SAMBODHI

VOL.

XIX

4994-1995

EDITORS SHAH DR. N.M. KANSARA

:
:

DR. J.B.

L.D. INSTITUTE OF INDOLOGY AHMEDABAD J

,

VOL. XIX

1994-1995

EDITORS
J.

DR.

B.

DR. N. M.

SHAH KANSARA

L.D. INSTITUTE

OF INDOLOGY

AHMEDABAD

Published by
J.

B. Shah

L.

D. Institute of Indology
-

Ahmedabad

380009

(India)

December, 1995

Printed by : Sharadaben Chimanbhai Educational Research Centre, 'Darshan' Opp. Ranakpur Society,
Shahibag, Ahmedabad-380 004 (India)

Price

Rs. 80-00

CONTENTS
1.

ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THEATRE IN ANCIENT INDIA

-

Radha Vallabh Tripathi

SRI SANKUKA'S

2.

RECONSIDERATION OF
-

VIEWS ON RASA-NISPATTI
21
-

Tapasvi Nandi

3.

VISVANATHA'S KAVYAPRAKASADARPANA (VH

-

X)

& SAHITYADARPANA
24 43

Jagruti

S.

Pandya
-

4.
5.

LAGG - USED AS A 'VECTOR' VERB H.C. Bhayani A PUZZLE FOR THE SCHOLARS OF BUDDHIST HISTORY

ON
-

MIA.

Nagin

J.

Shah

48

6.

SOME COMMON ELEMENTS IN BRAHMANISM AND BUDDHISM

-

R.N.

Mehta
IN

50

7.

THE JAIN CONCEPT OF SRAMANA

-

THE AUPAPATIKA SUTRA

63

Ch. Lalitha
:

8.

KARMA AND FREEWILL A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF HINDUISM, Arvind Sharma BUDDHISM AND JAINISM
-

66 74

9.

10.

RECENT RESEARCH IN THE HISTORY OF GUJARAT H. G. Shastri MANAGEMENT OF TEMPLES AT NADOL DURING THE CAUHAN
-

PERIOD
11.

JR.V.

Somani

80

CONTINUITY OF TRADITION IN MEDIEVAL SCULPTURE AND

PAINTING IN WESTERN INDIA
-

Shridhar Andhare
-

86
WnVV/c/ *FJW

12.
13. 14.

TT^Tsfa^

^'

^TT^
"^

T3=t

y'Wid yiferM

*rory

^m

"^ f^M^

Wmf ^^ar^l^*l<f ^T 'tf^T - o/W^/^ ^MWW Is^l "SRt1!

WOT t^ IWJT twi
w^jw PlRl^ PllTl^l - WdgHtl
-

91

100
108
H. <H

fw

15.

't5l^y.-5Hil'Hi

U5llil4

112 123

16.
17.

k<HUr W/lsU ?Hl>lcM - QWSKHltf <$%

4j,M
V.

(vRnlq.

frfl'M.^

cR<H*i CILMH^

([^..

%.

a^ea)

&Wt(Hi& WlVJt,
c (mii'i<
' i i

JL llMSt

H.

JWll

126

18.

*ii

*4): yiHfjqiHiHi
-

*^

- ct/drf/ yft qrff

129 134
155

19.

"craf^Nl^lfr)*^

-V/W/

*Z

*V//ti/

20.
21.

REVIEWS

AT.

M. Honiara

OBITUARY

176

Statement about ownership and other particulars about Sambodhi, the Yearly Research Journal of 4he L. D. Institute of Indology, Ahmedabad to be published in the first issue every year after the last day of March.

FORM
1.

IV

(See Rule 8)
Place of publication
Periodicity of
Printer's
its

Ahmedabad
Yearly

2.
3.

publication

Name
Indian

Nationality

Address
4.

Publisher's

Name

Jitendra B.

Shah

Nationality

Indian

Address

Honorary Director, L. D. Institute of Indology,

Ahmedabad
5.

380 009.
Shah

Editors'

Names

1.

Dr. Jitendra B.
Dr.

2.

Narayan M. Kansara

Nationality

Indian
L.

Address

D. Institute of Indology,
-

Ahmedabad
6.

380 009.

Name

and addresses of

Individuals

who own

the
Nil

newspaper and partners or

shareholders holding more than one-percent of the
total

Shares.

I,

Jitendra B. Shah, hereby declare that the particulars given above are

true to the best of

my

knowledge and

belief.

Jitendra B. Shah

Honorary Director
(Signature of Publisher)

ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THEATRE IN ANCIENT INDIA"

Radha Vallabh Tripathi
The problem of origin of Indian theatre (Afatya) has been viewed from various angles. Various theories and interpretations have also been advanced to explain the process of the inception of Natya, each bringing out some factor or the other contributing to the process of evolution of Indian theatre, but none
encompassing the phenomenon in
its totality.

As discussed in the earlier lectures, (Sambodhi, Vol. 18, Dec.94), Indian tradition views Natya as Yajna and treats it at par with the Veda, the knowledge or Brahman. This tradition regards Natya as eternal, as it is the fifth Veda created

by Brahma. Mankind discovers or re-discovers it in every age. The process of externalisation of Natya runs through various stages. We can therefore discuss these stages on empirical level from historical point of view.

THE FIRST STAGE

Natya
is basically a creative imitation. Therefore, it has been termed as anukriti or anukarana in our tradition. Imitation is natural tendency and instructive in

human
through

beings.

The seeds of

this creative imitation or

Kama
beings.

-the universal instinct for multiplication

anukarana germinate and creation inherent in

human

This country abounds in natural beauty and variety of flora and fauna. The colourful dawns, the chirpings and cooings of various birds and the resounding brooks and swelling rivers might have inspired the man moving notes of

running around on this earth

to the early

to re-create all this

beauty through anukarana. This led

beginnings of our theatre.

We

activity,

are not in possession of a solid evidence of this kind of primitive theatrical but the archaeological findings do confirm it. The Rock-paintings at
in

Bhembetaka

Madhya

Pradesh, designed

more than a 10,000 years back,

also show some dancing figures. Musical depict persons wearing masks and instruments are also recorded. Near the caves, there are stones which sound
*

Lecture delivered under the annual Lecture Series of the L.D. Institute of Indology,

Ahmedabad. 1989.

RADHA VALLABH

TRIPATHI

SAMBODHI

like

by hands or by sticks. This indicates the earliest stage of Ndtya in evolution where a clear demarcation between the performer and the spectator does not exist and theatre as a group activity forms an
at the beatings

drums

indivisible part of

community

life.

THE SECOND STAGE

The instinct for communication is natural to m.an as his instinct for imitation. The purpose of an anukrti, something resulting out of this creative imitation, is completed only when it is communicated by the performer or the artist to his fellowmen. Anukrti tends to re-create something which has happened, and
anuklrtana involves
in
its re-telling. For re-telling, we have to store the happenings our memory. This leads to the preservation of the vast mass of legends

through oral tradition.

In the

second stage of the evolution of Ndtya, the early theatrical activities, which came to be started in the pre-historic past, joined hands with rituals. This has happened in the history of theatre in other countries also. The urge
to imitate
to

and create something out of imitation

is

ritualised and theatre begins

spring from the ritual.

In India, the institution of Yajna provided the

ground for the growth of theatre.

(1) pdtliya or Yajna was linked with the Veda, and it involved four aspects recitation of hymns, (ii) sdma or singing of hymns, (iii) performance of rituals,

and

(iv)

apurva or the experience of

Yajna.

The four Vedic Samhitas were

bliss resulting out of the performance of associated with each of these four aspects,

respectively.

Ndtya too has four basic requirements and

to

to

accomplish them,

it

had

to turn

the four Vedas. Describing the legend of the birth of Ndtya, Bharata says that
basic elements

Brahma created Ndtya by drawing four

from the four Vedas.

(NS.

I.

17)

Explaining the interlink

of Ndtyds
(i.e.,

between
giti,

the four Samhitas

and the four characteristics

scientific basis,

pdtliya,

abhinaya and rasa) on a

Abhinava

says that the recitation of Vedic

hymns

is

marked by

the use of three Svaras

Vol.

XIX, 1994-1995

ORIGIN

AND DEVELOPMENT...

of (Udatta, Anuddtta and Sva/ita) and so is the recitation in the performance - in his treatment a play. (Bharata however adds a fourth type of sva/-a - kampita of vdctfca). Sdma is a synoiiymn for song, as Jaimini rightly understands. The

movements Yajurveda treats various physical gestures including circular and pradaksind and the movements of hand and feet with rhythmic patterns
chanting of mantras. This led
to the

2 concept of physical gesticulation in Natya.

for the During Vedic age, Yajna had become a potential and viable medium of growth of various arts. It functioned as a meaningful platform for all sort

creative activities. According to Yajurveda, (XXX.6) stitas, sailttsas

artists

were invited

in the

Yajiia

for giving

and other music and dance-recitals and

or technical
skills.

performing various other

The KSS (21.3.11) refers

activities related to crafts

to

performance of nrtta, gita

and playing of various

instruments in pitnnedha sacrifice. It also describes the circular movements with rhythm and tune by the amdtyas (ministers) in the same sacrifice. In Vdjapeya Yajna, the wives of the yajmana played several Vmds, named as the

godhdvlnd and the kandavina, while the other instruments went on in accompaniment. (.KSS, XX. 3.71,79). Professional musicians were also invited to give their recitals during the performance of the Yajiia. They were called the vindganagins Singing of gdthds went on along with the vind-recital (KSS,XX.3.2; 8.7). In the Asvamedha Yajiia also invitations were extended to the maestros
.

of vlnd for giving their recitals

and they came with their pupils to present their programme. They were given an honorarium of one hundred gold coins each. (KSS XX.3.7-8). The Sukla Yajurveda mentions a jester, a lute player and a

hand clapper

as accessories to dance-recital in Yajn a -performance.

The assembly which gathered on the occasion of the

which the Yajamdnd was deliberately the show! (KSS. 14.3.19-42)

Yajiia
-

a variety of items. In the Vdjapeya sacrifice a chariot

race

was entertained by was organised, in

made

to

win, giving a theatrical touch to

The

institution of Yajna, apart

all.

a festival open to

In

some

pre-requisite.

Apastamba

its ritualistic aspect, gathered the form of of the yajiias, the presence of the sudras was a (1/19/9) prescribed sudra's presence in

from

Darsapuranamdsa. According to Satapatha Brdhmana, sudras and rathakdras were necessarily invited in the Pitimedha Yajna also.

RADHA VALLABH
sitting

TRIPATHI

SAMBODHI

The persons
sadas

around the

alter

(.yajnavedi)

were

called the

sadasyas,

meaning a corner or a part of the alter. Kalidasa has used the word 3 sadasya for the sages engaged in the performance of yajna The same word later came to denote the members of the audience witnessing a dramatic performance.
.

These

facts lead us

to

investigate
-

upon
and

the correlation

sacrifice is presented as a kind portions set music, its interludes and its climaxes. On the contrary, there are scholars who are of the opinion that attributing the origin of our theatre to Vedic Yajna is a part of the 'defence

Indian theatre. Loins

its

Reou remarks

between Yajna and

The Vedic
its

of drama, with

actors, its dialogues

were the monopoly of Brahmin artist and of a priest-class later; and others were practically barred from active participation!' His conclusion is 'It seems likely that Sanskrit drama has least
:

in the sense of social gathering, they

structure'...., which was needed perhaps to counter the attacks of Philistines and Puritans', and the tendency to associate everything with religion in our country*. In an attempt to demolish the theory of interlink between the ritual and theatre, Jagirdar argues - 'Religious performances were communal

rarely

to

do with religion and

rites, that it is the

work

of people treated as anti-Vedic 5

Such views are not only baseless, they tend to negate the historical process of the evolution of theatre. Drama and theatre were invariably associated with ntuals and religion in the process of their
Greece, 'both

comedy and tragedy

From a common chant, the ceremonial soon developed into a primitive duologue between the leader and the chorus. The song became elaborated, it developed narrative elements and soon reached a 6 stage of the deity
.

evolution in other countries too In took their rise from religious ceremonial

In our country, the institution of Yajfia n6t only gave our theatre a new lease of life, but also provided it with basic equipments, techniques as well as some of the fundamental concepts which can be analysed as follows
:

(i)

The Concept of Silpa

through rituals or Yajna has been extensively Bmhmanas. Kausataki Br. says - ...' the atmosphere is without base of support, verily thus day by day they continue finding support in silpas They are triplets, the Silpa is threefold - dancing, music and singing (XXIX.5)
dealt with in

The idea of

Silpa as projected

Vol

XIX. 1994-1995

ORIGIN

AND DEVELOPMENT...
itself in

In fact this
It

Brahmana has given

the concept of Natya

defining silpa.

says

fjfcp?

fSTPT-^vf,

Tfilf

qiretdfMfa

cT^Hf d <$(?:

"afcrfcTg^ft

"=rfcT

(Ibid.)

In Yajna, silpa

is

associated with chanting of mantras. (Ibid.XXX.3)

The concept of
silpa

silpa

is

almost as old as the Veda

(IV. 9)

itself.

The

first

reference to

occurs in Vajasaneyi samhitd

a means for Aitareya Br. defines silpa as the Gopath gives it a wider perspective on the aesthetic plane by defining silpa had already provided a view of silpa in relation to skill and as anukrti.

connotes an image. The while self-purification (dtama-samsk/ti)

where

silpa

Rgveda of dawn (the Usas) as beauty by calling the goddess

Satapatha defines silpa as 'pratirupa' (1.5.5).
2.

'susilpa'

(Rg.X.70.6).

Emergence

of Suta

Through the

called 'sutas'. In the

emerged a class of artistes who were and craftsmen invited before the and sailusa have been counted as the first and performance of the Yajna, suta a dance-recital (nrtta) the foremost (Yajur.XXX.6). Suta was called for giving
institution of Yajna, there
list

of various technicians

and sailusa for

for the

performance of

siitas fulfilled various subsidiary functions song's (gfta). In fact constructed the platform or alter (yo/navedi) rituals.

They

of architectural and the yajnamandapa. As they held a cord for measurement a called to sutradliaras and these sutradliaras play sites, they began 'to be of our theatric traditions. conspicuous role for re-surrection

The debut of
references to

siitas

or sutradliaras in the field of art

in post-Vedic literature

them

and culture is evident from which we will discuss later.

3. Sailalins

The

ritual teachers

According

to

Satapatha

Br.

vidhi of rituals.

Apastamba

composed him Panini informs that silalin of theatre evolving through manual for actors or dancers. It seems in the process in guiding the natas (the sutas) ritual some ritual teachers busied themselves sutas were required to contribute or preparing codes of.conduct for them as these

in teaching (13.5.3.3) silalin is a priest engaged also refers to calls him sailalaka bralunana. KSS - a handbook or a NatasuHa had

the

RAD1-IA

VALLABH TRIPATHI

SAMBODHI

This must have provided an impetus to the theatrical activities associated with the Yajna ceremony.
to the ritual.

4.

Emergence of theatrical gestures from

ritualistic practices

Being associated or identified with Yajna, the language of theatre also began to evolve through ritualistic practices, leading to the formation of postures, group patterns, body-movements and thus preparing ground for angika abhinaya for performance of Ndtya.

The movements of hands and feet

the pradaksina
-

in Yajna
-

had

to

be

made

in a

rhythm. Even

(Ibid.XXII.8). Sautramani, the reciter touche! each limb of Ins body with the chanting of mantra (Vajasaeyi

movements around the alter (i/edi) had a theatrical musical instruments and chanting of mantra* accompanied them The characteristic of Natya - i.e., anukarana is imbued in ritualistic behaviour In one of the rituals for the example, priest walks three steps to imitate three strides of Trivikrama Visnu Sam. Wajsaneyi 3.25). Similarly, the circular movements are made by the priest with assumption of a theatrical space and dramatic mode. "Let me not hurt thee with my feet, O Visnu" says the priest one of the mantras and he walks as if avoiding Visnu lest his feet should touch him. In Asvaraedha, three queens walked with rhythm maintaining time w H le recitanon went on. In
effect, as

the circular

Sam.XX.5-8).

n n - Verbal communication

5.

The Dialogues

Refering

to

Marat Sukta (R?

165^
ies

iwr,,ii
,

hymn was enacted by two p, r

The H

^^^ m
,

1869

th&t this

Vol.

XIX, 1994-1995

ORIGIN

AND DEVELOPMENT...

the soma-vifa-oyin (vendor of soma). With its form like a farce, this priest) and to Prahasana type of plays in Sanskrit. It dialogue appears to be a precursor

was enacted on the occasion of the performance of Agnistoma Yajna. The the roles of the salesman and dialogue went on between two persons assuming plant already in his possession, the consumer. The Adhvaryu has the Soma but overlooking this fact he hands it over to the persons who is performing the role of a soma-vikrayin. A sort of comic interchange of words ensues between
the two.

The Adhvaryu

starts bargaining, or to put

it

in a better

way

enacts the

the repartee repeats his sentence five times, followed by of the Soma-vikrayin or the priest who is enacting the role of the Somain the following way: vikrayin. KSS laterally reproduces this dialogue

bargaining of Soma.

He

Adhvaryu Vendor
Adh.

Hey, will you

Yes,
I

sell this

Soma

sir,

it

is

for sell.
it.
it.

will purchase
sir,

Vend.
Adh.

Alright
I

take
it

will take

for the sixteenth part of a

that.
It

cow.
gives us milk,

Vend.
Adh.

Sir,

king

Soma deserves more than

is

The cow

also very

much

valuable.

curd, butter and ghrta etc.

their least dialogues four times each. But each time the priest raises his share each beginning from a sofa (hoof) to pada the whole of a cow. Each time, the (foot), then to half of the cow and finally more than that'. Soma-vikrayin insists on saying that 'the King Soma deserves
also purchases Nyagrodha Ultimately the bargain is settled, and the adhvaryu him some gold for the payment. The vendor plant from the vendor. Offering to the gods and just as he the alter to offer his salutations then

The vendor and the adhvaryu repeat

approaches

rises to return, the party of the priests

away

the gold in his possession and the poor fellow

pounces upon him unawares, snatches 7 is beaten with a staff.

The enactment of

this dialogue might have been a good entertainment for the Yajna. The depiction of the assembly gathered on the occasion of the covetuousness and greed of the vendor and the scene of his thrashing might have aroused popular feelings, considering the daily need of Soma in life of

Vedic Aryans and their difficulty in

its

acquisition.

fertility rite.

