 2.30

Bullet Ball MI Ball M2 A.P. M2 Tracer MI Same w/o Tracer Average Night Tracer M25* Frangible M22 (T44)00 A.P.L TI5

Drawing B 10986 B 137545 B 138195 B 16092

A2 gr.in 1.751 1.332 1.855 1.777 1.557 1.667

B 2 gr.in 16.40 12.i3 20.15 18.57 16.68 17.60

* Same contour as Tracer MI **Same contour as Ball M2

b. Drag

Bullet Ball MI
Ball M2

eor BRL 276

BRL 276

Observathon Range
--

Proj. Type 177"

6

Form Velocity Factor ft/-ec 2

1.13 2740

KD .107
.132

Ball M2 A.P. M2 Tracer M1 Night Tracer M 25 Frane!ble M22 (T44) Frangible M22 (T44) A.P.I. T15 APG 471.4/4o2 BRL 271 BRL 276 APG 471.4/490-1 FT 0.30AC-U-1

Resist. Time Time & Range Time Time Resist. Time 5 1.08 5 5 0.92 0.67

see graph 2730 2700 .125 .091

5 T44

0.81 1.11

2850 1360 see graph 2790

.211 .202

.146

19

GOEFFICIENT
-

.BULLE

Vs MACH NUMBER T BALL, CAL 030, M

KD

. 3

is.

-'...

."

ho. 0*
-BLLT

/-'
DRA

A.. 3

....

....

FRANIBLE

CA00

T4

I-

II

-OF

.*..,*

"-

4$,L

AT

,t

tO

L,

K
j u) .e

.,

DRGDOFFCET -u, L

...

l. N

i .'

L,

'

. I. .6
. " U

10 I.

20
5. Caliber 0.30 Bullets (Con.)
c. Stability

Pitch of Rifling Bullet

-

10 inches Velocity Mach No. ft/sec T-f 1 K M 1.24

L BRL 278

Ball M1

No. of Rounds 5

S T.815

7
8 Ball M2 A.P. M2 Tracer M1 Night Tracer M25 Frangible M22 (T44) Frangible M22 (T44) BRL 278 BRL 276 BRL 276 APG 471.4/490-1 FT 0.30AC-U-1 APG 471.84/238 5 10 10

2872
2892 2574 2750 2528 2600 1370 1280

2.409
2.571

1.901
2.079 3.42 1.42 2.80 2.52 1.61 2.79

1.05
0.96 0.51 1.36 0.73* 1.12 0.89
--

* This Ls an apparent moment coefficient, computed from the observed stability factor and the average values of the moments of inertia of the bullet with and without the tracer composition. x Fired from a special barrel with an 8-Inch pitch of rifling.

d. Drift and Damping Velocity K K K

Bullet
Ball Ml Ball M2 Tracer Ml Frangible

Report
BPL 278 and 357 BRL 276 and 357 BRL 278 and 357

ft/sec
2856 2770 2734

L
0.77 0.98 1.07

H
3.8 2.8 5.4

-0.15 -0.09 -0.22

M22 (T44)

FT 0.30 AC-U-I

1370

0.98

1.98

-0.06

U
C

21

*11~0%

S
4'I,.

U..
0

w
~-

e.

.4

-'i
'4
~I

-_____

C.)

~l*~

I j
.4
p..4

c.J

g
IA 0 0

4.
.4 0

1 a
-~

4
I.
i'4~

I'S

22

C -

2*
4
Cd

eq

id
S

0. 4 4

0. 4 4 0.)

nj

*
-

n.j 2 2 .n
d No

2 2 ~0
0..

2 2
ha V.

Sn
V.

o
4

0.. 0 ~

0.. 0

it

~it

j.JI I
L

V
K

4. N
0.)

4 U

U
-

~:
en 'a)

hA

____

~~1~
C

j-.

C=

23

S. Caliber 0.50 Bullets a. Physical Characteristics BULLET Ball MI A.P. M2 Alternatid Tracer Ml Same w/o tracer Ave. Alternate Headlight Tracer) M21 (TIE1)* ) A.P.I. M8 x A.P.I., T49 A.P.I.T. M20 (T28) A.P.I.T. T63 A.P.T. T38 A.P.T. T38EI Inc. Ml Inc. M23(T48) Inc. T78 * Same contour as Tracer Ml x Same contour as A.P. M2 B174991 FB19562 625 512 B7636175 B7640941 650 501 614 635 B129831 DRAWING B129810 B137655 WEIGHT
GRAINS

NO. OF
RDS.

St . 750 710 698 674

Meas. 741 709 697 674 802 838 641 697 653 504 613 513 739 870 619 495 608

drT.
2.043 1.922 2.269 2.402 2.336

A 2

B2

5 5 5 5

gr-in 21.45 19.71 20.94 19.56 20.25 22.04 18.90 15.28 18.52 18.67 19.17 17.89 19.38

gr.in 244.9 217.1 246.5 211.9 229.2 257.1 179.4 107.6 167.1 114.4 217.1 161.8 200.6

3 5 3 3 6 3 3 3

2.234 1.823 1.289 1.738 1.618 1.991 1.466 1.652

b. Drag Bullet Ball Ml A.P. M2 Alternate A.P. M2 Tracer MI Same Alternate APG 471.4/206 BRL 276 Report BRL 276 BRL 276 APG 471.4/206 Observation Range and Time Time Time Resist Range and Time Time Time Proj. Type 5 5 5 5 5 5 Form Factor 0.79 0.88 0.87 0.77 0.825 0.81 Velocity ft/sec 2800 2900 2900 2800 2800 2800 KD .107 .115 .117 .104 .111 .109

See graph

24 6. Caliber 0.50 Bullets (Corn.) Prol. Type Resist Time Time K-1-9 Mar 45 K-1-9 Mar 45 APC- 41.4/434 APG 471.4/434 APG 471.4/434 APG 471 .4/434 Time Resist Time Time Time Time Time 5 5 5 0.80 0.87 0.81 Form Factor Velocity ft/sec

Bullet Models of 155mm HE Shell) M10l, P1 & P2) Inc. MI Same Inc. M23(T48) A.P.I. M8 A.P.A. T49 Sansd A.P.I.T. M20(T28) A.P.T. T38 A.P.T. T38EI

ReotObservation BRL 58"t APG 471.4/206

K D

See graphs 5 6 7 7 0.86 0.92 1.28 1.29 2950 2950 3460 3460 4450 2900 2700 2900 .115 .099 .118 .120 .102 .107 .119 .109

See graph

1
I*0
.

DRAG COEFFICIENT
VS MACH NUMBER

U LET#

., CALO.50 m2

KD

.000

D40

.61

to

.9

1.6

1*

2.0

2.2

2.4

2.

-BULLET,

DRAG COEFFICIENT Vs MACH NUMBER A.RI.,CAL, 050, me

42.65(rd)
+

0 a
J4
-X5+.4~+qx

KD

x a 0.0005 V CL54

I dI8 12 to IS .

2.

is

to4.

T DRAG COEFFICET vs MACH NUMBER I CALIBER 0.50 MODELS OF 155 MM H.E. SHELLS
-

I~AU. seat-Ta'. NMI$ Vds

.140

.413

- 40J

IA

6 6

mOM

.4405

lK

28

G. Caliber 0.50 Buliets (Con.)

c. Stability - Pitch of Rifling: 15 inches Bullet Ball MI Ball MI Ball MI Ball M1 A.P. M2 Tracer M1 Headlight Tracer) ) M21 (TIEI)* A.P.I. M8 A.P.I. T49 A.P.I.T. M20(T28) A.P.I.T. T83 A.P.T. T38E1 Inc. M23 Incendiary T78 Report BRL 278 BRL 278 BRL 27P SRL 278 BRL 278 BRL 278 APG 471.511/1113 BRL M258 APG 471.4/398-1 APG 471.4/434 AP 471.4/378-1 APO 471.4/391-1 APG 471.4/385-1 APG 471.4,/458-1 No. of Rds. 4 8 5 4 Ave. 13 4 5 10 3 8 14 8 8 8 3112 3000 2700 2930 3400 2970 3400 2890 3400 3000 2.7-2 2.82 Velocity f 1982 2182 2531 2929 Mach No. 1.760 1.960 2.293 2.801 S 1.794 1.578 1.603 1.891 1.87 2.17 2.39 2.59 1.92 2.71 2.08 2.49 2.58 1.52 1.32 K M 1.15 1.31 1.29 1.22 1.24 0.97 0.86* 0.84 1.20 0.95 1.15 1.10 0.72 1.50 1.84

*This is an apparent moment coefficient, computed from the observed stability factor and the average values of the moments of inertia of the bullet with and without the tracer composition. **Same shape as Tracer Mi.

d. Drift and Damping

Velocity

K KL 0.63 0.83 1.84 1.15 1.44 2.47 H 6.0 3.2 4.8

Bullet Ball MI A.P. M2 A.P.I. M8 A.P.I. M8 Inc. M23

Report BRL 276 & 357 BRL 278 & 357 BRL M256 Memo Mar 44 MR

ft/sec 2540 2855 2830 2936 3480

-0.23 -0.10 -0.145 -0.036

c27

10
a~f*

tL

4.64

-1..-

I0U

BULLET, INCENDIARY, CAL. 0.60, T36, AND T36E2

4671

BULLET, A.P.I., CAL. 0.60, T39 ALL DIMENSIONS IN CALIBERS

29 7. Caliber 0.60 Bullets a. Physical Characteristics Weight

Grains No. uf

A Rds. 5 5 5 2 1 5 5 3 5 a 2 3 3 6 1.520 1.843

1

B gr.in. 2 607.2 b54.5 619.8

Bullet A.P. TS 4 A.P. BU 2 A.P. BC 3 same Tracer BC 3 H.E. T19 Ball T32 Ball T32E2 Inc. T36* Inc. T3E2 Inc. T31 Inc. T41 A.P.IT. T6S&* A.P.I. T39

Drawing ALX-H 3-2 ALX -H 3-42 ALX-H 3-188

Std.

Meas. 1234 1192

g Cal 1.838 1.867 1.938

gr.in. 2 50.38 48.72 48.13

1180

1209 1167 1099 1139

1.555 1.885 1.763 1.554 1.587

50.15 49.46 46.9 51.08 51.18 39.61 46.6 47.9

'80.1 b35.0 516.2 506.1 492.1 292.8 491.4 490.1

B 7637435 3 7640421

1200 1140 1140 1140 1200

1186 1139 1146 1140 1170 767 1043 1138

B 7641008 B 7841005

1050 1140

., 6 5

*Formerly called TIE6. **Same contour as A.P.I. T39.

b. Drag Bullet A.P. BC-3 Tracer BC-3 H.E. T19 Ball T32 Ball T32E2 Inc. T36 Inc. T36E2 Inc. T31 A.P.I.T. T60 A.P.I. T39 Report APG 471.4/180-9A APG 471.4/180-9A K-I-9 Mar 45 K-1-9 Mar 45 K-I-9 Mar 45 K-I-9 Mar 45 APG 471.4/478 APG 471.4/180-9A K-I-9 Mar 45 K-I-9 Mar 45 Observation Photo Photo Time Time Time Time Time Photo Time Time Proj. Form Type Factor 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 1.255 1.21 1.14 1.25 1.23 1.29 1.29 1.18 1.16 1.26 Velocity ft/sec 3584 3579 3545 3550 3600 3550 3550 3590 3570 3550 KD j.14 .110 .104 .114 .111 .118 .118 .107 .106 .115

30 7. Caliber 0.60 Bullets (Con.)

DRAG COEFFICIENT vS MACH NUMBER BULLET, BALL., CAL 0.60, T32

~-4.55
-

to.=o . .... . .... . .. .. . .

Ko

4'

..............

. c. Stability

1.1t

1.6

2.4

t.S

Wt

4.0

Pitch of Rifling: 18 Inches

Bullet A.P. TS4 A.P. BC-2 H.E. T19 Ball T32 Ball T32E2 Inc. Inc. Inc. inc. T36 T36 T38E2 T41

Report BRL 257 BRLM 245 BRLM 366 BRLM 305 BRLM 368 BRLM 305 BRLM 386 APG 471.4/478 APG 471.4/6-1 BRLM 368 BRLM 366

No. of Round66 9 8 4 6 6 6 3 6 11

Velocity ft/sec., 3100 3520 3500 3500 3600 3600 3460 3600 4200 3550 3550

S 1.85 1.69 1.84 1.85 1,69 1.51 1.74 1.53 1.92 2.10 1.79

M 1.03 1.18 1.32 1.145 1.17 1.58 1.36 1.59 1.37 1.08 1.215

A.P.I.T. TO0 A.P.I. T39

31

4.io 2.7Z.3

.46

3.25 R

PROJECTILE, BALL, 20MM ISPANO GUN /A/.

SHOT, A.P., 20MM, M75 ALL DIMENSIONS IN CALIBERS

r~

32

7.

9i -

33

S S

4%'

i-I
I,.
-

I
-

I
Id

4.
*6%

I.
4 a a
-

ii

Ii

2
A.

4. 4.~~~

1
3~~~
#4

#4 *
p.4

S
4'

-.

L~.

'S

34 6. 20mm Projectilea a. Drawings: Projectile, Ball, Hispano Gun /A/ Projectile, Ball, T4 (same contour as A.P. M75) Shot, Armor-piercing, M75 Shot, Armor-ptering. T9E4 Shot, Armor-piercing, M95 (T9E5) Shot, Armor-piercing Incendiary, T21 Shell, High Explosive Incendiary, Mark 1 Shell, High Explosive Incendiary, T18 (same contour as H.E.I. M97) Shell, High Explosive, T23 (same contour as H.E.I. M97) Shell, High Explosive Incendiary, M97 Shell. Incendiary. M96 (T18) Shell. Incendiary. T28 Shell, Incendiary. T35 Projectile, Practice, M99 (T24) (same contour as Incendiary M96) Fuze, Percussion, D.A., No. 253, Mark I /A/ Fuze, Point Detonating, M75 (T71E4) 75-2-308 TAM 130 75-2-333 and 341 TAM 480 75-2-300 TAM 22 and 483 TAM 371 75-2-335 75-2-342 and 334 TAM 1824 TAM 1979 75-2-343 73-1-178 TAM 601 75-2-299

b. Physical Characteristics Projectile Ball (formerly 1935 gr.) Ball T4 Plug Fuze Weight Grains Meas. Std. 2000 2528 5 1.884 190.2 1767 No. of Rounds 9 cal A gr.ln. 2 B gr.in. 2

Ball T4
Ball T4 A.P. M75 A.P. T9E4 A.P. M95 A.P. M95 A.P.I. T21 A.P.I. T21 H.E.I. Mk 1 H.E.I. TI (with tracer) H.E. T23

None
Tracer Tracer Tracer Tracer wo/tr Tracer None Pero. Dummy M75 T71E4 2542 2548 2000 2000

2512
2547 2000 1987 2000 1980 2030 1900 2000 1995 1965 2004

5
5 5 3 7 5 5 5

1.892
1.806 1.474 1.488 1.538 1.860 1.719 1.643

190.0
190.0 154.5 148.8 150.2 184.3 151.9 185.6

1758
1798 967 958 1055 1882 1470 1442

3b 6. 20mm Prolectiles (Con.)

Weight Grains Prolectile H.E.I. M97 Inc. T35 Inc. T28 Inc. M96 Prac. M99
----

No. of Rounds

g cal

A grAn,

B grin.

Fuze M75

Std. 2039 1200 1500 1920 2000

Meas.

1186 1434 1993 1965

3 3 5 5

1.074 1.266 1.553 1.546

102.2 125.0 155.5 163.1

415.4 668,7 1305 1388

c. Drag. Observation Resist Time Proj. Type 1 1 Form Factor 0.98 0.96 Velocity ft/sec. 2820 2530

Projectile Ball, 1935 gr. Ball, T4

Fuze Tracer Tracer

Report BRL 284 BRL 515

KD .207 .212

A.P. M75 A.P. M75

A.P. T9E4 A.P. M95 A.P. M95 H.E.I. Mk 1 H.E.I. TI8 (with tracer) H.E. T23 Inc. M96

Tracer Tracer
Tracer Tracer w/o tr Perc Dummy M75 J T71E4
.--

BRL 515 BRL 515

BRL 515 K-I 9 Oct 44

Range Time
Resist Time Time Resist

6 8
5 5

1.71 1.98
1.12 1.15 see graph

2550 2450
3000 3000

.214 .256
.149 .153

see graph

50 BRL 515 BRL 515 BRL 515

Time Time Time

5 5 5

1.09 1.14 1.18

2750 2800 2750

.148 .155 .157

Inc. T28 Inc. T35

A.P.I. T21

---

APG 472.5/3171846

Range Range

8 8
5

51.28
tl.28

3200
2700

.127
.145

APG 471/6-8
w/o tr

.26
1.26 1.19

3650
2700 2700

.113
.102 .162

APG 472.5/317-1 Time 1781 J

t#

* 38

l-k -.-

DRAG COEFFICIENT vs MACH NUMB3ER SHOTa A.A. 20M M, T9E4

.8

- -

0403 #~ y I+

u~

sd1g3o

At

ISe

la~

&a

as

,too

vo
K

DRAG COEFFICIENT vAIMACH NUMBER -SHELL, H.E, 20MM, MARK I; FUZE, PERCUSSION, 0.A.,,NO. 253, MARK I/A/ ~

t-

-To

.0

to

w M $s

"

Lt

"

37

8. 20mm Projectiles (Con.)

d. Stability Pitch of Rifling: 25.686 Cal. (Angle 7) No. of Velocity

Projectile Ball T4
A.P. TOE4 A.P. T95 (M95) A.t.. T21 H.E.I. Mk 1 H.E.I. T18 (with tracer) H.E. T23 Inc. M96 Inc. T28 Inc. T35 Prac. M99

Fuze Tracer
Tracer wo/tr w/o tr Pere

Report BRL 515

BRL 515 APG 472.5/317-1 APG 472.5/317BRL 515

Rounds 4
12 6 8 7 10 9 8

ft/sec. 2530
2750 2700 2700 2750 2750 2800 2750 3000

3 2.89
2.78 2.28 2.52 2.88 2.91 2.85 2.80 3.07 2.4 2.61

M 1.14
1.47 1.6F, 1.39 1.16 0.89 1.09 1.09

18211
1821 J

Dummy, BRL 515 M75 J T71E4 -----

BRL 515 BRL 515 AG 472.5/317-1 1848J

APG 471/6-8 BRL 515

3 6

2600 2750

1.20

The caliber of the 20mm gun is 0.787 inches

e. Drift and Damping V elocity Projectile Ball T4 Ball T4 Fuze none Tracer Report BRL 515 BRL 515 ft/sec, 2483 2483 KKK KL 2.50* 2.50*

KH 4.8 2.7 -. 10 +.02

A.P. M75 H.E.I. Mk 1

H.E. T23

Tracer Perc.
T71E4

BRL 515 BRL 515

BRL 515

2530 2830
2800

2.50* 1.12
1.27

3.7
1.56

-. 12
-. 005

*This value was determined with the A.P. Shot M75 and assumed to be the same for the Ball Projectile T4; but it Is probably too high.

