The csquotes package

Context sensitive quotation facilities

Philipp Lehman Version 3.8
[email protected] January 5, 2008

Contents

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . 1 6 Display environments . . . . 9

2 Package options . . . . . . . 2 7 Configuration . . . . . . . . 10
3 Basic interface . . . . . . . . 3 8 Hints and caveats . . . . . . 17
4 Active quotes . . . . . . . . 6 9 Author interface . . . . . . . 20
5 Integrated interface . . . . . 8 10 Revision history . . . . . . . 24

Tables

1 Package options . . . . . . . 2 4 Configurable parameters . . 14

2 Styles and variants . . . . . 11 5 Auxiliary hooks . . . . . . . 15
3 Language aliases . . . . . . . 12 6 Quotation marks . . . . . . . 18

1 Introduction

This document is a systematic reference manual for the csquotes package. It is

supplemented by a hands-on tutorial including practical examples.1
1.1 About
This package provides advanced facilities for inline and display quotations. It
is designed for a wide range of tasks ranging from the most simple applica-
tions to the more complex demands of formal quotations. The facilities include
commands, environments, and user-definable ‘smart quotes’ which dynamically
adjust to their context. Quotation marks are switched automatically if quotations
are nested and can adjust to the current language. There are additional facilities
designed to cope with the more specific demands of academic writing, especially
in the humanities and the social sciences. All quote styles as well as the optional
active quotes are freely configurable.
1.2 License
Copyright © 2003–2008 Philipp Lehman. This package is author-maintained.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this software under the
terms of the LaTeX Project Public License, version 1.3.2
1.3 Contributions
The multilingual support of this package depends on user contributions. If you
want to contribute a quote style, please refer to section 7.1 for an overview of the

1 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/csquotes/tutorial.tex
2 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/base/lppl.txt

1
Option key Possible values
strict true, false
babel true, false, try, once, tryonce
style hstylei or haliasi
danish quotes, guillemets
english american, british, oldstyle
french quotes, quotes*, guillemets, guillemets*, oldstyle, imprimerie
german quotes, guillemets, swiss
italian quotes, guillemets
norwegian guillemets, quotes
swedish quotes, guillemets, guillemets*
Table 1: Package options defined by default

components a quote style is composed of and to table 6 for a list of commands

which should be used in the definition of quote styles.
1.4 Acknowledgments
I am indebted to Donald Arseneau, Mark Wooding, and David Carlisle for valu-
able hints in the early stages of development. Frank Mittelbach kindly provided
some hooks in the inputenc package. Additional thanks go to Robert Schlicht
for testing.

2 Package options

Package options are given in hkeyi=hvaluei syntax. Table 1 indicates the default
option keys and their possible values. Additional options may be defined in the
configuration file. See sections 7.3 and 7.5 for details.
2.1 The strict option
Turns all package warnings into error messages. This is useful to ensure that no
problem will go unnoticed when finalizing a document. The short form strict
is equivalent to strict=true.
2.2 The babel option
Controls multilingual support. babel=true continuously adapts the quote style
to the language of the babel package. babel=once will only adapt the style once
so that it matches babel’s main language. babel=try and babel=tryonce are
similar to babel = true and babel = once if babel is loaded but will not issue
any warnings if it is not. The short form babel is equivalent to babel = true.
Multilingual support is not enabled by default. See also section 3.7.
2.3 The style option
Selects a fixed quotation style. The style is used throughout the document unless
it is changed manually, see section 3.7 for details. This option implicitly sets
babel=false. Please refer to tables 2 and 3 for a list of available quote styles
and aliases. See sections 7.1, 7.2, and 7.5 for instructions on adding or modifying
quote styles.

2
 2.4 The language options
Use the language options listed in table 1 to choose a style variant if there is more
than one. The first variant in the list is the default for the respective style. In the
following example, the quote style would generally be adapted to the current
language using the default style for that language. In the English parts of the
text, the quotation marks would follow the British standard. The German parts
would use guillemets instead of curly quotes:
\usepackage[english,ngerman]{babel}
\usepackage[babel,english=british,german=guillemets]{csquotes}

Note that babel’s language name is ngerman here whereas this package uses
german. When selecting a quote style automatically, this package will essentially
normalize the language names first, using a list of aliases which map languages
to quote styles. See section 7.5 and table 3 for details. See section 8.8 for some
additional notes concerning the predefined styles.

3 Basic interface

This package supports two ways to tag quotations: built-in commands and active
quotes defined in the document preamble or the configuration file. This section
will introduce the basic commands, active quotes are discussed in section 4.
When working with automated citations, you might also want to learn about the
integrated quotation facilities presented in section 5.
3.1 Quoting regular text
The most basic command will simply enclose its argument in quotation marks:
\enquote{htexti}
\enquote*{htexti}

Like all quotation facilities, this command is context sensitive. Depending on the
nesting level, it will toggle between outer and inner quotation marks with plain
and nested quotations. The starred version of this command skips directly to the
inner level. If multilingual support is enabled, the style of all quotation marks
will be adapted to the current language.
3.2 Quoting text in a foreign language
To facilitate typesetting quotations in a foreign language, there are two com-
mands which combine \enquote with babel’s language switches:
\foreignquote{hlangi}{htexti}
\foreignquote*{hlangi}{htexti}

This command combines \enquote with \foreignlanguage. It switches hy-

phenation patterns and enables the extra definitions provided by the babel pack-
age for hlangi, which must be a language name known to babel. The quotation
marks will match the language of the quoted piece of text.

3
 \hyphenquote{hlangi}{htexti}
\hyphenquote*{hlangi}{htexti}

This command combines \enquote with the hyphenrules environment, that is,
it merely switches hyphenation patterns. The quotation marks will match the
language of the text surrounding the quotation.
3.3 Formal quoting of regular text
Formal quotations are always accompanied by a citation indicating the source
of the quoted text. The following command is an extended version of \enquote
which encloses the quoted piece of text in quotation marks and adds a citation
after the quotation:
\textquote[hcitei][hpuncti]{htexti}
\textquote*[hcitei][hpuncti]{htexti}

The argument htexti may be any arbitrary piece of text to be enclosed in quota-
tion marks. The optional arguments hcitei and hpuncti specify the citation and
any terminal punctuation which is not part of htexti. See section 7.8 on how to
change the way these arguments are handled. The starred version of this com-
mand skips directly to the inner quotation level. Here are some usage examples:
\textquote{...}
\textquote[][?]{...}
\textquote[Doe 1990, 67]{...}
\textquote[{\cite[67]{doe90}}]{...}

Note the use of the optional arguments in the examples above. As shown in the
second example, hcitei has to be given whenever hpuncti is used, even if it is
empty. Also keep in mind that an optional argument containing square brackets
must be wrapped in an additional pair of curly braces as shown in the last ex-
ample. When working with automated citations, you might also want to learn
about the integrated quotation facilities presented in section 5.
3.4 Formal quoting of text in a foreign language
There are two additional commands which combine \textquote with babel’s
language switches:
\foreigntextquote{hlangi}[hcitei][hpuncti]{htexti}
\foreigntextquote*{hlangi}[hcitei][hpuncti]{htexti}

This command combines \textquote with \foreignlanguage. Apart from the

language, the arguments are handled as with \textquote.
\hyphentextquote{hlangi}[hcitei][hpuncti]{htexti}
\hyphentextquote*{hlangi}[hcitei][hpuncti]{htexti}

This command combines \textquote with the hyphenrules environment. Apart

from the language, the arguments are handled as with \textquote.

