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    (Thermodynamics

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    Ahmed58seribegawan
    The document discusses key concepts in thermodynamics including: 1) The First Law of Thermodynamics which states that the change in internal energy of a system is equal to the heat added minus work done. 2) The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics which establishes the concept of thermal equilibrium between objects. 3) PV diagrams which graphically represent thermodynamic processes using pressure and volume. 4) New terms like isothermal, isobaric, isochoric, and adiabatic processes which describe heat transfer under different conditions. 5) The Second Law of Thermodynamics which establishes limits on heat engines and the concept of entropy.

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    (Thermodynamics

    Uploaded by

    Ahmed58seribegawan
    322 views10 pages
    The document discusses key concepts in thermodynamics including: 1) The First Law of Thermodynamics which states that the change in internal energy of a system is equal to the heat added minus work done. 2) The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics which establishes the concept of thermal equilibrium between objects. 3) PV diagrams which graphically represent thermodynamic processes using pressure and volume. 4) New terms like isothermal, isobaric, isochoric, and adiabatic processes which describe heat transfer under different conditions. 5) The Second Law of Thermodynamics which establishes limits on heat engines and the concept of entropy.

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    The document discusses key concepts in thermodynamics including: 1) The First Law of Thermodynamics which states that the change in internal energy of a system is equal to the heat added minus work done. 2) The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics which establishes the concept of thermal equilibrium between objects. 3) PV diagrams which graphically represent thermodynamic processes using pressure and volume. 4) New terms like isothermal, isobaric, isochoric, and adiabatic processes which describe heat transfer under different conditions. 5) The Second Law of Thermodynamics which establishes limits on heat engines and the concept of entropy.

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    322 views10 pages

    (Thermodynamics

    Uploaded by

    Ahmed58seribegawan
    The document discusses key concepts in thermodynamics including: 1) The First Law of Thermodynamics which states that the change in internal energy of a system is equal to the heat added minus work done. 2) The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics which establishes the concept of thermal equilibrium between objects. 3) PV diagrams which graphically represent thermodynamic processes using pressure and volume. 4) New terms like isothermal, isobaric, isochoric, and adiabatic processes which describe heat transfer under different conditions. 5) The Second Law of Thermodynamics which establishes limits on heat engines and the concept of entropy.

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    Thermodynamics

    Mr. Rodichok AP Physics

    1st Law of Thermodynamics


    Definition The change in internal energy of a system is related to the heat and work done on and by the closed system. U = internal energy U = Q + W Q = heat W = work Q is + for heat added to the system W is + for work done on the system Most problems are pistons W=Fx W = - P V
    Week 11 Thermodynamics

    Formula Sign conventions Typical Format Work for piston

    P= F /A

    Solving for F and substituting yields

    Example of 1st Law


    Example In your cars engine the gas ignites adding 2500 J of heat to the cylinder at the same time 1800 J of work is being done by the gas on the piston in the cylinder. What is the change in internal energy? Q = + 2,500 J W = - 1,800 J Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics U = Q + W = 2,500 J - 1,800 J U = 700 J

    If two objects are in thermal equilibrium with a third object they are in thermal equilibrium with one another.

    Thermal Equilibrium

    Objects are at the same temperature.

    Week 11 Thermodynamics

    PV Diagrams
    PV Diagram
    Pressure is on y-axis and Volume is on x-axis Graphical method of representing the 1st Law (U = Q + W) Pressure (N / m2 or Pa)

    Volume (m3)
    Process Cycle One curve is represented as gas goes from one state to another state. Multiple process (usually 3 or 4) for the gas to return to the original state. Represents the heat engines full cycle.
    Week 11 Thermodynamics

    PV Diagrams (contd)
    B Pressure (N / m2 or Pa) A

    Volume changes Work Net Work Temperature

    Volume (m3) Gas is expanding when a process has a + x direction (-Work) Gas is contracting when a process has a x direction (+Work)

    The area between the process line and the x axis The area contained inside a closed cycle. Temperature increases as the process goes away from the origin of the graph. PV PV Find temperature by using PV = nRT or 1 1 = 2 2 T1 T2
    Week 11 Thermodynamics

    New Terms for Thermodynamics


    Isothermal Process Temperature is held constant.

    U = 0 so Q = - W
    Isobaric Process

    Pressure is held constant.

    Q = ncT amount of heat transferred in process Molar specific heat at constant pressure cp = 5/2 R Isochoric Process Volume is held constant P W = 0 so U = Q Molar specific heat at constant volume cv = 3/2 R Adiabatic Process The heat transfer (Q) is zero, the system is insulated. Very fast process can be approximated as adiabatic.
    Week 11 Thermodynamics

    New Terms
    Reversible Process The process can return to the original state by running the process in reverse. The process cannot return to the original state by running the process in reverse. All real world processes are irreversible. The disorder in a substance. Entropy in a natural process always increases.

    Irreversible Process

    Entropy

    Week 11 Thermodynamics

    2nd Law of Thermodynamics


    2nd Law of Thermodynamics An engine can only use a portion of the available heat to perform work. Applications of 2nd Law Heat engines: car engines, power plants Heat engines reversed: refrigerators, air conditioners
    Work (W)

    Heat Engine

    Hot Temperature Reservoir TH (heat source) QH

    Engine

    Cold Temperature Reservoir TC or TL (heat sink) QC or QL

    Always need a change in temperature

    Engine uses the change in internal energy due to the temperature difference to produce work Work output from the engine W = QH QL
    Week 11 Thermodynamics

    Engines
    Efficiency of the engine The amount of work compared to the input energy (heat) e = engine efficiency e= W W = work QH QH = input heat (energy) Example A motorcycle engine has an efficiency of 22% and produces a maximum power rating of 50 hp (1hp = 746 watts). a) What is the rate of heat input into the engine per second? b) What is the heat output from the engine in 10 seconds?

    Week 11 Thermodynamics

    Carnot Engine
    Carnot Engine The ideal engine (physics wonderland) e = 1 - TL TH W = QH QL

    Cycles Isothermal expansion (U = 0) 1. 2. 3. 4. Adiabatic expansion (Q = 0) Isothermal compression (U = 0) Adiabatic compression (Q = 0)

    Week 11 Thermodynamics

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