9l

, ,

lI .

l.

'

9.

.
!S

"

I"

39

4C
/b

"T

6~

'v -j

0*

pi1
WI
-

oI4

-.

14

I"#

(a

I
Ill 1 I 1 |

mmmm

m m

40

____

____ ____

___

4.0t

1.72

2. 3

SHLHELLHE,

5;

Ur,

H.E., 3M,

63WHFU,

.,M5

AL

4.M05NSI

ALBR

1.72 2.

41

4, 0 1'

(4 Mi

U
U
0 0 ~J ~ 1'9

I
0 .4-34

0. 5..

a.
0

F)

5..
4 ~
I,' F,

I-

-3

-3

2 2
U,

2
I.Mi

Ni S.

Ca I-

Ni

4
0

~-

<~'>

'a

42 9. 37mm Projectiles a. Drawings. Shot, Armor-piercing Cappe Shot, Armor-piercing, M74 Shot, Armor-piercing, M80
,

M51

75-2-276 75-2-289 75-2-306 75-3-210

Shot, Arnmc-pterclng Capped, M59

Shot.' Armor -piercing Supervelocity, Mark I (Deformable 37/30mm) Shell, High Explosive, Mark 2 Shell, High Explosive, M54 (T12) Shell, High Explosive, T2 Shell, High Explosive, M63 Shell. High Explosive, T27 Shell, High Explosive, T33 Shell. Practice, M55A1 Projectile, Proof, M52 Fuze, Base Detonating, M38A1 Fuze, Base Detonating, M58 Fuze, Base Detonating, T136 Fuze, Point Detonating, M56 Fuze, Dummy, T30 (simulates P.D. Fuze M56) Fuze, Dummy, M50 (simulates P.D. Fuze M56) Plug, Closing Tracer, Rqd, M2 75-2-179 75-2-279 75E-2-254 .75-2-290 TAM 58 TAM 1052 & 1053 75-2-278 75-2-275 Rev. 1 73-1-133 73-1-174 TAM 1054 & 1055 73-2-158 to 161 PX-91-98 72-5-4 75-14-309A 75-17-4

b. Physical Characteristics Fuze Tracer Tracer Tracer Tracer M38A1 T30 (AL) Weight lb. Mess. Std. 1.92 1.91 1.92 1.66 1.25 1.216 4 2.253 .3524 2.228 1.821 1.18 10 1 1.268 1.44 .4150 .1448 1.983 1.146 1.917 1.9)5 g No. of Rounds 5 5 cal. 1.453 1.450 A lb.ln. 2 .4813 .4885 B lb.in.2 3.068 3.015

Projectile A.P.C. M51 A.P.C. M59 A.P. M74 A.P. M80 H.E. Mk 2 H.F. T2

A.P., S.V. Mk 1 Tracer

9. 37mm Projectiles (Con.) Weight lb. Std. Meas. 1.312 1.372 1.319 1.328 1.592 1.590 1.71 1.91 1.713 g cal. 1.537 1.636 1.520 1.536 1.519 1.386 1.893 1.458 A lb.in. .3724 .3770 B lb.in.2 2.470 2.905

Projectile H.E. H.E. H.E. H.E. M54 M54 M54 M54

Fuze

No. of Rounds 15 6 1 2 2 5 3

T30 (AL) T30 (brass) M50 M56 1.34 M58 M58 ((BD T136) Tracer 1.61

H.E. M63 H.E. T27 H.E. T33 Proof M52

.4:, , .42, .476 .4892

3.687 2.664 3.85 2.967

c. Drag. Projectile A.P.C. M51 A.P.C. M59 A.P.C. M59 A.P. M74 A.P. M80 A.P. M80 A.P. M80 Fuze Tracer Plug, Wooden Tracer Tracer Tracer Tracer Tracer BRL 284 Report Observation Time Resist. Resist. BRL 284 BRL 438 BRL 438 BRL 438 Memo 13 Sep 45 BRL 284 BRL 284 BRL 294 BRL 138 BRL 354 APG 471.111/ 1589 BRL 284 Sup.Resist. Time Time Resist. Time Resist. Resist. Resist. Resist. Time Time Time Resist, 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 6 5 6 Proj. Type 6 1 Form "actor .92 1.82 See graph 1.05 2554 .231 .202 .146 .110 .211 .239 .226 .146 .144 .104 .78 1650 .71 3050 See graph 1.24* .89 .92 .91 3660 1259 1530 1926 Velocity ft/sec. 2900 2545 KD .101 .401

A.P. SV,.Mk 1 Tracer H.E. Mk 2 H.E. Mk 2 H.E. Mk 2 H.E. M54 H.E. M54 H.E. M54 H.E. T33 Practice M55A1 M38 M38 M38 T30 M56 M56 B.D.T138 (Tracer) Plug, Closing

1.08 2800 See graph 1.04 2600 0.95 See graph 2900

*The caliber is taken as 1.181 in. (30n,.n)

ii i

, ,, ===t i "i

44

DRAG COEFFCIET vs MACH NUMBER

--SHOT,

A.PC, 37 MM,M59
0.001,243,11!VRoo

goo
-

V *1120.27 M (fps)

II
-r-"9 -2-

-5

'II

loo em(fs Li

is

go M.

to

toa

111

.24

T
-

- -

RAG COEFFICIENT I vIS MACH NUMBER HELL, H.E.,37MM, M54; FU ZE, P.D. M56

I
-

45

-D

4.0IP

.3~~~~~3 .

DRAG COEFFICIENT vs MACH NUMBER SHELL, PRACTICE, 37MM, M55AI PLUG, CLOSING75-14- 309A

KD

I*

Le w

to oM

li

*I

Is

84

ob

46 9. 37mram Projectiles (Con.) d. Stability Projectile A.P.C. M51 A.P.C. M51 A.P.C. MbI Fuze Tracer Tracer Tracer Tracer Tracer Tracer Tracer Tracer T30(AL) T30(AL) T30(AL) T30(brass) T30(brass) M56 Report BRL 225 BRL 225 BRL 225 BRL 438 BRL 438 BRL 438 BRL 438 Memo 13 Sep 45 BRL 138 13RL BRL BRL BRL BRL 138 138 138 138 354 No. of Rounds 6 4 Ave. 7 4 7 1 2 3 3 1 2 10 Velocity ft/sec. 1350 2740 2800 1650 1850 3050 3675 2800 2200 2800 2800 2800 2000 n cal. 40 40 25 30 40 25 30 25 35 30 35 35 30 30 K M 1.23 1.18 3.1 12.15 3.70 9.5 6.78 1.49 1.39 1.53 1.19 1.11 1.49 1.66

tA.P.
A.P.C. M59 M80 A.P. M80 A.P. M80 A.P., SV Mk 1 H.E. T2 H.E. H.E. H.E. H.E. H.E. M54 M54 M54 M54 M54

1.35 0.25 0.513 0.513 0.497 1.18 1.14 1.41 1.33 1.26 1.27 1.89

H.E. M63

M58

BRL 225

7
5 10 7 it

1200
2450" 3100 2750 2650

35
35 25 30 25 40

1.22
1.23 2.4 10.9 3.81 4.57 1.13 0.24 0.85 0.152

Ave.
H.E. T27 H.E. T33 Proof M52 M58 T138 Tracer BRLM 261 APG 471.111/ 1589 BRL 225

e. Drift and Damping Velocity

Projectile Fuze Report ft/sec.

K
__ L

K
__H

A.P.C. M59 A.P. M80 H.E. M54

Tracer Tracer M58

BRL 438 BRL 438 BRL 354 & 357

3000 3100 2000

.093 .188 .98

1.62 2.53 3.2

-. 125 -. 26 -. 19

K4'i,

9. 37mm Projectiles (Con.)

f. Rifling of 37mm Guns and Sub -callb r Tubes (1.457") ("un or Tube Antiaircraft Gun MI 2 Antitank Gikns M3 ard M3A1 ncl ncl i 25

Tank Guns M5 andl 11

Aircraft Guns M4 arid M10 Aircraft Guns M9 arid M9Al Sub-caliber Guns M 916, M1916A1, and M1916A2 Sub-caliber Guns Tt7, T22 and T23 (Left nand twist) Sub-caliber Guns M12, M13, M14, M15 and M16 Sub-caliber Guns T 2 and TI4 Sub-caliber Gun T11 Sub -caliber Tube Mi925 No. C-4360 Sub -caliber Tube G~ No. 88 Sub-caliber Tube MlA1 No. 7 Sub-caliber Tube MlAl No. 109 Sub-caliber Tube Ml A2 Sub-caliber Tub6 T 4 (Left hand twist)
3 90

25
25 30 29.89 29.89 25 25 30 40 30 35 30 30 30

'.49

-5

*.40

--

197

-.-

ALL DIMENSIONS IN CALIBERS

SNOT, A.P.C., 40MM T4EIO

48

SHELL, Q.P.H.K., 40MM, MARK 2 T/L/ WITH FUZZ, P.D., M64

.00 t .4

4.201
SHILL, H.R., 40MM, T7; FUZZ, DETONATING, MARK 27

ALI. DIMENSIONS IN CALIBERS

o~

I.C

10. 40mm Projectiles

a. Drawings

... TAM 737 and 738 75-2-298 TAM 278 75-2-304 73-2 -172 and 175 300423 and 300426

Snot, Armor-piercing Capped. T4E10 Shell, Quick Firing High Explosive, Mark 2 T/L/ Shell, High Explosive, T7 Shell, Practice, M91 (TI) (same contour as Q.F.H.E. Mark 2) Fuze, Point Detonating, M64 and M64AI Fuze, Detonating, Mark 27(Navy Bureau of Ordnance) Fuze, Dummy, T34 (simulates M64 and Mark 27 Fuzes)

b. Physical Characteristics Projectile A.P.C. T4EI0 H.E. Mark 2 Fuze Tracer (M64AI

Weight lb. Std. Meas. 1.975 1.954 1.951

No. of Rds. 10 7 5

g cal

A Ib.in.

B lb. In.

(with tracer)
H.E. Mark 2 (w/o bourrelet, with wood plug) H.E. T7 Prac. M91 c. Drag Projectile A.P. T4E10 H.E. Mk 2 (with tracer) H.E. Mk 2 (w/o tracer) H.E. T7 Prac. M91 d. Stability Projectile Fuze

tmk 27
T14

1.954

1.986
1.8285 1.566 .6298 4.955

Mk 27 T34

1.96 1.96

1.889

1.b95

.8130

4.253

Report K-l-9 Mar 44 APG471.12/368 APG471.12/368 N -G 3- 45 BRLM 217 BRL 284

Observation Resist. Time Time Resist. Time Resist.

Proj. Type a 5 5

Form Factor 1.20 .952 .927

Velocity ft/sec. 2709 2867 2896 See graph

KD

Tracer fM64A1 fMk 27 fDummy) JMk 27g Mk 27 T34

.142
.128 .124

5 5

1.18 1.07

2870 2887

.168 .143

Pitch of Rifling: 30 calibers Velocity No. of Fuze T34 T34 Mk 27 Report BRL 252 BRL 252 BRLM 217 Rds. 8 5 4 ft/sec. 1200 2890 2870

Mach No. 1.042 2.514 a 1.229 1.479 2.53

KM
1.85 1.54 0.91

tH.E.

H.E. Mk 2 Mk 2

H.E. T7

The caliber of the 40mm Antiaircraft Automatic Gun MI is 1.575 inches.

S.

3.

-- --

IDRAG COEFFICIENT VS MACH NUMBER

-SHELL,

WVITHOUT TRACER FUZE, DUMMY, MARK 27

HE., 40M M.MARK 2,

K 0

la

e.g

4. 3.00 2.07.9

i so

is

4.0

.45

57MM, HOT, A.P.,

70

ALL DIMNNSIONS INCALIBERS

0. SSA56

PROJECTILE, A.P.C., 57MM, M86; FUZE, B.D., U.72

SHOT, H.V.AP., 57MM, T14 ALL DIMENSIONS IN CALIBERS

,52

22.30

3.565

'-

1.385

495-

SHICLL, N.E., 57MM T16 WITH FUZE, DUMMY, T66

4.685 2.755 1.9 3

3.565

4.46 R.
SHELL, H.S., 57MM, TIN; FUZZ, DUMMY, T67 ALL DIMENSIONS IN LALlEERS

53

________--

75-

1.301

4 4 1 .~

j156

1.203

623- q

1.038

SHELL, H.Z., 57MM, M30O; FUZZ, P.D.

2.406 6.6 4. 474

SHELL, )I.Z.A.T., 57MM, T20, TYPE IA WIT H FUZZ, S.D., 7%1l4

ALL DIMENMON3 IN CALIBERS

54

m-in

" .049

04

o437-

-2.4065
3.365
SHELL, H.E.A.T., 57MM, T20 TYPE HA WITH FIlZZ, B.D., T94

0-----

2.197 ...

SHELL, HJ.A.T., 5IMM, T20EI; FUZE, B.D., T94E1

IS

L-

__

0---

a8

... .

-1

-7

.4

1.123

SHELL, H.e.A.T., 57MM, M307; P.I. FUZE, T123EI ALL DIMMIMION IN CALIBERS

11. 57mm Projectiles a. Drawings

Shot, Armor-piercing, M70 Shot, Armor-piercing (57/40mm) Shot, 'Target Practice, M70 (same design as A.P. Shot M70) Shot, Armor-piercing Capped, M86 Shot, Hypervelocity Armor-piercing. T14 Shell, High Explosive, TI6 Shell, High Explosive, T18 Shell, High Explosive, M303 (Tl8El) (Approximately same contour as T18) Shell, High Explosive, M306 (T22) Shell, High Explosive Antitank, T20, Types IA and IIA Shell, High Explosive Antitank, T20E1 Shell, High Explosive Antitank, M307 (T20E2) Shell. Smoke (White Phosphorous) M308(T23) and T23EI (same contour as H.E. Shell M306) Shell. Experimental, Types 1, 2, and 3, furnished by Office of Scientific Research and Development Fuze, Base Detonating, M72(T56) Fuze, Base Detonating, T94 Fuze, Base Detonating, T94E1 Fuze, Point Initiating, M90 (T123EI) Fuze, Point Detonating, M85 (T83) (Approximately same contour as Dummy T67) Fuze, Point Detonating (for H.E. Shell T22) Fuze, Point Detonating, T119 and M89 (T119EI) Fuze, Dummy, T66 Fuze, Dummy, T67 Fuze, Dummy, T126

75-2-301 J&L A-1944 75-2-320 and 323 TAM 105 TAM 141 TAM 158 75-2-359 P-73259, 73260 and 73262 FA CLS-V8-131 P-73296 and 73310 75-2-353 and 354 and 75-14-472 P-73258 Photos In BRL Report 303 73-2-197 TAM 624 P-73317 73-2-236, 237 and 238 73-2-215 P-73255 and 73257 73-2-233 TAM 142 TAM 158 72-5-14

56 11. 57mm Projectiles (Con.) b. Physical Characteristics Weight Lb. Meas. Std. 3.13 6.28 6.28 7,27 6,79 6.60 3.76 T66 T67 M85 P.D. 2.88 6.53 6.46 6.66 6.68 6.61 2.86 3 10 10 1.555 1.237 4.787 2.16 41.52 9.89 7.27 6.72 6.49 5 10 1.912 4.359 36.23 8.28 No. of Rds. 14 17 A A lb.-n. 2 .873 b lb . n. 2 6.447

Projectile

Fuze

Tracer A.P. Dwg J&L A-1944 57/40mm Tracer A.P. M70 T.P. M73 A.P.C. M86 A.P.C. M86 Same w/o windshield H.V.A.P. T14 H.E. T16 H.E. TI8 H.E. M303 H.E. M306 Tracer M72 Plug Plug

cal. 1.273

T94 H.E.A.T. T20 Type IA, lot 2788 Type IA, lot 2935 Type IIA, lot 2780 Type IIA, lot 2780 Type 11A, lot 2936 H.E.A.T. T20E1 T94E1

2.45 2.90 2.73 2.65 2.77

2.38 2.87 2.70 2.63

3 3 1 2

1.299 1.518 1.429 1.408

1.737 2.097 2.014 1.980

9.04 13.17 10.52 10.39

2.90

1.519

2.50

15.57

H.E.A.T. M307 M90 tH.E.AT. M307** M90

W.P. M308 W.P. T23EI W.P. M308 T119 T126 M89

2.75
2.75 2.75 2.75

2.71
2.70 2.39 2.68 2.64 4.91 5.49 5.15

5
6 5 3 3 2 2 2

1.353
1.269 1.137 1.093 1.044 1.872 2.060 1.953

2.20
2.066 1.82 1.75 1.79 3.80 4.26 3.98

10.42
9.756 7.69 6.40 6.06 40.05 55.57 45.52

Exp., O.S.R.D. Dummy Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 *P.A. Lot E-T45-187 (fired 16 Sep 44)

3 March 45, whicn M.G. lot I (made according to Rev. 1 of Drg. 75.2-353, dated dimensions). interior several in original differs from the

.. , ..... .. , ,.