4
 3.5 Block quoting of regular text
A common requirement in academic writing demands that quotations be embed-
ded in the text if they are short but set oV as an indented paragraph if they are
longer than a certain number of lines. In the latter case no quotation marks are
inserted. The following command deals with this requirement automatically:
\blockquote[hcitei][hpuncti]{htexti}

This command determines the number of lines required to typeset htexti. If htexti
is longer than a given number of lines or if it spans more than one paragraph, it
is wrapped in a block quotation environment. Otherwise \blockquote behaves
like \textquote. Quotations in footnotes, parboxes, minipages, and floats are
always set inline. By default, the threshold is three lines and the environment
used for long quotations is the quote environment. See section 7.7 on how to
change these parameters. The optional arguments hcitei and hpuncti specify the
citation and any terminal punctuation which is not part of htexti. See section 7.8
on how to change the way these arguments are handled.
3.6 Block quoting of text in a foreign language
There are two additional commands which combine \blockquote with babel’s
language switches:
\foreignblockquote{hlangi}[hcitei][hpuncti]{htexti}

This command behaves the same as \foreignquote if the quotation is short.

If it exceeds the threshold or spans several paragraphs, it will be wrapped in
an otherlanguage* environment which is in turn wrapped in a block quotation
environment. The arguments are handled as with \blockquote.
\hyphenblockquote{hlangi}[hcitei][hpuncti]{htexti}

This command works like \hyphenquote if the quotation is short. If it exceeds

the threshold or spans several paragraphs, it will be wrapped in an hyphenrules
environment which is in turn wrapped in a block quotation environment. The
arguments are handled as with \blockquote.
3.7 Selecting quote styles
Quote styles may be selected manually at any point in the document body by
way of the following command:
\setquotestyle[hvarianti]{hstylei}
\setquotestyle{haliasi}
\setquotestyle*

The regular form of this command selects a quote style and disables multilingual
support. Its mandatory argument may be a quote style or an alias. If it is a quote
style, the optional argument indicates the style variant. The starred version,
which takes no arguments, enables multilingual support. Please refer to tables 2
and 3 for a list of available styles, style variants, and language aliases.

5
 4 Active quotes

This package also supports active characters corresponding to the commands

presented in section 3. Roughly speaking, an active character is a single charac-
ter which functions as a command. Like the corresponding control sequences,
active quotes are fully-fledged markup elements which verify the nesting level
and issue an error if quotations are nested in an invalid way. If multilingual sup-
port is enabled, the style of all quotation marks will be adapted to the current
language. The commands presented in the following allocate such active quotes.
They may be used in the configuration file, the preamble, or the document body.
Note that all characters are automatically checked for validity as they are allo-
cated. This package will reject characters which are unsuitable as active quotes.
See section 8.3 for details on the characters which may be used as active quotes.
4.1 Quoting regular text
\MakeOuterQuote and \MakeInnerQuote define active quotes which print outer
and inner quotation marks. Both take one mandatory argument, the character
serving as both opening and closing mark:
\MakeOuterQuote{hcharacteri}
\MakeInnerQuote{hcharacteri}

\MakeAutoQuote defines active quotes which toggle between outer and inner
quotations automatically. The two mandatory arguments serve as opening and
closing mark and must be distinct:
\MakeAutoQuote{hcharacter 1i}{hcharacter 2i}
\MakeAutoQuote*{hcharacter 1i}{hcharacter 2i}

Active quotes defined with \MakeAutoQuote work like \enquote. Those de-
fined with \MakeOuterQuote and \MakeInnerQuote cover only a part of this
functionality. The former correspond to the outer level of \enquote whereas
the latter correspond to the starred version. \MakeAutoQuote* is similar to
\MakeInnerQuote, i.e. it corresponds to \enquote*.

4.2 Quoting text in a foreign language

These commands combine \MakeAutoQuote with babel’s language switches:
\MakeForeignQuote{hlangi}{hcharacter 1i}{hcharacter 2i}
\MakeForeignQuote*{hlangi}{hcharacter 1i}{hcharacter 2i}
\MakeHyphenQuote{hlangi}{hcharacter 1i}{hcharacter 2i}
\MakeHyphenQuote*{hlangi}{hcharacter 1i}{hcharacter 2i}
The active quotes defined with the above commands are similar in function
to \foreignquote and \hyphenquote, respectively. The starred variants corre-
spond to \foreignquote* and \hyphenquote*.

6
 4.3 Block quoting of regular text
\MakeBlockQuote defines active quotes which will set quotations inline or as
a separate paragraph, depending on their length. This command takes three
mandatory arguments which must be distinct:
\MakeBlockQuote{hcharacter 1i}{hdelimiteri}{hcharacter 2i}

The arguments are automatically checked for validity, see section 8.3 for details.
Active quotes defined with \MakeBlockQuote behave essentially the same as
\blockquote, but the handling of the citation is slightly diVerent. hcharacter 1i
will serve as the opening mark in the source file, hcharacter 2i as the closing
one. The character indicated by the middle argument hdelimiteri will serve as a
delimiter separating the quoted text from the citation which is given last as the
active quotes are used:
\MakeBlockQuote{<}{|}{>}
...
<text|citation>

If the delimiter is omitted, the entire text between the opening and the closing
mark will be treated as quotation text. See the tutorial for more usage examples.
4.4 Block quoting of text in a foreign language
These commands combine \MakeBlockQuote with babel’s language switches:
\MakeForeignBlockQuote{hlangi}{hcharacter 1i}{hdelimiteri}{hcharacter 2i}
\MakeHyphenBlockQuote{hlangi}{hcharacter 1i}{hdelimiteri}{hcharacter 2i}

The active quotes defined with \MakeForeignBlockQuote behave essentially the

same as \foreignblockquote. Those defined with \MakeHyphenBlockQuote
work like \hyphenblockquote. The behavior of the delimiter character is similar
to \MakeBlockQuote.
4.5 Controlling active quotes
The commands introduced above merely allocate active quotes, but these char-
acters are not immediately made active. All allocated quotes are automatically
enabled at the beginning of the document body. If any active quotes are allo-
cated in the document body, they need to be enabled with \EnableQuotes. The
following commands control the state of the active quotes within a local scope.
\EnableQuotes Enables all active quotes by redefining the allocated characters and making them
active. It also restores them when disabled, set to verbatim, or overwritten.
\DisableQuotes Disables all active quotes by restoring the original category codes and definitions
of all allocated characters.
\VerbatimQuotes Switches to verbatim active quotes. All active quotes will be printed verbatim
until their default behavior is restored with \EnableQuotes.
\DeleteQuotes Disables and deallocates all active quotes, i.e. performs a complete reset of all
allocated characters so that they may be newly defined.