RADHA VALLABH TRIPATHL SAMBODHI The dialogue between the brahmacarin (the celibate) and pumscali (a harlot) is no less dramatic. It was performed on the occasion of mahavata yaga as a 8
8

In this context a close

examination of the dialogue hymns of Rg. becomes

particularly display the characteristics of
J

necessary.

The following dialogues

Pururavas-UrvasT(X.95) Sarama-Pani (X.108), Agastya-Lopamudra (L179), Yama-YamI (X.10), Vrsakapi (X.86) Nemi-Indra (VIII. 10) and Visvamitra Nadi 011.33). Each of these dialogues is connected with some popular legend or the other. Also, the most dramatic sequence or episode out of this legend has been chosen for rendering in the dialogue form. The rendering of the dialogues is replete with emotions and sentiments and is effectively charged with dramatic quality. Adya that these Rangacharya
conjectures

drama

dialogues were

activity and were subsequently adopted for purposes. Macdonnel believes that 'the earliest forms of dramatic literature in India are represented by those hymns of Rgveda, which contain dialogues, such as those of Sarama and Pani, Yam a and Purfiravas and

basically

meant

for theatric

ritualistic

much more than

Yarn!, Urvasi; the latter, indeed being the foundation of a regular play a thousand years later by the greatest of India! 10

composed

THE THIRD STAGE

Vedic period theatre was ritualistic and the ritual was theatrical. Then comes a stage when theatre begins to stand on its own, seeking occasions other than the Yajna. A background for independent dramatic performs thus begins
In the
to

be prepared. Bharata,

who perhaps

belongs

to a

and was adept in theatrical arts, organised the show of Samudramanthana - a samavafcdra type of play, to the theme of
purohitas,
pertaining
the

family of Vedic sages or

churning of the ocean by the gods and the demons. This play was performed to mark the festivity on the occasion of Indra's victory over demons. Later on Bharata repeated the show before Siva, alongwith the premiere of one more play Tripuraddha Dima. This is perhaps the earliest record of the performance
>f

full-fledged plays as given in NS Chap. e ritualistic qualities which it imbibed

lally it

came out

II. Sanskrit drama might have retained with the association of the Yajna, but of the circle of Vedic ritual to function in a wider perspective.

yna however, continued

r-arvan of the

MB

to provide a medium for performing speaks about the actors and dancers

arts.

The

Rajasiiya

entertaining the

Vol.

XIX, 1994-1995

ORIGIN

AND DEVELOPMENT...

Brdhmanas on the occasion of

th Yajfia.

But with the transformation of a primitive

Yajnamandapa

society to a feudal system, theatre came out of the narrowing circle of the in search for new horizons, gathering fresh momentum and
its

facets leading to

development. These can be

summed up

as

under

The Samajas

With the re-organisation of society a number of institutions sprang up. The and worship of the deity therein was an added feature of our religious practices and social life. The samajas were initially connected with the temples. Samajas meant an assembly of people. In the tradition of our theatre, the word samajika, denoting a member of the audience or an ideal spectator conies from this 'samaja'
institution of temples
!

Samaja provided nourishment to various cultural activities. They were held in honour of some diety. One such Samaja, the Past/pad Samaja has been described in the MB. Samajas were marked by dance, music and dramatic performances.
In due course, the

began

also to

samaja, and copious reference

word samaja came to denote all theatrical activities and be used as a synonym for theatre. 'Sabha.' was identical with to sabhas occur in the Epics. Bharata was being
In

amused by
in the

his friends

sab/zd, 11

by relating stories, performing dances or humorous plays one of his articles published in 'Indian Antiquary', Dr.

Bhandarkar has
2.

tried to prove that the

word samaja meant

theatre.

Other occasions
to

Vedic period, occasions of dramatic performances multiplied. Subsequent Besides the Yajna ceremony, music and dances were presented on the occasions
of the svayamvara marriage, coronation
Festivals held in the

ceremony

etc.

honour of a deity also presented occasions for theatric performances. The tradition of performing a play on Indramahah (Indra festival) was started by the great savant Bharata himself and it continued for centuries.
Sriharsa's

Nagananda was produced on the occasion of Indramahah, while several

Sanskrit plays were presented on the occasion of the Spring festival.

10

RADHA VALLAHH TRtPATIH

SAMBODHI

3.

The Epics

Dramatic Themes

European scholars like Dr. Keith have indicated that the Epics i.e., that Ram. and MB. might have played an important role in shaping the dramatic activities
or in building up a theatre in ancient India. Hillebrandt and Konow had already hinted upon the secular origin of Sanskrit drama. Accordingly, a popular mime existed at the earliest stage, which, together with the Epics, lies at the bottom of Sanskrit drama. Dr. M. N. Ghosh also upholds the theory of origin of Sanskrit drama from the Epics. We can only say that at a certain stage of the evolution of our theatre, Epics had contributed to its growth and resuscitation The Epics were presented by the bards, professional singers or katlmkas, and they had a natural tendency to make their recital dramatic and attractive. Bhoja and hinted upon the dramatic quality of the Epic recital
:

(Quoted by V. Raghavan

in Bhoha's Srngaraprakasa p. 620)

the bard narrated the episode of killing of Karasa, people say - he (the narrator) is killing Kamsa. According to Ghosh, it was to add to the charm of this dramatic quality that the reciter began to acquire the help of an actor or a few actors, so that he could present the narrative more vividly There were no organised dialogues or coordinated scenes in the beginning. This form of drama still survives in some forms of folk-theatre, like Pandavanl of Bastar in Madhya Pradesh. The reciter supplied the connecting link between the different of the characters represented by his colleagues at the time of their entrance and eat. These colleagues of the suta or professional reciter were called the kusdavas. Jagirdar proposes that 'at the stage of dramatic representation when suta turned into a sutradJiara, kusilavas turned into pariparMkas, who played music.

When

4.

Emergence of Sxitradhara

******
e r debut

y d presenting dances, music or orchestra on the occasion. They also prepared arms and chanots and built houses. Over above the
this,

r~

cums * ti in 'he society by now, owing to various arts, crafts or technical sciences. In Vedic period they Perf rmance f rituals by COMttuc

* C

**

the

****** ***

greatest

conaibuln

Vol.

XIX, 1994-1995

ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT...

11

which the suras made was through the preservation of popular literature comprising legends and myths or 'itihdsa', as they were termed in our tradition. This popular literature, consisting of the dkhydnas and updkliydnas was constantly growing and was being multiplied at the time when the samhitds or hymns of
Veda were being composed. Atharvaveda has included Itihasa, Pur ana, Gdthd and Ndrdsamsi alongside of the three Vedas in the mass of literature that was
delivered to the

mankind by the Supreme Being. 12 The Sutas arduously pursued

and expanding
the

the great task of preserving, collecting

purdna

literature,

and for

this

they were treated like sages or munis.

The suta invited for the consecration of the alter on the occasion of the ndgayajna of Janmejaya is described as a sthapati (architect), vdstuvidydvisdrada (adept in
the art of house

epithets of suta

building), pawdnika (one who recites the purdna). The and sutradhara have been used simultaneously for this very

person and he

is

said to be very wise.

ITfl:

(MB.
Ascribing so
sutas
also

I.

51.15)

many

epithets to one single person indicates

their active

how much honourable

had become by

and constructive role

in various fields, the

MB

informs that the sntas had founded a city called cam pa for their residence.

The MB. confirms that the

silt as were called sutradhdras also (probably because they held the measuring cord in their hands when they came to construct the ya/'navedi)- The NS refers to Sutradhara holding the measuring cord (sutra) in

the context of building the

ndtyamandapa (theatre-house)

<J

(NS
Visakhadatta also
refers
to

II.

31 ab)

Sutradhara Daruvarman

who was engaged

for

constructing gates etc. (Mudrdraksasa, Act II). Silras were a class engaged in various professions. They presented the purdnas. Suta muni is said to have presented all the eighteen Purdnas as well as the MB also before the eighty
eight thousand sages in Naimisaranya. When an enraged Balrama killed a sutamuni, he was asked to perform the same prayascitta which a person guilty of

brahmahatyd

is

required to do.

12

RADHA VALLABH

TRIPATHI

SAMBODHI

5.

Emergence of Granthika
sitta

The

was

called pauranika for presenting recitation of purdnas.

When

this

was practiced by reading out of some grantha or manuscript, the or pauranika began to be called granthika. The granthika figures thrice in the MB along with suta, nata, malla and jhalla. The competence and acumen of granthika can be understood from references to him by Pataiijali 13
recitation

same suta

Ban a 14 and Bhoja 15

or a pauranic episode with

Granthika not only recited but also presented the legends music and abhinaya. Bhoja saya that an updkhydna

becomes an dkhydna when presented by the granthika, who not only recites from a prabandha, but also sings and performs the abhinaya. The emergence of granthika during the period of composition of the Epics heralded a new era of our theatre, as he was in of for dramatic presentation, possession script which could help him or his companions - who were called the
perhaps
kusllavas,
in

rendering the theme through abhiyana.

6.

Construction of Theatres

Construction of theatre- houses or open arenas for the performance was another note-worthy feature of this age when the Epics were under composition. The MB refers to four big theatre- houses (preksdgdras) and one sangitaSdla (a small intimate theatre) within the royal harem. A big preksdgdra was got erected by the king Dhrtarastra for demonstration of armaments the Kaurava and by

Pandava princes, but this was also used for presentation of artistic skills by natas and nartakas". In this preksdgdra, the ranga or the platform for demonstration was in the centre, and it was surrounded by the tiers of seats. The performance presented on this ranga was called prayoga.
The other references
to the

the description of the svayamvaras of central platform is called or a mountain.

18

construction of theatre or praksdgdra are found in

DamayantI and DraupadI in the MB. The ranga mahdranga" and is compared to the cave of The open arena where the people gathered was called the
buildings.

samajavata.

It

was surrounded by various

The performances by natas, nartakas, sutas or mdghadhas went on for a number of days before the event of the svayamvara.

Vol.

XIX, 1994-1995

ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT...

13

Besides these, the

Virata. This

MB,

describes another preksagara in the capital of king

arts, particularly

preksagara was meant for the exhibition of martial

19

duals or

combats between warriors, but natas and nartakas

also gave their

performances there.
7.

Interaction with martial arts

During this period,

sutn-class

when natas, nartakas, and the other artistes belonging were generally patronised by the royalty along with the mallas,
for the theatre to interact

to
it

was natural

with martial

arts.

The

MB

refers to the

and jhallas in the royal court, and presence of natas and nartakas with mallas also describes the performances by the former on the same platform where the
warriors

would exhibit

their martial arts.

It

was perhaps due

to the interaction

between the

art of theatre

and the martial

even the actual wars assumed theatrical dimensions. Various instruments were played and even music and dances preceded, or were presented even 20 The fusion of military science with performing during the course of, a war. 2} Both Valmiki and Vyasa arts led Valmlki to use a term like yuddhagandharva music and orchestra on their use images and metaphors related to dance,
arts that
.

descriptions of duals

and wars.

22

duals The theatre-artistes assimilated the motifs or postures practiced in wars, had to stand in or combats. This gave the Natya a new perspective. They the actor had the fighters. As a result, with the

competition
to

mallas,

professional

be used for an acrobat also.

acrobatics begin exhibited
also

nata began to assume the functions of an acrobat. Subsequently, the word The Dasakumaracarita of Dandi describes the

by one of the kumaras performed the karanas anagaharas

:

in the disguise of a nata,

who

(Dasaku. Uttarapithika)
in theatre, The concept of vrtti, which is related to vayapara or action arts. In NS (chap. XX.1-18) fact derived from this interaction with marital

was

in

RADHA VALLABH

TRIPATffi

SAMBODI-n

describes the origin of vnrti.s through the fight between Visnu and the two demons Madhu and Kaitabha. Sdttvati vrtti was actually employed by the sdttvata

warriors in duals or combats. 23 The forceful and vigorous postures or movements

made

in fights

formed the basis

for sdttvati

and drbhati
"
1

vrttis.

Abhinava actually

connects drabhatl with the practice of warriors. 2

8.

Contribution of other arts

and techniques are assimilated in the practice of theatre. The interdependence of other arts enriches and resuscitates it. In the Epic period, various arts were being promoted under royal patronage. The
arts, crafts,

Various

development of architecture by
construction of theatre
-

and wood

sutas (sutrddhdras or sthapakas') led to the buildings, while the improvements in textiles, paintings craft also added new dimensions in the practice of theatre. Painted
is

curtains came into use during the period of MB., as references to them in the Great Epic, e.g.
:

evident from various

TfW<ft

^9IT ^TBT

^W
^SJT
II

oTci*Hi*iit

"qz

cMMd

--

(MB.S'alya. 1.40)

(Ibif.,

Asramavdsika. 40.20)

The puppet shows must have been in vogue during the period when the MB. was being composed. The puppets were made to move by cords, which was
called sutra,
cf.
:

(MB. 3 Udyoga. 32.12)

(Ibid., Sab/id,

31.22)

Contact with various professional craftsmen must have contributed to the growth of our theatre in Epic period. We get a of this fruitful very
graphic picture
:

interaction from a reference in

Rama

(ii.80.1-3)

Vol.

XIX, 1994-1995

ORIGIN

AND DEVELOPMENT...

15

9.

Evolution of Aesthetic Concepts and Terms

The acceleration of the process of evolution of our theatre in the Epic age as described above led to the formation of some fundamental aesthetic concepts Rama. And MB we come across a number of and terms. In both the Epics
terms related to theatre or other performing arts like music, dance, painting etc. These concepts and terms were subsequently standardised in NS. We have
already refered

which have been used

like ranga, mahdrahga, samdja or samdjavdta denote the performing space and the audience in the MB. The word 'preksd' has been used to denote one show of a dramatic piece or a dance-recital. A big gamut of terminology related to Gandhaivaveda, i.e., nydya, pramdna, layasthdna, samyd, tdla, sausthava etc. finds place in the MB,
to

the

terms

to

which has been adopted in the NS. Even some of the terms used for the forms of drama in NS, have been anticipated in the two great Epics. The word ndtaka has been used in the Rama, for the narrative pieces being told by friends and bards to entertain Bharata. The MB also mentions ndtaka along with katlid and on the stage dkhydyikd. The term rangdvatarana has been used for the entry
or performing area. The term rangastri also occurs denoting the participation of women in the art of theatre.

The contact with the royal court and patronage under feudal system also led to coinage of several technical terms. Culika was a part of the royal place, from

where
culikd

became one

the vaitdlika used to present or recite his eulogies for the king. In NS, of the Arthopaksepakas where a character communicates
the scene. In

some information from behind

by one or two
character.
25

some

of the dramas, the recitation

vaitdlikas serves the

The

MB

also refers to

purpose of culikd retaining its original Ndndi being recited in the royal place of

Yudhisthira. 26

THE FOURTH STAGE

EXPANSIONS OF NATYA

of dramatic forms proper ground had been prepared for the development

16

RADHA VALLABH
stage.

TRIPATHI
ripe

SAMBODHI

and their presentation on the

Time was

now

for the full-fledged

up. In the fourth stage, therefore, which begins right after the roughly around 600 B.C., we begin to find references to plays being actually performed. We also come across mentions of compilation of maxims or codes for the actors. Panini informs that a Natasutra by Sailalin was

drama

to

come

Epic Period

known to him. Patanjali refers to the presentation of Kariisavadha and Balibandha by Granthikas and Saubhanikas 28 while Harivarhsa describes performances of two plays based on the Rdmdyana theme. 2V The performance was given by the warriors disguised as actors a This
27
,

forming

repertoire.

repertoire

reached the city of the

played the role of hero,

demon king Vajranabha. Pradyumna, Srikrsna's son, Samba played the role of Vid Osaka, Gada became the
group
the
also

invited the troupe to give performance in his court. Harivamsa also refers to the festival of Pindaraka where the celestial damsels (apsaras) came to perform the deeds of Krsna through music an dance, indicating the beginning of the form of
Krsnalila.

pariparsvika and the other yadavas were actors (natas). This performed another played named Kauverarambhdbhisara, and the the Vajranabhapura were so enamoured by their performances that the artistes reached the demon-king Vajranabha, and the latter

citizens of

fame of

artists. He instructs the kings to organise samaja or samajotsava, and recommends entertainment the Kusaavas. In BhjlyaKharaniyam, the chapter on salaries of state employees, K. fixes 250 panas as honorarium for the ktisilava, but makes it double for the turyakara (the maker of musical instruments). There is also provision of 1000 pone* for the narrator of Pura^as -the pauranika and the m agadha p.a This indicates that recruitment of the artistes by the government was a regular

that troupes comprising female artists only also functioned during Kautilya's days. K. also refers to Afafa, Afartafca, KuMava Gayaka, Vadaka and a host of other professional sort of >

quite evident from the above account that professional groups had already started functioning during this time and they travelled far and wide to give performances. This is further attested by references to theatric activities in Kautilya's ArthaSastra and the Kamasuti-a of Vatsyayana. AS levies the tax or fees to be realised by the king from the group of actors coming from outside to give performance in his city". A woman going to witness the performance of a play alone was punished or fined, but was exempted from such punishment or fine ,f she went to witness a show given by ladies only, which has been termed as Stripreksaa." This shows
It is

by

Vol.

XIX..

1994-1995

ORIGIN
is

AND DEVELOPMENT...
allowed
to

17

practice.

Even the grdmddhyaksa

magician), kdrtdntika (the

employ cdrana, kuhak (the professional singer showing painted curtains with

abhinaya') and kusilava, but they could also be assigned duties of espionage or
spying.

The onslaught of the two Great Epics had provided impetus to theatric activities which now came in full swing. The Lalitavistara informs that the princes were
trained in painting, playing the vina, dances, music, pantomime, and also 33 The Avadanasataka tells of the gosthis where dances and enacting the plays orchestra were arranged 34 King Bimbisara was known to have permitted a 35 stage performance in which the Sutradhdra himself played the role of Buddha
. .
.

It is

also stated in Buddhist texts that

Buddha had witnessed

several

dramas

in

previous births. As the story goes in the Buddist legends, the troupe having performed before king Bimisara was later on invited to Rajagrha, where the charming actress Kuvalaya seduced some of the monks by her histrionic talents. To rectify the harm inflicted on the religious order, Buddha transformed her
his

woman, and subsequently made her to emerge as a saintly The Vinayapitaka informs about the theatre- house at Kitagiri 37 A number of jdtaka tales, which were weaved even before Buddha rose, allude
into a hideous
36

figure

to

samaja

dramatic performance, the role of the nata performing the vidusaka in a 38 construction of theatre-houses and theatre-groups 39
,
.

