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    Brain Map Aldehydes and Ketones

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    Sameer Agnihotri
    This document summarizes several methods for preparing aldehydes and ketones. It discusses preparations from alcohols by oxidation, from carboxylic acids by dry distillation or catalytic decomposition, from acid chlorides using the Rosenmund reaction, from Grignard reagents, from alkenes by reductive ozonolysis, from gem dihalides by hydrolysis, and from alkynes using mercury sulfate. It also describes preparations of aromatic aldehydes and ketones, including oxidation reactions and Friedel-Crafts acylation. Important addition reactions of aldehydes and ketones with sodium bisulfite, hydrogen cyanide, Grignard reagents, and alcohols are also summarized.

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    Brain Map Aldehydes and Ketones

    Uploaded by

    Sameer Agnihotri
    487 views2 pages
    This document summarizes several methods for preparing aldehydes and ketones. It discusses preparations from alcohols by oxidation, from carboxylic acids by dry distillation or catalytic decomposition, from acid chlorides using the Rosenmund reaction, from Grignard reagents, from alkenes by reductive ozonolysis, from gem dihalides by hydrolysis, and from alkynes using mercury sulfate. It also describes preparations of aromatic aldehydes and ketones, including oxidation reactions and Friedel-Crafts acylation. Important addition reactions of aldehydes and ketones with sodium bisulfite, hydrogen cyanide, Grignard reagents, and alcohols are also summarized.

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    conversions of aldehydes and ketones

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    This document summarizes several methods for preparing aldehydes and ketones. It discusses preparations from alcohols by oxidation, from carboxylic acids by dry distillation or catalytic decomposition, from acid chlorides using the Rosenmund reaction, from Grignard reagents, from alkenes by reductive ozonolysis, from gem dihalides by hydrolysis, and from alkynes using mercury sulfate. It also describes preparations of aromatic aldehydes and ketones, including oxidation reactions and Friedel-Crafts acylation. Important addition reactions of aldehydes and ketones with sodium bisulfite, hydrogen cyanide, Grignard reagents, and alcohols are also summarized.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    487 views2 pages

    Brain Map Aldehydes and Ketones

    Uploaded by

    Sameer Agnihotri
    This document summarizes several methods for preparing aldehydes and ketones. It discusses preparations from alcohols by oxidation, from carboxylic acids by dry distillation or catalytic decomposition, from acid chlorides using the Rosenmund reaction, from Grignard reagents, from alkenes by reductive ozonolysis, from gem dihalides by hydrolysis, and from alkynes using mercury sulfate. It also describes preparations of aromatic aldehydes and ketones, including oxidation reactions and Friedel-Crafts acylation. Important addition reactions of aldehydes and ketones with sodium bisulfite, hydrogen cyanide, Grignard reagents, and alcohols are also summarized.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
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    Brain Map(aldehyde and ketones)

    Aldehydes and ketones(ALIPHATIC COMPOUNDS) Methods of preparations A- From alcohols 1. By oxidation a. Aldehydes(oxygen with copper at 200`C) b. Ketones(oxygen with copper at 200`C) 2. By catalytic dehydrogenation of alcohols a. Aldehydes(Cu at 532K) b. Ketones(Cu at 532K) B- From carboxylic acids 1- By dry distillation of calcium salts of carboxylic acids. a- Aldehydes(heat the contents) b- Symmetrical ketones(heat the contents) c- Unsymmetrical ketones(heat the contents) 2- By catalytic decomposition of carboxylic acids a- Aldehydes(MnO at 543 K) b- Symmetrical ketones(MnO at 543 K) C- From acid chlorides a- Aldehydes(Rosenmunds reaction) Condition add H2 to acid chloride in presence of Pd/BaSO4,S and boiling xylene. b- Ketone(Rosenmund not applicable) D- Form Grignard Reagents a- Aldehydes(HCN)(dry either followed by hydrolysis) b- Ketones(RCN) (dry either followed by hydrolysis) E- From alkenes a- Aldehydes(reductive ozonolysis)(Zn + water) b- Ketone(reductive ozonolysis)(Zn + water) F- From gem dihalides a- Aldehydes(starting substance 1,1-dicholoroethane)(hydrolysis in acid medium) b- Ketone(starting substance 2,2-dibromopropane)(hydrolysis in acid medium) G- Form alkynes Starting product any alkyne(1%HgSO4, Hg2+ in presence of dil.H2SO4)(markownikoff) AROMATIC ALDEHYDES a- By oxidation of alkyl benzenes 1. Oxidation of CrO3 in acetic anhydride(starting substance toluene) 2. Oxidation of CrO3 in CCl4(starting substance toluene) Also called Etard Synthesis(it only attacks the terminal carbon) b- By Reimer-Tiemann reaction(used for prepn of phenolic acids) Condition phenol with CHCl3 + NaOH at 340K c- By Gattermann-Koch reaction(for benzylic aldehydes) Condition-benzene+CO,HCl in presence of AlCl3 or CuCl

    PREPARATION OF AROMATIC KETONES By Freidal-Crafts reaction Benzene+ acid chloride in presence of anhydrous AlCl3 gives aromatic ketones But If benzoyl chloride is taken, final product will be diphenyl ketone Some Important nucleophillic addition reaction of aldehydes and ketones 1. By addition of sodium bisulphite(starting substance aldehyde or ketone 2. Addition of hydrogen cyanide(very important cyanohydrins) a. Synthesis of alpha-hydroxy carboxylic acids and alpha, beta-unsaturated acids (lactic acid formation )(condition- hydrolyse cyanohydrin in acidic medium resulting in the formation of lactic acid then followed by heating it in presence of conc. sulphuric acid and then loss of water takes place as a result of dehydration reaction and the final product an alpha,beta- unsaturated acid is formed) b. Synthesis of amino acids (Streckers Synthesis) (treat cyanohydrin with ammonia followed by the hydrolysis in acidic medium results into the formation of Alamine or alpha-aminopropanoic acid) c. Synthesis of beta-aminoalcohols (treat cyanohydrin with lithium aluminum hydride and so 3-aminopropan-2-ol is formed) 3. Addition of Grignard Reagent a. Aldehyde(1` alcohol is formed) b. Ketone(2`alcohol is formed) 4. Addition of alcohols(presence of dry HCl and then treated with alcohol) alcohols a. To aldehyde when it is added first hemiacetal is formed then acetal is formed b. To ketone it does not react under normal conditions Dihydric alcohols a. Aldehydes forms cyclic acetals b. Ketones form cyclic ketals date---1/8/2013

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