7
 5 Integrated interface

The commands presented in this section are extended versions of some of those
discussed in section 3. They diVer from their counterparts in that they integrate
automated citations into their syntax. Instead of adding \cite manually, you
pass the citation arguments to the respective quotation command. See section
7.7 on how to use a command other than \cite to handle the citations.
5.1 Formal quoting of regular text
The most basic integrated command is an extended version of \textquote:
\textcquote[hprenotei][hpostnotei]{hkeyi}[hpuncti]{htexti}
\textcquote*[hprenotei][hpostnotei]{hkeyi}[hpuncti]{htexti}

htexti may be any arbitrary piece of text. The optional argument hpuncti speci-
fies any terminal punctuation which is not part of htexti. See section 7.8 on how
to change the way this argument is handled. The starred version of this com-
mand skips directly to the inner quotation level. The remaining arguments are
handed over to \cite. Note that \cite normally supports one optional argu-
ment only. hprenotei is only available in conjunction with the natbib, jurabib,
and biblatex packages. How these arguments are handled depends on the cita-
tion command. With natbib and biblatex, hprenotei is in fact a notice such as
‘see’. With jurabib, this argument has a diVerent function by default. The argu-
ment hpostnotei, which is always available, indicates the citation postnote. This
is usually a page number. hkeyi is the citation key. See sections 7.7 and 7.8 on
how to customize the citation. Also see the tutorial for usage examples.
5.2 Formal quoting of text in a foreign language
These commands combine \textcquote with babel’s language switches:
\foreigntextcquote{hlangi}[hprenotei][hpostnotei]{hkeyi}[hpuncti]{htexti}
\foreigntextcquote*{hlangi}[hprenotei][hpostnotei]{hkeyi}[hpuncti]{htexti}

This command combines \textcquote with \foreignlanguage. The handling

of the arguments is similar to \textcquote.
\hyphentextcquote{hlangi}[hprenotei][hpostnotei]{hkeyi}[hpuncti]{htexti}
\hyphentextcquote*{hlangi}[hprenotei][hpostnotei]{hkeyi}[hpuncti]{htexti}

This command combines \textcquote with the hyphenrules environment. The

handling of the arguments is similar to \textcquote.
5.3 Block quoting of regular text
Block quotations may be combined with automated citations as well. The core of
the integrated block quotation facilities is an extended version of \blockquote:
\blockcquote[hprenotei][hpostnotei]{hkeyi}[hpuncti]{htexti}

The diVerence between \blockcquote and \blockquote is that there are three
citation arguments instead of one. The handling of these citation arguments is

8
 similar to \textcquote; see section 5.1 for details. Also see sections 7.7 and 7.8
on how to customize block quotations.
5.4 Block quoting of text in a foreign language
These commands combine \blockcquote with babel’s language switches:
\foreignblockcquote{hlangi}[hprenotei][hpostnotei]{hkeyi}[hpuncti]{htexti}

This command combines \blockcquote with \foreignlanguage. Long quota-

tions will be wrapped in an otherlanguage* environment. The handling of the
citation arguments is similar to \textcquote.
\hyphenblockcquote{hlangi}[hprenotei][hpostnotei]{hkeyi}[hpuncti]{htexti}

This command combines \blockcquote with the hyphenrules environment.

The handling of the citation arguments is similar to \textcquote.

6 Display environments

The environments introduced in this section will typeset quotations as a sep-

arate paragraph which looks exactly like a long quotation set by means of the
block quotation facilities. Use them for quotations which are to be presented as a
separate paragraph regardless of their length. Note that these environments are
not replacements for the standard quote environment in the strict sense. They
function as an additional layer on top of the latter, just like the block quota-
tion facilities. The advantage of using these environments instead of resorting to
the standard quote environment is that they are configurable, support citations,
and will always be in sync with the block quotation facilities with respect to the
configuration options discussed in sections 7.7 and 7.8.
6.1 Basic display environments
The arguments of all display environments are generally appended to the \begin
section of the environment:
\begin{displayquote}[hcitei][hpuncti]
\end{displayquote}

The two optional arguments of this environment specify the citation and any
terminal punctuation which is not part of the quoted text. The citation will be
inserted at the end of the environment. Trailing horizontal white space at the
end of the environment is removed automatically. See sections 7.7 and 7.8 on
how to customize the display environments. There are two additional environ-
ments which combine displayquote with babel’s language switches:
\begin{foreigndisplayquote}{hlangi}[hcitei][hpuncti]
\end{foreigndisplayquote}

This environment combines displayquote with otherlanguage*. Apart from

the language, the arguments are handled as with displayquote.

9
 \begin{hyphendisplayquote}{hlangi}[hcitei][hpuncti]
\end{hyphendisplayquote}

This environment combines displayquote with hyphenrules. Apart from the

language, the arguments are handled as with displayquote.
6.2 Integrated display environments
The following environment is an extended version of displayquote:
\begin{displaycquote}[hprenotei][hpostnotei]{hkeyi}[hpuncti]
\end{displaycquote}

The diVerence is that there are three citation arguments instead of one in this
case. The placement of the citation is similar to displayquote. The citation
arguments are handled as with \textcquote; see section 5.1 for details. Also
see sections 7.7 and 7.8 on how to customize this environment. There are two
environments which combine displaycquote with babel’s language switches:
\begin{foreigndisplaycquote}{hlangi}[hprenotei][hpostnotei]{hkeyi}[hpuncti]
\end{foreigndisplaycquote}

This environment combines displaycquote with otherlanguage*. Apart from

the language, the arguments are handled as with displaycquote.
\begin{hyphendisplaycquote}{hlangi}[hprenotei][hpostnotei]{hkeyi}[hpuncti]
\end{hyphendisplaycquote}

This environment combines displaycquote with hyphenrules. Apart from the

language, the arguments are handled as with displaycquote.

7 Configuration

If available, this package will load the configuration file csquotes.cfg. You may
use this file to define new quote styles and aliases or redefine existing ones.
7.1 Defining quote styles
The following command defines additional quote styles and variants or redefines
existing ones:
\DeclareQuoteStyle[hvarianti]{hstylei}[houter initi][hinner initi]
{hopening outer marki}[hmiddle outer marki]{hclosing outer marki}[hkerni]
{hopening inner marki}[hmiddle inner marki]{hclosing inner marki}
This command may be used in the configuration file or in the document pream-
ble. The term ‘outer’ refers to the first quotation level, ‘inner’ means quotations
within another quotation. A ‘middle mark’ is a quotation mark inserted at the
beginning of every paragraph within a quotation spanning multiple paragraphs.
In most cases, the arguments defining the quotation marks will simply contain
one of the commands listed in table 6. If both an outer and an inner quotation
begin or end simultaneously, the kerning specified by the value hkerni will be

10
 Quote style Style variants
danish quotes, guillemets
dutch –
english american, british, oldstyle
finnish –
french quotes, quotes*, guillemets, guillemets*, oldstyle, imprimerie
german quotes, guillemets, swiss
italian quotes, guillemets
norwegian guillemets, quotes
spanish –
swedish quotes, guillemets, guillemets*
Table 2: Quote styles and style variants defined by default

inserted between the adjoining quotation marks. While this value can be given
in any unit known to TeX, it is advisable to use the relative, font-dependent unit
‘em’ instead of absolute units such as points, inches, or millimeters. Note that
hkerni is used as a fallback value only. If the font provides kerning data for the
respective pair of quotation marks the font’s kerning takes precedence.
houter initi and hinner initi are all-purpose hooks initializing the respective
quote style. Selecting a quote style will make these hooks available to all quo-
tation commands without expanding them. The execution of houter initi will
take place immediately before the opening outer quote is inserted, but inside
the group formed by the quotation. hinner initi is executed before the opening
inner quote is inserted. It is advisable to avoid any global assignments in this
context to prevent interference with other styles. Whenever hinner initi is used
houter initi has to be given as well, even if the argument is empty. Refer to ta-
ble 2 for a list of all predefined quote styles and their variants. These are the
backend styles only, see also table 3 for a list of language aliases. See section
7.5 for some examples as well as an illustration of how quote styles, aliases, and
package options interact.
7.2 Defining quote aliases
The following command defines additional quote aliases or redefines existing
ones:
\DeclareQuoteAlias[hvarianti]{hstylei}{haliasi}
\DeclareQuoteAlias{hfirst-level aliasi}{hsecond-level aliasi}

This command may be used in the configuration file or in the document pream-
ble. The alias may point to a backend style or to another alias. Most language
aliases refer to a backend style, but some point to an intermediate alias instead. If
the alias is defined for the sake of the babel package, its name must be identical
to the language name used by babel, i.e. the expansion of \languagename. See
section 7.5 for an illustration of how quote styles, aliases, and package options
interact. A list of all aliases defined by default is given in table 3.