11. 57mm Projectiles (Con.) r. Drag ProJcctIle A.P. Dwg &L A-1944 57/40mm .P. M70 J.P. M7C T.P. M70 A.P.C. M86** A.P.C. M86 A.P.C. M86 Same w/o ) . windshield) fH.V.A.P. T14 H.V.A.P. T14 H.E. T18 H.E. M308 H.E.A.T. M307t T67 M89 M90 Fuze Tracer Tracer Tracer Tracer M72 M72 Plug Plug Report Memo 2 Sep 45 K-I-9 Mar 44 K-1-9 Mar 44 BRL 284 Aug 42 FR P32910 K-I-9 Mar 44 BRL 284 K-1-9 Mar 44 Memo June 43 Memo June 43 K-I-9 Mar 44 APG 474.1/165 APG 474.1/165 Observatlon Time' Resist. Resist. Resist. Resist. Resist. Resist. Resist. Resist. Resist. Resist. Time Time Proj. Type 8 1
A

Form Factor 1.52# 1.285 1.28 1.21 .88 1.11 1.08 1.65 .77 .80 1.13 .81 .98

Velocity t/sec. 3970 2683 2853 2797 1968 2650 2729 2676 3699 2918 2797 9/8 956

KD .127 .278 .270 .257 .133 .134 .126 .356 .153 .167 .129 .105 .113

1 a 6 6 1 1 1 6 1 i

*The caliber is taken as 1.575 in. (40mm) **Modified by machining the rotating band to the body diameter, fitted with a sabot and fred from a 75mm Howitzer MIAI. tM.G. lot 1.

d. Stability Projectile Fuze Report Memo 12 Sep 45 BRLM 26LI BRLM 246 BRLM 246 APG 471.5213/222 BRLM 300 BRLM 300 3 3 T94EI BRLM 319 7 1244 1218 1200 20 30 25 1.51 1.007 1.15 No. of Rds. 6 4 6 8 10 4 Velocity ft/sec. 3980 2700 2800 2800 2700 1176 n cal. 30 30 30 30 30 30 b 2.73 2.17? 1.185 1.735 1.62 1.62 2.19 1.31 2.10 1.67? 2.235 K KM .1 1.07?

Tracer A.P. Dwg. J&L A-1944 57/40mmJ A.P.C. M86 H.E. T16 H.E. T18 H.E. M303 H.E. M306 H.E.A.T. T20 Type 1A Type 11A H.E.A.T. T20El M72 T66 T67 M85 P.D. T94

/'

11. 57mm Projectiles (Corn.)

No. of Fuze H.A.T. M3070 H.E.A.T. M307* W.P. M308 W.P. T23E1 W.P. M308 M90 M90 T119 T126 M69 Dummy RMepo BR1,M 348D APG 474.1/165 BRLM 348D BRLM 348D Memo Au! 45 BRL 3U3 1 2 3
*~M.G. _-d

Velocity ft/sec. 1200 1215 1200 1200 1200

n cal. 30 30 30 30 130

K M 1.53 1.15 0.70 0.71 1.29 1.18

4 6 5 5

1.34 1.70 2.56 2.93 1.97 25 3.17 L.0OW 1.003? 1.017?

Exp., O.S.R.D.
Tye 1 Type 2 Type 3

1700 1700 1700

30 30 30

*PA. lot E-705-187 e. Rifling of 57mm Guns (2.244!") Gun

lot 1

n-cal 30 30 20 25 25 30 490

Antitank Guan Ml Rifle T1SE2 Rifle T15E3 Rifle T15E6-3 Rifle T15E9 Rifle M18 (Tl5El3)

.41-Is

4.4

PROJZCTILE, A.P.C., 75MM, Mal; D.D. FUZZ MOSAI

ALL DIMNSIONS IN CALIBERS

14 F

SHOT, A.P., 75MM, M72

H.V. SHOT,

. 5 06P

M 2

SHOT, H.V.A.P., 75MM, T27

ALL DIMENSION9 IN CALIBERS

(30

3-7?

1.48

J.I-.
SHELL. N~.., 1MM, M48; FUZE, P.D., M3SA2
__________________

06

SHELL, ht., 75MM, M48 WITH FUZZ, P.D. M46

VI1 R SHELL, H.S., 75MM, M48; FUZZ, C.P. M78

ALL DIME NSIONS IN CALIEERS

.5

176

*-06

SHIELL, ILL., I5MM4, bARK A;HEXAGONAL PLUG

105

75MM H. E. SVXLZ., M30%); FUZZ P.D., M48

75bMM H.C.A.T. SHELL M4310; FUZE B.D., M62

DMENSONS ALL N CAIBZR

4.8?
SHELL, H.Z.A.T., 75MM, U66

3.52 .6 .16

.09-ik-

1_____ .48 R

2.73

-7

SHELL, CHEM., 76MM, MARK 2; ROUND WOOD PLUG

ALL DIMENSIONS IN CALIBERS

489

3.62

.49-

102
.27

127-

16$

SHELL, CHEM., 75MM, M64 WITH FUZZ, P.D., M48

[2

2.~3

77 Ra

SHELL, SMOKE, 75MM, T19(DEk FUZE, T.SQ., M54

ALL DIMENSIONS IN CALIBERS

84 12. 75mm ProJecUtIOe a. Drawings. Projectile, Armor-piercing Capped, M6l (T12) Shot, Armor-piercing, M72 Shot, Hyperveloctly Armor-piercing, T27 S1ot, Hyperveloeity Armor-pierclng, T45 Shell, High Explosive, M48 (T3EI) Shell, High Explosive, Mark 1 Shell, High Explosive, M309 (T38) Shell, High Explosive Aititank, M66 Shell, High Explosive Antitank, M31U ('139) Shell, Chemical, Mark 2 Shell, Chemical, MM Shell, Smoke, T19 (Base VJection) Shell, Smoke (WP), M311 (T40) Fuze, Bas Detonating, M68AI Fuze, Base Detonating, M62 Fuze, Point Detonating, M39A2 Fuze, Point Detonating, M48 (T3) Fuze, Point Detonating, M57 Fuze, Concrete Piercing, M78 (T105 Type 8) Fuze, Mechanical Time, M43 (T12) Fuze. TIme and Superquick, M54 Fuze, Expelimental, National Defense Research Committee (Same contour as M43, M48, and M54 fuzes) Fuze, Experimental, T81 b. Physical Characteristics Weight g A B 75-2-291 and 328 75-2-305 TAM 106 75-2-381, 382 and 363 75-2-255 75-2-164 75-2-3865 75-2-314 and 315 and 75-14-361 75-2-388 75-2-171 75-2-294 P-42291, 42292 and 42293 75-2-371 73-2-178 73-2-168 73-2-86 73-2-140 73-2-138 73-2-214 73-7-29 73-3-154

Lb. Prolectil A.P.C. M61

A.P.C. M61 (same W/o windshield)

Fuze M68AI
Plug Pluj! Plxg Tracer

Std. 14.90 14.4

Mea.

No. of Hounds-

2 cal lb.ft-

2 IkLb~

13.42 12 13.94

(same w/o cap

or windshield) A.P. M72 H.V.A.P. T27

65 12. 75mm Projecties (Con.) Weight

Lb. Projectile H.V.A.P. T45 H.E. M43 1P.E. M48 H.E. M48 M48 Empty H.E. M48 H.E. M48 H.E. Mk 1 H.E. M309 H.E. M3091 Fuze Tracer M39A2 M43 M48 T81 NDRC M78 Hex. Plug M46 M48 14.40 15.42 Std. 8.31 14.70 14.70 Meas. 8.42 14.96 14.99 14.7 14.78 15.47 12.37 14.4 15.1 6 5 No. Roun s 2 17 16 a 5

g
cal. 0.967 2.044 2.043 2.037

A
2 lb.!t. .0455 .1239 .1260 .1259

B
2 b.ft. 0.1977 1.542 1.523 1.495

2.04 approx. 1.918 .1272 1.290

(Sim. W.P.
M311)

J
M62 M62 T93 M48 M54 13.10 15.41 14.80 13.1 13.06 13.20 14.85 14.72 7 4 5 3 1.856 1.940 1.96 .1183 .1244 .1255 1.092 1.413 1.386

HE.A.T. M310 H.E.A.T. M66 H.E.A.T. M66 Chem. M64 Chem. T19

c. Drag Projectile A.P.C. M61 Fuze M66A1 Report K-1-9 Mar 44 Observation Resist. Proj. ye 6 Form Facto r .985 Velocity ft/sec. 2000

__

.147

A.P.C. M61 Same w/o

windshield

Plug
Plug

BRL 284 Aug 42 R241.04 BRL 284 June 42

Resist.
Resist.

e
1

.96
.92 1.03

2000 1000 1500.232

2000 1000 1500 2000 2000 1978 2774 2970 2940 1855

.44 .12
.252 .139 .304 .308 .229 .227 .181 .118 .118

Same w/o cap or windshield j A.P. M72 H.V.A.P. T27 HV.A.P. T45

Plug Tracer

BRL 284 June 42 BRL 284 Aug 42 Memo June 43

Resist. Resist. Resist. Time Resist. Resist.

1 5 1 6 6
.

(1.06 .17 1.28 1.41

f.923
1.852 1.11 1.10
.39

Tracer M78 M57

fMemo May 45 LAPG 4'11.121/501 K-1-9 May 44

H.E. M48
H.E. M48

.183

See graph

88

12. 75mm Projectiles (Con.) ProJecttle H.E. Mk I ,i.E. Mk I Fuze Hex. Plug J Round) e BRL 168 July 41 BRL 188 Oct 41 K-1-9 March 44 Observation Resist. Resist. Resist. Prol. ap 1 1 1 Form Factor 1.47 1.11 0.84 Velocity ft/sec. 2037 1880 1095 .357 .287 .148

Wood
Plug
M48 M48 M62 M62
T93

il(.24

1935
1000 1000 1000

.307
.077 .075 .087 .080 .069 .080
.068

J
APG 474.1/67 APG 474.1/67 APG 474.1/87 BRL 284 May 43 APG 471.822/1330
APG 471.822/1330

F.E. M309 H.E. M309 (Sim. W.P. 311) H.E.A.T. M310 H.E.A.T. MO8
H.E.A.T. M66

Time Time Time Resist. Resist.

Resist.

2 2 2 2 2
2

1.08 1.08 1.23 0.75 M0.98 0.98

0.96

H.E.A.T. M68

M62

775 991 1000

1000

Chem. Mk 2

Round) Wood 1 Plug j

BRL 284 June 42

Resist.

0.78 j1.24

1095 1935

.137 .307

DRAG COEFFICIENT
-

VS MACH NUMBER

SHELL, H.E., 75 MM, M48

FUZE, PD.,M57

S-

THE FORMULA USED FOR CALCULATIONS AT M UP TO 3.5 IS' 3061102 o 0,002,856V V 341.46M(m/6)

Ko

.s

-t

-1-

A*0

.08
M .4 as t8 o0

12. 75mm Projectiles (Con.) d. Stability Projectile H.V.A.P. T45 H.E. M48 H.E. M48 H.E. M48 H.E.. M48 H.E. M48 H.E. M48 H.E. M48 H.E. M48 H.E. M48 H.E. M48 M48 empty H.E.A.T. M66 Chem. M64 Chem. M64 Chem. Tl9a Chem. Tl9b Chem. Tl9c Fuze Tracer M39A2 M39A2 M39A2 M39A2 M43 M43 M43 M43A3 M43 M48 T81 M62 M48 M48 M54 M54 M54 R fMemo May 45 A PG 471.121/50J O.P. 4982 O.P. 4982 C.P. 4982 O.P. 4982 O.P. 4982 O.P. 4982 O.P. 4982 BRLM 203 O.P. 4982 BRLM 203 BRLM 154 Memo Nov 44 BRLM 99 Memo Nov 44 BRLM 38 BRLM 60 BRLM 89 No. of Rounds 2890 4 3 5 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 5 5 3 2 3 Velocity ft/sec. 2890 908 1117 1490 2184 905 1113 1479 1950 2190 1950 1870 1000 1877 1000 1950 1500 1500 n cal. 25.586 25 25 25 25 25 25. 25 22 25 22 25.586 25.586 25.586 25.586 25.586 25.586 25.586

3 1.44 1.32 1.19 i.34 1.34 1.30 1.31 1.34 1.84 1.44 1.88 1.45 1.22 1.33 1.26 1.55 1.01 1.46

M 1.62 1.77 1.90 1.71 1.77 1.90 1.87 1.86 1.71 1.71 1.70 2,26 1.93 1.63

aSmoke pellets held in place, either with adhesive tape and cement or with extra spacers and emery paper (otherwise, large yaws were obtained). bRevised 30 Apr 42; but chlpboard tubes were left out and adapters were not staked. (The smoke pellets apparently did not attain their full spin.) cRevised 30 Apr 42, with spacers replaced by pasteboard rings glued to each end of the metal smoke unit with a paper washer between them.

e. Spin Shell Fuze S/d Report No. of Rounds Gun

Muzzle2014 Muzzle
2

f. H.E. M48 N.D.R.C. 13.4 BRLM 297 5 TI3EI (n-22)

ft/sec.

Pitch of Rifling of 75mm Guns (2.953') Gun n-cal. 25.586 25.B86 15.58 22 25.588 25 22 20 25.40

Gun M1897 (French) and Modifications Tank Guns M2, M3 and M8 Aircraft Guns M4 and M5 (Tl3EI) Aircraft Guns M4 Modified, M5A1, and T13EI, Tubes No. 64609 and 64610 Antiaircraft Gun TO Gun M1920 M VI No. 1 Rifle T21 Howitzers Ml, MIA1, M2 and M3 Sub-caliber Guns M1916 M IIAI, M7, M8 M9 and M12

Velocity Reynold's No. KA C' DF 2.30 x 106 0.005,87 0.001,75

88
4.3 A- .9.5

I~~I PROJECTILE, A.P.C., 3', M.62; FUZE, S.D., M66AI

CALIERB-3RS

00

A/so

ALL MEASUREMENTS IN CALIBERS 1 CALIBER u 3.000" SHOT, 3 IN., A.P., U79

4.7

SHOT, U.V.A.P., -INCH, T4

WA3

..

..

~...6
fea

1%

I-i

9-i

70

+
4 -"

a--

ii
*-

-'

LLL

I'

Um

4r4

71

3.345-

/PROJECTILE,

r.S., 3-INCH, MA.ZIK 3

*--.6 23-PALL

DIMENSIONS IN CALIBERS

13. S-inch Projectiles a. Drawings Projectile, Armor-piercing Capped, M82 ind M62AI Shot, Armor-piercing, M79 Shot, Armor-piercing Discarding -sabot, 76/48mm (APG Photo A8392) 75-2-292 75-18-45

Shot, Hypervelocity Armor-piercing, T4

Shot, Hypervelocity Armor-piercing. T4E1 Shot, Hypervelocity Armor-piercing, T4E17, T4E18 and M93 (T4E20) Shot, Hypervelocity Target Practice, T24EI (same contour as H.V.A.P. M93) Shell, High Explosive, M42A1 Projectile, Mark 27 (with Dummy Nose Plug) Projectile, fllundnating, Mark 25 (with Dummy Nose Plug) Projectile, Armor-piercing, Mark 29, without windshield or cap Projectile, F.S., Mark 3 Fuze, Mechanical Time, M43 (T12) Fuze, Point Detonating, M48 (T3) Fuze, Concrete Piercing, M78 (T105 Type 6) Fuze, Base Detonating, M66A1 Fuse, Experimental, National Defense Research Committee (samd contour as M43 and M48 Fuzes)

TAM

TAM 1021 75-2-361 to 363

75-18-33 Fig. 17, NPG Report 3-46 Fig. 22, NrG Report 3-45 Fig. 24, NPG Report 3-45 Naval Bureau of Ord. 54759 73-7-29 73-2-140 73-2-214 73-2-178

13.

-InwZ Projectiles (Con.) b. Physical Characteristics Weight Lb. Std. Meas. 15.40 15.00 7.56 Tracer 9.53 9.49 7.50 9.52 Tracer 9.75 9.31 7.285 9.31 9.31 12.80 13.52 13.00 9.47 9.23 9.31 13.05 13.47 1 4 4 2 14 5 1.118 1.540 1.546 1.4120 0.0607 0.1105 0.1098 0.1091" 0.253 0.8092 0.8104 0.85800 1.128 0.0395 0.172 i a 11 11 1.178* 0.05927* 0.3070* 2.416 1.129* 2.16 0.08021* 13.39 0.2970* 15.44 No. of Rounds 2 A-2A2 lb.ft. 0.1159

Projectile A.P.C. M02A1 A.P. M79 A.P.D.S. 70/48mm

Fuze MOA1 Tracer

cal. 1.403

lb.ft. 0.7593

H.V.A.P. T4 Same W/o windshield: with 1" rod with I/3" rod H.V.A.P. T4E1

H.V.A.P. T4E17 Tracer H.V.A.P. T4E18 Tracer H.V.A.P. M93 H.V.T.P. T24 H.E. M42 H.E. M42A1 F.S. Mk 3 Tracer Tracer M43 M78 Base

H.V.T.P. T24E1 Tracer

$Computed from dimensions on drawings.

'3

13. 3-itch Projectiles (Con.) c. Drag Projectile A.P.C. M62 Fuze M66AI Report Observation Resist. Proj. T 6 Form Factor 1.05 Velocity ft/sec. 2565 1958 [8i2f 8 Resist. Resist. Resist. Resist. Resist. Resist. Resist. Time 1 8 2 1 1 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 1
,

D i3 .159 .119 .232 .121 .115 .201 .449 .10 .112 .117 .119 .113 .113 .117 .246

JK-I-9

[Memo Oct 44

May-43 Memo Mar 43 K-I-9 Aug 42 Memo Sep 44

A.P. M79 A. P.D.S. 76/48mm H.V.A.P. T4 w/o windshield: with 1" rod with 1/2' rod

Tracer

1.05 1.31 1.22 1.01 2.22 1.09 1.175 1.15 1.165 1.153 1.12 1.145 1.16

2533 3520 3320 3742 32j3 3266 3337 3031 3087 3078 3048 3082 2o00

ISame
H.V.A.P. T4E1 H.V.A.P. M93 H.V.A.P. M93 H.V.T.P. T^4

Tracer

BRLM 317 Memo Oct 44 Memo Oct 44

Tracer Norte Tracer Tracer

BRLM 335 Memo Oct 44 APG 471/1440-57

H.V.A.P. T4E17 Tracer

APG 471/1440-79 Time APG 471/1440-79 Time APG 471/1440-57 Time APG 471/1440-79 Time BRL 284 Resist.