The Rajaprasanlya Agama, a Jaina text, describes at length the dance items presented before Mahavira by Devakumaras and Devakumaris. Several dancecombinations have been mentioned in the description of the performance. This
troupe also presented the
life

of Mahavlra in the form of dance-drama

110
.

The rich panorama of Indian theatre, thus, unfolding itself in all its spendour, the ground was prepared for classification and standardisation of our rich
theatric traditions. This led to the compilation of a monumental work like the NS, the most voluminous text on drama and theatre prepared in B.C. era. The above account of ancient Indian theatre also brings out its three facets. There

was a sophisticated and aristocratic theatre patronised by the royal court or by rich citizens. Amongst the dramatists, Bhasa is perhaps the earliest to furnish evidence with regards to the dramatic troupe maintained by the king. But theatre also flourished in the temples. Besides theatre was also being practiced
by groups moving around the country from one place
to

the other.

lft

KAU1-IA
:

VALLABH TRIPATHI

SAMBODHI

REFERENCES
1.

NS CHAP.
y

XVII. part

I.,

p.391.

2.

wT*Frq-Ri^cf?^5ftr

-^"Trf^

?FCT
(

%T*=lzf cfrianicH^lf

^ ^3$
i

i...

(Abh. parti,
3.

p. 15)

WT3
(Abhijnanasakuntala, Act
III)

4.

Pramod Kale
R.V. Jagirdar
British

Theatric Universe, pA.

5.

Drama
p. 15.

in Sanskrit Literature, pp. 35-36

6.

Drama,
1P

'

^!^

^^
1

^^^
d

<|)4R^t;

rR=qr

(KSS. 7.7.22- 7.8.12)

TTPTR

9.

The Indian Theatre, p.9

Histoiy of Sanskrit Literature, Macdonnel, p. 346.

(Latyayana SS. 4.3. 9.12)

10.

11

Hie^MMl ar^fwiPi faf^nft ^r

AV, X, 10.20; XV. 6.4

(Rama.

II)

12.

13.

^W^?fM^-HT^^aj%^-TO^

''

cqrf^^

3.1.26)

14.

Harsacarita,

II

L/cc/ivasa,

15

aprtcl

(Q. in Bhoja's Srngdraprakasa)

16.

MB. Virata

p.

12.37
54.11, 18

17.

MB., Ararijafca
Ibid., 54.5

p.,

18.

19.

Ibid, Virata p. 12.4

20.

Kama

p.

2.3

21.

(Rama. 6.42.23)

22.

(MB, Salya.

p. 6.4)

See also Rama. Sundara. (X.36) mentioning angliara, Bala. IV.8 mentioning laya, Ayodhya. 91.27 and Kis. 28.35 also mentioning laya, Bala. IV.29 mentioning Mdrgf.
(Ibid.

Kama p.

65.13)

23.

V.

Raghavan The
:

Vrttis;

JOR, VI

1932, VII

1933.

24.

fTffl frTO:

(Abh. part
25.

i,

p. 20)

Mudraraksasa, Act

III.

20,21.

26.

(MB,

Sati. p.

83.65)

27.

(Astadhayayi 4.3.110)

28.

See

FN

13 above.

29.

Harivamsa.

30.

far

<$W^ ^m *^ c^
III.

_
I

^^ nlLLl
CArthaiastra, Adhyaksapracara
-

SAMBODHI
39)

31.

Ibid

32.

(Ibid.

Adhyaksa,

38)

33.

FT

(Lalitavistra, p.

108)

34.

TWf^%1WWl^OT-^W^fqq^^
(Avadanas'ataka, p. 75)

35.

Sanskrit
Ibid.

Drama

Keith, p. 43.

36. 37.

For

details,

see 'Traditions of Indian Theatre', Varadpande, 18-19.

38.

^<TO^4^^^W^^t^^^
See,

39.

FN 37

&amam Sariyuttam,
as above.
-

Samyuttam Nikaya

IV. p.

306)

40.

Rajaprasmya Agama, XLI

XLVI, pp. 285

89.

RECONSIDERATION OF

SRI SANKUKA'S
Tapasvi Nandi

VIEWS ON RASA-NISPATTI

one of those dcaryas whose views on /usa-realization have been quoted by Abhinavagupta while commenting on the rasasutra of Bharata (Natyasdstra, ch.VI. rasddlidyah*) Here we will attempt a reconsideration of Sri
Sri
is
.

Sankuka

Sankuka's views.
f
*

Sri

Sankuka disagrees with

which
is
is

Lollata

and

is

not inclined to take rasa as an

intensified mental state (upacitah bhdvah'), but for

state,

him

rasa

is

an imitated mental

later inferred

by

the connoisseur (sdmq/i'fca) in the artist (nata)

who

taken to be the character such as

Rama and

the like.

The The actor or

holds Sahkuka, successfully imitates the original character and his experience. This imitation by the artist is artificial and unreal, but it does not
artist,

seem

to be so to the spectators,

who

forget the difference

between

the artist

and

the character, on account of artful presentation by the former (vastu-saundaiyaThis baldty, and inferentially experience the mental state of the character.

experience involves two steps on the part of the samajika. First of all he takes the artist to be a character, say Rama, Dusyanta, etc. This cognition on the part of
the Samajika, Sri Sahkuka explains, is a unique form of cognition which is neither real (samyafc), nor unreal (initliya), and also neither of the form of doubt

(samsoya) nor of comparision (sddrsya).

cognition which
is

Sri

peculiar to the field of arc only,

this,

Sahkuka explains on the analogy of

this

unique

'citra-turaga'

or painted horse. After

the artist

who

is

cognised as this or that character

by

the spectator, artfully imitates the character. The presentation is so charming that the spectator artfully infers the feelings of the character. This anukrta

anwnita
Sri

bhdva

is 7'osa

for Sri Sahkuka.

Thus,

Sankuka seems

to

be the

first

known

critic

who

divorces art experience

from

normal work-a-day world experience, and co-related it with the connoisseur. However, Abhinava's master Tauta finds fault with Sankuka's theory of anukiti-anumiti. The main thrust of Tauta's argument seems to be that the effect of imitation is bound to be ridiculous, causing laughter and mockery and
the

that

it

cannot be

cannot have any connection with aesthetic experience. Inference also laukikdnwndne tu kd rasatd ?, - observes said to cause pleasure
:

Abhinavagupta

later on.

LVJLUV-'J-'J.ll

should be carefully noted that in ordinary parlance we have to resort to inference to realize someone else's feelings. We can directly experience it. So, Sankuka seems to hold that in art, it could be an artful inference with the help

However,

it

of the artful imitation

'inference'

on the part of

the

artist.

Thus both these

'imitation'
in

and

peculiar to

the field of art

need not be taken

their strict

philosophical connotation. Sri Sankuka and later

Mahima seem

to

underline this

peculiar special nature of imitation and inference taking shape in the context of
literary; Mahima, a great protegonist of poetic inference clearly declares that this poetic inference is not be taken as identical with normal logical inference - tarkdnumiti and that it is foolish to expect the perfection of the latter in the former. What is important and undeniable is the fact that even in our normal walk of life we do infer someone
art alone,

both performing and

'Kdvydnumiti'

to

else's feelings,

and everytime the inference may not be

strictly logical in its

form.

What

is the process and it is inference here, i.e. in the context of artexperience. Thus imitation and inference are meant to be taken in their poetic is

important

context, in their so called loose sense.

They may not and need

also
it

not, stand the

scrutiny of a hard-core logician.

'abhivyakti'
-

We may

observe that the position of

suggestion
it
-

is

also similar, for

levelled against
-

by Bhatta Nayaka who

has to be pwva-siddha i.e. experience cannot claim previous independent existence. Those who take rasa as do not abhivyakta accept it as pwva-siddha like pot (g/mto) in a dark room, which is manifested by light later. If we accept abhivyakti of rasa, then all difficulties
abhivyakta

cannot be saved from the charges goes to observe that a manifested thing has to have a prior existence and rasa-

enumerated by Bhatta Nayaka will follow.

But then Abhinavagupta seems to hold that
this 'abhivyakti'
-

manifestation of

rasa is not to be absolutely equated with the abhivyakti / manifestation of the ddrsanikas / philosophers, for 'rasa' or aesthetic experience is not pwva-siddha,
i.e. it does not have a prior independent existence. It is only 'tdtkdlika' i.e. that which takes place only till the complex of determinants (vibhavas'), consequents (anubhdvas') and accessories (vyabhicdrins') lasts. Rasa-experience is pan passu with vibhdvddi - complex, i.e. it lasts till this complex lasts only

vibhdvddijlvitdvadhih.

is that if Abhinavagupta's abhivyakti which is not absolutely identical with abhivyakti of the ddrsanikas, can be acceptable in the field of art, and

The point

literature,

what

is

wrong

in accepting Sri

Sahkuka's special anukrti

anumiti

i.e.

imitation
as

inference in artistic context

The point

is'

why

not accept anumiti

imagined by Sahkuka and which hardly

?

dhvanivadins

Actually there
-

unique anukrti
dhvanivadins.
involves a lesser
dhvanivadins.

anumiti

is

from vyanjand of the is greater substance in what Sahkuka says and his not virtually different from 'abhivyakti' of the
differs

And

perhaps, between the two the postulations,

of gaurava-dosa as
that if

kdvydnumiti

amount
is

compared

to

the vyanjand of the

is,

The point

you ask, "why

inference ?", then our retort

"why

vyanjand?".

VISVANATHA'S KAVYAPRAKASADARPANA
Jagruti
S.

(VII

X)

& SAHITYADARPANA

Pandya

VisVanatha the author of Sahityadarpana (S.D.) is a wellknown poetist. He also wrote a commentary called Kavyaprakasadarpana (K.P.D.) on the

Kavayprakasa

(K.P.) of

S.D. several times in this

many

a time

we

for detailed discussion. Not only that, but get close resemblance with S.D. in it, from of sentences and
is

Mammata, comm.

after

completing the S.D. He has mentioned

half-sentences and also in form of ideas. Here an attempt the two works critically.

made

to

compare

This attempt

We

is limited to some portion only as already mentioned in the title. have used the Ed. of K.P.D. published from Allahabad in 1979, edited by Dr. Goparaju Rama. But this new Ed. of K.P.D. has too many misprints.

Visvanatha has quoted his S.D. by name at ten places in the comm. on the last four ullasas of the K.P. We have placed similar or parallel portions against one another to suggest their close resemblance.

We
with

significant. S.D.
all its

should also mention that the names of both the works are also very is a work concerned with criticism of literature as a whole
forms, while K.P.D.
is
is

only a comm. on the K.P. of

to

Mammata. The

word '^far which

representation of
its

common

both the

titles

indicates the faithful

matter.

The comparison between K.P.D. and

1

S.D. could be noted as

below

:-

K.P.D. ullasa VII

p.99 on K.P. VII.53-54

TJ?cTT

Compare the

vrtti

on

S.D.VII.5-8, pp. 402-3

Vol.

XIX, 1994-1995

VISVANATHA'S...

25

The correction

(^W)
is

in the K.P.D.

seems improper.

^TCRL.

of the S.D.

offers a better reading. (r=)=hRHdy^Kl

^)

in the K.P.D. is also

amusing.

The remark
2.

in S.D.

clear.

K.P.D. Ullasa

VII.p.100 on K.P. VII.53-54

Compare

the vrtti on S.D.VII 5-8 p. 406

&

TPfc)rH^Nf

Tpr^T

differ

only in words.

S.D. has a clear expression.

K.P.D. Ullasa VII.

p.

101 on

K. P. VII

53-54:

'^RTRI sf'T'cjl M <

I

<*rtRI

See the

Vrtti

on

S.D. VII 5-8,p.411

Both the

texts

have close resemblance. K.P.D. text could be corrected

with the help of S.D.

should read as ^Rt

as in S.D.

q)-c)*di

&

ai'^'M'ti:

should read as

4.

K.P.D. ullasa VII.p.102 on K.P. VII

55-57

26

JAGRUTI

S.

PANDYA.
rR^TT
T Tfcrftfa

SAMBODHI

....I
i

TJef
^ft

^fa:

See the Vrtti on S.D. VII 9-12

p. 419

:,

If
TfTT
I

f-i^-w c|-c|H^ "fJSFi

Pl^HMR^f^R:

?tW:

cf^TT

"^
Sjta My cil
Pd

^aft

ZJ:

^fT5fq Yr^t^f:

^f^Tsf'Sl^lTT

RR

ftszf:

^Jtssrf^R

ffcf

in K.P.D. are incorrect.

as in S.D.

They should read

as

&

f-iMH'W

^PT. respectively
-

The corrections

should be corrected as

^) & C^I^sf^TcPn) in K.P.D. are also improper. They cT^T & Tl^sf^TRi respectively as in S.D.
i

n s.D.

is

more preferable

than

in K.P.D.

:'

in K.P.D. is also not proper.

S.D. reads ^KT^Tf-^qydird

which seems better than "7^4

as in S.D.

^citfcr
o

in K.P.D.

should read as *IHdH<lf?%

"3

in K.P.D. could be corrected as Wcildc^Kl with the

S.D.

help of

5.

K.P.D. alias a

VII p.-108

on

K.P. VII

60-62

<l til

Vol.

XIX, 1994-1995

VISVANATHA'S...
:

27

Read

S.D. 111.32, p.97

tfl'^ltil

& WSr5f:
^

in K.P.D.

may

be misprints.
&^TS^?ET:

in K.P.D.

should read as IsNifri'SHi-i)

^3?T?f as in

in K.P.D.

should be corrected as

S.D.

6.

K.P.D. ullasa VII.p.108 on K.P.VII 60-62

Tvge R f^il sf

Compare the

Vrtti

on S.D.

III.32,p.9.7

K.P.D. clearly referes to the S.D. Ill

32 & the Vrtti also closely resembles

with that in S.D.

misprints which should be corrected.

But the K.P.D. text carries

many

They
7.

are underlined

by

us.

K.P.D. Ullasa

VII. p.

108 on K.P.VII.60-62

Read

S.D. III.33,p.98-

S.D. reads

^f before ^TS:
-

JHf in K.P.D. should be

f:

as in S.D.

8.

K.P.D. Ullasa

VII.p..l09 on K.P.VII-60-62

28

JAGRUTI

S.

PANDYA

SAMBODHI

Read

S.D.

III.

34, p.94

i)

"*~?flH<l

K.P.D. Ullasa-VII. p.109 on K.P.VII

Compare

the Vrtti

on S.D.

VII-

29

p. 442

S.D. has a better exppression than K.P.D.

10.

K.P.D. Ullasa VII.p.109 on K.P.VII 60-62

(WT)
Compare

the Vrtti on S.D. VII.29, p.442

K.P.D. text has so

many misprints in the help of S.D. as underlined by us.

-

it

which could be corrected with

11.

K.P.D. Ullasa

VII.p.110 on K.P. VII.63

Vol.

XIX, 1994-1995

VISVANAlHA'S...

29

Compare

the Vrtti on S.D.VII. 30 p. 442.

S.D. suggests better reading in TI*iHi^nMi' f^ra^rfcf ..... 'yM'cJl r^4i should read as rqa^Mrtt^is^i^nliiHfadmi^flrgoR. as in S.D.

in K.P.D.

in K.P.D. is also amusing, while 3TTf=r*rf'^rfcr in S.D. seems commencing. Thus the fullstop after "Sl^'R in K.P.D. is useless and a new

paragraph at
12.

his junture has

no meaning.
K.P. VII.

K.P.D. Ullasa VII.

p.

110 on

64

W ft

*srFTf

ft^rar,
I

3TfqRtfrar

See the Vrtti on S.D.

VIII. 30,

p.477

&
13.

STf^RtfacIT in

K.P.D. should read as

WHHsp^T

following S.D.

K.P.D. Ullasa

VII.

P.110 on K.P. VII.64

Compare

the Vrtti on S.D. VII.30 P.447

30

JAGRUTI

S.

PANDYA
:

SAMBODHI

<T*TT

The readings

^^ksflW: &
*f*frrn?q

^T^

in K.P.D.

should be corrected as

&

respectively with the help of S.D.

l:

in K.D.P. is incorrect. S.D. presents correct

reading

as follows

etc. in K.P.D. is

not proper.

is
1

^:

It

may

It should be corrected as be a misprint. The text in S.D. is very clear.

obviously incorrect.

14.

K.P.D. Ullasa-VII. p.

110 on K.P. VII 64

See the Vratti on S.D. VII 30-31/p.446

The
o.

text in K.P.D. is

not

clear. It is

read as a stanza

^q^

....

etc. in

L).

15.

K.P.D. Ullasa VII p. Ill

on

K.P.VII .65

See the

vrtti

on

S. D. VII.

30-31,

p.

443

Vol.

XIX, 1994-1995

VISVANATHA'S...

3!

'W 4^1 "I Ml'

d<IR'
it is not required, but can read
:

The correction

(fo*n^T) as in K.D.P.

it

should be

corrected with the help of S.D. or

etc.

16.

K.P.D. Ullasa

VIII.p.lll

on

K.P. VII.65

Comparethe
-tH

Vrtti

on S.D.

VII. 30-31,

pp.445-46

'*^l cn

-1

rH
I

*
i.

'iTj

fh M il Pel <^ u

...

in K.P.D. should read as MHH<.... as in S.D.

iir^iioi:

in K.P.D.

should be properly placed before

-

sfttxTq

as in

S.D.,,

and then we should read

&41 <PM

"^^TT Wld-H^ TrT f^^F^ -as

in S.D.

17.

K.P.D. Ullasa VII. p.112 on K.P. VII.65

37<Tf

Tf^^r^^l ^RT^ (?)

^PTO

^TrT:

">!'

^^:

T^cf

II

iftf

See the

Vrtti

on

S.D. VII.30-31, p.446

TFTO

cfcRf:

<a u -sM:

T^cl:

II*

fRT

The quotation
than that

is

found in both

the texts but S.D.

has a clearer expression

in K.D.P.,,

which contains mistakes

VIII. 66

as indicated

by

us.

18.

K.P.D. Ullasa

VIII-p.113 on K.P.