11
 Alias Backend style or alias Alias Backend style or alias
american english/american naustrian austrian
australian english/british newzealand english/british
austrian german/quotes ngerman german
british english/british norsk norwegian
canadian english/american norwegian norwegian/guillemets
danish danish/quotes nynorsk norwegian
english english/american swedish swedish/quotes
french french/quotes swiss german/swiss
german german/quotes UKenglish british
italian italian/quotes USenglish american
Table 3: Language aliases defined by default

7.3 Defining package options

The following command creates a new package option based on a key/value
syntax. It takes one mandatory argument, the quote style name:
\DeclareQuoteOption{hstylei}

When using the new option, the name of the quote style will serve as the key.
The value may be any style variant defined for the respective style. The package
option will select a variant by defining an alias pointing to the desired backend
style. This command is available in the configuration file only. See section 7.5 for
an illustration of how quote styles, aliases, and package options interact.
7.4 Executing package options
Apart from passing options to this package as it is loaded, you may also execute
options using the following command:
\ExecuteQuoteOptions{hkey=value, . . . i}

This command permits presetting package options in the configuration file. It

may also be used in the document preamble.
7.5 Adding a new quote style
This section will give some comprehensive examples of how to define new quote
styles. The examples presented here will only make use of the most basic com-
ponents a quote style can be composed of. The main point is to illustrate the
interaction of quote styles, variants, aliases, and package options. To get started,
consider a simple house style which may be selected by way of the package
option style or the command \setquotestyle:
\DeclareQuoteStyle{house}
{\textquotedblleft}{\textquotedblright}
{\textquoteleft}{\textquoteright}

Now suppose that we wanted to add a quote style for an imaginary language
called Newspeak and that there were two quote styles commonly used in New-
speak, an oYcial one and an unoYcial one. In this case, we need two backend

12
styles implemented as variants of the newspeak style, newspeak/official and
newspeak/unofficial:

\DeclareQuoteStyle[official]{newspeak}
{\textquotedblleft}{\textquotedblright}
{\textquoteleft}{\textquoteright}

\DeclareQuoteStyle[unofficial]{newspeak}
{\textquotedblright}{\textquotedblleft}
{\textquoteright}{\textquoteleft}

The oYcial variant should be the default for this style. There is no need to copy
the definition of the official variant to accomplish that. We simply define an
alias labeled newspeak which points to the desired variant:
\DeclareQuoteAlias[official]{newspeak}{newspeak}

The reason why we are using variants and aliases instead of two independent
styles will become clear in a moment. Suppose that the babel package oVered
support for Newspeak, but this language was known to babel as otherspeak:
\DeclareQuoteAlias{newspeak}{otherspeak}

This is an example of a second-level alias pointing to a first-level alias. If the

current language is otherspeak, the above aliases will be expanded as follows:
otherspeak → newspeak → newspeak/official

We also define a new package option to choose a style variant:

\DeclareQuoteOption{newspeak}

This will add a new package option with a key called newspeak. The value of
this option may be any variant of the newspeak style defined in the configuration
file. In this example, there are two possible values: official and unofficial.
To select the default or the alternative style for the entire document we use:
\usepackage[style=newspeak]{csquotes}
\usepackage[style=newspeak,newspeak=unofficial]{csquotes}

To select the default or the alternative style with multilingual support we use:
\usepackage[babel]{csquotes}
\usepackage[babel,newspeak=unofficial]{csquotes}

The base style must be implemented as an alias in this case since the newspeak
option will select a variant by redefining and thus overwriting the newspeak
alias. Since the otherspeak alias points to newspeak and not directly to any
backend style, using the newspeak option will also have the desired eVect if
multilingual support is enabled.
Also note that there are two quote style names which have a special meaning:
default and fallback. The former is an alias pointing to the default quote style

13
 Parameter Command or environment

foreigndisplaycquote
\foreignblockcquote

foreigndisplayquote

hyphendisplaycquote
\foreigntextcquote

\foreignblockquote

\hyphenblockcquote

hyphendisplayquote
\foreigntextquote

\hyphentextcquote

\hyphenblockquote
\hyphentextquote
\foreignquote

displaycquote
\hyphenquote

\blockcquote

displayquote
\textcquote

\blockquote
\textquote
\enquote
Threshold – – – – – – – – –
• • • • • • – – – – – –
Environment – – – – – – – – –
• • • • • • • • • • • •
Cite command – – – – – – • • • – – – • • • – – – • • •
Table 4: Scope of configurable parameters

used if the multilingual interface is not enabled. The package option style and
the command \setquotestyle will redefine this alias. The latter is a backend
style used as a fallback whenever the multilingual interface is enabled but there
is no quote style for the current language. It will print bold question marks by
default and may be redefined at your discretion.
7.6 Defining quotes for PDF strings
The following command specifies the quotation marks for pdf strings:
\DeclarePlainStyle{hopening outer marki}{hclosing outer marki}
{hopening inner marki}{hclosing inner marki}
This command may be used in the configuration file or in the document pream-
ble. By default, outer quotations get straight double quotes and inner quotations
straight single quotes. See section 8.6 for additional hints concerning pdf strings.
7.7 Configuring quotations and citations
The following commands change the default values used by various quotation
facilities of this package:
\SetBlockThreshold{hintegeri}
\SetBlockEnvironment{henvironmenti}
\SetCiteCommand{hcommandi}

\SetBlockThreshold changes the number of lines the block quotation facilities

use as a threshold when deciding whether a quotation should be set inline or as
a block quotation. The default is three lines. \SetBlockEnvironment specifies
the environment used for block and display quotations. It takes the name of an
existing environment as its argument. The default is the quote environment pro-
vided by most document classes. The argument to \SetCiteCommand specifies a
replacement for \cite which will be used by all integrated quotation facilities to
handle citations. It must be a single command which takes one or two optional
arguments followed by a mandatory one, the citation key. The default is \cite.
The commands aVected by these parameters are indicated in table 4.