H.V.T.P. T24S1 Tracer H.V.T.P. T24E1 Tracer H.E. M42 (Adapter IMk 11, )Wood

,Plug
H.E. M42 (Large] Wood /

/
BRL 2B4 Resist. 1 2.12 2803 .449

Plug
H.E. M42A1 Mk 27 fllum Mk 25
A.P. Mk 29

J
BRL 298 NPG 3-45 NPG 3-45 NPG 3-45 Resist. Resist. Resist. Resist. 6 1.37 2569 .170 See graph See graph See graph

M78 Dummy Dummy

i/o windshield or cap F.S. Mk 3

)
Base fBRL 261 (NP- S-72-4 (49) Airstream* Underwater Traj. See graphs

*Measurements of the drag, torque and cross wind force were made with a wooden model of this projectile in the same way as with the 6' Common Prolectile (see par. 18 c). The yaw-drag coefficient of the 3" Projectile, valid for yaws frcm 0 to 55% Is 0.00250 per deg 2 .

al

74

--

DRAG COEFFICIENT No
Vs MACH'S RATIO 46 ......PROJECTILE, 3-INCH, MARK 27. WITH DUMMY NOSE PLUG
I.40MM SCALE MODEL

-.33 t-4--1.117

--

as

Lb

Le

0j.5

&a

53

0.0

DRA COEFFICIENT
as VMACH NUMBER PROJECTILE, ILLUMINATING, 3-INCH, MARK 25 WITH DUMMY NOSE PLUG

S0'0

75

DRAG COEFFICIENT vs MACH NUMBER PROJECTILE, A.R, 3-INCH, MARK 29

K,--WITHOUT

WINOSHELD OR CAP

KD
1.3

U-

....

.oto

ts

w U/@

.5

Io

Its

48

DRAG COEFFICIENT vs YAW PROJB"TILE F S, 3 INCH, MARK 3 AIR SPEED 45 F/S --

%/

-\-

40

tw

It

[AIR
....

MOMENT COEFFICIENT vs YAW . ._. PROJECTILE , F S,3INCH, MARK 3

.....

ISPEED 45 FT/c-IEC

--

CROSS WIND FORCE COEFFICIENT vs YAM PROJECTILE F 5,3 INCH, MARK 3

Am
-

AIR SPEED 45 "F7,;EC

I,

/I

-/
~

0. W W0/

*'

W1

"77

13. 3-inch Projectiles (Con.) d. Stability Projectil A.P.C. M62AI A.P.D.S. 76/48mm H.V.A.P. T4 H.V.A.P. T4EI H.V.T.P. T24 H.V.T.P. T24E1 H.E. M42 H.E. M42B2 H.E. M42A1 H.E. M42A1 F.S. Mk 3 Tracer Tracer Tracer Tracer M43 M48 M48 M?8 Base Fuze IvIS6AI R.p'.rt Memo Oct 45 Memo N BRLM 317 BRLM 335 APG 471/1440-79 APG 471/1440-57 O.P. 4084 BRLM 293 BRLM 293 BRLM 298 BRL 261 2 6 8 4 44 No. of Rounds 2 1 7 8 9 Velocity ft/sec. 2400 3500 3400 3400 3440 3420 3300 2800 1800 1550 2800 n cal. 40 32 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 K s 1.05 1.4 2.0 1.07 1.25 1.44 2.32 1.3 1.30 i.39 1.45 1.57 0.925 .0.94 0.99 0.91 0.88 0.79
_M

1.44 77 60 2.45 0.77

H.V.A.P. T4E17 Tracer

See par. 13c and graph

e. Spin
Shell Fuze S#/d
2

f. Pitch of Rifling of 3-inch and 76mm Gums H.E. M42 N.D.R.C. 10.7 BRI 408 3" M3 (n - 40) 2800 ft/sec 2.75 x 106 0.005,85 0.002,18 *Some Guns of these models were originally rifled with a pitch of 25 calibers. Guns 3" Antiaircraft Guns M1917 and modifications*, M1918 and modifications*, M1925M1, Mi. M2, M3 and M4 15-pounder Guns M1902 and M1903 3Y 3" Antitank Gun M 3" Tank Guns MO and M7 7mm Tank Guns M1 and MIAI 76mm Tank Gun MIA2 n-Cat__ 40 25 40 40 40 32 11these guns is 3.000 Inches) (The caliber of -.

Report No. of Rds. Gun Muzzle Velocity Reynold's No.

K7A
CeDF

78

PROJCTILE, A.P.C., 90MM, M82; FUZZ, B.D., M68

CAIBERS ALL DIMENSIONS IN4 1 CALIBER a2.543"

ILI' SHOT, A.P., 90MM, M7?

ALL MKABURZMZ~r IN CALIBERS 1 CALIBER *3.543"

261 36~1,10---o

224

UHOT, A.P., 90MM, T33

7c)

SHOT, H V A.P., 90MM, T30E 11, T30E 12, AND T30E15

.28

L3 T 4

t-

.2-ftSHOT,

H.V.A.P., 90MM, T44

I.?'I

.0.54

-4.00

SMELL, 1.3., 90MM, M71; FUZZ, 21-SEC. A.A., MK Mz

80

73

'-t 30

05

WO) 3.'3

SHULL, U.S., OMM, M71; FUZZ, M.T., M43

7e.l

jfljIf

SHELL, H.S., 90MM, TI; PUZC, DUMMY, M44A1

UM 50ULL,

-O. 1.44-

SHELL, HEl~., 90MiM, M58: PLUG, CLOSING, 75I-14-3093l

14. 90ram Projectiles a. Drawings Projectile, Armor-piercing Capped, M82 Shot, Armor-piercing, M77 Shot, Armor-piercing, T33 Shot, Hypervelocity Armor-piercing, T30E11 Shot, Hypervelocity Armor-piercing, T3OE12 Shot, Hypervelocity Armor-piercing, T30E14 (Approximately the same contour as T30E15) Shot, Hypervelocity Armor-piercing, T30E15 Shot, Hypervelocity Armor-piercing, M304 (T30E18) (Approximately the same contour as T30E15) Shot, Hypervelocity Armor-piercing, T38E5 (2.215-inch shot with sabot) Shot, Hypervelocity Armor-piercing, T44 Shot, Hypervelocity Target Practice, T45 (Same contour as H.V.A.P. M304) Shell, High Explosive, M58 (T3) (Same contour as H.E. M71) Shell, High Explosive, M71 (T8) Shell, High Explosive, T15 Fuze, Base.Detonating, M68 Fuze, Mechanical Time, M43, M43AI, M43A2, and M43A3 Fuze, Point Detonating, M48 Fuze, 21-second Antiaircraft, Mark III Fuze, Dummy, M44A2 Fuze, Experimental, National Defense Research Committee (Same contour as M43 and M48 Fuzes) Plug, Closing TAM 1238 75-1-234 75-18-48, 47 and 51 75-18-44 75-2-388

75-2-384 & 385 75-14-538

75-18-39 75-18-42 TAM 20 13-2-181 and 182 73-7-29 73-2-140 73-3-111 72-5-P

75-14-309E

'S

82

14. 9fmm ProjecUlos (Coo.) b. Physical Characteristics Weight Lb.

No. of

Prjcie
A.P.C. M82 A.P. M77 A.P. T33 H.V.A.P. T3OEII H.V.A.P. T30E12 H.V.A.P. T30E14 H.V.A.P. T30E15 H.V.A.P. M304 H.V.A.P. T44 H.V.T.P. T45 H=E. M58 H.E. M58 H.E. M71 H.E. M71 Inert M71 H.E. TI5

Fuze
M68 Tracer Tracer Tracer Tracer

Std
24.11 23.40 24.06

Meas 24.12
23.27 24.01 14.48 17.33 15.5

Rounds
20 10 5 4 1

cal

Ib.ft.

lb.ft.

1.241

0.2475

1.329

1.205

0.1510

0.795

Tracer Tracer Tracer Tracer M43 M48 Mk. ITI M43 M43 M44A2 23.5 21.00 23.40 23.40 16.80

16.62 16.78 8.29' 16.78 16.80 21.00 20.61 20.65 23.19 23.19 23.5

1 7 1 8 8 10 6 10 a

1.168

0.1390

0.052

H.V.A.P. T38E5 Tracer

1.490' 1.142 1.789 1.785 1.742 1.736

0.0286 0.1961 0.2528 0.2528 0.2753 0.2751

0.1520 0.8547 2.499 2.472 2.827 2.611

*These values pertain to a projectile without the sabot, an in flight. The base diameter was 2.210 In. The body diameter was 2.199 in. The caliber Ui considered 2.215 in.

83
14. 90mm Projectiles (Con.) c. Drag Observatton Resist. Proj. Type a Form Factor .90 Velocity ft/sec. f2000 )2850 Resist. Resist. Time Resist. Resist. Resist. Resist. Time Time Time Resist. Resist. Resist. Resist. Time Resist. Resist. Time Resist. Resist. Range Resist. 7 1.38 6 7 7 1 1 6 7 7 7 7 a 8 8 7 8 7 8 8 5 5

Projectile A.P.C. M82

. Fuze M68

fBRL

Report 284 MLy 43)

"D .135 .109 .110 .110 .107 .095 .260 .272 .1Z1 .103 .106 .108 .110 .146 .143 .118 .114 .198 .182 .117 .114 .324

f Memo May 13 A.P.C. M82 A.P.C. M82 A.P.C. M82 A.P. M77 A.P. M77 A.P. T33 A.P. T33 A.P. T33 A.P. T33 A.P. T33) w/o plug M68 M88 M68 Tracer Tracer Tracer Tracer Tracer Memo Aug 44 MR347D Jan 45 MR3471 J:n 45 Me-.ao Oct 42 Memo Aug 44 Memo Aug 44 MR347D Jan 45 APG 471.9/135168

J J.91

t.97
1.05 .97 1.19 1.25 1.01 1.06 .965 .98 1.00 1.60* 1.25 1.52 1.23 (1.28 1.18 2.20*0 .1.48*0 1.32 1.16 2.35 1.32

2840 2820 3017 3240 2587 2621 2668 3029 2603 2598 2595 3556 3430 3318 3671 3262 3628 2607 3700 3257 2628

fInert 1 APG 471.9/135168 .racer) None APG 471.9/135168 Memo Dec 44 Memo Dec 44 Memo Dec 44 MR347D Jan 45 APG 471.91/1 Memo Jan 45 Memo May 45 APG 471.91/1 BRL 284 Nov 42 BRL 284 May 43 IMemo May 43 BRL 507 K-l-9 Mar 44

H.W.A.P. T30E11 Tracer H.V.A.P. T30E12 Tracer H.V.A.P. T30E14 H.V.A.P. T30E1 Tracer H.V.A.P. M304 Tracer H.V.A.P. T38E6 Tracer H.V.A.P. T44 H.V.T.P. T45 H.E. M58 H.E. U7711 H.E. M71 H.E. TI Tracer Tracer IPlug, I

Vlosing)
Mk II M43A3 M44A2 .203 2200 2700 .180 See graph .132 3340

*The drag of the T30E11 Shot was probably increased by rough contours and large yaws. **The T38E5 Shot may have had large yaws: only 2 rounds were fired at each velocity. A form factor of 1.51 was obtained from range firings.

'

I I

84 14. WumI ProjecUles (Cos.)

DRAG COEFFKAENT

NUMBER -SHELL,,L9 OMM, M71; ! FUZE ,M43A3

r.t S.

Svs MACH

ex r
REPRT

0, FOR

Ow-.-

714 -

-,.IS

4.

1,30 --

1.Oe --

.0450

00

.0

.0

ISO

too M

Sao

SAO

9o 20

d. Stability

-_
No. of Velocity
ft/sec. Fuze Report Rounda

__,oectile

cal 3; 32 32 32 32 20 30 32

2.12 1.30 1.7 1.51 3.95 2.72 1.52 1.32

KM

A.P. T33
T30E12 T30E15 T38E5

Tracer Tracer

BRLM 336 Meno Doc 44 MR347D Jan 45

8 6 2 2 a a 8 9

2700 3300 3325 3700 3330 1920 2800 2705 (M-2.385)

1.24 1.32 1.0 0.85 0.26 1.39 1.11 1.25

HV.A.P. H..A.P. H.V.A.P. H..T.P.T45

Tracer Tracer M48 M48 M43

Memo Jan 45 APG 471.91/1 BRL 150 BRL 185 BRL 236

H.E. M58 H.E. M58 H.E. M71

85

14. 90mm Projectiles (Con.)

e. Shell Fuze S'/d
2

Spin
H.E. M71 N.D.R.C. 11.9 BRL 408

f. Pitch of Rifling of 90mm Guns (3.543") Gun Gun T1 n-c ai 20

Report N'o. of Rds. Gun Muzzle Velocity Reynold's No. KA coDF

30 A.A. Gun T2 A.A. Guns Ml, MlAl and M2 32 Gun M3 329

4
M1 (n -32) 2700 ft/sec 2.96 x 106 0.0059 0.00198

4.82
-

4.48

1!31 -34w.17k

59

I.2-

sHaT, A.P.C., 105MM, T13E3, FUZE, D.D., UGOAl

CALIJER1 ALL DIMENSIONS IN4

8of

-lM- 11

maT, N.V.A.P., XOGUM, T2984

IMELL, H.S.. 101MM, Al; FUZE, P.D., U48

son

SMELL, HMS., 101MM, Ml; FUZZ, C.P., MIS

',77

ALL P ISUCNB IN CALiBERS

S30.

903____

SHELL, H.R., 105M1(, T3OE 1; FUZE, P.D., M5IA4

4.02

a.. .025M

1.84 SHELL

CIUL44

LU

.. .

, 4

L46

145

SHELL, 5M010 (3.1.), 105MM, M84; FUZZ, T. SQ. M54 ALL DIMENSIONS IN CALIBERS

Aa4.62

___________

3.724 2.84

90 .88

BUILL; ILLUMINATING, 105MM, M314; FUZZ, T. SQ. U54

.1

4
3.67

3.

.8

&0

SHILL, H.K.A.T., 105MM, M47

$HELL, H.K.A.T., 911, FOR 4.2 INCH CHEMICAL MORTAR; FUZZ, B. D., U6ZAI, MODIFIED ALL DIMENSIONS IN CAIBRS

" 15. 105mm and 4.2-inch Projectiles a. Drawir.,s Shot, Armor-piercing Capped, T13E2 Shot, Hypervelocity Armor-piercing, T29E4 Shell, High Explosive, M1 Shell, High Explosive, T30EI 8holl, High Explosive Antitank, M67 Shell, High Fxplostve Antitank, M67E1 (Same contour as M67) Shell, Chemical, M60 (Saine contour as H.E. Shell M1) Shell, Smoke (BE), M84 Shell, Illuminating (BE), M314 (T16) (Contour similar to Smoke Shell M84) Fuze, Point Detonating, M48 Fuze, Point Detonating, M51A4 Fuze, Time and Superquick, M54 Fuze, Dummy, M59 (same contour and velght as M48) Fuze, Concrete Piercing, M78 (TI05 Type 6) Fuze, Base Detonating, M82 Fuze, Base Detonating, M88AI Fuze, Dummy, T121 (base plug with red tracer) Shell, High Explosive Antitank, E81 (4.2" Chem. Mortar): Design Study Ogive, Union and Cone Body Cartridge container Striker nut Pressure Plate Rotating Disc Driver E21R1 (Comes off in bore) TAM 1759 75-4-107 C8-13-190 (CWS) El11-8-4 (CWS) El11-6-5 & 8 (CWS) E16-13-11 (CWS) E16-13-29 (CWS) Bl1-8-3 (CWS) 75-4-91 754-105 75-1-229 73-2-110 73-2-145 73-3-154 72-5-5 73-2-214 73-2-18e 73-2-178 Bethlehem Steel Co. 14017A 75-4-149, 150 & 151 754-75 75-4-153 75-14-352, 75-4-106 and 107

89

b. Physical Characteristics Projectile A.P.C. T13E2 H.E. M1 H.E. M1 H.E. MI Fuze M66AI Mb4 M59 M78 Weight Lb. Std Meas 41.00 24.60 33.00 33.00 33.72 40.99 24.60 33,00 32.87 33.82 No. of Rounds 8 5 1 5

g
cal. 1.442 1.180 1.739 1.749

A lb.ft. 2 0.811 0.288 0.554 0.5508

B lbit 3.88 i.418 5.345 5,399

H.V.A.P. T29E4 Tracer

go
15. 105mm and 4.2-lnc Projectiles (Con.)
Weight

Lb.

No.o! Rounds

Projectile

Fuze

Std.

Meas.

cal.

lb.ft.

lb.ft.

H.E.A.T. M67

M62

29.22

28.88
29.04 29.23 29.00 24.24

4
3 5 2 3 3 3

1.495
1.488 1.492 1.575* 1.707 1.697 1.824

0.5085
0.5112 0.513 0.4278 0.558 0.529 0.631

4.106
4.123 4.168 4.985 5.565 4.33 5.47

H.E.A.T. M67EI M62A1 T93 H.E.A.T. M87 Inert loaded (practice) M67 T121 H.E.A.T. E81 Chbm. (WP) Mao Smoke (BE)M84 M62A1 Mod. M48 M54 34.31 32.87

33.82 32.08

nluminating(BE) M54 38.46 M314 *From base of shell without projections. c. Drag Projectile H.V.A.P. T29E4 H.E. M1 H.E. MI H.E. M1 H.E. Ml H.E. MtPlug H.E. M1 ex. Fuze Tracer M48 :478 M48 M48 Report MR 411 BRL 166 Nov 41 K-I-9 Mar 44 BRL 338 "Ctrcularl BRL 284 J BRL 284 Observation Time Reslst. Resist.

Proj. Type 8 5 5

Form Factor 1.12 1.02 0.93

Velocity ft/sec. 3358 1550 1519

KD 1.07 .177 .161

Resist. Air Stream* Resist.

See araph 5 See graph (0.79 850 (1.05 1020 1.37 1550 r1.29 650 .7l) 1020
1.23 1550

Resist.

.048 .078 .237 .078 .05

.213

H.E. T30E1 H.E.A.T. MB7 H.E.A.T. M87 Practice M67 H.E.A.T. M87

MS1A4 M82 M62 T121 T93

MR 411 Memo Nov 42 Memo Oct 44 Memo Oct 44 APG 471.822/

1330

Time Resist. Resist. Resist. Resist.