32

JAGRUTI

S.

PANDYA

SAMBODHI

See the Vrtti on S.D. VlII-1, p.449

rN"Hitl <rH frH

-1

There

is

a similar idea in both the texts but the text in K. P.O.

is

less

clear, with certain mistakes as underlined

by
:

us.

19.

K.P.D. Ullasa VIII.

p.

116 on

K.P. VIII.68

See S.D. VIII 2 A, p.450

The
20.

S.D.

is

mentioned

clearly by

name

in the K.P.D.

K.P.D. Ullasa VIII p. 116 on K.P. VIII.68

fq <*

Pq gcq sf^qfTIfd-4
I

(?)
T)

Compare the

Vrtti

on

S.D;. VIII. 2,

pp.45 1-52

The

text in K.P.D. has resemblance be corrected with the help of the

to that of S.D.
latter.

but the former should

in K.P.D. should

be corrected as

as in S.D.

Vol.

XIX, 1994-1995
for "fRJ in K.P.D. text

VISVANATHA'S...

33

may

be a misprint.

ci...

in K.P.D.

is

also wrong. It should

be

suHi^Hfeci

...

as in S.D.

is

a better reading in S.D. than

i

n K.P.D.

may be

fcqHRr-HH^ in K.P.D. misprint. It should bead as

K.P.D. Ullasa VIII.

p.

116 on

K.P. VIII.68

fa-KIK^H cOtfc^y/t^Ki

See S.D.VIII. 4-13, p.454

S.D.

is

mentioned clearly by name

p.

in K.P.D.

22.

K.P.D. Ullasa VIII.

117 on

K.P. VIII.

72

ffcf IT^

See the

Vrtti

on

S.D. VIII 9-10, p.457

The
S.D.

text in K.P.D.

is

corrupt and

it

should be corrected with the help of

23.

K.P.D. Ullasa VIII p.117

on

K.P. VIII. 72

:,

^rf w*f\

See the

Vrtti

on S.D.

VIII.9-10, p.458

:,

^ff:

->-)

JAGRUTI

S.

PANDYA

SAMBODIII

Both the

texts

have close resemblance with each-other in words and in

ideas also.

Minor corrections can be made

24.

in the K.P.D. text

with the help of S.D.

K.P.D. Ullasa VIII p.117 on K.P.VIII -72

See the Vrtti on S.D. VIII 9-10,

p. 458

srsf

in K.P.D. is

an obvisious misprint.

It

should be
text.

3FT as in S.D.

The

fullstop should be placed after

t^

in K.P.D.

25.

K.P.D. Ullasa VIII.

p.

117 on

K.P. VIII.72

nre?fT

See the

Vrtti

on S.D.

VIII 9-10,

p.458

-spam TTT^T

in K.P.D. is improper. It

should be

^^ w^^l
K _p_ D bur
_

as in S.D

The editor has corrected 3TW*f:

is

for

smrrf

in

a better reading than that of K.P.D.

y^^.

s,
26.

in K.P.D.

is

a misprint.

It

should be cfanr^ft. as in S.D.

K.P.D. Ullasa VIII p.117

on

K.P. VIII.72

Vol.

XIX, 1994-1995

VTSVANATHA'S...

35

See the

Vrtti

on S.D.

VIII 9-10,

p.459

f^nr

wti

-^

are

Both the texts have similarity but K.P.D. has t=M <"!... while S.D. has T... and K.P.D. has yfeft while S.D. has

The

rest

is

identical, excepting that

as in S.D.

^T^ftfeHliNfa: in K.P.D. should

read as

YF^^frFqiiTifN:

27.

K.P.D. Ullasa VIII

p.

119 on

K.P. VIII.

72

See the Vrtti on S.D. VIII 16, p.463

cf?T

WT:

f^"JrRfclfcf:,
'^TFTT

Both the texts are almost identical but the word missing in K.P.D. and the K.P.D. text has RK^Ij,^

wNt

after 1%T:

is

for fsRS!?^ of S.D.

^
28.

for

"^

in K.P.D. is

an obivous misprint.

K.P.D. Ullasa VIII p.119

on

K.P. VIII

72

Wt

fT'flcT

^SP*d=hSR

ff?T

See the Vrtti on S.D.

VIII. 16,

pp.463-64

f^^TT:,

^^PRFT'fT^f ^rlf^PT,,

cTt"5FTf 'SW^l <* 4 J-l ^'r*! u re) H

I

36

JAGRUTI

S.

PANDYA

SAMBODHI

^MlHHfr1

,l3

IJ

M Jd<m
J

in K.P.D.

seems

to be a misprint. It

should be

f^TT: as in S.D.

in K.P.D. should be corrected as

of S.D.
.

"SWTFRsfa^ with

the help

in K.P.D.

should read

effort,

as in S.D.

uicii

in K.P.D. is also

nEot proper.

It

should be srqt-m'j^wi as in

S.D.

Besides

this,

both the texts resemble

closely.

29.

K.P.D. Ullasa VIII. p.120, on K.P.VIII.72

See the Vrtti

on

S.D. VIII.16, p.464

in

K.P.D.should read as
tTeTlrHci'Sft in

f^^T and

HcJTrqcftsfxi

n K.P.D. should

read as

S.D.

30.

K.P.D. Ullasa IX

p.

123 on K.P. IX 79

See S.D.

\\\ '

5,

p.476.

Vol.

XIX, 1994-1995

VlSVANATHA'S...

37

in K.P.D.
text, clearly

may

be a misprint. The S.D.

is

mentioned, in the K.P.D.

by name.
-

31.

K.P.D. Ullasa

IX-p.132
^35":

on K.P.IX.84

ltf

f*T5ftSd4hH:

S.D.

10, p.

484 reads

as

It is

a quotaion from S.D.

in K.P.D.

should be corrected as

TFIRJ fofafcjHSft as in

S.D.

32.

K.P.D. Ullasa IX. p. 132

on

K.P. P.IX.84

Read the

Vrtti

on S.D. X.I 2, p.487

The

text in K.P.D.

is

not clear.
for 3TS3 "^ in K.P.D. has

The correction
in K.P.D.

(3HT

no meaning.

is

obviously incorrect?.

It

should be

^Rf

as in S.D.

l.

U1 K.P.D.

should read as

^cq^WXrai^

as in S.D.

38

MGRUTI
K.P.D. Ullasa IX
p.

S.

PANDYA
:

SAMBODHI

33,

133 on K.P. IX.85

Compare the

Vrtti

on

S.D. X-12, p. 49 6

The S.D has

it

a clearer expression. o%

should read as

1W^ in K
-

.p.

is

34.

K.P.D. Ullasa

IX

p.

134 on

K.P. IX

85

See the Vrtti on S.D. X.12,

p.

494

S.D.

is

mentioned here clearly by name.

-

35.

K.P.D. Ullasa IX

p.

138 on

K.P. IX-86

See the

Vrtti

on S.D. X.2,

p. 473

Vol.

XIX, 1994-1995
I

VISVANATHA'S
'*Tffif
'
I

39
iffc!

The K.P.D. has clearly mentioned S.D. by name but K.P.D. text is full of mistakes as underlined by us. They should each be corrected with the
help of S.D., quoted as above.

36.

K.P.D. Ullasa X.

p.

142 on K.P. X.89

crqrl%,

This

may be compared

with the

Vrtti

on S.D. X.19, pp.5 11-12

%fqr^Tf:

-'

37.

K.P.D. Ullasa X.p.

144 on

K.P. X. 92

Compare the

Vrtti

on

S.D. X.35-36, p.531

K.P.D. has

while S.D. has

:,

which

is better.

38.

K.P.D. Ullasa X., p.150,

on K.P. X .108

T3F

See the Vrtti on S.D.X.67, p.590

40

JAGRUTI

S.

PANDYA

SAMBODHI

S.D.has a shorter and

much

clear expression.

39.

K.P.D. Ullasa X.p.155 on K.P. X.117

See S.D. X.63 A, p.585

?J

S.D. is clearly mentioned by name. The K.P.D. text presents curruptions which should be corrected in the light of the S.D. text as above.

40.

K.P.D. Ullasa X.p.160 on K.P. X.134

u tt-M

....fHfcrlri

ScSjnnpit

ft^K^

faft SIKH &*"!<:

^f

See the

Vrtti

on

S.D. X. 89, p. 611.

The
It

text in K.P.D. is improper. The word faTNld.&=bK;' has no meaning. should be corrected as fifftsiR^ with the help of S.D.
'

in K.P.D. in S.D.

is

also incorrect. It should be

^ft^^rn^n

as

41.

K.P.D. Ullasa

p.165 on K.P. X. 141

(?)

Compare

the Vrtti on S.D. X. 98, p.631

The
3.U.

text in K.P.D.

is

not clear.

It

should be corrected with the help of

Vol.

XIX, 1994-1995

VISVANATHA'S...

41

mentioned by name in K.P.D. at seven places, where we get quotations from S.D., while at three places we have quotations from S.D. without any clear mentioning.
S.D.
is

clearly

Over and above

which one
left
is

this, S.D. is

mentioned in name

at three places,

cited in our discussion.

:-

The other two

places,

from which are

out by us are as under

-

1.

K.P.D. Ullasa IX

p.

133 on

K.P. IX.

85 85

2.

K.P.D. Ullasa IX
It

p.

134 on

K.P. IX.

may

also be noted that at times the K.P.D. quotes particular illustrations

fully,

which

are also read in the S.D.

They are

as under

:-

1.

3*F5F5ffi....K.P.D. VIII p.117

^ita:

S.D. VIII pp. 457-58.

S.D. VI p. 311. S.D. in p.136.
-

2. 3.

W...

K.P.D. VIII p.117

4.
5. 6.
7.

rar*jsfir....K.p.D.

vm

p.H7

T33r5Trs5ti....K.P.D. VIII p.118

....K.P.D. VIII
....

S.D. S.D.

Ill p.

110.

HF^faTtezf

p.119
p.
-

^^nrrofts^
rarfrnrft
....

K.P.D.

vm
165

qfeftil^"^.... K.P.D. X. P.148

X pp.615-16. 119 - S.D. nip.iis & S.D. X p.550.

vm

p.463.

8. 9.

K.P.D. x.
X.

p.
-

S.D. x. p.63i.

^m... K.P.D.
^T fa*RT
....

p.144

S.D. X. p. 564.
-

10. 11.

K.P.D.

X
p.

aufara.... K.P.D.

S.D. X p.604. p.157 165 - S.D. X. p. 632.

Thus

in this

second

article,

which follows our

first

session, A.I.O.C., at

Ahmedabad,* we have

tried to

one read at the 32nd point out the

can not help suggesting S.D. parallasisms between the K.P.D. and the that the Allahabad edition of the K.P.D. has left out much to be desired and a Critical Edition of the K.P.D. has to be attempted afresh. Our

We

comparison of both the texts has shown that it can be helpful in editing the K.P.D. and fill up the gaps which the learned editor has left out.
*Published in "Sambodhi", Vol.12
-

April'83

journal of L.D. Institute of Indology,

and Jan.'84 Ahmedabad.

a research

42

JAGRUTI
:

S.

PANDYA

SAMBODHI

Reference Works

1.

Kavyaprakasadarpana (K.P.D.) of Visvanatha Edited by

Dr.

Goparaju

Rama

Published by Manju Prakashan, Allahabad, 1979, First Edition.

2.

Sahityadarpana (S.D.) of Visvanatha Edited by Durgaprasad Dwive'di Published

by Meharchand Lachhamandas, New

3.

Delhi, 1982.

Kavyaprakasa (K.P.) of

Mammata

Edited

&

Published by Bhandarkar Oriental

Research Institute, Poona, 1983, Eighth Edition.

ON

MIA.

LAGG

USED AS A 'VECTOR' VERB

H.C. Bha.ya.ni

As compared to the description and discussion of lag - and other verbs used as the second verb (variously called 'operator', 'explicator', 'vector' ) in NIA
1

compound
Prakrit,

information about their early history 2 I have noted below some occurrences of Pk. lagg-, from some early texts in
verbs,
.

we have meagre

Apabhramsa and Sanskrit

3
.

Lagg- lagthe
first

used as the second verb with the imperfective personal forms of

verb.

(1)

Bahave bhada-bhoiyd laggd benti ya.

(VasudevahimdT-Madhyama-khanda,
Cent.
A.C.)

p.

138, 1-13 Date

C. 8th

'And many, soldiers and

headmen began

to speak'.

(2)

Ndsanii laggi (Paumacariya, 69, 18, 4: 9th Cent. A.C.)

(3)

'I

began

to flee'.

(3)

Aralmi laggai (Paumacariya, 71,12,7)

'(Rlvana) has began to wroship'.

(4)

Avai laggau (Paumacariya, 73,8,9)'has started to come'.

(4a)

Samappai laggau (Ritthanemi Cariya, 17, 3, 10, 9th Cent. A.C.) 'has begun be finished.

to

(5)

Olaemi laggo
started

Kathakosa -prakarana

p.

122, 11. 13 -14, 1052

II

serving'.

(6)

Amhdnam

lisuram vattai, tumarii

-

puna

khajjasi laggd devena

(Mulasuddhi

tlka) p. 80.

1090 A.C.)

44
H.C.

BHAYANl

SAMBODHI

'We are getting

late,

but you are being devoured by (the desire of

worshipping) the god'.

(7)
Kiyadbhirapi vasarairahamagacchami lagnah (Srngaramanjari-katha, p.30, 10th Cent. A.C.) 'Within just a few days I will be coming and reaching here'.

(8)

Vastudvayam nasyati lagnam (Srngaramafijari-katha, p.64) 'Both the things began to disappear'.
Nrtyati lagna (Srngarainafijari-katha, p. 69) 'She began to dance'.

(9)

(10)

Agacchoti lagnah (Katbakosa, 6.8; llth Cent. A.C.)* "He started coining'.

Cll)

Agucchami lagnali (Kathakosa, 55, 17)

'I

started coming'.

(12)

Marqyasi lagtiah (Kathakosa, 16, 20) 'you began to strike'.

(13)

Marayami lagnah (Kathakosa, 39,

'I

3; 53, 9)

began

to strike'.

(14)

Maiyase lagnah (Kathakosa, 81, 7) *You began to be struck'. Mucyate lagimh (Kathakosa, 19, 14) to be released'.

(15)

'began

(16)

Nigrhyate lagnah (Kathakosa, 87, 13)

'He began

to

be restrained'.

(17)

Yati lagnah (Kathakosa, 113, 1)

'It

began

to go'.

Vol.

XIX,

1994-1995

ON

MIA.

LAGG...

45

(18)

Svapimi lagnah
'I

(Pancakhyanaka, 122, 18. 1199 A.C.)

began

to sleep'.

(19)

Yojayati lagnah

(Pancakhyanaka, 268, 10)

'He began

to join'.

(20)

Anavrsti sampadyate lagnah (Pancakhyanaka)

'Drought began to take

3.

place'.

Lagg-/ lag- used as the second verb with the

verb.

infinitive of

purpose of the

first

(1)

Padahu laggu (Paumacariya,

'Began
to fall'.

74, 14, 5)

(2)

Pariciriita.hu

laggu (Paumacariya, 88,

6, 2)

'Began

to reflect'.

(3)

Bollanalm laggu (Paumacariya, 89, 12, 9)

'Began to speak'.
Dhalidvanalu laggu (Paumacariya, 69, 19, 8)

(4)

'Began

to

cry for help'.

(5)

Olaggahu lagga (Kahakosa,

'(They) began serving'.
instances from the

3, 18, 8,

1070 A.C.)

Numerous
Cent. A.C.)

Mixed

Sanskrit of the Jain Prabandhas (14th-15th

Lag- used with

sirasi lagiturii

lag- is

nas'- path-, pa-, bhaks-, vand-, Jtr-, gam-, da-, the king's head' is interesting in that therein lagnah 'began to stick to and secondary sense side by side. used in the primary
1

vikrl-, vyay-, rajfiah

above-cited instances. Both Several points are to be noted about the Not only that, both of the constructions are attested up to the 12th Century.

them appear

in

one and

the

same

text (e.g. in the

Apabhramsa epic poem

46

H.C.

BHAYANI

SAMBODHI

Paumacariya') Later on only the second construction survives, and it continues in NIA. languages 5 The Sanskrit instances are Prakritisms (or
. .

collaquialisms).

The

first construction in which the second verb is used with the imperfect personal forms of the first verb is particularly significant in that it provides us with an early example of two similar controuction-types in NIA. The

Hindi future forms in -ga, (karuga, karegd, karege etc.) derive from a combination of imperfect personal forms and ga Sk. gatah, Pk. gao 'gone'. The semantic change however has not been satisfactorily explained so far.

in that the

Secondly the Gujarati Finite Present, formed with an auxiliary, stands apart main verb and the auxiliary both have the personal endings, as
against

many

other

NIA. languages which use the imperfective (Present)

in this construction.

participle of the

main verb

The following three similar instances of a construction are to be noted for Apabhramsa from Svayambhti's Pamacariya (9th Cent. A.C.): iha mikkan
karai dsi pavanu (78, 8,9)

'Here the wind god

was sweeping
-

refuse

;ai

jdmi

asi

paricatta

bhaya (18,
fear'.

6, 1)

'If I

was going without any

acchin jo jhdramtu eiru (61, 3, 9)

'who was since long feeling dejected'.

REFERENCE WORKS
A. N. Upadhye 'On the postposition lagna in some Jain rexes' JOIB, 24, 1-2, 1974. the data also given in his edition of Prahtacandras Kathakosa, Introduction, pp. 22-23.
is

Bhoja. Sriigarainanjarl-katha- Edited by Kalpalata Munshi,

Bombay

-1959.
-

H.C. Bhayani. Gujarati Bhasa-na Itihas-m Kedik Samasydo,

Ahmed abad
-

1976.

H.C. Bhayani. Gujarata Bhdsd-ini Aitihasik Vyakaran., Ahmedabad

Devacandrasuri. Mulasuddhi-tika
-

1988.
-

Edited by Amrutlal Bhojak,

Ahmedabad
Bombay
-

1961.

Jinesvara-suri. Katliakosaprakarana. Edited by Jinavijay Muni.

1949.

Vol.

XIX, 1994-1995
P.

ON

MIA.

LACK,

....

47

Colin

Masica.

'the

Inch-Aryan Languages- Cambridge, 1991.