14
Hook Command or environment

foreigndisplaycquote
\foreignblockcquote

foreigndisplayquote

hyphendisplaycquote
\foreigntextcquote

\foreignblockquote

\hyphenblockcquote

hyphendisplayquote
\foreigntextquote

\hyphentextcquote

\hyphenblockquote
\hyphentextquote
\foreignquote

displaycquote
\hyphenquote

\blockcquote

displayquote
\textcquote

\blockquote
\textquote
\enquote
\mkcitation – – – • • • – – – • • • – – – • • • – – –
\mkccitation – – – – – – • • • – – – • • • – – – • • •
\mkpretextpunct – – – • • • • • • – – – – – – – – – – – –
\mkmidtextpunct – – – • • • • • • – – – – – – – – – – – –
\mkfintextpunct – – – • • • • • • – – – – – – – – – – – –
\mkpreblockpunct – – – – – – – – – • • • • • • – – – – – –
\mkmidblockpunct – – – – – – – – – • • • • • • – – – – – –
\mkfinblockpunct – – – – – – – – – • • • • • • – – – – – –
\mkpredisppunct – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – • • • • • •
\mkmiddisppunct – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – • • • • • •
\mkfindisppunct – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – • • • • • •
quotetext – – – • • • • • • • • • • • • – – – – – –
quoteblock – – – – – – – – – • • • • • • • • • • • •
Table 5: Availability of auxiliary hooks

7.8 Hooks for quotations and citations

Apart from the environment specified with \SetBlockEnvironment, which en-
velops both the quoted text and the citation, the quoted text (excluding the ci-
tation) of all long quotations is enclosed in an environment called quoteblock.
This environment does nothing by default but it may be redefined to format
the quoted text. In a similar manner, the text block (excluding the quotation
marks) of inline quotations is enclosed in an environment called quotetext.
Like quoteblock, this environment does nothing by default but it may be rede-
fined if additional hooks are required to format the quoted text.
Other aspects of the behavior of the quotation facilities may also be cus-
tomized at a lower level. All facilities which take a hcitei argument will not in-
sert it directly. They pass it to an auxiliary command called \mkcitation which
may be redefined to format the citation. When doing so, keep in mind that it
must take exactly one mandatory argument. \mkcitation will only be executed
if there is a citation. The default behavior is to separate the citation from the
preceding text by an interword space and enclose it in parentheses.
The integrated quotation facilities have slightly diVerent requirements since
the \cite command may enclose the citation in parentheses or brackets. There-
fore, they use \mkccitation instead of \mkcitation. The default behavior of
this command is to separate the citation from the preceding text by an interword
space. The default settings are equivalent to the following redefinitions:
\renewcommand*{\mkcitation}[1]{ (#1)}
\renewcommand*{\mkccitation}[1]{ #1}

15
As the block quotation facilities switch between inline and display quotations,
changes to the terminal punctuation may be required. The punctuation is con-
trolled by three hooks: \mkpreblockpunct is executed before the closing quo-
tation mark. \mkmidblockpunct is executed after the closing quotation mark,
between the quotation and the citation. \mkfinblockpunct is executed after
the citation. These hooks serve two purposes. They control the placement of the
hpuncti argument and they may also be used to insert additional punctuation.
Like the hcitei argument, hpuncti is not inserted directly. It is passed to all three
hooks. When redefining these commands, keep in mind that all of them must
take one mandatory argument, but only one of them should insert it. By default,
the punctuation is inserted after the citation. This is equivalent to the following
redefinitions:
\renewcommand*{\mkpreblockpunct}[1]{}
\renewcommand*{\mkmidblockpunct}[1]{}
\renewcommand*{\mkfinblockpunct}[1]{#1}

The text quotation facilities also take a hpuncti argument. Its placement is con-
trolled by \mkpretextpunct, \mkmidtextpunct, and \mkfintextpunct. These
commands work like their counterparts for block quotations. Their default be-
havior is equivalent to the following redefinitions:
\renewcommand*{\mkpretextpunct}[1]{}
\renewcommand*{\mkmidtextpunct}[1]{}
\renewcommand*{\mkfintextpunct}[1]{#1}

The hooks \mkpredisppunct, \mkmiddisppunct, and \mkfindisppunct handle

the placement of the punctuation argument passed to the display environments.
The default behavior is equivalent to the following redefinitions:
\renewcommand*{\mkpredisppunct}[1]{}
\renewcommand*{\mkmiddisppunct}[1]{}
\renewcommand*{\mkfindisppunct}[1]{#1}

The diVerence between \mkpredisppunct is \mkmiddisppunct is subtle since

there are no closing quotation marks in display quotations. The two hooks dif-
fer in that \mkpredisppunct is executed before the quoteblock environment
is closed and \mkmiddisppunct is executed after this environment. This also
applies to \mkpreblockpunct and \mkmidblockpunct in display mode. Table 5
gives an overview of the facilities aVected by a redefinition of the above hooks.
See the tutorial for usage examples. Also see section 7.9 for tests which may be
useful when redefining the above hooks.
7.9 Additional tests in quotation hooks
The commands in this section increase the flexibility of the hooks discussed in
section 7.8. For example, it may be desirable to adjust the format of a citation
depending on the way the corresponding quotation is typeset. The following
command will test whether the quotation is set inline or as a separate paragraph:

16
 \ifblockquote{htruei}{hfalsei}

This command expands to htruei with block and display quotations, and to
hfalsei otherwise. It may also be useful to known if the quotation ends with
a punctuation mark, especially in the definition of the \mk...punct hooks. The
following tests provide information about the terminal punctuation:
\ifquotepunct{htruei}{hfalsei}
\ifquoteterm{htruei}{hfalsei}

The first command expands to htruei if the quotation ends with any punctuation
mark, and to hfalsei otherwise. The second one will only expand to htruei if the
quotation ends with a terminal punctuation mark (period, exclamation mark, or
question mark). The following commands allow for more specific tests:
\ifquotecolon{htruei}{hfalsei}
\ifquotecomma{htruei}{hfalsei}
\ifquoteexclam{htruei}{hfalsei}
\ifquoteperiod{htruei}{hfalsei}
\ifquotequestion{htruei}{hfalsei}
\ifquotesemicolon{htruei}{hfalsei}

Note that all of the above tests are designed for use in the definition of the hooks
from section 7.8. They will not yield meaningful results when used anywhere
else. There is also a stand-alone test which may be used anywhere:
\ifstringblank{hstringi}{htruei}{hfalsei}

This command expands to htruei if hstringi is blank (empty or spaces), and to

hfalsei otherwise. This is useful to test for an empty argument in the definition
of the \mk...punct commands. Note that this test is redundant in the definition
of the citation hooks because they are only executed if there is a citation.

8 Hints and caveats

8.1 Input encodings

The active quotes provided by this package may depend on or benefit from the
inputenc package under certain circumstances. As long as the active quotes are
in the range 0–127, there is no benefit in loading inputenc. If you are using
an 8-bit input encoding such as latin1, inputenc is required for the quotes to
function properly in a verbatim context. It should therefore be loaded before
any active quotes are allocated (not necessarily before this package is loaded).
The utf-8 support of this package builds on the utf8 module of the inputenc
package. When using this encoding, ensure that inputenc is loaded with the
utf8 option. Do not use the utf8x option as this would implicitly load the ucs
package which is not supported by csquotes. utf-8 encoding will be detected
automatically. All commands discussed in section 4 work as usual with this en-
coding. See also section 8.5.