8 2 2 2 2

(1.04 to .98 1.06 1.07 1.05 1.04

2930 2268 1018 1241 1239 1250

.107 .126 .078 .172 .169 .187

*The drag, torque and cross wind force of a wooden model of the H.E. Shell Ml were measured by the Bureau of Standards in an air stream with a "Standard air speed" of 45 ft/sec and a "Standard air density' of 0.0765 lb/ft 3 . The drag coefficient, moment coefficient (relative to the center of gravity of the actual projectile) and cross winc force coefficient shown on the following graphs were deduced from the air stream measurements and smoothed. The yaw-drag coefficient, approximately valid for yaws from 00 to 65, Is 0.00414 per deg. 2

DRAG COEFFICIENT vs MACH NUMBER 105 MM SHELL, H.E. Mi.

FUZE,PO., M48

-*J

- .-

.7.

LMtE to

ts

LS

1.0

1825

1.3

DRAG COEFFICIENT vs YAW SHELL H.E. 1O5 MM. Mi FUZE PD. M48AIR SPEED 45 FT/SEC

V0

-o

-0-

g-

-----.

------------.

92

MOMENT COEFFICINT vs YAW SHELLILE. 05 MM, 11

-

AIR SPEED 45 FT/SEC

FUZE, PD. M48

--

-......

, 40

e ow

1w

140"

1w4

1e00

*LeO

CROSS WIND) FORCE COEFFICIENT vs YAW/ SHELL K.F 105 MMk MI

FUZE P L M4-

--'

N~AR SPEED 45 .FT/SEC

"..

.-

~m

-.

.-........

--

_ t t ti

ii

CROSS~u W.I NDi FOC

COEFICI E.N

vs YAW, i.

,,.

400

bOO

iSO

14

60

1O

93

15.

105mm and 4.2-inch Projectiles (Con.) d. Stability No. of Rounds 8 Velocity ft/sec. n cal K a. M

Projectile

Fuze

Report

A.P.C. T13E2 H.V.A.P. T29E4 H.E. MI H.E. M1

H.E.A.T. M67

M66A1 Tracer M54 M59 Dummy)

M62

2800 3700 2875 1550

778

30 30 30 20
27

1.92 2.01 1.35 2.69

1.13

1.57 0.86 1.28 1.41'

2.07

MR 411 Memo BRLM 285

5 1
7 1

H.E.A.T. M67
H.E.A.T. M67EI H.E.A.T. E81 (4.Z'Mortar) Chem. (WP) MOO Smoke (BE) M84 Illuminating (BE

M62
M62Al M62A1 Mod. M48 M54 M54 APG 471.381/33

3
3 5 3 3 3

1285
1285 670 1230 1270 1226

27
27 20 27 27 27

1.41
1.18 1.42 1.16 1.58 1.98

1.68
2.00 1.21 i.78 1.52 1.37

M314

J)

*See par. 15c and graph.

0. Pitch of Rifling

Caliber Cannon Gun (A.A.) 105rm, M3 Gun (A.A.) 105mm, T4 (L.H. twist) CQua, 105mm, T5E1 and T8 How., 105mm, M2A1, M3 and M4 How., 105mm, M2AlE3 Mortar, Chem., 4.2", E34R1 In. 4.134 4.134 4.134 4.134 4.134 4.200

n cal 30 30 30 20 27 20

94

SHILL, M.E., 4.5", M85 WrrH P.D. FUZZ M51AI

-4.757

1.672

2.903-

2.21506

.721.70)

1.692a

SMELL, MN., 4.5-INCH, M65; FUZZ. c.P., MSir

4.16

77 E.472

0 71 IT0

1.6 9 2

SHILL, N.Z., 4.9-INCH, MOB; PLUG, CLOSING, 75-14-8092 ALL DIMZNSIONS IN CALl2ZR8

16. 4.5-inch Projectiles a. Drawings Shell, High Explosive, M65 Fuze, Point Detonating, M48 Fuze, Point Detonating, M51 Fuze, Concrete Piercing, M78 (TIO5 Type 8) Plug, Closing Plug, Circular

75-2-297 73-2-140 73-2-145 73-2-214 75-14-309E

Fuze, Experimental, National Defense Research Committee (same contour as M48 and M51 Fuzes)

b. Physical Characteristics Weight Lb Std Meas 55.00 55.00 55.72 55.75 5 1.853 1.1870 11.45' 54.99 No. of Rounds 4 g cal 1.837 A lb.ft. 1.004* B lb.ft. 2 10.79*

Projectile H.E. M65 H.E. M85 H.E. M65

Ffaze M48 MSI M78

*These values appear to be erroneous when compared with the moments of inertia of other H.E. Shells (See BRL MR 285).

c. Drag

Projectile H.E. M85

Fuze M48

Report BRL 284 Aug 42

Observation Resist.

Proj. Type 2

Form Factor j1.05 0.90

Velocity ft/sec. 1806 2252 2245 1799 1998 2268 2269 1842

L. .141 .114 .133 .225 .227 .224 .220 .233

H.E. M65 H.E. M85

IPlug. ! vClosing)
fCir~ular]

M78

Memo Mar 44 Memo June 42

Resist. Resist.

2 2

1.18 (1.87 11.82 1.96 1.92 1.38

H.E. M65

tP1Kg

BRL 284

Resist.

d. S;tability

Pitch of Rifling: 25 calibers Projectile H.E. M65 H.E. M65 Fuze Mbl M78 Report BRLM 285 BRLM 28b No. of Rounds 8 5 Velocity ft/sec. 2275 2270 K s 2.00 1.75 M 1.33 1.99

,H

,,

10. 4.6-Inch Projectlee (Con.) 0. Spin Shell Fuze S#7d 2 Report No. of Rds. Gun Muzzle Velocity
Reynold's No.

H.E. M86 N.D.R.C. 13.1 I3RL 408 3 Ml (n -25) 2275 and 1820 3.59 x 108 0.00535 0.00183

KA CsDF

5.09 1.4 3.46 11.63

.7L,53.

2MMI;FZ, ALL DIEN.1 N A2B

..

17.

120mm Projectiles

SHELL, H.E., 120MM, M73; PLUG, CLOSING 75-14-309E

ALL DIMENSIONS IN CALIBERS

a. Drawing Shell, High Explosive, M73 (T5) Fuze, Mechanical Time, M61 (T31E2) Plug, Closinq 75-18-40 73-7-71 75-14-309E Shell Fuze Report

d. Stability H.E. M73 M.T. M61 BRL 237 (Rev. July 41) 10 3040 ft/sec 2.643 8" Gun M1900 with 4.7" liner T2 4.700 in. 25 cal 2.84 1.08 e. Spin
2 2

Fuze, Experimental, T'75E6 (the plastic cap of this fuze has the same contour as the M61 Fuze.)

No. of Rds. Velocity Mach No. Cannon

b. Physical Characteristics Projectile Fuze Weight: Standard Measured No. of Rds. g (7.9Y') A B H.E. M73 M.T. M61 50.00 lb. 49.76 lb. 10 1.681 cal 1.072 lb.ft. 8.650 lb.ft. Shell Fuze S'/d 2 Report H.E. M73 Plug, Closing BRL 284 Aug. 42 Resistance I 1.18 3000 ft/sec .244 No. of Rds. Gun Caliber n Muzzle Velocity Reynold's No. KA CeDF Caliber n s KM

H.E. M73 T75E8 12.2 BRL 589 10 120MM MI 4.700 in 30 cal 3010 ft/sec (1.12 to 3.79) x I0 0.00482 0.00158

c. Drag Projectile Fuze Report Observation Projectile Type Form FactorVelocity KD

'S

98
5-jac Projectles 111.

...

1 753

ALL DIUNOI

ER CALIDERS

PROJUCTL,

COMMON, 6", MARK 20

a. Drawing
Projectile, Common, Mark 20 Naval Bureau of Ord. 57012

b. Ph sical Characteristics Projectile Weight* r A* B* Common, Mark 20 103.3 1.533 3.354 24.85 lb cal 2 ib.ft lb.ft2

*Computed from dimensions on drawing.

a. Drag, Moment and Croes Wind Force: The drag, torque and cross wind force of a wooden model of the Navy 6"Common Projectile were measured by the Bureau of Standards in an air stream with a "standard air speed" of 45 ft/sec and a "standard 3 . The results are given in BRL Report 261, air density' of 0.0765 lb/ft which also Includes data taken from the Naval Proving Ground Report S-72-4(49) on underwater trajectories. The drag coefficient, moment coefficient (relative to the center of gravity of the actual projectile) and cross wind force coefficient shown on the following graphs were deduced from the air stream measurements and smoothed. The aw-drag coefficient, valid for yaws from 0 to 55", is 0.00325 per deg .

DRAG COEFIFICENT vs YAW PROIIECTLE, 6 INCH, COMMON. .AIR SPEED 45 FT/SEC

MOMENT CDEFFtCENT vs YAW PROJECTILE,6 INCH, COMMON, MARK 20 ~AIR SPEED 45 FT/SEC.--

77'

40- -

-&

g-

I*-

to-

-0

t-

-W

100

CROSS WVIND FORCE COEFFICIENT VS YAW PROJECTLE. 6 INCH, COMMON, 9ARK 20 AIR SPELO 45 FTISEC

*-

1.3

Ole-

IRIICIS

,..

15

-11

101

OHOM, H.V.A.P., 155MM, T35

~ ~1.60

72

0.53 -44R1k
A5

1.67

SHELL, H.E., 155MM, MARK 1; WOODEN PLUG

:0.53

008

31

SHELL, HZ., 15M1M, MARK 3; FUZE, P.D., U46 ALL DIMEN931ONS IN CALIBERS

102

~44
see
1,44 a Its

SIMLL, R.N., 155MM, M10l; FUZZ, P.D.,

MIl

I.l4ss

SHILL, U.S., 155MM, M6101; FUZZ, C.P., M7S

SKULL, 3.3., 155MM, 16102; UZXAQONAL PLUG ALL DIMZ?10Nl INCAIBRR8

103

4 401

. .. 4 .... SHELL, H. E., 155MM, M107; FUZE, P.D., M51

*8 ......

/400,

aa

3 RETAINING CUP/
3 CARTRIDG ECONI

mir
-.- ER
SHLH . 5M, 1.4 PD,

,.

.5

_UE

SHELL, H.E., 155MM, T38; FUZE, P.A., M48 S CARTRIDGE..-. .

HEHELL, H.E.,

D.MM, T24EI; FUZZ, P.D., M48

ALL DIMENSIOS IN CALIBERS

Is

104
44,9 -7238P

53-

.1

ai

O4

J"

SHILL, CHIZM., 155MM, MARK

AZ; FUZZ, P.D., MST

UHELL, ILLUMINATING, 155MM, MiS; FUZZ, DUMMY, US

SHELL, ILLUMINATING, 155MM, T23; FUZZ, M.T., TIT ALL DIMENSIONS IN CAUSBRS

19. 155mm Projectiles

a, Drawings

Projectile, Armor-piercing, M112, MIl2B1 and M112B2 Shot, Hypervelocity Armor-piercing, T35 Shell, High Explosive, Mark 1 Shell, High Explosive, Mark 3 Shell, High Explo3lv2, M101 (T2) Shell, High Explosive, M102 Shell, High Explosive, M107 Shell, High Explosive, T24EI (with the 3-1/2 inch increment cartridge container, 457G) Shell, High Explosive, T36 Shell, Chemical, Mark 7A1 Shell, Illuminatng, M118 (T21) Shell, Illuminating, T22 Adapter-Booster, Mark IIIAI (Adapts H.E. Shell Mark 3 to

75-4-101 TAM 1417 & 1412 75-4-25 75-4-38 75-4-80 75-4-82 75-4-99 TAM 456 & 457 TAM 1433, 1434 & 1826 75-4-88 TAM 72 TAM 72

P.D. Fuze M46) Fuze, Point Detonating, M48

Fuze, Point Detonating, M48 Fuze, Point Detonating, M51, M51AI and M51A2 Faze, Point Detonating, M57 (TISE2) Fuze, Experimental, National Defense Research Committee (same contour as M48, M51, M57 and M59 Fuzes) Fuze,'Concrete Piercing, M78 (T105 Type 6)

73-1-5 73-2-126
73-2-140 73-2-145 73-2-138

73-2-214

Fuze, Dummy, M59

Fuze, Mechanical Time, TI (same contour as M.T. Fuzes M43 & M87, P.D. Fuzes M48, M51 & M57, etc.) Fuze, Base Detonating, M60

72-5-6

73-2-74

,J,

, H im

108 19. 155=m Projectiles (Con.)

b. Physical Characteristics
Projectile Fuze Weightg Sid Lb. Mas No. of R ounds Ca~l A 1b.fl. 2 b.ft. B 2
2

A.P. M112B2 H.V.A.P. T35

Me0

100

98.54 66.50

19 1

H.E. Mi 3 H.E. MIOl

H.E. MIO1

M48 M48
M51A1

94.7
95.0 95.0

93.58
93.75 95.04

10
20

1.536
1.538

3.349
3.434

29.73 28.88 30.90

21 5 1.552 3.35

H.E. M101
H.E. M107 H.E. T24EI
H.E. T36 Same w/o clip W/o retaining cap

M78
M51 M48
M48 M48 M48 M48

95.72
95.0

95.02
57.70

calcu'ated from design 56.00 58.00 53.53 53.53 1.092 1.092 1.103 1.103 1.38 1.938 1.938 1.936 10.72 10.72 10.38 10.38

w/o retalning Xcap or clip )

(W/O cartridge container, clip e

M48

51.84 Mess.

1.155

1.932

9.01

&tInLng cap o

J M57 M59 TV7 94.83

(HS)

Chem. Mk 7A1 flium. M118 flium. T22

c. Drag Projectile A.P. M112BI A.P. M112 A.P. M112B2 A.P. M112B2 H.V.A.P. T35 H.E. Mk 1 Wood

95.68

20 1 1
Proj. Tye 6 6

(Simulated HS)

103.08 101.44 102.18

Obser-

1.413 1.408

3.78 3.83

23.80 26.41
Velocity ft/sec. 1453 1815 2037 2341 3630 1082

Fuze Mo0 MO0 M60 MOO

Report Memo Jan 44 Memo Jan 44 JK-i-9 Mar 44 IMemo Feb 441 Memo May 45 BRL 186 Nov 41

vation Resist. Resist. Resist. Resist. Time Resist.

Form Factor 0.88 0.88 0.91 0.91 1.03 (0.98

K-D .152 .139 .135 .122 .092 .101

6
6 8 5

plug
H.E. MIOI M51Al Resist. (K-1-9 Mar 44) IMemo Feb 44 (.80 tBRLM 287 BRLM 287 Resist. 5

.21
11.45 .80 .84
.83

1357
1478 1951 2080 2396
2779

.207
.25o .132 .127 .122
.112

H.E. M1O

M78

0.88

2396

.128

107 10. 155mm Projectiles (Con.) Projectile H.E. MI01 H.E. M102 H.E. M107 Fuze M51A1 Ilex. [Plug M51 Report BRL 16 & 338 BRL 166 Nov 41 Memo Jan 44 Observation Air Stream* Resist. Resist. 5 2 1.28 0.93 1.04 Proj. Type Form Factor Velocity ft/sec. See graphs 1995 872 1013 .208 ,061 .075 Y-D

1.00
1 1.23
same w/o clip

12Oa
1511 1844 100 100 00 100
I00

.161
.187 .182 .0758
.0791

H.E. T36

M48
M48

J an 45

N.B.S. VI-4/64

(tunnel

Wind

0.771

0.806

W/o retaining cap W/o retaining ap r clip /o cartridge ontatner, retaining cap, or clip

M48 M48 M48

tAPG 471.151/555 and 557

(full
locale,

1
1

0.840 0.44

.0628 .0632 .0691

(wooden Lplug

0.704

These values are for 0* yaw; see KD curves Mach

H.E. T361 /o clip J

M48

BRLM 361

(Wind 1 tunnel
2 "I n

0.40
(0.30

.33 1 (0.31 (0.29 ,0.31

0.6 0.8 0.9 0.6 0.8 0.9

.032 .030 .044 .025 .029 .042 .035 .035 .050

JW/o retainngl cap or clip (w/o cartridge) container, reain~ng cap or clip

M48

M48

0.44 . 0.r j0.35 3.8 0.37 0.9 These values are for 0' yaw. Velocity

Ilium. M118 Ilium. T22

M59 T17

Memo Apr 44 Memo Apr 44

Resist. Resist.

6 6

D.935 ,1.02

f1.11 1.13

640 989 1439 1988

.07b .08) .192 .180

*Measurements of underground trajectories of H.E. Shell M101 are given In BRL Report 16. The drag, torque and cross wind force of a wooden model were measured by the Bureau of Standards in an air stream with a "standard air speed" of 45 It/sec and a "standard air density" of 0.0765 lb/ft3 . The drag coefficient, moment coefficient (relative to the center of gravity of the actual projectile) and cross wind force coefficient shown onthe following graphi are smoothed results deduced from the air stream measurements of the model placed in two opposite orientations. The yaw-drag coefficient, approximately vaidc1 for yaws from 0 to 55'. is 0.00508 per deg2 .

108

10.

165mm Projectiles (Cos.)

d. Stability.

Pitch of Rifling 29.89 calibers (Angle 6) No. of Rounds 5 7) 7J 8 Velocity ft/sec. 1929 1934 2415 2410 See par. 19c and graph 972 8
5j

Projectile H.E. Mk 3 H.E. M101 H.E. MI01 H.E. M101 .. E. T24E1 Chem. Mk 7AI (Simulate S)

Fuze M48 M48 M78 M51Al M48 M

Report BRL 182 BRL 162 BRLM 287 BRL 18 & 338 Memo Dec 44 BRL 217

Mach No. I.e8 1.685 2.132

s 1.41 1.28 1.41 1.48 1.31

K M 1.22 1.38 1.21 1.0M 0.72

1967 2443

1.801 2.243

1.32 1.44

Pitch of rifling 30 calibers H.E. T38 Same w/o clip W/o retaining cap I W/o retaining cap or clip W/o cartridge container, retaining cap or
clip

M48 M48 M48 M48 M48

N.B.S. VI-4/64 Jan 45 AlG 471.151/555

Full scale moels in wind tunnel,

100 lOU 100 100 100

1.23 1.33 1.32 1.32 2.47

1.22 1.13 1.18 1.17 0.72

These values are for 0* yaws; see KM curves. M48 BRLM 361

H.!. T38 Lw/o clip

rm2-ln
in

(0.8
0.8 )odelsf 0.9

1,37
1.37 1.16

1.1
1.1 1.3

fW/o retaining
cap or clip t/o cartridge container, reiaining cap or clip

M48

f wind
Qtunnel

0.8
0.8 0.9

1.48
1.29 1.29 1.78 1.98 1.48

1.05
1.2 1.2 1.0 0.9 1.2

M48 These are average values for yaws up to 10'.

o.6
0.8 to.9

19. 155mm Projectiles (Con.) e. Cros Wind Force Model Mach

Projtie

Fuze

eDipra.