Purnabhadra, Pancdkhyanaka.
Prabhacandra-suri. Kachakosa, Edited byA.N. Upadhye.

Svayambhu. Paumacariya. Edited byH.C. Bhayani, PartR.N. Vale. Verbal composition

in

1,

2, 3,

Bombay 1953

1955.

Indo-Aiyan. Poona 1948.

1,

Ritthanemicariya, Edited by R.S. Tomar, Part

Ahmedabad

1993.

Sricandra Kahakosu. H.L. Jain, 1969, Ahmedabad.

NOTES
1

Masica 1991, 326.

G.H. Shekker has noted some earlier uses of ja- as a vector in 'The jana-passive in the NIA Languages', Indo-Iranian Journal, 12, 1-23. Bhayani 1976, pp. 62-70 has discussed it.

The present
I

article is a revised version of the note in Bhayani, 1988, 418-420. I am thankful to Prof. Michael Shapiro for his comments on the draft of this paper which had referred to him.

4
5

The Kathakosa

illustrations are from

Upadhye, 1974.
p. 222,

For the inceptive use of la$-/gal- in NIA see Vale, 1948, Table 10 on relevant section under different NIA. languages.

and

the

A PUZZLE FOR THE SCHOLARS OF BUDDHIST HISTORY

Nagin
Kalidasa, the great Sanskrit poet,
is

J.

Shah
to

fond of referring

important historical

events

and
-

personalities,
etc.

characteristics,

We know

provincial peculiarities and geographical that he in his Meghadiita refers to Dignaga

(prakarna)' by using the

(c.355

440

A. D.),

a great Buddhist logician, by employing double entendre,

as also to his

work 'Hastavala

word

'hastaval-epa'.

Similarly,

have come across a verse

to

in

Kalidasa's

Raghuvamsa

(XIII. 7)

which possibly alluded

point
is

some event

in the

Buddhist history. The verse in

as follows

The second meaning 2

It
is

is

yielded by the verse

if

we

notice the use of slesa.

as follows

Mahlsasakas are the followers of

the

Malrisasaka school (nikdya).

The Mahlsasakas (mahldhrah) were humbled' in their pride (.attagandhah) on account of Paksaccheda and gotrabheda 3 So they were harassed (upapalavinah) by others (parebhyah) Hence they by hundreds (satasah} took refuge under the shelter of netural (saranyam
. .

asrayante)

impartial

(mad/iyamam) Dharmottara.
There
is no doubt that 'Dharmottara is a Buddhist proper noun. Now the above interpretation of the verse gives rise to following questions When
1

did the event refered

gotra in this context?

to

take place?

What were

actually meant by pafc^a and the conditions that led to paksaccheda and
is

What

gotrabheda

among Mahlsasakas? Who were

'others' that

harassed 'them?

What

Vol.

XIX, 1994-1995
it?

A PUZZLE FOR...

W
Why
did Mahisasakas take

type of harassment was

Who

is

Dharmottara?

refuge

under him? Why was he regarded n'etnral or impartial? Was 'Madhyama' the title conferred upon Dharmottara? Had this Dharmottara any connection with the Dharmottarlya school (nikayam)?

VadirDeva

Siiri,

Svetambara

Jaina

monk,

wrote

his

Pramananayatattvalokalankara in 12"' century A.D. His voluminous commentary on it, called Syddvadaratnakara* is a highly scholarly exposition of the text, referring to so many Hindu, Buddhist and Jaina works and
,

authors.
refers to

Commenting on 'Svaparavyavasoyi jiianam prqinanam iti Dharmottara and Vrddha-Dharmaottara. On this basis Muni
Pt.

||2||' he
Jinavijayji

floatted a theory that 'Vrddha-Dharmottara' and persons of the same name, one senior and another junior.

'Dharmottara' refer to two

Mahendra

Kumar
to

after

close

examintio'n of the quotations cited

in

the

commentary
5

arrived at the conclusion that 'Vrddha-Dharmottara'

and 'Dharmottara' refer

one and the same person, that wellknown commentator of Dharmaklrti. to reffered there is no question of ouridentity flying Dharmottara So in the Raghuvamsa verse with Vrddh.a Dharmottara mentioned in the
Syadvadaratnara.

Nowhere do we

find any clue that

may enable
verse.

us to solve the puzzle

we

are confronted with in the

Raghuvamsa

4.

ArhatamataSyddvddaratndfcara, ed. by Motilal Laldhaji.and published by

Prabhakara, Poona, 1926.

Vol. to Nyayakumudacandra, Ed. Pt. Mahendra Kumar, Manikchandra Digambara Jaina Granthamala, No. 38, 1938, pp. 94-96.

Hindi Introduction

I,

SOME COMMON ELEMENTS

IN

BRAHMANISM AND BUDDHISM

R.N. Me/i fa

AimuAtmmham

tripadarii

ca panca-bala-s amanvitarii

Panca-karma-samaradhyaiu itihasam upasmahe

^
Introduction
It

Sthira-dravya-samutpaimam dharastaranivas anivasmirii

tfSTRferf
-

Vande pura-vastu-vidyam narakaryaprabodhinlm.

occasion of Mantrajagarana, when the followers of the four Vedic Samhitas were reciting the Mantras. The musical melody of the Samavtda that is the mam

was an

Veda of

the

Upveda

of

au.sic.,

was enchanting.

After returning from the Mantrajagarana,

had the rare opportunity

to listen

Pandits .hould

lis t e n

,o the

Buddito They

This experience led the speaker

to

look into the

phenomenon more

closely.

worker while exploring the archaeological mounds at Nagara the older Cambay, a sand-stone image of Buddhanatha that was worshipped by he
field

Being a

Vol.

XIX, 1994-1995

SOME

COMMON ELEMENTS.

..

$\

On another occasion, I was excavating a Sarira Stupa at Devnimori in Gujarat. A Jain Sangha was moving from Kadavanja to Kesariyaji, under Munishri
Punyavijayajl. Being an enlightened

Sramana he spent some

time at the

excavation

site.

It

was a big Sangha. Many members of the Saihgha the vihara of the Sariigharama and began identifying

were
it

highly pleased to see

as

one of

their Upasraya.

These experiences indicate that contrary to the prevalent idea that Buddhism opposed the Vedic religion, there are more common elements that form the core of the belief systems of the Vaidik, Buddhist and Jain system.
If this

there

is

experience of the common elements seen in different groups be true, and no doubt about it, there must exist many common elements between
is

the Vaidika or Brahmanic and Buddhist systems. In this paper an effort to trace some of them in broad outlines only.
Life of

made

Lord Buddha and Brahmanism

Chronologically and historically it is a well-known fact, that, Siddhartha, the son of Suddhodana was born in a society with a long tradition reaching on the language front to the Vedic literature. It is also known that in this tradition chapters of explanations were

known

as

Brahmanas, that were extended

to

Aranyakas and Upanisads.

This tradition was, according to the Chinese source, known to Buddha, who was a Sakya prince. This clan claims Iksvaku lineage and considers that it

migrated

to Kapilavastu.

Besides these aspects, two teachers of Lord Buddha are noted as Rudraka Ramaputra and Alar Kalam from whom he learnt the Yoga. He had practised

penanance with the group of Bhiksus, and had

left

them.

Even

after attainment of

preaching. It is who indicated that he should start preaching the four noble truths, eight-fold the path, etc. So, Lord Buddha decided to embark on the career of unfolding

Buddhahood, Lord Buddha was in two minds about noted in Dhammachakka Pabbatitana Sutta that it was Brama,

52

R.N.

Mlil-ITA

SAMBODI-U

'Magga'

to listeners.

While deciding about the individuals to

whom

he should

proclaim
in

his revelation, he thought of his teachers and his fellow practitioners penance. His teachers were not living, so he went to the Mrgadava, where

he

met

his friends

and gave the

first

discourse on the
disciples

Dhamma
During
If this

began

its

movement. His

first

Magga, and the cycle of were his own colleagues.

beliefs,

he came across a cross-section of contemporaries of many to chart their own ways. social phenomenon be taken into consideration one can infer that
his career

some of them joined him and others continued

lived in a society with various

easily

lord

Buddha
lie

started developing his order of the natural that the society shared
that

which

shades of belief-systems, from

It is,

Buddhist Sramanas.

therefore,

many common ideas and behaviour patterns' would indicate the unity and diversity of the system.

Mahaparinibbana and adoption of earlier practice

Significantly

over the

last-rites.

b^dt7T
tl e Kula the

disposal of his mortal remains should follow the practice of the Cakravartins ns 6 C ntii Uity f SyStem f Cremari n and

when Lord Buddha was passing away, his disciples were confused Upon asking the Lord, he indicated that the last -rites and

and T Panbogika follows a The different system of veneration of the materials

p'f

7f

^ **

P-emation
the

***' of **

'"W

^a

=".-"-=X'=i:K:

Vol.

XIX, 1994-1995

SOME

COMMON

ELEMENTS....

53

Stupa and Sivalingas

a stupa in its four-fold form consists of a Medhi, Anda, Harmika and Chatravali. Its developed form with square Mehdi and semi spherical Anda has an interesting parallel in the Siva lingas also. Some of these have a square
Str vie tur ally

lower part and sperical upper part similar to that of the Stupa. The identity is so close that instances are noted where a stupa is also venerated as Sivalinga
as Bhimesvara, Dhingesvara,

Buddhamatha,

etc.

may be incidentally pointed out that the term membrance virile, but is more used in the sense
It

lingo,

of

does not mean only the an indicator. In this sense,

it is used in several places, under these circumstances, to understand sivalinga of only as a sexual symbol suggests rather a lop-sided view of this symbolism the universe, the benevolent and ascetic form of Siva who is an unfathomable

pillar.

of the stupa

With proper analysis of the symbolism of Sivalinga on one side and that on the other it becomes clear that both of them seem to coincide
points.

on many

One of the interesting facts of this feature is the presentation of the figure of the Buddha in front of the stupa, and that of the form of Lakullsa in front and the image portion of the Sivalinga. In both cases the background symbol in the front show many common elements of the symbols with necessary
differences.

When one examines

tradition of the

those of the Jain TTrthamkaras,

the tranquil images of the Buddha in Dhyana Mudra, with Yoga Visnu, Siva as an Yogi etc., the common
clear,

Yoga School of self-improvement becomes

and brings the

Nivrtti-marga in sharp focus.

Even the disposition of the hair

feature in the sculptural art.

as

Daksinavarta on the head

is

common

of Buddha, superfical look at the images Tirthamkara and Lakullsa figure leads to confused identification that gets cleared the of characteristics complete figures. the examination of all iconographic

by
If

the heads are available, only the broken "images, and specially almost impossible to separate them.

it

becomes

54

N MEHTA
-

SAMBODHI

Buddhist Deities and their Non-Buddhist Worship

These aspects of
in the

common

elements of the sculptures of the Buddhist

It is

art,

continue

developed iconography of India.

significantly

known

that

some of

worshipped by other sects. As an example two deities from Tarahga Hill in North-Gujarat are noted here. One of them is a white marble image worshipped as Dharini Devi. It has the inscription of the Dharin!
it. This name of the text seems to have been retained and her iconographic identification was forgotten, so it was in the recent study first identified as Tara, and then it was corrected as Sukla Kurukiilla. Even though, this correction is supported to a great extent by the available Sadhana, it

the Buddhist deities are

text

on

requires further investigation to discover the correct Sadhana for this deity.

Moreover, the deity Kurukulla, an emnation of Amitabha, is invoked orthodox brahmanical text of Lalitasahasranama as Kurukulla.

in the

The other deity

This deity
of
is

iconographic characteristics further assist

Dhanada

is in worship as PadmavatT in the Ajitnath temple at Tarahga. an emanation of Amogha Sidclhi, the Dhyani Buddha. Her one in identifying the image as that

Tara.

Syncretic Thought

These identifications of the images raise a fundamental issues about them. It could be argued from purely iconographical angle that these are wrong
identifications. This icono graphically strong

weak when
It is

argument, however, becomes

fairly

it

is

examined from the

literature of these sects.

tendency of identification of the creation of one sect by the own deity. It is already noted that Kurukulla Similarly Padmavatl is identified with several goddesses, including Tara in all her forms by the Jains. The Buddhists were not far behind as they also had identified Padmavatl as a form of Tara. She is
other as belonging to one of their is an accepted deity of the Saktas.
possibly Padma of Brahmans. This literary activity contradicts the iconographic identification and gives free scope to the acceptance of one figure as that belonging to some identification of that other sect. This aspect leads to a lot

common

of amalgamation.

Vol.

XIX,

1994-1995

SOME

COMMON

ELEMENTS.,

55

examine the basis of the activity of such identifications for amalgamation, one has to consider the phenomenon of logic and verbal communication.
If

one

tries

to

Logic and Role of Drastanta

Logic in

its

narrowest sense

is

a mental

effort to

arrive at the truth of a

statement on the basis of reasoning from experience. This thought becomes clear when the method of argument is considered that the examination is
ultimately based on Drstanta, which is a common experience of the inquirer and the world, as noted by Vatsyayana, the commentator of Nyaya Sutras of

Gautama.
While discussing the fifth aspect of Nyaya, the Drstanta is defined in the Sutra 25 of 1st Chapter that it is laukika panksakdnam yasminn arthe buddhi-sdrnyam
sa
di'stantah.

Commenting

on

it

Vatsyayana

explains

Laukikas

as

Lokasdmdnyam atltah laukikah naisargikam vainayikam buddhyatisayaiii prdptdh / tadviparitdh pariksakdh, tarkma pramanaili artliath pariksitum arhantiti Yathd' yam artliam lakikd buddyante tatha pariksaka api so artlio drstdntah
i
i

It is

the common element of the experience of the world, that is the fountain source of the knowledge both of a common man, who considers it as natural and does not examine it. Those who examine it, not only accept it, but try to the explain it as a result of an act of an actor. The explanations, therefore, are
results of either the experience of an individual

and

his analysis or

he accepts

the verbal testimony of others.

This

is

and

its

an important aspect of the relative value of the experience of an individual of the analysis by himself and a belief system based on the experience
the

Brahmanas and

Sramanas

that

is

reflected in their verbal testimony.

World Experience and Buddha and Veda

In this respect an examination of the view of Lord Buddha is highly significant. A perusal of the Tipitakas, specially the Sutra where his teachings are directed

towards clear understanding reveals his position in the statement "Nafinsta samanassa, Brahmanassa vasutvd Vadami; Api ca bhikhave, yadeva me samam

*'

56

R.N.

MEHTA

SAMBODHI

gndta samam didtham, samam viditam tamevdham vaddmi (Sakkar Suttam). This statement of Lord Buddha has high epistemological significance that the
proper observation and knowledge are more important in comparison to the statements of the Sramanas and Brahmanas. This base of observation and correct knowledge is a common thought for scientific knowledge. This is a constant
strain in the belief system of the Vaidikas
in the Vision of the Rsis.

who

trace the origin of their suktas

They were

revealed.

The Suktas that are verbally

transmitted, and form the basis of the Brahmanic tradition, that is a commentary of this tradition. The continuity of this idea could be found in the Brahadaranaka,

5th Adhyaya. 14th Brahamana where this point is discussed. Tadvai tat satye pratisthitam caksur vat satyam caksur hi vai satyam tasmdd yad iddnim dvau

vivddmdndv eydtdm ahamdarsam aham bruydd ahamdarsam iti tasma eva sraddahyam

asrausamiti

ya

evam

tad vai tat satyam bale pritisthitam.

This statement indicates the Brahmanic position.

Brahmanic Tradition
The preservation of the Vedic tradition by the Veda, its commentaries in the literature of
Upanisads, as well as
its

specialists of different

Sakhas of

the

Brahmanas Aranyakas and

Brahmin and Sramana

in

tradition, that has

continuous examination gives the Indian ethos of the been studied, compared and accepted

many

parts of the world.

Phenomenon
The Vaidika
of the Rsis.

of Language
that of the verbal record of the vision

tradition in last analysis

is

aspect leads to an understanding of the phenomenon of language or Vak, to use the term of the Rgveda. In the understanding of Vak, the statement in Rg.l. 164.45 is explicit about the fourfold nature of the language. It states that the three aspects of Vak are hidden
Significantly,
this

and only one part becomes known.

Many words
Due

for

one object

to this condition, the one that exists is expressed by different words. Thus, though the language might differ, the ultimate reality is one. This one is monistic

Vol.

XIX,

1994-1995

SOME

COMMON

ELEMENTS...

57

and not monotheistic in the early Vedic tradition. This aspect of monism is developed both by the seers of the Upanisads, and the Buddhists. If the criticism
of Sankara the great Advaita philosopher
it

be examined as Pracchanna Baudha

would

indicate the close relationship of thought, but the terminology differs.

is

This feature

fairly well documented by Bhartrhari in his Vakyapadrya, where he expressly states that the permanent sabda, tries to explain the meaning of the phenominal world.

Thus, the verbal communication about the

phenomenal world

is

noted

in

its

dual form, that of the spoken or written words on one side and the supreme reality behind the phenomenal world. It is interesting fact that this notion of
the
significant feature of the

phenomenal world springing up from an undesirable sub-stratum Brahmanic and Buddhist thought.

is

The View of Knowledge

Epistemologically, its significance is a facetted view of complete knowledge. So it considers the knowledge of the universe, Pratibhasika, Vyavahaiika and

Parmarthika

in its entirety. This thought that is multif ace tied gives a different

verbal picture of this mysterious world with its changing patterns in cyclic, Yang-Ying or linear dimensions to the observer who is a part of the universe
or

Brahmanda.

Problems of Communication
The undescribable
entity of existance

when communicated
Sunya
etc.

to the

others gets a

variety of names, as Eka, Advaita, Tathata,

long drawn series of debates has undergone to prove the validity of the 'Word' used by a particular a constant group. This situation of the linguistic communication is also in which the changing pattern of the relationship of the spoken

phenomenon, or recorded word and the meaning conveyed by it results in many debates. The main reason of this debate is the limited capacity of the words to convey, the the mind of the individual who expresses specific meaning of its shade that is in
it

but the listeners' or the readers' understanding

is

often not congruent with

the idea expressed, but even contradictory ideas are generated from these words. This is an universe of verbal discourse in which Vdda, Jalpa and Vitanda

play their

own

role.