17
Double quotation marks Single quotation marks
Command Example Command Example
\textquotedblleft “ AaGg “ \textquoteleft ‘ AaGg ‘
\textquotedblright ” AaGg ” \textquoteright ’ AaGg ’
\quotedblbase „ AaGg „ \quotesinglbase ‚ AaGg ‚
\guillemotleft « AaGg « \guilsinglleft ‹ AaGg ‹
\guillemotright » AaGg » \guilsinglright › AaGg ›
Table 6: Quotation marks included in T1 and LY1 encoding

8.2 Output encodings

The ot1 font encoding, the default output encoding of LaTeX, merely includes
the quotation marks used in English. You will need to switch to t1 or ly1 encod-
ing in order to get guillemets or baseline quotation marks. This package delib-
erately refrains from providing any workarounds for the ot1 legacy encoding. If
you need t1 encoding for some of the quotation marks, you will most likely need
it anyway to get proper hyphenation for the respective language. See table 6 for
a list of common quotation marks included in both t1 and ly1 encoding.
8.3 Valid active quotes
In general, an active quote may be any single character with category code 12 or
13, or any multibyte utf-8 sequence representing a single character. However,
there are a few exceptions: numbers, punctuation marks, the apostrophe, the
hyphen, and all characters which are part of the LaTeX syntax are rejected. In
sum, the following characters will be considered as reserved by this package:
A–Z a–z 0–9 . , ; : ! ? ' - # $ % & ^ _ ` ~ \ @ * { } [ ].

8.4 Invalid nesting and unbalanced active quotes

Every quotation forms a group which includes both the quoted piece of text and
the quotation marks. This package tracks the nesting level of all quotations and
thus allows for basic validation. If quotations are nested in an invalid way, it will
issue an error message. Keep in mind that the active quotes are more than a con-
venient way to enter quotation marks. They are fully-fledged markup elements
which imply grouping as well, hence they must always be balanced and must not
interfere with other group boundaries. This package ensures that an error is trig-
gered if quotes are unbalanced or nested in an invalid way. However, note that
packages generally can not catch low-level errors caused by grouping mistakes,
nor do they have any control over the wording of generic error messages. When
running under e-TeX, this package can generally give more instructive feedback.
8.5 Active quotes in special contexts
The commands provided by this package are designed for use in text mode. If
you inadvertently use them in math mode, they will issue an error message.
Note that all active quotes retain their original function in math mode. It is
perfectly possible to use a character like the greater-than symbol as an active
quote without interfering with math mode.

18
 In a verbatim context, the active quotes will normally be disabled. If a charac-
ter is in the range 128–255, however, its original function is restored so that the
inputenc package may handle it in verbatim environments. This implies that
inputenc must be loaded before any active quotes are allocated. This feature is
available with the standard verbatim environments as well as those provided by
(or defined via) the packages verbatim, fancyvrb, moreverb, and alltt. This
also applies to the \verb command and the shortvrb package. The listings
package provides dedicated support for extended input encodings. When us-
ing this package, activate its ‘extended characters’ option and specify the input
encoding. As of this writing, the listings package does not support utf-8 en-
coding.
Some care is still required when choosing active quotes. Note that you nor-
mally cannot use active characters in the argument to commands expecting a
string of characters, such as \input, \label, or \cite. There are two pack-
ages which try to remedy this situation: the babel package and the underscore
package (when loaded with the strings option). Both packages redefine several
standard commands aVected by this general problem. If any one of these pack-
ages is loaded, csquotes will take advantage of all improvements automatically.
Unfortunately, both packages patch a diVerent set of commands and neither one
covers all possibly vulnerable commands.
8.6 PDF strings and hyperref support
This package interfaces with the hyperref package as pdf strings such as book-
marks are generated. See section 7.6 on how to configure the quotation marks
used in pdf strings. Support for pdf strings is only available with the basic facil-
ities presented in sections 3.1 and 3.2 as well as 4.1 and 4.2. Be advised that the
way hyperref builds pdf strings imposes severe limitations on the capabilities
of all commands. Most notably, the nesting level of quotations cannot be tracked
in this context. Nested quotations will generally get outer marks, but you may
use starred commands or active inner quotes to request inner marks explicitly.
If quotation marks are to be included in the document properties of a pdf file,
you must use \hypersetup to specify the strings. The replacement mechanism
will not function within the optional argument to \usepackage. For information
about pdf strings see the hyperref documentation, most notably paper.pdf.1
8.7 Footnotes within quotations
This package will automatically reset the nesting level within any footnote in-
cluded in a quotation. If the babel package has been loaded, it will also reset the
language. The language of the footnote text including the hyphenation patterns
will match the language of the text surrounding the quotation. This applies to
parboxes, minipages, and floats as well.

1 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/hyperref/doc/paper.pdf

19
 8.8 Additional notes about the predefined styles
All variants of the french style use spaced guillemets as outer marks. The style
variant quotes uses double quotes as inner marks. The starred variant quotes*
is almost identical to its regular counterpart except that it will also space out the
inner marks. The guillemets variant employs spaced guillemets on all levels. It
will also insert guillemets at the beginning of every paragraph inside a quotation
spanning multiple paragraphs. In addition to that, two adjoining marks at the
end of a quotation are replaced by a single one. If two nested quotations end
simultaneously, the second closing mark is omitted automatically. The starred
variant guillemets* is similar to its regular counterpart, diVering only in the
middle mark inserted at the beginning of every paragraph. The regular variant
uses left-pointing guillemets whereas the starred one uses right-pointing ones.
The oldstyle variants available with some styles are also worth mentioning.
They will place an opening outer mark at the beginning of every line within
the quotation. Note that this feature requires Omega, a backwards compatible
replacement of TeX. You need to compile the LaTeX source with lambda if you
want to make use of these variants. This feature will not be available if the source
is compiled with latex. The oldstyle variant of the english style is based on
the British custom and inserts single quotes at the beginning of the line. The
respective variant of the french style uses left-pointing guillemets instead. The
imprimerie variant of the french style, which is based on a directive of the
Imprimerie Nationale, the French government printing oYce, requires Omega
as well. It essentially incorporates all features of the guillemets variant. In
addition to that, it inserts left-pointing guillemets at the beginning of every line
within an inner quotation spanning multiple lines.

9 Author interface

The following sections discuss the programmer interface to the csquotes pack-
age as well as some details of the implementation. They are intended for class
and package authors who want to interface with this package.
9.1 Controlling active quotes
The author commands in this section behave essentially like the corresponding
user commands discussed in section 4.5. The only diVerence is that they work
quietly behind the scenes without writing any notices to the transcript file. The
scope of these commands is local so that all changes may be confined to a group.
Note that the active quotes are enabled at the beginning of the document body.
Under no circumstances will this package make any characters active in the
document preamble. You will only need the following commands when dealing
with active quotes at the beginning of or in the document body.
\@enablequotes This command enables all characters allocated as active quotes. It is also used
to restore their definitions if they were disabled or accidentally overwritten.
With single-byte encodings, this command (re)defines all characters allocated
as active quotes and makes them active. With utf-8 encoding, it redefines the