No.

(H.E. T36)
W/o clip)
(w/o retaining jcap or clip

M48
M48

BRLM 361

2-in.

0.6
0.8
0O.9 0.6 0.8

.59
.53
.53 .59 .59

(0.9 /o cartridge
container, re-) tainlng cap or / clip

.53
.88

M48

0.6

0.8 .86 (0.9 .80 These are average values for yaws up to 10'

See graphs oi cross wind force ceofficient, normal force coefficient, and distance from center of pressure to base of shell body, determined from measurements by National Bureau of Standards on full scale models.

H.E. Mi01

M51A1

BRL 338

155MM

See par. 19c

and graph

f. Spin Shell Fuze SO/d 2

Report No. of Rds. Gun Muzzle Velocity

g. Pitch of Rifling of 155mm Guns (6.102") H.E. M101 N.D.R.C. 10.8

BRL 408 2 MIAl (n , 25) 2100 and 2800 ft/sec

Gun Guns, M1917, M1917AI and M1918M1 Guns, M1. MIAl, M2 and M3
Howitzers M1917, M1917A1, M1917A2 and M1918 Howitzer Ml Mortar T10

n-cal 29.89 25
25.586 25 30

Reynold's No.
KA

5.38 x 106
0.00395

CDF

0.00147

I
-

DRAG COEFFICIENT vs YAW

SHELL. RE. 155 MM, MIO WITH FUZE PD. M51AI-

AIR SPEED 45 FT/SEC

to
-

--

Ito

oo-

oo

o.I

MOMENT COEFFICIENT vs YAW

SHELL, KE.155 MM, MIOI WITH

FUZE PD., M51AI

AIR SPEED 45 FT/SEC

to.
0

V.g
lO O 6

lI e O o _ , o

p.

ow

-m.

Io
i~

___

----- ---

-----

-----

-I

as

CROSS WINO FOR CE COEFFICIENT vs YAW SHELL HE., 155MM MIOI, WITH FUZE PD.aJ5LAISEC AIR SPEED 45 FT/

0.

go

-o

I*-

-o.

-4

Pa4

FUZ

O*

ISO 6

NO0

DRAG COEFFICIENT

Vs

YAW SQUARED

155 MM H.E.SHELL, T36WITHOUT RETAINING CUP

-.

P.r. FUZE M48

WIND SPEED 100 FT/SEC

.0

.-

, ,-

so J

-I0

ISO

goo

214' No0 m 40

DRAG COEFFICIENT vs YAW SQUARED 155 MM H.E.SHELL, T36;WITHOUT

-

. ...-

...-

RETAINING

CAP

...-

PD. FUZE M48 WIND SPEED 100 F/S

SlO

-.-.-...-

.06

so

loo

IS

15iO), m.a. .

300

I50

400

_________ _______________

113

F1

DRAG COEFFICIENT vs YAW SQUARED 155 MM H.E. SHELLT36; WITHOUT

RETAINING CAP OR CLIP

PD.FUZE M48 WIND SPEED 100 F/S

so

Mill.

wo

Iwo

155 MM RE. SHELLT36; WITHOUT CARTRIDGE CONTAINER, RETAINING CAP OR CLIPPRD. FUZE M 48
WIND SPEED 100 F/S

~DRAG COEFFICIENT vs YAW SQUARED

DRAG

vsOEFFCIEN AW SUARE

155 M

FL. SHLLT6;WIHOU

"0

i0o

Iso

o 0

300 so

400

MOMENT COEFFICIENT vs YAW 155 MM N.E. SHELL, T36

8
-

~~P

FUZE M48

___

WIND SPEED 100 FT/SEC

15AIM N.E.SHELL. T36; WITHOUT RETAINING CLIP P D FUZE M 48 WIND SPEED 100 FT/SEC

MOMENT COEFFICIENT Vs YAW

MOMENT COEFFICIENT vs YAW 155 MM H.E. SHELL T36 WITHOUT

__RETAINING

~'

-.

CAP D. FUZE M48

WIND SPEED 100 FT/3EC

IMOEN

-C-EFF-CIENT-vs.YAW

15 .t

MHE REANN

HLLT6 LPO
E PD-M 8

IHU A

-U

WIN

SEED10-

-SE

a?

to 3

iOMENT COEFFICIENT V W 155 MM RIE. SHELL, T36; WITHOUT

CARTROGE CONTAINER, RETAINING CAP OR CUP_ PD. FUZE M48 WIND SPEED 100 F/S

4
1kl
-...-..... . .. .. ' --

CRSS I WIND FO RCE C.OEFFICIENTsELT Ve YAW

.0 -

....

WIN SPEED 100 F/S

PD.FUZE M48

.....

i i8

li

i ,i

.i

'117

CROSS WIND FORCE COEFFICIENT vs YAW 155 MM H.E. SHELL, T36; WITHOUT RETAINING CUP PROL FUZE M48 WIND SPE ED 100 F/S

-f

14

If

:CROSS WINiD FORCE COEFFICIENT Vs YN 155 MM K E. SHEL L, T36; WITHOUT RETAINING CAP WIND SPEED 100 F/S

- s-

118

CROSS WIND FORCE COEFFICIENT vs YAW 155 MM KE. SHELL, T36i WITHOUT RETAt"I CAP OR CLIP
S D. FUZE M48
-.-.

WIND SPEED 100 F/S

U'

SlveA,4UNI

14

Is

CROSS WOO FORCE COEFFIIENT vs YAW 15MM i, E,SHELLT361WITHOUT CARTRIDGE CONTAINER, RETAINING CAP OR CLIP
S-D. FUZE M46

WINO SPEED 100 F/S

-

I's

NORMAL FORCE COEFFICIENTVvs y 155 MM RE. SHELLT36

-

P.D. FUZE M48

--

WIND SPEED 100 F/S

-H---

NORMAL FORCE COEFFICIENT vs YAW 155 MM H.E.SHELLT36; WITHOUT .. RETAINING CLIP PD. FUZE M48 WIND SPEED 100 F,,-

1I 4

It o

NORMAL FORCE COEEFFIOIENT vs YAW 155 MM RE. SHELLT36, WITHOUT

-

RETAINING CAP

PD. FUZE M48 WINO SPEED 100 F/S

Im

20

It

Is

NORMAL FORCE COEFFICIENT vs YAW 155MM H.E. SHELL T36 WITHOUT RETAINING CAP OR CLIP P.D. FUZE M48 WIND SPEED 100 FT/SEC

_i

-oi-i

NORMAL FORCE COEFFICIENT vs YAW 155 MM RE. SHELLT36WTHOUT CARTRIDGE CONTAINER, RETAINING CAP OR CLIP
FUZE M48 PD.

WIND SPEED 100 F/S

K.

* a

10

.LOS

to

CENTER OF PRESSURE Vi YAW 155 MM HE. SHELL T36 PD.FUZE M48 WIND SPEED I00 F/S

,-a *--.._.aa_.

122

CENTER OF PRESSURE vwYAW 05 MM HE. SHELL T36, WITHOUT RETAINING CLIP P1 FUZE M48 WIND SPEED 100 F/S

CENTIER OF PRESSURE v*yXN

I 155 MM .. SHELLT36; WITHOUT RETAINING CAP

RO. FUZE M 48 WIND SPEED 100 F/S

!I

4I

.O

cw
t

sO

0l

to

1-U

CETE

OPPESUEv

CENTER OF PRESSURE Vs YAW 155 MM HE. SHELL,T36; WITHOUT

... .... RETAINING CAP OR CLIP

PID FUZE M48 WIND SPEED 100 F/S

it

a,

II

0 I

wI

14,

I so

VA--EGREES

CENTER OF PRESSURE vs YAW 155 MM HE. SHELLT36;WITHOUT CARTRIDGE CONTAINER, RETAINING CAP OR CLIP DPFUZEM481 WIND SPEED 100 F/S

_.

.....

S.O

'-

124

SHILL. I", N.C. M103; FUZZ, P.D., M51AI. MOD. 1 -4.36 3.91 L3 -

0A

SHILL, 80, HI., MI06; FUZZ, P.D., M61

3,*di
A4s-

i~e7-=

PROJECflI,

PROOF, I", TO; CIRCULAR PLUG

ALL DIhMNSIONS IN CAUDERS

125

20. 8-inch Projectiles

a. Drawings Shell, High Explosive, M103 (T2) Shell, High Explosive, M10e 75-4-87 75-4-76

Projectile, Proof, T9 (Modification of H.E. Shell Mark 1)

1uze, Point Detonating, MS1

GA 1757 and 75-4-23

73-2-145

Fuze, Point Detonating, 1/151 Modification 1 Fuze, Experimental, National Defense Research Committee (Same contour as M51 Fuze)

73-2-183 Rev. 1

b. Physical Characteristics

Projectile
H.E. M103

Fuze
M51 Mod. 1

Weight Lb.
240

No. of ds.
20

g cal
1.450

A lb.ft.2
15.23

B lb.ft.
104.43

H.E. M108 Proof T9

c. Drag Projectile Fuze

M51 (Circular

!Plugi

200 200

Report

Observaton

Proj. Type

Form Factor

Velocity ft/sec.

KD

H.E. M108

M51

BRL 284 Aug 42

Resist.

(0.86 10.92
0.79

815 1370
1940

.049 .157
.130

Proof T9

lircular BRL 284 AuZ 42 IPlug J

Resist.

(0.53

10.43

820 1380

.047 .109

d. Stability

-.

':.' .

Shell

H.E. M103

Shell

H.E. M106

Fuze Report No. of Rds.

Veloc!ty n 8 KM

M51 Mod. 1 BRL 380 4

2150 ft/sec 25 cal 2.34 1.515

Fuze S'/d 2 Report

No. of Rds. Gun Muzzle Velocity Reynold's No. KA

N.D.R.C.. 10.6 BRL 408

2 MiE1 (n-25) 1950 ft/sec 8.10 x 106 0.0043

C1

DF

0.00172

S.

128 21. 240mm Projectiles

4.00

0.40.

SHILL 24MM,13. MIA~ VUZ, P.D., U51

ALL DIMVUIOIU INCALIDIR

a. Drawing Shell, High Explosive, U114 75-4-92 Fuzze, Experimental, National Defense Research Committee (same contour as M51 Fuze)

b. Spin Shell Fuze g30lb So/d 2 Report No. of Rdu. Howitzer Caliber
.

H.E. M114 N.D.R.C. 10.7 RL 408 8 M1(Tl) 9.449 in. 25 1500 and 2300 ft/sec 7.48 x 100 0.0026 0.00097

n Muzzle Velocity Reynold's No. KA

C'DF

127

0lA.

424

PO

128-

-*

SLUG, IS-LB., 3-INCH. MARK I

L97

PROJUCTILI, PROOF, 155MM SIMULATING THR H.V.A.P. SHOTr T35 ALL DIMENSIONS IN CALIDERS

129

22. Drag of Slugs a. Slugs with 45 evel

Resistance firings made with 37mm, 75mm and 3-in. Slugs, at velocity from 1450 to 2700 ft/sec. Illustration: 75mm O.P. 4868 Reports: Graph: 1% vs. M 15.96 lb. Slug Mark 1 BRL 289

b. 57mm 2.4 lb. Slug Resistance firings at veloclties from 2890 to 4325 fA/sec Reports: BRL 289, Memo Apr 42, Memo Nov 42 Drg. (Fig. 4, BRL 289) Graph: KD vs. M

c. 3-Inch 15 lb. Slug Mark 1 Resistance firings at velocities from 60 Reports: O.P. 4868, BRL 289 Graph: ICD vs. M. to 2900 ft/sac

d. 155mm Proof Projectile Simulating the H.V.A.P. Shot T35 Weight 58.8 lb. Resistance firings Memo Form Factor (1) Velocity (ft/sec) Drag Coef (lD)

Mar 45 2.36 2620 0.613

May 4f 2.5 3225 0.508

e. 40mm 2.375 lb. Flat Head Shot (No bevel; corners rounded with 0.15" radius at head and 0.7" radius at base.) Resistance firings at Valcartier, Canada, at velocities from 2000 to 3000 ft/sec. Report: BRL 284 CD - 0.625 May 43

III l il

t ii

i~ i i

ll

H i t

iN

130

DRAG COEFFICIENT vs MACH NUMBER SLUGS WITH 45o BEVEL

-......-1 -

I-t

i t

I l

t I

t l

-I

DRAG COEFFICIENT Vs MACH NUMBER .SLUG,2.4;-L, 57 MM

. . ..

5:

.....

- a -'.., .. . .

M4

131

DRAG CEFFCIENT

Vs MACH NUMBER
15 LB.,

-SLUG,

,-INCH,MARK I

KD

to t
23. Drag of Spheres

I-I
Le I 38 a

Rasl..tance firings at 9/18" smooth spheres in Aerodynamic Range. Repert: BRL 514. Graph: KD vs MA (Figs. 4 and 9)

KD

aM~ 24 *

as

132

FUZE, P.D., U OR M47

FUZE,

P.D., Ma

BOOSTER, U20 ALL. DIWMIO1M IN CALIDERN

~133
24. Point Fus

a. Drawings Fuze, Point Detonating, M48 73-2-128

Fuze. Point Detonating, M47 Fuze, Point Detonating, M48

Fuze, Mechanical Time, M43 Booster, M20

73-2-157 73-2-140
73-7-29 73-2-112

All the following fuzes have the "standard" contour and weigh approximately 1.41 lb. without the booster: Point Detonating, M48, M48A1 and M48A2 Point Detonating, M51, M51A1, M51A2 and M51A3 Point Detonating, M57 Time and Superquick, M54 and M55 Mechanical Time, M43 and M87 Dummy, M44, M44A1, M59 and M73

b. Physical Characteristics Fuze

(BRL Report 183) Weight Booster Mes.

lb.

C.G. to Shoulder

in.

lb.ft.

lb.ft. .007 .007 .008

.008 .004 .026 .026

P.D. M48 P.D. M47 P.D. M48

M.T. M43
-

0.711 0.704 1.407

1.389 0.799 2.208 2.188

0.59 0.53 0.58

0.88 0.95* -. 08 0.08

.0005 .0005 .0048

.0049 .0028 .0078 .0077

M20 M20 M20

P.D. M48 M.T. M43

*To rear of booster

-Indicates C.G. is'behind shoulder

134

N 0 4~4 1* 1~ U
0~
~.

I
~ I

Os

SW

10

I
~ a

442

135

-311

Z.19

PROJECTILE TYPE 7

PROJECTILE TYPE 9

ALL DIMENSIONS IN CALIBERS

VS MACH'S RATIO 0/0

DRAG COEFFICIENT, "o

As

.883

Go

I-

tos94Wl Is

DRAG COEFFICIENT K. vs MACH'S RATIO u/0

--

-I- I

-----

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&S,

is

to@

8.0

DRAG COEFFICIENT~ vs MACHS RATIO u'0

*01

..........

is

/4

'

DRAG COEFFICIENT vs MACH'S RAI1OW

.50

11*1
01~ .0 5 50 Ui 10 40 Its 9.

DRAG COEFFICIENT RD vs MACH'S RATIO u/o7

3 100Ml IRNI - SOMEAfl0LN-

.20

X6PLPf~

9K

a0.

10

vaLS

30

as

40

45

138

J DRAG COEFFICENT,-

vsMACHS RATIO Wo"

_T I 7 ql lK
A Oft. W" TIILE MCDI

lOlO

--

-ll-IlliJ

9 SIOL 10111n1o-WNI COP 3Dn~go

so

*8

.0.

asI

1.0

U WA

&,

44

-.

FAGTOR-HEIGHT OF OGIVE CURVES (EMPIRICAL CURVES FROM B.RL. REPORT NO.284) PROJECTILE TYPES k2,5 86
me 8ft 11000 664 FOR 9011110411TAL &ASIl

TFORM

108~

64- or

--

04

-.

baD

*I -

. a4~kIr

OF OeGIV- Ca..
*

. ,lf"

139

26, List of Reports on Aerodynamics of Spinning Projectiles

a. Ballistic Research Laboratories Reports X-113 16 27 30 11 114 11 138 139 150 154 let 163 165 166 215 217 225 236 237 Hitchcock, H.P., Resistance and Stability of Projectiles: Experimental Methods and Details of Computation Tolch, N.A., The Underground Trajectory and Yaw of the 155mm T2 and T3 Projectiles Hitchcock, H.P., Resistance Functions of Various Types of Projectile3 Hitchcock, H.P., Stability Factors of Projectiles (Rev. Sept. 1940) Hitchcock, H.P., Aerodynamic Nomenclature and Formulas, Conversion Factors and Drag Functions Hitchcock, H.P.. and Kent, R.H., Application of Siaccl's Method to Flat Trajectories Hitchcock, H.P., Firing Sidewise From an Airplane: L Theoretical Considerations Hitchcock, H.P., Stability of 37mm Shell T12 Hitchcock, H.P., Firing Sidewise from an Airplane: II. Effects of a 400 mile per hour Air Speed Hitchcock, H.P., Stability of 90mm Shell T3 Kent, R.H., A Determination of the Loss of Spin of Projectiles Hitchcock, H.P., Stability of 155mm Shell Mark Il and "2 Hitchcock, H.P., Dynamic Data regarding Point Fuzes Hitchcock, H.P., Stability of 90mm Shell T3 Hitchcock, H.P., A study of Form Factors of Spinning Projectiles Hitchcock, H.P., Stability of Caliber 0.30 Bullet, A.P. M2 Hitchcock, H.P., Stability of 155mm Chemical Shell, Mark VIIA1 Hitchcock, H.P., Stability of 37mm H.E. Shell M63, A.P. Shot MS1, and Proof Projectile M52 Hitchcock, H.P., Stability of 90mm Shell T8 Hitchcock, H.P., Stability of 4.7 inch A.A. Shell T5 -7

240
252 257 261 267 278 278 283 284 287 289 290

Hitchcock. H.P., Drag on Conical Heads

Hitchcock, H.P., Stability of 40mm Shell Mark lIT/L/ Hitchcock, H.P., and Kent, R.H., Ballistics of Caliber 0.60 Bullet, A.P., T14 Hitchcock, H.P., Underwater Trajectory of a SpinnIng Projectile Hitchcock, H.P.. Exterior Ballistics of Small Arms Bullets Hitchcock, "H.P., Aerodynamics of Small Arms Bullets Hitchcock, H.P., Aerodynamics of Calfbers 0.30 and 0.50 Incendiary Bullets M1 I'Hitchcock, H.P., A comparison of British and American Drag Functions and Form Factors Hitchcock, H.P., Form Factors of Projectiles Charters, A.C., and Kent, R.H., The Relation between the Skin Friction Drag and the Spin Reducing Torque Hitchcock, H.P., Drag of Slugs Hitchcock, H.P., Stability of Caliber 0.30 Tungsten Carbide Bullet .