58

RN
'

MEHTA

SAMHODH1

Dialogue or Vada

When one considers the basic function of verbal communication as a proper expression and proper response for acquisition of knowledge and understanding after examining relevant proofs, the picture gets a little clear. Dialogue is possible when there is an agreement on the sources of proof. With the strong emphasis on one's experience as noted by Buddha, Pratyaksa and Anumana
become the valid sources of proofs. But this aspect though true, fails to be very effective in absence of verbal communication, that is essential for exchange of
ideas, continuity of tradition etc.

Continuity and Change

aspect of the understanding of continuity of tradition in verbal form it in line with the experience of phenomenal world and its causative reasoning that creates split and leads to quarrels, about the authenticity of the verbal tradition. Lord Buddha's reliance on experience, and rejection of verbal is the of some authority diversion of the Brahmanic and Buddhist traditions. point
If is this

and bringing

Apart from have many

this diversion,

these Indian traditions, including that of the Jains

common

elements.

Brahmana
Interestingly the term
its

Brahman deserves our

carrier as

Brahma,
its

ultimate reality and

efforts to
this

attention. The word, which began the expanding sphere of universe and knowledge of expression later on came to signify the that made

group

known

understand the Brahma Vidya. As speech was the modus operandi of group, in the anthropomorphical model of the was society such
to

have developed from the mouth as noted

90.

in die

Rgveda.

group Narayana Sukta of

reads the Catukka Nipata, Brahmana Dhammayaga St.tta the words Ahamasnn blnkkhave brahmano" and 'To* a me tumhe putta orasa mukhoto lata dhammasd" by Lord Buddha as well as the term Mahana used for TTrthamkara Mahavira, it becomes clear that this term Brahmana was used to

When one

explain the social group engaged in the inquiry of knowledge and preserving

Vol.

XIX,

1994-1995

SOME

COMMON

ELEMENTS...

S9

the traditional role of knowledge. When misinterpretations for selfish ends of the tradition were doled out in the society, the
radical understanding opposed Buddhist was generated.
this activity

knowledgeable persons with and verbal dual of Brahmin verses

Buddha,

However, when one examines the activities of the "Aham asmi brahmana" his supporters were many learned Brahmins who were the seekers

and followers of the Pravrttimarga or Path of Action. Along with these activists in the society, passivists also exist. They contemplete about the universe, life, activities, pleasure pain and other aspects and lead a contented life often in individual seclusion or in their group or Samgha. This section of the society is the Sramana. The word is used in the sense of the
after truth

one who makes

an

effort.

When

it

is

directed towards Nivrttunarga or renunciation the one

making
it

called Sramana, and with the constriction of the signifies an ascetic and later on a Buddhist Monk.
is
-

the effort

meaning

Brahmana

Sramana
-

Under the earlier connotation the words Brahmana Sramana are jointly used not only in the Tipitakas, but also in the edicts of Asoka. They therefore, signify the activists and pacifists in a given society and their antithetical sense
gives a partial rather incomplete version. These groups live in the and share many aspects of its cultural and intellectual

same society
is

parameters, as

known

from drama and other

literary compositions.

Brahmin Sannyasi, Jain Sadhu or a Alums a, Asteya, Aparigraha and Brahmacaiya, Saudi, Svadhyaya Santosa, Tapas and Isvara-pranidhana are emphasised in the Yogamarga. Jain Anuvratas and Mahavratas and Buddhist vratas also emphasise most of them. The society also emphasises them as Samanya dharma.
life

On

practical plane, the

cycle of a

Buddhist Sramana has

many common

features. Their vratas of Satya,

the Asadha Piirnima, Bhadrapada Panami, Vaisakhi Purnima are also days of celebrations of different aspects of Brahmanic and Buddhist societies. It is Vaisakhi Purnima, that has given the present names Prathat-Thali and Thailand in 1949 A.D. and replaced Siam.

Besides

it,

common

60

R.N.

MEHTA

SAMBODH-I

Common

Thoughts

in Art

As an example the acceptance of five elements of the world by the Sarhkhya thinkers and the idea for five Buddhist deities, development of an architectural

group of
art-forms.

five stupas or five temples,

interesting features that unite the

one main and four subsidiary ones are Brahmanic and Buddhist thought, and basic

one examines the reverance paid to Lord Buddha as one of the incarnation of Visnu and examines the images of this school, it seems that the art forms
If

also reflect this reverence

and mutual cooperation and cordination

in society

with sometimes verbal dissentions.

Prathet Thai

Buddhism and Brahmanism

When

these cooperative aspects are considered in the Indian society and compared to that of the society of Prathet Thai, the emergent picture is
significantly highly

congruent and suggestive.

The Vaisnavas consider Buddha as one of the incarnation of Visnu, the protector of the world order. On physical plane the work of protection is carried out by the ruler from the state capital. When one considers the cultural parameters in
Prathet Thai, the capitals like DvaravatI (Cir. 6th-Cir.il/12th Cent.) Ayutthaya (Cir. 14th-1716) and Bangkok (18th cent, t present) with its full name

"Krungthep, Rajadhani, Buriroma, Udom, Rajanivet, Mahasthana, Ainarna, Pimarna, Avartana, Satit, Sakkatuthiya, Visnukarma Prasit" is highly instructive.

Toponyms
well-known town developed by Lord Krsna when he moved Western India. This was the capital of Yadavas. It is archaeologically debated about the exact location of this important city. However, with the advancing evidence of the chaleolithic studies, sites around
DvaravatI,
is

the

from Mathura

to

Dwarka suggests that the occupation of this region fairly early in the period around 200 B.C. Significantly one of the capital of Prathet Thai in a period of about 6th to cir. 12th, is named as DvaravatI that reminds one of its Vaisnava association, that has with the Brahmanic affinity
is

the present day DvaravatI or

tradition. Its ruler

Ram Khamennaga who one

name

Prathet Thai carries the

of the most popular ruler of of another ruler from iksvdku dyanasty, in which

Vol.

XIX,

1994-1995

SOME

COMMON

ELEMENTS...

61

according to a tradition the Buddha was born.

It is

a significant point that

essentially a story of

Rama's story in this country, the Rama Kian, is Brahmanic order with some reflection in the Dasaratha

Jataka of the Buddhist literature.

The Dvaravati

of Krsna and Yadavas gave place to

Khamanga and Ayutthaya turn to become a capital.

or

Ayodhya had

to

Sukho Thai; the city of Ram wait for a few centuries for its

Ayutthaya the Ayodhya, that is, an invincible town, as noted in the Ramayana gave the name of the second capital of Prathet-Thai. Though it bore the name of an invincible city, it suffered reverses at the hand of the Burmese in the
18th century and the Thais changed their capital to the present day Bangkok. As already indicated the capital is Krungthep = city of Gods; Rajadhanl = = Beautiful city; Udoma Rajanivet = Fine settlement of a capital; Buriroma
ruler;

Amorna Pimarna = House = Residence, and Visnukarma

of God; Satita
Prasit

= Well established; Sakkabuttiya = Constructed by Visnukumar. These

epithets of

Bangkok testifies to an understanding of the basic identity of Brahmanic and Buddhist traditions. The Thai picture is much nearer the truth of our social and religious practices. This picture could be enlarged by more examples but the time at our disposal would restrict such an exercise.
These names, however, suggest the series of ascending order of the cities form a town at the entrance or Dvaravati to Sukho tai i.e., rise of happiness to that of the invincible capital or Rama under the Fya-Uttong dynasty and finally to the certain of Visvakarma who is identified as brahma or Visnu. If the identification the highest Brahmanic deity of stability Visnu be taken as valid

under Akri Bargkah represent establishment of Brahmanic deity of stability Lord Buddha was very aptly dynasty. According to the theory of Avatara,
considered to be the incarnation of Visnu.

With Gnana, Anukampa and Karunya Prabhava of Lord Buddha as noted in the discovered from the Sarira stupa at Devnimori, inscription of a schist stone casket
he could not be associated with either Brahma, the creator or Siva the destroyer of the universe. The basic understanding of the Nirodha of Dukha, its cause the and Samddhi of the Lord Buddha Avidhyd and the Mdrga with its Pragnd, Sila

was

for protection

and happiness

in the constant flux of creation.

62 RN HTA SAMBODffl Visnu, the protector of the universe of the Brahmanic tradition could be the only form of ths formless that could be Lord Buddha's Avatdra for Bahujanasukhaya and Bahujana-hitdya as expressed in Suttam.
'
-

Bahujanahita

Visnu as Siddhartha Siddhasamkalpa, Siddhidah, Siddhasadhanah and connects Baudha Siddhas in a common bond, (Vedaprakasha Juneja Natha Sampradaya Aura Sahitya", p.136-138) that runs though the historical and period keeps the common elements of cultural symbosis.
the Siddhayogis and

The Visnu-sahasranaina of Anusasana Parva of Mahabharata (135.40) considers

Conclusion
This significant correlation of

which the consecration Thai, a Vaidik, brahmin, for a ruler

order.

Brahmanism and Buddhism is noticed in Prathet ceremony of the ruler is performed by Rajagru

following the Simhala Vong tradition of Buddhis!

is probably a picture of the intertwining of Brahmanism and Buddhism into variagated cultural ethos of Prathet-Thai as well as other areas where the ideas and practices of both trends are persisting in a five symbiotic relationship; that is often expressed as basic unity with diverse linguistic expression. One of the finest expression of this is

This

Hanumana's authorship.

It

thought notes

from the drama Mahanataka ascribed

to

yam

Saivah samupdsate siva

iti

iti

brahmeti veddntinah
I

karteti naiyayikdh Arhannity apt jainasasanarata karmeti mimamsaka.1i Soyam no vidadhdtu vancchitaphalam

Baudhdh buddha

pramana-patavah

trailokyandtho harih

//

In this general continuity of ideas of accord in different periods of discord to Kama Lobha, Moha, Ahamkara etc. are also existing, but not

due

universal place and happiness for which

approved for
effort.

we

are craving and

making

Thank you one and

all

for patient hearing

and wish

Sane bhavantu sukhinah sarve santu nirdmayah Sarve bhadrdni pasyantu md kascid duhkhamdpunydt Aum sdnstih san tih sdn tih

THE JAIN CONCEPT OF SRAMANA IN THE AUPAPATIKA SUTRA

Ch. Lalitha

The Place of Aupapatika Sutra

The Jain canonical
Ahgapravista and 6th century A.D.
texts
(b) in

in the Jain

Canonical Literature

texts have been broadly classified into two viz., (a) Anga-bdhya or Anga-bdhira. Some time between the 5th and council of Valabhl under Devardhi the Agama or sidddnta
1

were compiled.

They

are classified into

(1)

Angas, (2)

Updiigas,

(3)

Midasiitras (4) Chedasutras, (5) Culikd sutras, (6) Prakirnakas.

Of these, there are twelve Upahgas, viz., (1) Aupapatika (2) Rdjaprasniya, Jivdbhigama or jivdjivdbhigama, (4) Prajndpana (5) Swyaprajilapti,
Jambudvipaprajnapti, (7) Candmprajiiapti (8)

(3)

(6)

Niraydvalika or kalpika, (9) Kalpdvatamsika, (10) Puspika, (11) Puspacfilika, (12) Vrsnidasd. Among the twelve Upahgas the Uvavdiya occupies the first place. It is also well known as OvavdiZa and Aupapatika. This Agama gives description of a city, forest, strip,
etc.,

and that

is

the reason

why

it is

placed

first

among

the Upangas. 2

This Sutra

illustrates

discretion, reflection

manner. One of the special feature of

descriptions of a
city,

how a ;Tva is reborn in next life according to change and asceticism with manifold illustrations in a very lumpid this Sutra is that it gives graphic
trees, gardens, store slab,

king, queen,
his

men and

Gods,

virtues

of-Bhagavan Mahavlra, description of

body, his thirty four

supernatural powers atisayas, virtues of the monks, their asceticism, description of three hundred and fifty four types of austerities, fcevaff-transformation of
siddhas, their bliss etc. This paper aims to study the various attributes

and duties

of a true and well behaved man.

A
A

True Sramana And His Virtuous Behaviour

true monk is one who performs good actions. He is free from anger, pride, attachment and eminence. He controls his sense organs, sleep and calamities and
free

is

from inquistiveness. A well controlled

monk

possess sundry characteristics

of high order. 3 He attains great virtue by practising great vows. A good Sramana is well disciplined in the practice of controls (Samitis etc.;), in one's movements,

64

CH. LALITHA

SAMBODHI

(gupti',s). A well controlled man is firmly rooted in celibacy. He is free from the possession of objects and is also free from grief and suffering. He frees oneself from conditions which generate fcarma bondage. A well behaved monk remains pure in conduct like pure gold and is spotless like a conch. 4

words (expressions), begging, maintainance of one's begging bowls and depositing.one's excreta. He also practices control of the mind, speech and body

virtuous

monk performs

intake of food

viz., refrains

external and internal penances i.e., He abstains from for certain period of time (itvarifca) such as give up

four meals, six meals, eight meals, ten meals, twelve meals, fourteen meals, sixteen meals, or fasts for a month, for two, three, four, five, six months and

whole life (ydvatfcat/ufca) such as remains motionless like a tree till death (.padapopagamana) and after such suspension he is not excluded from 5 physical movement or movement of limbs (bhakta-pratyakhyana).
refrains for a

A good monk
atonement

is

i.e.

one who performs internal penances which are of discusses with spiritual preceptors, performs

six lands viz.,

fasting,

self-

confession (pratifcramcma) and causes hardship to one's body (kayotsarga) and thereby performs prescribed penances of the order. 6

learned

monk

restricts use of things viz., related to cloth,

is

anything which is pleasant, trustworthy and flawless. He intake of food, lives on alms, gives up crave for taste

begging bowl and one who reduces the

he gives up food possessing clarified butter (ghee), oil, milk, curd or jaggery, feeds on non-spiced food or fried grains soaked in water. He takes food devoid of good taste and feeds on food prepared on old cheap grains.
i.e.,

A well
on the
for the

controlled
seat.

monk bears

He exposes

all physical calamities. He remains fixed (unmoved) oneself to heat and cold, never spits and does no.t care

body

posture.

He
life.

a lonely

in all respects. He performs month long fasts and sits in vfrasana controls his sense organs, passions and activities, and thereby leads

possesses undistorted fulfilement faith (susrusana-vinaya) and humility free from fault

possesses humility of knowledge, faith, conduct, mind, words, body and thereby behaves humbly with others. He is well acquainted with perceptual, scriptural, extra sensory, telepathic and absolute He knowledge.

true

monk

Vol.

XIX, 1994-1995

THE JAIN CONCEPT

OF...

65

(dnatya-satand-vinqya).

well behaved monk

or superior person arrives, offers cloth, in obedience to them and pays them with due respect

one who pays respect when elder chair for elders, pays homage and
is

full attention.

A monk

of correct behaviour sits in poise for fortyeight minutes (sdmdyjfca), of after a lapse (chedopasthapanika') attains perfection replaces to righteousness

physical

passions possess very minute actions (paritara-visudd/n) character as per code (yathakhyata) He (suksmasamparaya), and moulds one's service to the dcdrya, does not commit sin in thought, word and deed. He renders and sangha. He is wellacquainted upadhyaya, senior or fellowmonk, kula, gana themes. He practises with the Agamas and sutras and gives speeches over spiritual lacks hyocracy and meditation and thereby attains endurance, greedlessness, and drink. He food He lacks attachment to the body, gana, objects,
.

pride.

one's of passions, world and karma. A true monk enriches possesses renunciations to perfection. soul with self control and penance which leads

RESUME
It is

of the concept of monk in evident from the above study of the delineation text is to inculcate in a novice the Aupapatika Sutra that the chief object of the

monk

the duties of Sramana and to mentally prepare

in thought, speech practising righteousness hurdles in samsara and attain perfection.

him before hand and by and action he can overcome all

REFERENCES
1

Narendra Bhattacharya 'Jain Philosophy : Historical Munsiram Manohanlal Pub. Pvt. Ltd., Introduction p.18.

Outline'

Padmanabh

S. Jaini,

The

Join Path of Purification', Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi,

1979, pp.56-57.
3

Ganesh Lalwani
p.55.

Prakrit Bharati (Ed), Uvavaiya Suttam,

Academy,

Jaipur, 1988,

4
5

Ibid,
[bid.

pp.55-59.
p. 63. p. 82.

6
7

[bid.

[bid.

pp.84-85.

KARMA AND FREEWILL

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF

HINDUISM, BUDDHISM AND JAINISM

Arvind Sharma
I

The doctrine of Karma is one of the points of agreement among regions of ancient India -Hinduism, Buddhism and
concept operates in somewhat different ways in the three
Perfidal understanding of the doctrine of

the three

main

Jainism,' even though the

religions.'

en

n
,
"

"

Karma

leads to

its

identification

f thS

future actions r and man's free-will

P1 eSent aCtl

nS
is

*"""

1IOWinS 10SiC: lf P 3St acdons "otannine acd ns then ? ast actio Determine eliminated in the process.
'

Each of

of ones Karma are inescapable, free-will does

to

the three religions assert, however, that even though the consequences exist. Yet each of these three

"

identify the

manner

in

which these modalities

II

differ

There
V of Karma. framework One
c

>ates

free-will ree-will in the

:

the

them

is

outlined by R. N. Dandekar thus

its

an objection is met by the Hindu thinkers by postulating a two-fold consummation of all actions. First, every action produces dl rect results which determine' our present body and the

already determined, and it determines his him no freedom to shape it as he would that he will see that his actions are such that hey will lead to a better life next time for the simple reason tha his acaonsin this life are not really his> dlfiy arg predetermined Such
present, thereby leaving
ke.
1

But, do not the individual's past deeds now become, in a sense extraneous forces so far as his present is concerned? The past even though it is his past, is

He cannot say

Vol.

XIX, 1994-1995

KARMA

AND

FREEWILL...

67

conditions directly relating to and consequent upon our birth. Concerning these we have no choice; we must accept them as they
are ordained. But our past deeds also produce indirect result in the from of innate tendencies which prompt us to act one way or

another.

It is

necessary to emphasize that these innate tendencies

prompt but do not compel us to act in a particular manner, thus affording ample scope for initiative and self-determination on the
part of the individual. Therefore, although the individual's birth and initial environment are predetermined,, he has before him the
gratifying prospect of being able to master his innate tendencies

which

are the mainsprings of

all

his actions.

11

The other way in which room is created for free-will within the doctrine of Karma is through the distinction between the three types of Karmas. As T.M.P.