20
 internal macro used by the inputenc package to typeset the respective utf-8
sequence (\u8:hcharacteri). utf-8 characters in the range 0–127 are handled as
with single-byte encodings.
\@disablequotes This command restores the status quo ante of all active quotes. With single-
byte encodings, there are two possible cases. (1) If a character had already been
active when it was allocated as active quote, its former definition is restored.
(2) If a character had not been active when it was allocated as active quote, its
former category code is restored. With utf-8 encoding, this command restores
the former definition of the internal macro used by the inputenc package to
typeset the respective utf-8 sequence. utf-8 characters in the range 0–127 are
handled as with single-byte encodings.
\@verbatimquotes For verbatim environments and comparable applications, use this command
rather than \@disablequotes. It redefines the active quotes in a way that is
better suited for verbatim typesetting. With single-byte encodings, it will do one
of the following things. (1) If a character is in the range 0–127, it is redefined so
that it expands to itself with category code 12. (2) If a character is in the range
128–255, there are two possibilities. (a) If it had already been active when it was
allocated as active quote, its former definition is restored. (b) If it had not been
active when it was allocated as active quote, it is redefined so that it expands to
itself with its former category code.
Characters in the range 0–127 are added to the \dospecials list. Characters
in the range 128–255 remain active, permitting the inputenc package to type-
set them verbatim (due to case 2a, which implies that you must load inputenc
before allocating active quotes). Case 2b is usually undesirable in verbatim envi-
ronments. If inputenc is loaded, however, this should not happen. With utf-8
encoding, this command restores the former definition of the internal macro
used by the inputenc package to typeset the respective utf-8 sequence. utf-8
characters in the range 0–127 are handled as with single-byte encodings.
Note that, due to case 1, \@verbatimquotes itself is independent of any
\dospecials processing. You may typeset all active quotes verbatim by using
this command exclusively. The advantage of this approach is that it does not
require any category code changes, hence this command may also be used to
modify an argument after it has been read. Also note that the standard LaTeX
verbatim environments as well as all environments provided by or defined via
the packages verbatim, fancyvrb, moreverb, and alltt are catered for auto-
matically. This also applies to the \verb command and the shortvrb package.
\@deletequotes This command implicitly executes \@disablequotes and deallocates all active
quotes, which results in a complete reset of all active quotes so that they may be
newly defined. This command should be used with care because the reset is not
visible to the user. Using \DeleteQuotes may be preferable.

21
9.2 Active quotes in a strings-only context
A possible problem with active characters are strings-only contexts, i. e. cases in
which an active character is used in the formation of a control sequence name
or as a plain string. A typical example is a command like \label which expects
a string of characters. Any active character may break \label when used in its
argument. There are two packages which try to remedy this situation, albeit in
diVerent ways: babel and underscore.
The babel package defines the switch \if@safe@actives and patches sev-
eral standard commands so that the switch is set to true while they process their
arguments. The approach taken by the underscore package is slightly diVerent.
If underscore is loaded with the strings option, it patches several commands
so that \protect is equivalent to \string while the arguments are processed.
If any one of these packages is loaded, csquotes will take advantage of that
automatically. Unfortunately, both packages patch a diVerent set of commands
and neither one covers all possibly vulnerable commands. If babel is loaded,
for example, you may use active quotes in the argument of \label, but not in
the argument of \input. If you load underscore with its strings option, active
quotes may also be used in the argument of \input.
When writing a package which may have to process user-supplied arguments
in a strings-only context, there are two ways to deal with active quotes. Taking
the approach of the babel package, you may do the following:
\let\if@safe@actives\iftrue

This is best done in a group. If grouping is not feasible, you must ensure that
the switch is properly restored. In contrast to using \@safe@activestrue, this
approach works even if babel is not loaded. However, note that you must take
three states into account when restoring the switch in this case: true, false, and
undefined. Taking the approach of the underscore package, you may also do
the following:
\let\@@protect\protect
\let\protect\string

This could either be done in a group or without any grouping, but followed
by \restore@protect. The first approach works with the active characters of
both the babel and the underscore packages. The second one works with the
underscore and the at packages. Unfortunately, the active characters of the
inputenc package support neither of the above-mentioned techniques. As far
as csquotes is concerned, it does not matter which approach you take. In both
cases all active quotes expand to themselves with category code 12. utf-8 en-
coded active quotes expand to a string of characters with category code 12. This
string will be valid utf-8. In a verbatim \write operation, you should employ
one of the techniques discussed in this section rather than \@verbatimquotes,
which is geared to verbatim typesetting.

22
 9.3 Block quotations
The block quotation facilities need to typeset all quotations twice. The first pass
is required to measure the length of the quotation. The actual typesetting takes
place on the second pass, in a format depending on the result of the first one.
In order to prevent any side-eVects of the first (trial) pass, the csquotes pack-
age (1) performs the first pass inside a group, (2) employs checkpointing to
freeze all LaTeX counters, and (3) sets \if@filesw to false. However, it can
not prevent side-eVects caused by commands that (1) make any global assign-
ments which are not overwritten on the second pass (for example, by way of
\g@addto@macro), (2) increment counters globally in a way that circumvents
LaTeX’s counter commands, or (3) do not check \if@filesw every time they are
about to write to an auxiliary file. If you observe any malfunctions related to the
trial pass (for example, if counters are incremented twice or if an item appears
twice in a list), use \BlockquoteDisable to redefine or disable the aVected
command temporarily.
\BlockquoteDisable{hcodei}

The hcodei may be arbitrary LaTeX code which redefines vulnerable commands
locally such that they work diVerently during the trial pass. The hcodei itself
should obviously not include any global assignments. This solution should be
considered as a last ressort but may be the quickest way to fix a vulnerable
package. Note that there is no need to escape parameter characters by doubling
them in the hcodei argument. Simply use this command like \AtBeginDocument
and similar hooks.
9.4 Internal quotation marks
It may be desirable to gain access to the internal quotation marks of this pack-
age without any grouping or nesting control. The commands in this section print
the quotation marks of the current style as defined with \DeclareQuoteStyle.
These marks reflect all changes of the quotation style. If the multilingual inter-
face is enabled, they are also synced with the current language.
\textooquote This commands prints the opening outer quotation mark.
\textcoquote This commands prints the closing outer quotation mark.
\textmoquote This commands prints the middle outer quotation mark.
\textoiquote This command prints the opening inner quotation mark.
\textciquote This command prints the closing inner quotation mark.
\textmiquote This command prints the middle inner quotation mark.
Note that the initialization hooks for the respective quotation style are not exe-
cuted automatically. They may be accessed separately:
\initoquote This command executes the outer initialization hook.
\initiquote This command executes the inner initialization hook.
The scope of these hooks should always be confined to a group.

23
10 Revision history

Since its initial release, the scope of this package has been significantly extended.
This means that new features were added, but it also implies that the behavior
and the syntax of existing commands may have changed. If an entry in the revi-
sion history states that a feature has been extended, this indicates a syntactically
backwards compatible modification, such as the addition of an optional argu-
ment to an existing command. Entries stating that a feature has been modified
demand attention. They indicate a modification which may require changes to
existing documents in some, hopefully rare, cases. If a command has been re-
named the old name is still supported but using the new one is strongly advised
in newly created documents. The numbers on the right indicate the relevant
section of this manual.
3.8 2008-01-05

Added variant guillemets* to style swedish

Added language alias australian
Added language alias newzealand
Internal improvements
3.7 2007-03-25

Added package option babel=try . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2

Added package option babel=tryonce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2
Added \MakeAutoQuote* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1
Added \MakeForeignQuote* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2
Added \MakeHyphenQuote* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2
Added \mkpretextpunct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8
Added \mkpreblockpunct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8
Added \mkpredisppunct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8
Dropped compatibility code for \blockcite legacy command
Internal updates for biblatex package
3.6 2006-11-09