,,MOM

140
I

26. List of Reports on Aerodynamics of Spinning Projectiles (Con.) 30 338 34 34 3t. :ii SZ1 38) 408 409 418 42 4 43 446 457 459 480 507 514 515 543 587 569 582 597 599 603 I Hitchcock, H.P., Stabllity of Experimental 57mm Shells HItchcock, H.P., Undergroud Trajectory of a Spinning Projectile Sterne, T.E., The Effect of Yaw upon Aircraft Gunfire Trajectories Sterne, T.E., Analytical Trajectories for Type 6 Projectiles Hitchcock, H.P., Aerodynamics of 37thm H.E. Shell M64
Hitchcock. H.P., Damping of Calibers 0.30 and 0.50 Bullets and 37mm H.E. Shell

Thomas, R.N., Retardation of Calibor 0.50 A.P. M2 Hit-ncock, H.P., Stability of 8-inch H.E. Shell M103 Hitchcock, H.P., Loss of Spin and Skin Friction Drag of Projectiles Gurney, R.W., The Optimum Shapes for Shell with regard to Air Resistance Braun, W.F., and Thomas, R.N., 20mm TgE4 AP Determination of Drag Function Braun, W.F., Charters, A.C., and Thomas, R.N., Retardation of Fragments Hitchcock, H.P., Stability of 3-inch Armor-piercing Projectiles Hitchcock, H.P., Yaw and Drift of 37mm Armor-piercing Shots Kelley, J.L. and McShane, E.J., On the Motion of a Projectile with Small or Slowly

Changing Yaw
Braun, W.F., Charters, A.C., and Thomas, R.N., Aerodynamic Comparison of Gazda, M75, and T9E5 20mm Projectiles Kent, R.H., and McShane, E.J., An Elementary Treatment of the !.otion of a Spinning Projectile about its center of gravity Charters, A.C., and Thomas, R.N., Retardation of Tubular Projectiles developed from the 20mm American Ball Nemmers, F.E., The Experimental Basis and Computing Methods used in the Preparation of Firing Table FT 90AA-B-3 Charters, A.C., and Thomas. R.N., The Aerodynamic Performance of Small Spheres from Subsonic to High Supersonic Velocities Hitchcock, H.P., Aerodynamics of 20mm Projectiles Thomas, R.N., Some Comments on the Effect of Adding length to the Afterbody of a Squarebased, Conical-headed Projectile Stein, H., Comparison of 155mm Shell Designs by means of Model Firings - Part I - Drag Hitchcock, H.P., Spin of 120mm H.E. Shell M73 Karpov, B.G., Obt ervational Evidence for the Dependence of Drag on Mach Numbbr at constant Air SIeed Morrey, C.B., A Formula for the Representation of Resistance Functions Hoffleit, D., The Drag Coefficients for 105mm Shell, H.E. Ml Stein, H., Effect of Various Driving Bands on the Aerodynamic Performance of Projectiles at High Velocities
* 0

fa

26. List of Reports on Aerodynamics of Spinning Projectiles (Con.) b. Ballistic Research Laboratories Memorandum Reports 5 14 30 38 54 60 89 90 94 99 134 138 149 154 171 176 203 213 217 223 -45 ',46 -51 %56 261 265 266 285 287 293 296 297 298 300 Hitchcock, H.P., Stability of Caliber 0.30 Bullet, SR MI Hitchcock, H.P., Stability of Caliber 0.30 Bullet, Carbine ml Hitchcock, H.P., Effect of Yaw on Accuracy of the Caliber 0.30 Armor Piercing M2 Bullet Hitchcock, d.P., Ballistics of 75mm Chemical Shell T19 Charters, A.C., Concentricity of 8!' Projectile, M103 Hitchcock, H.P., Ballistics of Modified 75mm Chemical Shell T19 Hitchcock, H.P., Stability of Modified 75mm Chemical Shell T19 Hitchcock, H.P., Ballistics of 37mm H.V.A.P. Shots T24E5 and T24Ets Hitchcock, H.P., Yaw of Modified 105mm Smoke Shell M84 Hitchcock, H.P., Stability of 75mm Smoke Shell M64 Hitchcock, H.P., Ballistics of Sterling Tool Products Co. Projectile Hitchcock, H.P., Ballistics of 20mm H.E.I. Shell T16 Hitchcock, H.P., Stability of 90mm A.A. Shell M71 with Fuzes T81 and T81A Hitchcock. H.P., Stability of 75mm H.E. Shell M48 with Fuze T81 Hitchcock. H.P., Yaw of 3"/57mm Sabot Type Projectile tired from British 17-pounder Gun Hitchcock, H.P., Ballistics of 20mm A.P. Shot T9 with Plastic Wind3hield Hitchcock, H.P., Stability and Damping oi 75mm H.E. Shell M48 Hitchcock, H.P., Stability of 75mm Shell M48 fired from Aircraft Gun Hitchcock, H.P., Stability of 40mm H.E. Shell T7 Hitchcock, H.P., Stability of British 20mm Shot, J.A.P./F and J.A.P./W. Hitchcock, H.P., Stability and Damping of Caliber 0.60 Bullet BC-2 Hitchcock, H.P., Stability of 57mm H.E. Shells T16 and T18 Hitchcock, H.P., and Alexander, A.P., Ballistics of N.D.R.C. 20mm Sabot Type Projectiles Hitchcock, H.P., Yaw and Drift of Caliber 0.50 Bullet, A.P.I. M8 Hitchcock, H.P., Stability and Damping of 37mm H.E. Shell T27 Hitchcock, H.P., Stability of 10bmm H.E. Shell M1 Hitchcock, H.P., Stablilty of 57mm A.P.C. Shot M86 Hitchcock, H.P., Stability and Resistance of 4.5-trich Shell M65 Hitchcock, H.P., Stability and Resistance of 155mm H.E. Shell M101 with P.D. Fuze T105 Type 6 Hicthcock, H.P., Stability of 3-inch H,E. Shell M42 with Reduced Charre Hatch. G., Tables of Impact Velocities for Mobile Artillery Weapons Hitchcock. H.P., Spin Imparted by 75mm Gun Tl3E1 Hitchcock, H.P., Stability anid Resistance of 3-inch H.E. Shell M42A1 with P.D. Fuze Ti06 Type 6 Hitchcock. H.P., Stability of the 57mm H.EA.T. Shell T20 and H.E. Shell T22

142 26. List of Reports on Aerodynamics of Spinning Projectiles (Con.) 305 Hitchcock. H.P.. Stability and Damping of Caliber 0.60 Bullets, Incendiary T1E6 and Ball T32 Ml7 Hitchcock, H.P., Exterior Ballistics of 76mm H.V.A.P. Shot T4 and T4E1

319
335 336 347D 3481) 381 366 388 371 401 406 410 411 417

Hitchcock, H.P., Stability of 57mm H.E.A.T. Shell T20E1

Hitchcock, H.P., Exterior Ballistics of 78mm h.V.A.P. Shot T4EI Hitchcock, H.P., Ballistics of 90mm A.P. Shot T33 Karpov, B.G., Stability Factor of 90mm Shot T30E15, and Form Factors of 90mm Shot T30r15, APC Projectile M82, and AP Shot T33 Hitchcock, H.P., and Karpov, B.G., Stability of Projectiles for the 57mm Recoilless Gun Cortl, M.W., Wind Tunnel Testing of 155mm Mortar Projectiles T36 Karpov, B.G., Stability Factors of Caliber 0.80 Bullets Hitchcock, H.., Stability of Projectiles fired forward from Aircraft Karpov, B.G., Japanese Aircraft Armament Hitchcock, H.P., Effect on Drag of Variation in Body Diameter of 105mm H.E. Shell MI Hitchcock. H.P,, Stability and Form Factor of German 75/55mm H.E. Shell Goldstein, D.L., Summar, of Aerodynamic Data on German Projectiles Hitchcock, H.P., Stability, Form Factor, and Accuracy of 105mm Projectiles Hitchcock, H.P., Aerodynamics of Caliber 0.50 Irtendlary Bullet M23

c. Miscellaneous Reports BRL File K-1-9 Ord. Program 4982 NPG 3-45 Ord. Program 4684 N.B.S. VI-4/64 28 Jan 45 Ord. Program 4866 NPG S 72-4(49) d. Basic Theory Fowler, R.H., Gallop, E.G., Lock, C.N.H., an Richmond, H.W., The Aerodynamics of a Spinning Shell. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. London, A 221, 295-387 (1020) Moulton, F.R., New Methods in Exterior Ballistics. Chap. VI: Motion of a Rotating Projectile. U. of Chi. Press (1926) Nielsen, K.L., and Synge, J.L., On the Motion of a Spirning Shell. Quar. Applied Math. 4: 201-228 (Oct 1946) (Oct 1946) For other references, see BRL Reports X-113 and 27
=

Ballistic P..,earch Laboratories. Form Factors of Projectiles Boyle, E., Report on Stability Flrirgs with 7bmm T3 Shell fitted with M39A2 P.D. And T12 Mechanical Time Fuzes Naval Proving Ground, An Experimental Study of the Air Resistance of Three Inch and of 40 millimeter Projectiles Boyle, E., Report on Test of Stability of 3" A.A. Shell M42 with Mechanical Time Fuze T12 National Bureau of Standards, Aerodynamic Characteristics of a Full Scale Model of Shell, H.E., 155mm, T36 Hitchcocl- H.P., Report on Resistance of Proof Slugs Naval Proving Grouxd. Report on Underwater Trajectories acd Penetration of Projectiles

"

143

27. List of Illustrations

Title Bullet, Ball, Cal. 0.30, Ml Bullet, Ball. Cal. 0.30, M2 B .llet. A.P.. Cal. 0.30, M2 Bullet, Tra~cer, CzI. 0.30. M1 Bullet, A.P.!., Cal. 0.30, T15 Bullet, Ball, Zal. 0.50, MI Bullet, A.P.. Cal. 0.50, M2 Bullet, Tracer, Cal. 0.50, Ml Bullet, A.P.I., Cal. 0.50, T49 Bullet, Incendiary, ChM. 0.50, Ml Bullet, Incendiary, Cal. 0.50, M23 Cal. 0.50 Model of 155mm H.E. Shell M101 Cal. 0.50 Model of 155mm H.E. Shell P1 Cal. 0.50 Model of 155mm H.E. Shell P2 Bullet, A.P., Cal. 0.60, BC-3 Bullet, A.P., Cal. 0.60, BC-2 Bullet, Ball, Cal. 0.60, T32 Bullet, Incendiary, Cal. 0.80, T36 and T36E2 Bullet, A.P.L., Cal. 0.80, T39 Projectile, Ball, 20mm, Ijispano Gun /A/ Shot, A.P., 20mm, M75 Shot, A.P.. 20mm. T9E4 Shot, A.P., 20mm, M95 Shot, A.P.L, 20mm, TP1 Shell, H.E.I., 20mm, Mark 1; Fuze, Percussion, D.A., No. 253, Mark 1/A/ Shell, H.E.I., 20mm, M97; Fuze, P.D., M75 Shell, Incerdiary, 20mm, M98 Shell, Incend~ary, 20mm, T28 Shell, Incendiary, 20mm, T35 Shot, A.P.C., 37mrm, M51 Shot, A.P.C., 37mm, M59 Shot, A.P., 37mm, M74. Shot, A.?., 37mm, M80 Shell, H.E., 37mm, Mark 2; Fuze, B.D., M39A1 Shell, H.E., 37mm, TP; Fuze, Dummy, T30; Tracer, Red, M2 Shell, Practice, 37mm, M55A1; Plug, Closing, 75-14-309A Page 18 18 18 16 17 21 21 21 21 22 22 22 22 22 27 27 27 28 28 31 31 32 32 32 32 33 33 33 33 38 38 38 39 39 39 39
:

144 27. List of Illustrations (Cous.)

Title Shell, H.E., 37mm, M54; Fuze, P.D., M58 Shell, H.E., 37mm, M83; Fuze, B.D., M58 Shell, H.E.. 37mm, T27; Fuze, B.D.. M58 Shell. H.E.. 37mm, T33: Fuze, B.D., T138 Projectile, Proof. 37mm, M52 Shot, A.P.C., 40mm, T4ElO Shell, Q.F.H.E., 40mm, Mark 2 T/L/; Fuze, P.D. M64 Shell, H.E., 40mm, T7; Fuze, Detonating, Mark 27 Shot, A.P., 67mm, M70 Projectile, A.P.C., 67mm, M88; Fuze, B.D., M72 Shot, H.V.A.P., 57mm, T14 Shell, H.E., 67mm, T18; Fuze, Dummy, TOO Shell, H.E., 5.7mm, T18; Fuze, Dummy, T87 Shell, H.E., 57mm, M308; Fuze, P.D. Shell, H.E.A.T., 57mm, T20, Type IA; Fuze, B.D., T94 Shell, H.E.A.T., 67mm, T20, Type 11A; Fuze, B.D., T94 Shell, H.E.A.T., 57mm, T2OEl; Fuzb, S.D., TB4E1 Shell, H.E.A.T., 57mm, M307; Fuze, P.1., T123EI Projectile, A.P.C., 76mm, M61; Fuze, B.D., M68Al Shot, A.P., 76mm, M72 Shot, H.V.A.P., 75mm, T27 Ghot, H.V.A.P., 75mm, T45 Shell, H.E., 76mm, M48; Fuze, P.D)., M39A2 Shell, H.E., 76mm, M48; Fuze, P.D., M48 Shell, H.F., 76mm, M49; Fuze, C.P., M78 Shell, H.E., 76mm, Mark 1; Hexagonal Plug Shell, H.E., 75mm, M309; Fuze, P.D., M49 Shell, H.E.A.T., 76mm, M310; Fuze, B.D., M62 Shell, H.E.A.T., 75mm, MOO; Fuze, B.D., M82 Shell, Chem., 76mm, Mark 2; Round Wood Plug Shell, Chain., 75mm, M64; Fuze, P.D., M48 Shell, Smoke, 75mm, T19 (BE); Fuze, T.SQ., M64 Projectile, A.P.C., 3-Inch, M82; Fuze, B.D., MOGA1 Shot, A.P., 3-Inch, M%~ Shot, H.V.A.P., 3-inch, T4 Shot, H.V.A.P., 3-inch, T4El Page 40 40 41N 41 41 47

4848 50 51 51 52 52 63 53 64 64
-

54
68 59 69 69 0 0 0 61 81 01 62 82 83 03 63 88 68, 09 89

145

27. List of illustrations (Con.)

Title Shot, H.V.A.P., 3-Inch, K493 Shell, 1I.E., 3-inch, M442; Fuze, M.T., M43 Shell, H.E.. 3-inch, M42A1; Fuze, C.P., M478 Projectile, A.P., 3-inch, Mark 29 w/o Windshield or Cap Projectile, Illuminating, 2-inch, Mark 25; Dummy Nose Plug Projectile, 3-i'ich, Mark 27; Dummy Nose Plug Projectile, F.S., 3-inch, Mark 3 Projectile, A.P.C., 90mm, M82; Fuze, B.D., M68 Shot, A.P., 90mm, M477 Shot, A.P., 90mm, T33 Shot, H.V.A.P., 90mm, T30E1I1, T30E12, and T30F,15 Shot, H.V1.A.P., 90mm, T44 Shell, H.E., 90mm, M471; Fuze, 21-sec. A.A., Mark MI Shell, N.E., 90mm, M471; Fuze, M.T., M443 Shell, H.E., 90mm, T15; Fuze, Dummy, M44A2 Shell, H.E., 90mm, M58; Plug, closing, 75-14-309E Shot, A.P.C., 105mm, T13E2; Fuze, B.D., M68A1 Shot, H.V.A.P., 105mm, T29E4 Shell, H.E., 105mm, Ml; Fuze, P.D., M48 Shell, N.E., 105mm, Ml; Fuze, C.P., M478 Shell, H.E., 105mm, T3OE1; Fuze, P.D., M51A4 Shell, H.E., 105mmn, Ml; Circular Plug Shell, Smoke (BE), 105mm, M484; Fuze. T.SQ., M54 Shell, Illuminating, 105mm, M4314; Fuze, T.SQ., M454 Shell, H.E.A.T., 105mm, M687; Fuze, B.D., M82 .Shell. H.E.A.T., 4.2-inch, E81; Fuze. B.D.. M82A1 Modified Shell, H.E., 4.5-Inch, M465; Fuze, P.D., M51A1 Shell, H.E., 4.5-inch, M65; Fuze, C.P., M478 Shell, H.E., 4.5-inch, M465; Plug, Closing, 75-14-309E Shell, H.E., 120mm, M473; Fuze, M.T., M61 Shell, H.E., 120mm, M473; Plug, Closing, 75-14-309E Projectile, Common, 8-inch, Mark 20 Projectile, A.P., 155mm, M4112; Fuze, B.D., M60 Shot, H.V.A.P., 155mm, T35 Shell, N.E., 155mm, Mark 1; Wood Plug Shell, N.E., 155mm, Mark 3; Fuze, P.D., 48 Page 69 70 70 70 70 no 71 78 78 78 79 79 79 80 80 80 85 e 86 88 87 87 87 88 88 88 94