Mahadevan

explains

Hindu
of
it is

thinkers distinguish three kinds of karma: sancita, prarabdha

is all

and agami. Sancita

the accumulated

karma of
is

the past. Part

seen in the character of the individual, his tendencies and

aptitudes, inclinations

and

desires, etc.

Prarabdha

that portion of

karma which is responsible the coming karma which includes

the past

for the present body.

also the

Agami

is

karma

that is being

gathered at present. An apt analogy in usually given to bring home to our minds the element of freedom that karma involves. Imagine
a bow-man, with a quiver of arrows, taking aim at a target. He has already sent a shaft; and another arrow he is about to shoot. The

bundle of arrows in the quiver on his back is the sancita; the arrow he has shot is prarabdha; and the one which he is about to send
forth from his

bow

is

the sancita and agami;

effect.

agami. Of these, he has perfect control over it is only the prarabdha that cannot but take

Man
5

has the freedom to reform his character

to

and

alter his

ways. Only the past which has begun

suffer.

take effect he has to

Ill

One way

in

which Buddhism counteracts the deterministic tendencies of the

68

ARV1ND SHARMA

Kanuna, the order of cause and effect in action, is not determinism nor is ,t aii excuse for fatalism. The past influences the present bm does not dominate it. The past is the background against which life goes on from moment to moment; the past and the present influence the future. Only the present moment exists, and the
responstbihty for using the present with each individual. 6

moment

for good or for

ill

lies

*"

of the

Kama, as has been stated above,

destmy;
,t ,s

just proportion to all that

is not fate; i, is not irrevocable no, blind determinism. Nor is one bound to reap in one has sown. The actions of men are not

absolutely irrevocable; in fact, only a few of them are Fo example, when one fires a bulte from a rifle, one cannot call it back or turn it aside fron, its mark. But if, instead of a bullet through the air, it is an ivory ball on a billiard table that one sets movn,g with a cue, another ball can be sent after it to change S en Ugh e " *< around o misl" the other s,de of the i table and send against it a ball which would meet ,t straight in the line of its course and bring i, to T on he spot. With one's later action with the cue one modifies or ev

Z^d T
T
:

^
'

'

"

drCUm

ctionT ction PeraKS '" dM d br ad StrMm f " fe in sTe wav same T way. There, too, of a later day may modify the one . acuor, - kamma - of a
,

**

neutralized, one's previo o

,s

d, the
effects of

nt,wT
Man
posb,h.y
to

SSibiliV

former day. " lan S VW

'

If this

Je no, s,
'

ere
a

gm

fe f

-n tan

has, therefore, a certain

amount of

mold

free will and there

his actions.'

is

his life or to

every

modify

Vol.

XIX, 1994-1995

KARMA

AND
IV

FREEWILL...

69

In the case of Jainism, the

power

to

exercise free-will
:

is

seen as forever latent in

man. As Surendranath Dasgupta points out

It

of

may not be out of place to mention here man are constantly determining him in

that though the karmas various ways yet there

is in

so that

him infinite capacity or power for right action (anantavliya), karma can never subdue this freedom and infinite capacity,
this

though

may be
It is

of Karma.

suppressed from time to time by the influence thus that by an exercise of this power man can
finally liberated.
If

overcome
this

all

karma and become

man had

not

anantavuya in him he might have been eternally under the sway of the accumulated karma which secured his bondage
(band/ja).

But since

man

is

the reposiory of this indomitable

power

the

karmas can only throw obstacles and produce sufferings, but can never prevent him from attaining his highest good. 8
latter

It is

well-known that Mahavira broke with Makkahali Gosala because the

:

preached Fatalism. As has been pointed out "Gosala is of importance to those the sin and shame of us who are trying to understand Jainism for two reasons
:

of his

life

emphasized the need

for stringent rules for the order;

to result in

of absolute fatalism
this
all,

was shown

and the doctrine non-moral conduct. Jainism avoids

we

determinism, as we shall see later, by teaching that, though karma decides 9 ourselves can affect our past karma by our present life".

V
It is

doctrine of

main religions of ancient India which accept the and provide for free-will. To a certain extent the they do it through doctrines somewhat unique to them as Hinduism through doctrine of vdsana, Buddhism through ksanikavada and Jainism through the
clear, then, all the three

Karma

reject Fatalism

doctrine of anantavliya.

But

it

appears that in at least two ways

all

the three basic religions use

more

or

less the

same methods

to

make room

for free-will.

70

ARVIND SHARMA
All the three

SAMBODHI
karma
:

(1)

religions have a classification of

into

prarabdha,

and kriyamana in Hinduism; 10 into dittliadhammavedaniyam, upapaccavedaniyam, aparapariydyavedaniyam and ahosi-kammam in 12 and into satta, bandha and Buddhism; Thus by udaya in Jainism. making several grades of karma, scope is created for the influence of
sancita
11

present karma on past

karma

to

a certain extent
is

and thus the deterministic

edge of the doctrine of karma

(2)

blunted.

three traditions, the complexity of the working of karma is recognized and this complexity in a sense checks its mechanical inexorability. Thus, Bhagavadglta IV. 17 states that the working of karma
all

In

the

is

hard

to

penetrate;

13

the

Milindapanha clearly states that "No one

without a Buddha's insight can fix the extent of the action of in Jainism "only the Kevall knows to

which

class"

MJfcdcita

Sir/Ufa

karma which can evade the former

15

"a mortal's

" and karma or kanna can be

1

Karma"

assigned".

own

One may conclude by pointing out a remarkable circumstance, namely, that in all the three traditions, at least the best minds have interpreted the doctrine of karma as indicating that man can achieve whatever he wants by the dint of his
effort, his

own kanna.

Tints, in relation to

Hinduism

it

has been pointed

The principle of Karma reckons with the material or the context in is born. While it regards the past as determined, it allows that the future is only conditioned. The spiritual element in man allows him freedom within the limits of his nature Man is not a mere mechanism of

winch each individual

enslave him try The Bhagavadgua asks us to raise the self by the self. We can use re matenal with which we are endowed to promote our The card, m the

m can tnumph over the automatic forces that

game of
to
life

instincts.
to

The

spirit in

are

them. They are traced

our past Karma,

btit

we can

call

What

the individual will

be cannot be predicted

beforehand,

Vol.

XIX, 1994-1995

KARMA
is

AND

FREEWILL...

71

though there

no caprice.
governed by

We

can predict an individual's acts so

is,

far as they are

habit, that

to the extent his actions

are mechanical and not affected

by

choice.

But choice

is

not

caprice. Free will in the sense of an undetermined, unrelated, uncaused factor in human action is not admitted, but such a will

defies

all

cause and

human
in

has nothing to do with the general stream of operates in an irregular and chaotic way. If actions are determined by such a will, there is no meaning
analysis.
It

effect. It

man Man

punishment or training of character. The theory of karma allows the freedom to use the material in the light of his knowledge. controls the uniformities in nature, his own mind and society.
is

There

thus scope for genuine

to

rational

freedom, while

indeterminism and chance lead

a false fatalism. 16

Similarly in

Buddhism too the conclusion can be drawn from

:

the doctrine of

karma

that

the harvest of our doings

details, is for

is

certain,

but the course of karma, in

its

very uncertain, because of its extreme complexity. This complexity is so great, that "the fruit of deeds," for this very reason, is one of the "four inscrutable things about

most

men

which one ought not

will fall a

to

brood, because

who broods about them

prey

to

delusion or to mental disturbance."

future

Such brooding, moreover, upon the probable condition of our would also be highly superfluous. It is enough to know that
ourselves

we

make

this

future,

according

to

fixed norms. This

knowledge we now possess: we may become everything in the world, because we are nothing pertaining to this world. I may become a
king or a beggar, a nobleman or a vagabond; I may become a man, a ghost, a beast, a devil, and I can become a god. In itself, any one of these is just as near to me, because as essentially alien, as any
other.
I

It all

depends upon
17

my will, upon

the innermost striving that

its

nourish and develop within myself, which will lead to

corresponding grasping.

And

in the case of Jainism

it

can be said that

72

ARVIND SHARMA
According to Mahavira, the painful condition of the self about by one's own action, and not other cause.
is

SAMBODHI
brought

by any

Pleasure and

pain are brought about by one's

rises.

own

action. Individually a

man

is

falls, and individually he His passions, consciousness, intellect, perceptions, and to the impressions belong individual exclusively. All living beings owe their present form of existence to their own karma. w

bora, individually he dies, individually he

Thus

all

the three ancient religions of India are united in proclaiming

man

to

be

the architect of his

own

destiny

be

it

spiritual or secular.

REFERENCES
1.

Surendranath Dasgupta, A History of Indian Philosophy Vol. I (Cambridge University Press, 1957), pp. 71-74; Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and Charles A. Moore, A Source Book of Indian Philosophy (Princeton University Press, 1965), p.xxix.
Haridas Bhattacharvya,
e., The Cultural Heritage of India, Vol. Institute of Culture 1958), pp. 537-546.
I

2.

Ramaknshna Mission
3.

(Calcutta

The

See J.N. Farquhar, The Crown of Hinduism (New Delhi: Oriental Books Reprint Corporation, 1971)), Chapter III; Huston Smith, The Religions of Man (New York' Harper & Row, 1958), p.77; S. Radhakrishnan and P.T. Man Raju, The
(Lincoln, Nebraska:

Johnson Publishing
ed.,

Concept of

Co., 1972), p.234, etc.

4.

Kenneth W. Morgan,
Press

Company, 1953),

The Religion of the Hindus pp. 129-130.

(New

York' The Ronald

5.

T.M.P. Mahadevan, Outlines of Hinduism (Bombay: Chetaaa

Ltd.,

I960), pp.60 61.

6.

Kenneth W. Morgan, ed., The Path of Company, 1956), p.85.

'

the

Buddha (New

York: The Ronald Press

Keller - Grhlim a "d Max Hoppe.eds., The Doctrine of the H The Religion of Reason and Meditation by George Grimm (Delhi' Motilal Banasidass, 1973), pp.196-199.

..,

8.

Surendranath Dasgupta,

op,

cit.,

p.207.

10.

T.M.P. Mahadevan, ed.,

op.,

cit.,

pp. 60-61.

11.

Haridas Bhattacharvya,

ed., op.

cit.,

p.540. Aslo see Kenneth

W. Morgan, ed. The

Vol.

XIX, 1994-1995

KARMA
p. 88.

AND

FREEWILL...

73

Path of the Buddha,

12.

Mrs. Sinclair Stevenson, op,

T.M.P. Mahadevan, op,
cit.,

cit.,

pp. 184-185.

13.

pp. 59-60.

14.

T.W. Rhys Davids, The Questions of King Miiinda, Part I (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1969), p. 193; also see M. Keller-Grimm and Max Hope, eds., op.
cit.,

p.200.

15.

Mrs. Sinclair Stevenson, op.

S.

cit.,

p.185.

16.

Radhakrishnan, The Hindu View oj Life (London: Unwin Books, 1965),

p.54.
17.

M. Keller-Grimm and

Max Hoppe,
op.

eds.,

op.

cit.,

p.200.

18.

Haridas Bhattacharyya, ed.,

cit.,

pp. 545-546.

RECENT RESEARCH IN THE HISTORY OF GUJARAT

H.
G.

Shastri

the British period a number of works Gujarat on the basis of various sources of

During

were written on the history of information. More and more

material comes to light as time proceeds. Special impetus is given to research in the history of Gujarat during post-independence times, especially after the emergence of the Gujarat State in 1960. Here it is intended to make a succinct survey of the recent research activities in the field of the history of Gujarat, along with notable publications embodying their results therein.

Recent explorations in Gujarat have revealed prehistoric culture throueh paleohtluc remains of all the three phases in all the major parts of the Mate, and even neoliths are discovered in South Gujarat. Dr. H D Sankalia Has given an adequate account of the prehistoric and proto-historic cultures ol Gujarat m his 'Pre-histoiy and Proto-histoiy of India and Pakistan' (1962 1974). Among proto-historic sites in
itself as

Anguished ost-i art, ,on

terntory of India.

Lothal, Ahmedabad Distric has one of the prominent Harappan sites situated in the A detailed account of the cultural rema s

known

Planning and dm/ fon to have extended

cms" A

L
a

etr
s

lis

ilfr

Gu]"aL

^^
Wkh
'

partmentalized

**"*

Smr. Sumana

S.

shah)

made

Yadavas and

critical

regards the excavations and

P^ernVft^
ta

their genealories

in

,m W
sn

>

? Jadeja (n W TT* ^ traditions about

Dr

'

the

C196S). As

marine archaeolojri ci?

Si

reCent

Vol.

XIX, 1994-1995
to the

RECENT

RESEARCH

IN...

75

Puranic traditions this religion was known as Anartta during proto-historic times. In the Early Ancient Period the denotation of the name got confined to North Gujarat, while the entire region got known as Lata. During the Gaulukya Period the name Lata got restricted to South Gujarat, while the entire region received the name Gurjarades'a or Gujarat.

According

The documented History of Gujarat commences with

the Mauryan Period (Circa 322-185 B.C.) As regards the Sudarsana reservoir at Girinagara (present Junagadh), Dr. R.N. Mehta traced the remnants of its dam near Dharagadh

gate.

The Ksatrapa Period covers a long period Shri (now Dr.) Rasesh Jamindar made a

in the ancient history of Gujarat. critical study of the history and culture of this period for his Doctorate (1967) and presented the results of his research in 'Ksatrapa-Kalanum Gitjarata' (1975). The Junagadh Rock

Inscription (150 A.D.) of King Mahaksatrapa Rudradaman I is one of the earliest Sanskrit records composed in an ornate prose style. The Ksatrapa King, though of the Scythian race, adopted Indian language, religion and culture. The recent discovery of the early inscriptions of King Castana, dated

years 6 and 11, necessiates the re-consideration of the problem of the origin of the Saka Era and enchances the plausibility of ascribing it to King Castana rather than King Kaniska I of the Kushan tribe. It pushes the upper
limit of the Ksatrapa Period four to five decades before 78 A.D. an eminent centre of trade and commerce. Gujarat had close

Broach was commercial and cultural contact with Rome. Archaeological explorations and excavations have brought to light remains of rock-cut and structural monuments, mostly Buddhist, and strata of human habitation characterised by Red Polished Ware.

As regards the end of the Kshatrapa rule in Gujarat, Dr. P.L. Gupta has well established that the Western Kshatrapas were succeeded by Sarva Bhattaraka in Gujarat, which subsequently passed under the sway of the Gupta Sovereigns
during the reign of Kumaragupta
I,

rather than Chandragupta

II.

An

exhaustive study of the Maitraka Kingdom of Valabhi was made by two scholars for their doctorate. Dr. Miss. K.J. Virji published the results of her research as a part of Ancient History of Saurashthra, while Dr. H.G. Shastri amplified his subject by incorporating contemporary kingdoms in south Gujarat and his publication 'Maitrakakallna Gujardta' (1955) covered entire Gujarat during the Maitraka Period. In the latter the author has discussed the different views about the origin of the Maitrakas and established that the Maitrakas, who were devotees of Mahesvara were descndant of Mitra,

76

H.

G.

SHASTRI

SAMBODHI

a pontif of the Pasupata sect. He has also fixed the exact chronological system of the Valabhl Era as well as the definite date of the fall of Valabhi.

The power of the Chavada dynasty at Anhilwad Patan is now found to be very limited in space and time. It is now realised that the traditional dates of the birth and coronation of Vanaraja Chavada are to be placed about 100 years later if the contemporary kings of Kanauj are to be identified on
the basis of comparative chronology. (Dr.) Smt. Malati K. Bhatt has made a critical study of the post-Maitraka history of entire Gujarat and got her doctorate on it. The Chinchani Plates of Rashtrakiitas, discovered in 1955, have revealed that the advent of the Parsis to Sanjan must now be dated 716 A.D. rather than 936 A.D. Jadi Rana who welcomed them is, therefore, to be identified with the contemporary Yadava king rather than King Vajjada of the Silahara dynasty.

The history of the Chavada, Solanki and Vaghela dynasties was treated critically by Shri O.K. Shastri in his 'Gujarat-no Madhyakalina Rdjputa Itihasa', the revised and enlarged edition of which was published in 1953. Here the
author has given a plausible explanation for the south-ward extension of the to the region known as Gujarat subsequently. Dr. A.K. the history of the Chatilukyas of Gujarat critically (1955). The author has dwelt upon the fall of the Vaghela dynasty in detail and

name Gurjaradesa Majmudar depicted

established that the

Khalji army invaded Gujarat once in 1299 A.D. and again in 1304 A.D. He has also discussed the historicity of the traditional accounts pertaining to Minister Madhava and Princess Devaladeva. The history of Gujarat during the Solanki (or Caulukya) Period was also presented by Dr. N.A. Acharya in 1973. He had also made an exhaustive study of the Vaghela sub-period for his doctorate in 1965. As pointed out by him the Vaghela dynasty was simply another lineage of Caulukya or Solanki dynasty. The extension of the Caulukya kingdom marks the end of the Ancient Period in the history of Gujarat.
In

1960

the M.S.
all

enumerating
earliest

University of Baroda published 'Chronology of Gujarat', important historical and cultural events chronologically from

times to
is

Period

942 A.D. The subsequent volume covering

left

the

Caulukya

unfortunately

unpublished.

political and cultural history of Gujarat from up to the end the Caululaya Period was prepared by this author (H.G. Shastri) in an outline and published by Gujarat University in 1964. This author delivered three lectures on the 'Sources of Ancient Histoiy of Gujarat', in South Gujarat University in 1977. They were published by Gujarat Itihas Parishad in 1978.

An up-to-date account of the

earliest times

Vol.

XIX, 1994-1995

RECENT

RESEARCH

IN...

77

The stone-inscriptions discovered by Shri A.V. Pandya have brought to light some more kingdoms in south Gujarat. The inscriptions are compiled in
'New Dynasties of Medieval Gujarat', published in 1969.