Added \BlockquoteDisable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3

Fix for amsmath package (active quotes in split and other environments)
Fix for endnotes package (endnotes in block quotations)
Revised Spanish quote style
3.5 2006-08-24

Exchanged definitions of French quotes and quotes* variants . . . . . . 8.8

Internal updates for inputenc 1.1 b (2006-05-05)
3.4 2006-04-02

Stricter validation of user-defined active characters . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3

Author interface now documented in this manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

24
Added documentation of \@enablequotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1
Added documentation of \@disablequotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1
Added documentation of \@verbatimquotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1
Added documentation of \@deletequotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1
Added documentation concerning string handling . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2
Added documentation of interface to internal marks . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4
3.3 2006-02-27

Added support for utf-8 encoded active quotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1

Modified active quotes, category codes 7, 8 no longer valid . . . . . . . . 8.3
Modified delimiters, category codes 3, 4, 7, 8 no longer valid . . . . . . . 8.3
Active quotes may now be defined in the document body . . . . . . . . . 4.5
Renamed \RestoreQuotes to \EnableQuotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5
Added \DeleteQuotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5
Added \VerbatimQuotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5
Added \ExecuteQuoteOptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4
Added package option babel=once . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2
Added new style variant for French . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.8
Improved nesting control of active block quotes
Made active block quotes robust
3.2 2005-12-05

Added quote style for Spanish

Fixed bug in hyperref interface
3.1 2005-08-29

Added \textquote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3

Added \foreigntextquote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4
Added \hyphentextquote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4
Renamed \cquote to \textcquote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1
Renamed \foreigncquote to \foreigntextcquote . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2
Renamed \hyphencquote to \hyphentextcquote . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2
Extended \textcquote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1
Extended \foreigntextcquote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2
Extended \hyphentextcquote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2
Modified environment displayquote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1
Modified environment foreigndisplayquote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1
Modified environment hyphendisplayquote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1
Extended environment displaycquote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2
Extended environment foreigndisplaycquote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2
Extended environment hyphendisplaycquote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2
Added \mkmidtextpunct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8
Added \mkfintextpunct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8
Added \mkmiddisppunct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8
Added \mkfindisppunct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8

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Added auxiliary environment quotetext . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8
Added detection of paragraphs to all block quotation facilities . . . . . . 3.5
\ifquote... now generally usable in \mkcitation and \mkccitation . 7.9
Terminal punctuation now generally evaluated by all quotation facilities
Prevent undesirable ?‘ and !‘ ligatures in t1 encoding
Always adjust space factor codes of backend quotes
3.0 2005-07-14

Extended \blockquote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5

Extended \foreignblockquote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6
Extended \hyphenblockquote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6
Extended \setquotestyle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7
Added \cquote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1
Added \foreigncquote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2
Added \hyphencquote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2
Added \blockcquote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3
Added \foreignblockcquote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4
Added \hyphenblockcquote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4
Added environment displayquote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1
Added environment foreigndisplayquote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1
Added environment hyphendisplayquote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1
Added environment displaycquote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2
Added environment foreigndisplaycquote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2
Added environment hyphendisplaycquote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2
Modified \DeclarePlainStyle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6
Added \SetCiteCommand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7
Renamed \blockcite to \mkcitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8
Added \mkccitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8
Added \mkmidblockpunct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8
Added \mkfinblockpunct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8
Added \ifquotepunct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.9
Added \ifquoteterm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.9
Added \ifquoteperiod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.9
Added \ifquotecomma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.9
Added \ifquotesemicolon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.9
Added \ifquotecolon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.9
Added \ifquoteexclam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.9
Added \ifquotequestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.9
Added \ifstringblank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.9
Added evaluation of terminal punctuation within block quotations
With \nonfrenchspacing, adjust space factor codes of backend quotes
Improved nesting control when running under e-TeX
2.8 2005-05-11

Added \DisableQuotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5

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Fixed bug causing kerning restoration to fail in some rare cases
2.7 2005-04-13

Use the font’s kerning pairs for adjoining quotes, if available . . . . . . . 7.1
Renamed \setblockthreshold to \SetBlockThreshold . . . . . . . . . 7.7
Renamed \setblockenvironment to \SetBlockEnvironment . . . . . . 7.7
Provided more useful default definition of \blockcite . . . . . . . . . . 7.8
Improved handling of adjoining quotes with respect to line breaking
When restoring active quotes, restore catcodes of delimiters as well
Improved workaround for \uppercase and some babel languages
Issue error message on quote mismatch regardless of strict option
Issue hyperref warning with block quotation commands in pdf strings
Fixed bug in \DeclareQuoteStyle and \DeclareQuoteAlias
2.6 2005-02-24

Always reset quote style, even for inner quotations

Fixed bug preventing hyphenation in certain places
2.5 2004-12-04

Added \MakeBlockQuote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3

Added \MakeForeignBlockQuote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4
Added \MakeHyphenBlockQuote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4
Added \ifblockquote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.9
Modified \blockquote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5
Modified \foreignblockquote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6
Modified \hyphenblockquote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6
Changed default threshold for block quotations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7
Improved math mode compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5
Improved verbatim compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5
Improved backend and active character handling
Improved validation of user-defined active characters
Fixed bug suppressing kerning after block quotations
Issue error message with nested block quotations
2.4 2004-11-01

Prevent use of \RestoreQuotes in preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5

Fixed bug causing premature expansion of backend quote macros
Fixed bug suppressing kerning before closing quotes
2.3 2004-09-18

Reduced default kerning between adjoining curved quotes

Fixed bug with \DeclareQuoteStyle in preamble
2.2 2004-07-13

Extended \DeclareQuoteStyle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1

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Added initialization hook for inner quotations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1
Added support for middle inner quotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1
Rearranged French quote styles, removing two variants . . . . . . . . . . 8.8
Added new style variant for French . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.8
Fixed bug causing stacking of reset hook for footnotes
Fixed bug preventing hyphenation in certain places
Fixed kerning issue specific to ec fonts
2.1 2004-06-15

Added auxiliary environment quoteblock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8

Added support for language reset in footnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7
Disable active characters in \verb and verbatim . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5
Disable active characters in \index and \glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5
Added package option and style variants for Norwegian
Removed some uncertain quote styles and aliases
Rearranged quote styles and aliases
2.0 2004-06-04

Added \blockquote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5

Added \foreignblockquote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6
Added \hyphenblockquote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6
Added \setblockthreshold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7
Added \setblockenvironment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7
Added auxiliary command \blockcite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8
Extended \DeclareQuoteStyle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1
Added initialization hook for outer quotations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1
Added support for middle outer quotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1
Added support for kerning between adjoining quotes . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1
Disable active characters in math and display math mode . . . . . . . . . 8.5
Added basic support for Omega . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.8
Revised and improved error recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1
Added package option strict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1
Added package option and new style variants for French
Added package option and new style variant for Italian
Added new style variant for English
1.7 2004-05-14

Added \setquotestyle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7

Modified \DeclarePlainStyle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6
Improved quote handling in pdf strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6
Amended default French quote style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.8
1.5 2004-02-27

Reset quote nesting level in footnotes within quotations . . . . . . . . . . 8.7

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1.4 2003-12-13

Added \MakeForeignQuote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2

Added \MakeHyphenQuote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2
Added \RestoreQuotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5
Improved hyperref interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6
1.0 2003-09-14

Initial public release

29