94
94 98 97 98 100 101 101 101

146 27. Lst of IllustraUons (Con.) Title Shell, H.E.. 155mm, MIOI; Fuzd, P.D., MSLA1 Shell, H.E.. 155mm. MIO; Fuze, C.P., M78 Shell. H.E.. 155mm, M102; Hexagonal Plug Shell, H.E., 155mm, MI07; Fuze, P.D., M51 Shell, H.E.. 155mm, T38; Fuze, P.D., M48 Shell, H.E., 155mm, T24E1; Fuze, P.D., M48 Shell, Chem., 155mm, Mark 7AI; Fuze, P.D., MS Shell, Illuminating, 155mm, M118; Fuze, Dummy, M59 Shell, Illuminating, 155mm, T22; Fuze, M.T., T17 Shell, H.E., 8-inch, M103; Fuze, P.D., MSAI Mod. 1 Shell, H.E., 8-nch, M108; Fuze, P.D., MSI Projectile, Proof, 8-inch, T9; Circular Plug Shell, H.E., 240mm. M114; Fuze, P.D., M51 Slug, 15.98 lb., 75mm, Mark 1 Slug. 2.4 lb., 57mm Slug, 15 lb., 3-inch, Mark 1 Projectile, Proof, 155mm, simulating the H.V.A.P. Shot T35 F,-e, P.D.. M4 or M47 Fuze, P.D., M48 Booster, M20 Projectile, Type 1 Projectile, Type 2 Projectile. Type 5 Projectile, Type 8 Projectile, Type 7 Projectile, Type 8 28. List of Graphs a. Drag Coefficient vs. Macn Number Bullet, Ball. Cal. 0.30, M2 Bullet, Frangible, Cal. 0.30, T44 Bullet, A.P.. Cal. 0.50, M2 Bullet, A.P.I., Cal. 0.50, MO Caliber 0.50 Models of 155mm H.E. Shells MIO, P1 and P2 Bullet., Ball, Cal. 0.60, '32 Shot, A.P., 20mm, T9E4 19 19 24 25 25 30 38 Page 102 102

102
103 103 103 104 104 104 124 124 124 128 127 127 128 13 132 132 112 134 134 134 134 135 135

147

28. List of Graphs (Con.)

Title Shell, H.E.I., Z0min, Mark 1; F'uze, Percussion, D.A., N.253, Mark !/A/ Shot, A.PC., 37mm, M59 Shot, A.P., 37mm, M80 Shell, H.E., 37mm, M54; Fuze, P.D., M56 Shell, Practice, 37-,nm, M55A1, Plug, Closing, 75-14-306A Shell H.E,. 40mm, Mark 2 w!~hout tracer; Fuze, Dummy, Mark 27 Shell, H.E.. 75mm, M48; Fuze, P.D., M157 Projectile, 3-inch, Miirk 27 with Dummy Nose Plug Projectile. iluminating, 3-in; h, Mairk 25 with Dummy Nose Plug Projectile, A.P., 3-inch, Mark 29 without windahield cr Shell, H.E.. 90mm, M71; Fuze, M.T., M43A3 Shell, H.E., 105mm, MI; Fuze, PTr)., M48 Slugs with 4b" bevel Slug, 2.4 lb., 57mm Slug, 15 lb., 3-inch, Mark 1 Sphere. 9/16-inch Projectile, Type I Projectile, Type 2 Projectile, Type 5 Prcjectile, Type 6 P.-ojectile, Type 7 Projectile, Type 8 ap Page 36 44 44 45 45 50 66 74 74 75 84 91 130 130 131 131 135

I136
136 137 137 138

b. Other Graphs Shell, H.E., 155mm, T36 (complete; w/o retaining clip; w/o retaining cap; w/o retainihg cap or clip; and w/o cartridge container,'retaining cap, or clip); 'uze, P.D.. M48: Drag Coefficient vs. Yaw Squared Moment Coefficient vs. Yaw Cross Wind Force Coefficient vs. Yaw Normal Force Coefficient vs. Yaw I119-121 Distance from Center of Pressure to Base of Shell Body vs. Yaw Projectiie, F.S., 3-inch, Mark 3: Drag Coefficient vs. Yaw Moment Coeqilcient vs. law Cross Wind Force Coefficient vs. Yaw 75 76 76 111-113 114-116 118-118 121.123

1413 2S. List of Graphs (Corn.)

Title Shell, H.E., 105mm, MI; Fuze, P.D., M48: Drag Coefficient vs. Yaw Moment Coefficient 43s. Yaw Zross Wind Force Coefficient vs. Yaw Projectile, 8-Inch, Common, Mark 20: Drag Coeff icient vs. Yaw Momenit Coefficient vs. Yaw Cross Wind Force Coefficient vs. Yaw Shell, H.E.. 155mm. MIOI; Fuze. P.D., M5IA1: Drag Coefficient vs. Yaw Moment Coefficient vs. raw Cross Wind Force Coefficient vs. Yaw Form Factor
-

Page 91
92 92

99 99 100

110 110 ill 138

Height of Ogive curves

29. Index of Projectiles a. Square base (1) Conical or Ogivo-conical Head

(&'I Round Point or Small M~plat (dia. less than 1/4 cal.) Bullet, Incendiary, Cal. 0.50, M23 (T48) Shot, H.V.A.P., 75mm, T27 Shot, H.V.A.P.. 75mm, T45 Shot, H.V.A.P., 3-Inch, T4 Shot, H.V.A.P., 3-inch, T4EJ Shot, H.V.A.P., 3-inch, T4E1? Shot, H.V.A.P., 3-Inch,

T4E1a

Shot, H.V.A.P., 3-inch, M93 (T4E20) Shot, H.V.A.P., 90mm, T30E1l Shot, H.V.A.P., 90mm, T30EI2 Shot, H.V.A.P., 90mm, T30EI4 Shot, H.V.A.P., 90mm, T30EI5 Shot, H.V.A.P., 90mm, M304 (T30E18) Shot, H.V.A.P., 90mm, T44 Shot, H.V.A.P., lO5mzi, T29E4 Shot, H..T.P., 3-inch, T24EI Shot, H.V.T.P., 90mm, T45 Shell, H.E., 57mm, T18; Fuze, Dummy, T67 Shell, Exp., Types 1, 2, and 3 (O.S.R.D.) 57mm Shell, Incendiary, 20mnm, T28 Shell, Incendiary, 20mm, T35
-

149
29. Index ad Projectiles (Coan.)
(b) LArge Mgplat Shell, H.E.. 40mm, T7; Fuze, Detonating, Mark 27 (2) Blunt Ogival Head (not more than 1.75 cal. long) (a) Round Point or Small Meplat (dia. lers thar 1/4 cal.) Proj ectile Type 1 Bullet, Ball, Cal. 0.60, T32 Bullet, Ball, Cal. 0.60, T32E2 Bullet, A.P., Cal. 0.60. TS4 Bullet, A.P., Cal. 0.60, BC-2 Bullet, A.P., Cal. 0.60, BC-3 Shot, A.P., 20mm, M75 Shot, A.P., 20mm, M95 Shot, A.P., 57mm, M70 Shot, A.P., 3-inch, M79 Shot, A.P., 90mm, m477 Shot, A.P.I., 20mm, T21 Shot, A.P.C., 57mm, M486 w/o windshield Shot, H.V.A.P., 57mm, T14 Shot, H.V.A.P., 90mm, T38E5 w/o sabot Shell, H.E., 20mm, T23; Fuze, P.D., T7IE4 Shell, H.E., 20mm, M497; Fuze, P.D., M75 Shell, H.E., 37mm, T27; Fuze, B.D., M58 Shell, H.E., 57mm. M4306 (T22); Fuze, P.D. Shell, 1.E., 155mm, T24E1; Fuze, P.D., M448 Shell, 1.5.!., 20mm, Mark 1; Fuze, Percussion, D.A., No. 253, Mark I/A/ Shell, H.E.I., 20mm, TIO; Fuze, P.D., M76 Shell, H.E.A.T., 57mm, T20 Type ZIA; Fuze, B.D., T94 Shell, H.E.A.T., 57mm, T2OE1; Fuze, B.D.. T94EI Shell, W.P., 57mm, M308 (T23); Fuze, P.D., T119 and M89 (T119E1) Shell, W.P., 57mm, T23E1; Fuze, Dummy, T126 Shell, Incendiary, 20mm, 1498 Shell, Illuminating, 155mm, Mllq (T21); Fuse, Dummy, M59 Shell, nIuminatIng, 155mm, T22; Fuze, M.T., T17 Projectile, Ball, 20mm, T4

150 29. lnex ad Projectiles (Con.)

Projectile, Practice, 20mm, M99 Projectile, A.P., 3-inch, Mark 29 w/o windshield or cap Projectile, A.P.C., 75mm, M61 w/o windshield Projectile, A.P.C., 75mm, M81 w/o cap or windshield Projectile, F.S., 3-inch, Mark 3 (b) Large Miplat.

Shell, H.E.A.T., 57.nm, L1307 (T20E2); Fuze, P.!., T123E1 Projectile, Ball, 20mm, Hiapano Gun /A/ Projectile, Proof, 8-inch, T9; Circular Plug (3) Long Ogival Head (More than 1.75 cO1 . long) Projectile Type 8 Projectile Type 8 Bullet, Ball, Cal. 0.30, M2 Bullet, A.P.L, Cal. 0.30, T15 Bullet, A.P.I., Cal. 0.50, T49 Bullet, A.P.T., Cal. 0.60, T39 Bullet, A.P.I.T., Cal. 0.60, T60 Bullet, Incendiary, Cal. 0.60, 'T'36 and T36E2
-

Bullet, Incendiary, Cal. 0.60, T31

Bullet, Incendiary, Cal. 0.60, T41 Bullet, Tracer, Cal. 0.30, M1 Bullet, Tracer, Cal. 0.50, MI Bullet, Frangible, Cal. 0.30, M22 Bullet, H.E., Cal. 0.60, T19 Shot, A.P., 20mm, T9E4 Shot, A.P., 57/40mm (Iand L Drg A-1944) Shot, A.P., 90mm, T33

Shot, A.P.C., 37mm, M51 Shot, A.P.C., 40mm, T4EIO

Shot, A.P.C., 57mm, M86; Fuza. B.D. M72 Shot, A.P.C., 105mm, T13E2 Shot, A.P.S.V., 37mm, Mark 1

Shot, A.P.D.S., 76/48mm Shot, H.V.A.P., 155mm, T35

Shell, H.E., 37mm, Mark 2; Fuze, B.D., M38A1 Shell, H.E., 37mm, M63; Fuze, P.D., M58

151

29. Index of Projectiles (Con.)

Shell, H.E., 37mm, T33; Fuze, B.D., T136 Shell, H.E., 3-inch, M42; Fuze, M.T., M43 Shell, H.E., 3-inch, M42; Fuze, N.D.R.C. Shell, H.E., 3-inch, M42; Fuze, C.P., M78 Shell, H.E., 105mm, T3OEl; Fuze, P.D., M51A4 Shell, H.E.A.T., 57mm, T20; Type IA; Fuze, B.D., T94 Shell, Smoke, 75mm, T19 (S.E.); Fuze, T.SQ., M.54 Projectile, A.P., 155mm, M112; Fuze, B.D., MOO Projectile, A.P.C., 75mm, M61; Fuze, B.D., MOWA Projectile, A.P.C., 3-inch, M62; Fuze, B.D., MBOA1 Projectile, A.P.C., 90mm, M82; Fuze, B.D., M68 Projectile, Illuminating, 3-inch, Mqrk 25; Dummy Nose Plug Projectile, 3-inch, Mark 27; Dummy Nose Plug Projectile, Common, 6-inch, Mark 20 (4) Slug (a) Beveled Head Projectile, Proof, 37mm, M52 Slug, 1.25 lb., 37mm Slug, 2.40 lb., 57mm Slug, 9.00 lb.. 76mm (Mark 1 modified) Slug, 11.72 lb., 75mm, Mark 1 Slug, 15.96 lb., 75mm, Mark 1 Slug, 14.40 lb., 75mm, T13 Slug, 13.94 lb., 75mm, T15 Slug, 12.70 lb., 3-inch Slug, 12.79 lb., 3-inch Slug, 15.00 lb., 3-inch, Mark 1 (b) Flat Head Shot, Flat Head, 40mm (Canadian) (c) Protruding Rod Shot, H.V.A.P., 3-Inch, T4 w/o windshield, 1-Inch rod Shot, H.V.A.P., 3-Inch, T4 w/o windshield, 1/2 -inch rod (d) Spool-shaped Projectile, Proof, 156mm, simulating the H.V.A.P. Shot T35

ft

29.

rAdex ad Projectiles (Con.) b. Boat-tall

(1) Conical or Ogivo-conical Head (a) Round Point or Small Miplat (less than 1/4 cal.) Projectile Type 2 Shell, THE., 57mm, T16; Fuze, Dummy, T68 Shell, H.E., 75mm,

T38; Fuze, P.D., M48

Shell, H.E., 120mm, M473,' Fuze, M.T., M861 Shell, H.E., 120mm, M473; Fuze, Exp.. T75EO Shell, H.E., 8-inch, M103; Fuze, P.D., M51 Mod. 1 Shell, H.E.A..T., 75mm, M68; Fuze, B.D., P182 or T93 Shell, H.E.A.T., 75mm, T30; Fuze, B.D., M462 Shell. H.E.A.T., 105mm, M67; Fuze, E.D., M62 Shell, H.E.A.T., 105mm, WOEI; Fuze, B.D., M82A1 St.ell, Practice, 105mm, M67; Fuze, Dummy, T121

(b) Large meplat

Shot, A.P.C., 37mm, M459 (120 vertical angle) Shell, Q.F.H.E., 40mm, Markc 2 T/ll; Fuze, P.D., M84 Shell, Q..F.H.E., 40mm, Mark 2 T/LI/; Plug, wood Shell, P-ractice, 40mm, M491 (2) Ogival Head (a) T~ound Point or Small M~plat (dia. less than 1/4 cal.) Pr'ojectlde ype 5

and me4AI

Pro*Ui.v po 7
Bullet, Ball, Cal. 0.30, &fl Bullet, Ball, Cal. 0.50, MI Bullet, A.P., Cal. 0.3,0, M2 Bullet, A.P., Cal. 0.50, V,2 Bullet, A.P.I., Cal. 0.60, MO8 Bullet, A.P.1.T., Cal. 0.50, T28 Pullet, A.P.I.T,. Cal. 0.50. T63 Bullet, A.P.T., Cal. 0.50, T38 Bullet, A.P.T., Cal. 0.60, T.48EI Bullet, Incendiary, Cal. 0.60, MI Shot, A.P., 37mm, M474 Shot, A.P,. 37mm, M480 Shot, A.P., 75mm, M472
--

153

29. Index of Projectile# (Con.)

Cal. 0.50 Model of 155mm N.E. Shell M101 Cal. 0.50 Model of 155mm H.E. Shell P1 Cal. 0.50 Model of 155mm N.E. Shell P2 Shell, N.E., 37mm, T2; F'uze, Du.r.my, T30 Shell, N.E., 75mm, M48; Fuze, P.D., M39A2 Shell, N.E., 75mm, M48; Fuze, M.T., M43 Shell, H.E., 75mm, M48; Fuze, P.D., M48 Shell, N.E., 75mm, M48; Fuze. N.D.R.C. Shell, N.E., 75mm, M48; Fuze. C.P., M78 Shell, H.E., 90mm, M58; Firte. M.T., M43 Shell, N.E., 90mm, M58; Fuze, P.D.. M48 Shell, N.E.. 90mm, M71; Fuze, 21 -see A.A., Mark Ml Shell, N.E.. 90mm, M71; Fuze, M.T., M43 Shell, N.E., 90mm, M71; Fuze. N.D.R.C. Shell, N.E.. 90mm, T15; Fuze, Dummy, M44A2 Shell, N.E., 105mm, Ml; Fuze, P.D., M48 Shell, N.E., 105mm, Ml; Fuze, Dummy, M59 Shell. N.E., 105mm. MI; Fuze, C.P.. M78 Shell, N.E., 4.5-inch, M85; Fuze, P.D., M48 Shell, N.E., 4.5-inch, M65; Fuze, P.D., M51 Shell, N.E., 4.5-inch, M65; Fuze, N.D.R.C. Shell, N.E., 4.5-inch, M65; Fuze, C.P., M78 Shell, N.E., 155mm, Mark 3; Fuze, P.D., M48 Shell, N.E.. 155mm, M101; Fuze, P.D., M5IA1 Shell, N.E., 155mm, M101; Fi.P.D., M48 Shell, N.E., 155mm, M101; .'iza, :.P., M78Shell, N.E., 155mm, M101; Fuze, N.D.R.C. Shell, N.E., 155mm, M107; Fuze, P.D.. M51 Shell, N.E., 155mm, T36; Fuze, P.D.. M48 Shell, HE., 8-inch, M106; Fuze, P.D., M51 Shell, N.E., 8-Inch, M106; Fuze, N.D.R.C. Shell, H.E., 240mm, M4114; Fuze, P.D., ?v%1 Shell, N.E., 240mm, M4114; Fuze, N.D.R.C. Shell, Chem., 75mm, M64; Fuze, P.D., M48 Shell, Chem., 105mm, M60; Fuze, P.D., M48 Shell, Chem., 155mm, Mark 7AI; Fuze, P.D., M67 Shell, Smoke (BE)~, 105mm, M84; Fuze, T.SQ., M64

154 29. Index of Projqctiles (Con.) Shell, niluminating (BE), 105mm, P4314 (T18); Fuze. T.SQ., M454
(b) Large Miplat Shell, N.E., 37mm, M454; Fuze, P.D., M458

Shell, H.E., 75mm, Mark 1; Hexagonal Plug

Shell, N.E.. 90mm. M458; Plug, Closing, 75-14-309E Shell, H.E.. 105mm, MI; Circular Plug Shell. N.E.. 105mm. Ml; Hexagonal Plug Shell, H.E.. 4.5-inch, M85; Plug, Closing, 75-14-309E Shell, N.E., 4.5-Inch, M685; Circular Plug Shell, N.E., 120mm, P473; Plug, Closing. 75-14-309E Shell. H.E., 155mm, Mark 1; Wood Plug Shell, N.E.. 155mm, M4102; Hexagonal Plug Shell, Chem.. 75mm, Mark 2; Round Wood Plug Shell, Practice, 37mm, M55A1; Pluir, Closing, 75-14-309A

c. Sphere, 9/16-inch.

H. P. Hitchcock

UVUT

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Hitchcock, H. p.

Ordnance and= DIVISION:

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given showing principal dimensions in calibers and numbers of official drawings. Physical characteristics including weight and distance from base to center of gravity a presented. AM T-2. HQ.,

~MAE

COMMAND

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RETICTED

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