The more intensive studies of the epigraphic and literary sources have shed more light on some other aspects of the ancient history of Gujarat.

made 'Studies in the Historical and Cultural Geography and Ethnography of Gujarat' (1949), mainly on the basis of the ancient inscriptions
Dr. H.D. Sankalia

of Gujarat.
Dr. P.C. Parikh studied the gradual evolution of the script in Gujarat from Brahmi to Nagarl and published his work in 1974. It reveals that the script evolved from the southern form of Brahmi upto the end of the Maitraka

Period, but gradually yiled place to the northern form of Brahmi during the post-Maitraka Period. The Gujarati script is derived from the later stage of the Northern form. Prof. V.S. Dixit made an analytic study of the administrative organization in Gujarat from the Maitraka Period to the

Caulukya Period.
Prof. B.J. Sandesara studied 'Contribution to Sanskrit Literature of Vastupdla his Literary Circle', which was published in 1957.
Prof. Nilanjana S.Shah made a critical study (1970) of 'Bhattikavyd' composed in Valabhl, while Miss Vibhuti R. Gharenkhan (now Mrs. V.V. Bhatt) worked

and

on Poet Somesvara
Prof. S.M.

Life

and works

Study' (1973).

Pandya made composed in Gujarat on

a critical study of the Sanskrit dramas the basis of the Mahabharata (1982).

and poems

Miss Bharati K. Thaker (now Mrs. B.K. Shelat) made an investigation into the chronological systems reflected in the epigraphic and literary records of Gujarat from early times upto 1300 A.D. The work was published in 1987.
Prof. J.P.

Amin made a upto 1300 A,D. (1964).

'A Historical

critical

study of the spread of Saivism in Gujarat

and

Cultural Study of the Inscriptions of Gujarat to the

End

of

the Caulukya Period'

by

this

author was published in 1989.

Miss Varsha Jani worked on the inscriptions of Gujarat during the Caulukya Period and published her work in 1991.

78

H G SHASTRI
'

SAMBODHI

Mrs.

Renu

Lai

made

a critical study of the ancient coins of Gujarat (1992).

The extension of the power of the Delhi Sultanate over Gujarat in 1304 marked the transition of history and culture from the Ancient Period the Medieval Period. Gujarat remained under the sway of the Delhi Sultanate upto 1407 A.D., after which the independent Sultanate of Gujarat was established. The history of the Sultanate Period was treated exhaustively by Sim R.B. Jote in his 'Gujarat-no Samskritika Itihas: Islam Yuga' published m four parts during 1945-58. The author has availed himself of the Arabic and Persian annals and also described the outstanding monuments of Islamic architecture. Prof. S.C. Mishra dwelt upon the rise of Muslim power in Gujarat (1963). Dr. I.V. Trivedi worked on the data supplied by the Sanskrit inscriptions of Gujarat during the Sultanate and Mughal Periods. (1971).
A.D.
to

The regime of the Gujarat Sultanate continued upto 1572-73 AD when Emperor Akbar established his sway over Gujarat. Prof. K.F. Sompura made a historical and critical survey of the architectural form of the
structural

temples built in Gujarat upto 1600 A.D. (1963). Gujarat University published work 1969. Mrs. Haripriya Rangarajan made a historical and cultural study of the spread of Vaisnavism in Gujarat upto the 16th century AD with specml reference to the iconic forms of Visnu and his incarnations. Her work got published in 1990. Miss Devika Pandya made a critical study of the coins of the Gujarat Sultanate and got her doctorate in 1993 Prof RT & elin eated the iconography of Hindu goddesses in Gujarat up to A f! A.D. His work was published in 1991. Miss Krishna Pancholi worked e iC nS in Gujam UP t0 17 A D for her doctorate received n CR Nai k P ut forth an intensive study of the Gujarat Sultanate I" TI" -, The archaeological excavations conducted at Champaner revealed a vivid picture of the town planning of the new city along with its gradual development and decline. The report embodying its results, prepared by Dr R.N. Mehta, got published in. 1979.
his

'

'

collection of the historical inscriptions of Gujarat during the Sultanate Period was prepared by this author and published by Forbes Gujarati Sabha 1979. It consists of 111 Bombay inscriptions in all.

An

exhaustive study of the Mughal Period (1573-1575 A.D.) in Gujarat was contributed by Prof. MS. Commissariat in his History of Gujarat, Vol.II.(1957).
'

compilation of the historical inscriptions of Gujarat during the Mughal

Vol.

XIX, 1994-1995

RliCliNT

KhShAKUJ

IN...

'*

Period was prepared by this author and published by Forbes Gujarat! Sabha, Bombay in 1981. It contains 173 inscriptions of the Mughal Period. Prof. Thomas Parmar made an architectural survey of the Hindu and Jaina temples built in Gujarat during the Mughal Period (1990).

The history

of the

Commissariat as Sabha in 1980.

his History of Gujarat, Vol. Ill

Maratha Period (1757-1817 A.D.) prepared by Prof. M.S. is published by Gujarat Vidya

The

British Period (1818-1947 A.D.) characterised by the dominant impact of the Western culture, the rise and growth of nationalism, the leadership of Gandhiji and the wide-spread impact of his ideology on the life and culture of the people belongs to modern Gujarat. An outline survey of modern Gujarat was made by Shri H.T. Parekh in his 'Arvdc/ima Gujardtnum

during 1935-37, which is now edited in one volume by the Gujarat Vidya Sabha. An outline survey of the political and administrative movements in the Souvenir of the 66th made was to 1960 in Gujarat from 1915 session of Indian National Congress held at Bhavanagar in 1961, i.e., just after the emergence of the Gujarat State in 1960. A number of monographs are published on the different local Satyagrahas that took place in Gujarat
Rekhd-darsana' published
in three parts

by

his

son Dr.M.H. Parekh and re-printed

to study during the Gandhian Period. Some research scholars also choose the various aspects of the contribution of Gujarat to the National Struggles

for Independence.

Much

of impetus is given various academic activities after the attainment State in 1960. Independence, especially after the emergence of the Gujarat

MANAGEMENT OF TEMPLES AT NADOL DURING THE CAUHAN PERIOD

R.V.

Somani

now in district Pall of Rajasthan State remained the capital of the local Chauhan-rulers. Several Jain and Hindu temples were built there. It is believed
Nadol,

therefore, requested by the local residents to settle Tod saw two epigraphs dated VE. 1024 and 1039 of more inscription now incised in the NTl-Kanth-temple of Nadol is dated VE 1125 of the reign of Maharaja Laxman. The scholars believe that it was a mistake of engraver, who had wrongly inscribed the date as VE 1125 instead of VE 1025.' Thus Laxman remained in. power between VE 1024 to 1039. He constructed the Laxman SvamI temple at Nadol and fortified the town by building boundary walls around it having several gates.

raids of

who was the progenitor of the family came from Sapadalaksa and rescued the people of Nadol from the tyranny and free booting
Med
tribes.

that Maharaja Laxmaii,

He was,

there permanently. Col. his reign at Nadol. 2 One

1

Laxmana Svami Temple

As already stated, it was built by Maharaja Laxmana. m the Sadari and Nadol inscriptions dated VE
Its

references are available

The same
mentions

text of the inscription has that whenever the festival

1147 of Maharaja Jottal Deva been engraved at both these places ft

must
also attend the

of Rath Yatra

on

They were required to perform play instrumental music, recite sings and so forth."

the courtezans attached with other temples their ornaments and best garments.

was organised in any temple same by puling

dS/
S>

Other Temples

outside

Vol.

XIX,

1994-1995

MANAGEMENT
devl, the

OF

TEMPLES...

81

(i)

Maharam Chandata

queen of Maharaja Asvadeva or Asaraja built a Candalesvara temple in the area of Tripurusadeva. The Maharaja granted a village Picchavall for its maintenance. This village was later transferred to Mehan Sobhika a dancing girl and therefore another village 6 Salayl was alloted.

(ii)

Maharam

SankaradevI, the queen of Maharaja Alhan built a small shrine of Gaurl in the Chandaleshvar temple. It seems that she built this temple

when Alhana was Maharaja Kumara. 7

(iii)

Chauhan KuntapaTs daughter Laxmanadevi

built

temple

of

8 Lakhanesvara, which was situated inside the Tripurushdeva temple.

(iv)

Chauhan RaipaTs queen PadmatadevI and her two sons Sahanpala and Sahajpala built three temples named Padmalesvara, Sahanpalesvara and
Sahajapalesvara.

Cv)

Chauhan Sahanpal made some donations

in

to the

Tripurusa deva temple

desired to continue the Rath-ydtrd celebrations of the temples Padmalesvara, Sahajpalesvara and Sahanpalesvara. It seems that

VE 1192 and

Rath-ydtrd festival was regarded an important celebrations, which to be performed with great pomp and show. 9

was

(vi)

Chauhan Alhan confirmed the

charities

made

to

the temple of

Tripurusa deva by certain residents Mohan sinha of village Nanana. 10

named

Katii KIka,

Madanpal and

(vii)

a village Nanana to the Tripurusa deva temple seems that during the course of the reign of some other rulers from VE 1206 to 1218 over Nadol this village was confiscated. It 11 was, therefore, restored back to the temple.

Chauhan Alhan granted

in

VE

1219.

It

(viii)

He
to

also granted three Halas

God Tripurusadeva
Chamodi
to the

measure of land situated in village Sewadi temple. In a further grant he also donated a

village

and four Drammas per month

Tripurushdeva village Bhitalavada to Candalesvara to the Gaurl temple. 12

82

R v
-

SOMANI

SAMBODHI

(ix)

Chalukya Kumarpal of Gujarat who also held Godawar (Nadol area) under him, presented one Dramma daily from the Mandapikd of Nadol to Lakhanesvara temple. He also granted some land to the
Matajl temple
of Ball.' 3 in

VE 1216
that

(x)

The Sunda Inscription of VE 1319 mentioned

constructed a Siva temple at Nadol.
1"

Chauhan Alhan

No

details of

it is

now known.

It

was
(xi)

also situated in the

above complex.

The above epigraph also states that Alhan's son Kelhaii built a golden Kalasa to the Somanatli temple of Nadol. It is a separate temple still
15

situated there.

Staff Posted in the

Temples

Besides the above temples, some more shrines also existed at Nadol, as is clear from the inscription of VE 1198, wherein the following staff attached to various as the witnesses to the order given by the state. These have temples appeared Bhattaraka, Avotl, Vdrikd and some others. It seems that the Bhattaraka was
the chief priest. D.G. Sircar, has wrongly identified him with the ruler. 16 It seems that the inscription of VE 1198 escaped from his notice. The Avotl and

Varika were subordinate officers. The word "Dvdravati" to be a small temple situated near the main The
gate.

is

not clear.

It

seems

following three Dvaravatis

are referred. 17

(i)

Avotf

named

Salaharl posted at Dvaravatl of Prthvlpalesvara temple,

(ii)

Avotf

named Jogadharu

posted at Dvdravatf of Asapalesvariya temple,

at

(iii)

Avotl

named Srivaccha posted

Dvaravatl of Tripurusadeva temple.

a Rajastham term used for the priest of the small Devara (temple). We find its references in many other inscriptions. The inscription of VE 1198 of Nadol refers one Bhopd of Prthvlpalesvara temple. The details of the Bhattdrakas are as under :- 18
is

The Bhopd

(1)

Katuka and Sajan, the representatives of the Bhattaraka Kailasa of the temple built by Chalukya Jaisinha of Gujarat at Nadol.

Vol.

XIX, 1994-1995

MANAGEMENT

OF

TEMPLES...

83

(2)

Bhattdraka Varuna Sinha of Anahilesvar temple

(3)

Bhattdraka Isvarasinha of Rajendra-Rajesvariya temple.

Bhattdraka Jnansiu of Anupamesvariya temple. Bhattdraka Isanu of Prthvipalesvariya temple.

(4)

(5)

(6)

Bhattdraka Muktideva of Jaijalesvariya temple. Bhattdraka Vinayaka Santl Siva

of.

(7)

Tripurushlya temple.

(8)

Bhattdraka Muladeva of Asalesvariya temple.

(9)

Bhattdraka Tatpurush of Padmalesvariya temple.

Bhattdraka Muladeva to TripalesvarTya temple.
Bhattdraka

(10)

(11)

Brahma

Rasi of Asapalesvarlya temple.

The word Bhattdraka also appears in the inscription of Nanana dated VE 1171, wherein the village Salayi was alloted to the Math of Tripurushdeva instead of Picchavali village. Its share was desired to be made between God Chandalesvara and Tripurushdeva by the Bhattdraka of the temple. In Ball a lady Bhattarika also worked in the temple of Mother goddess. It is mentioned in an inscription 20 The word Varika is also used of VE 1116 of Kumarapal Chalukya of Gujarat. in the Nanana grants.
19

Rath Yatras
Several Chauhan inscriptions mention that the Rath-yafras were performed different both in Hindu and Jain temples. The Hindu temples held this festival on on Bhadrava-Sudi 11 in Rajasthan days in a year. At present it is being organised Muld The this occasion. State. The Hindu temples were much decorated at for icon or small icon from the temple was taken in a large procession

Ndyaka
getting

it

bathed in some tank or well. As already stated the dancing

girls

with

of VE 1147, the accompanied the function. In the inscriptions uncertain. word "Pramadd-kula only appears the meaning of which remained of the The scholars differed about its meaning. However, by the discovery 22 The dancers and other staff is obviously cleared. this
their staff also

Nanana

grants

point

84

R V SOMANI
' -

SAMBODHI

of the Hindu

For arranging Rach-yitra, properly some officers looked the matter. The Nadlai '" 120 mentions that Mjadeva came to attend
the

*****

Other Taxes

of he

levied from inmates of temples. The V1 refcrS thi" MahSr5 5 J * 51 a-""'" -d Ranak Bluv / attached w lt h him issued an order all the exempting dancing girls Bhuyanpa. o make any payment of tax to the state Government." The Laxman Svaml eXe r [ "lake any Payment f " V The o.dRa am term " " Sed '" " le inSCripti nS fVE 1162

We

have many details about the taxes

IZfTT

Yf
'

^"^^-

Dancing

Girls

And Other

Staff

"

The most important fact about the Chauhan Hindu temples is posting of dancing girls and other associate staff in them. They are described as Vilasint Ganika aeady Stated ey J ined the re]igi f-ctions "o be e

H,

'

temple of Tripurusadeva

who was

given another village by he

REFERENCES
1.

2. 3.

4-

The Puratan PrabantUi-Sangraha (SJGM), p. 102. Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan COUP) II pp 817 18 Dashrath Sharma-Bar/y Chauhan Dynasties (1975) p 1 38 E. I. Vol. XL 26-28 pp.
,
.

Vol.

XIX, 1994-1995

MANAGEMENT

OF

TEMPLES...

85

5.

All these inscriptions are

unpublished. The author has edited them in Varada

13.

Vol. 35 No.I at pp. 12

6.
7.

and

E.I.

XXXIII

p.

240-42.
pp.

Ibid.,
It is

XXXIX

17

to 26.

8.

referred in the
is

Nanana grant

of

VE 1212 Sravana Sudi

5 (July 24, 1156

(E.I. Vol.

A.D.), which

reported by G.H. Ojha in Ajmer

Museum

Reports

XXXIII
9.

p.

239

fn.)

Ibid., p.
Ibid., p.

243 (Section
243
p.

VIII (a).

10.

11.
12.

Ibid.,

XXXIX

20

Ibid., p. 19-20.

13.

Bali

VE 1216 mentions the land grants given by Kumarpal Chalukya (D.R. Bhandarkar's list of the Inscriptions of Northern India No.3072, The Author has seen the text on the spot. In contains
inscription of
[H
oflcT fft

UT^

'M'JlR.*! 3ft

ei^tcN^oiH: "<T3nf 3H

14.
15. 16. 17.
18.

E.

I.

Vol. IX. p. 72.

Ibid. E.
I.

Vol. XXXIII pp.

239-244
to

Ibid. Vol. XI pp.

Ibid.

38

40

19. 20.

Ibid., Vol. XXXIII p. 242.

D. R.

Bhandarkar

List of the Inscriptions

of Northern India No. 307. The

Author has seen the

above.
21. 22.
.

text

on

spot,

some

part of

which

is

quoted

at

No. 13

Ibid., Vol. XI p.

26

to 28.

Ibid., Vol. XXXIII p. 239-43. Ibid., IX p.

TfoRT

23.

159/ P.R.A.S.W.C. 1908-9. 45.

24.

^ooV||<;qci cjfcth

'HW

^oTHT

W3n '9H<l$dHi

t^H

sflyVb:
I

(0

T-fora

(Varada Vol.35 No.

^terror

p. 13)

5 ^f?
(ST.) '<n

j'^HI

^ 31^
i

?ft

W^IWWl

'?^FI

3R

'S'jfif T^J]

sfi^f

^ch<(|
I

C^T
12)

?f|

(^)

Hf*

-srffqcl

25.

The

Inscriptions of

(Varada Vol. 35 No. ^rgw VE 1162 and 1192 have exempted the levy of

p.

the taxes as

26.

Vardhapan (Ibid pp.12 and 13). E.I. Vol. XXIII pp. 238 to 246.

CONTINUITY OF TRADITION IN MEDIEVAL SCULPTURE AND PAINTING IN WESTERN INDIA

Shridhar Andhare
If

sculpture

is

the index of art of a particular region at a given time,

one

realises

all art forms whether plastic or graphic, appear to be one and follow a continuity of style which appears to be traditionally handed down to the craftsmen through 'Master to pupil tradition i.e. This congruity of

that

^imMWl
etc.

style later

developes into schools, gharanas, guilds

of

which there are

numerous examples.
Although this fact appears to be a universal phenomenon from the beginning till end., some revelations of
striking

all

over in Indian Art

such a continuity can be seen through the sculptural art of Eastern India during the Pala and Sena period on the one hand and their contemporary Buddhist palm-leaf MSS. and the
painted
Prajndpdrimitd
the other. The Buddhist MSS. of Astasahastrika and other similar ones are merely of inconographic significance indebtedness to contemporary sculpture in stone and metal of that period. Simultaneously, the medieval Western Indian and Rajasthani art in
1

wooden book covers on

their

and exhibit

general and Jain art in particular compares well with Jain illustrated MSS. and wooden book-covers of the same period. Not only that but the Delwara temple at Mt. Abu, and certain sculptural reliefs of the Osian temple near Jodhpur, have a distinct ancestery to the Jain art of the medieval which is reflected in some of the excellant period painted book-covers of that period. 2
their painted

narrative sculptural reliefs of the

The
on

times through textual references silpa and painting. A glaring example of this linear convention has recently been brought to light by Chakravarti and Somani 3 who have discovered two large size engravings of the of donors on figures the front pillars of the garbhagj-ha of the Samiddhesvara temple at Chittor.

linear quality of any work of art, or especially of paintings, creation. This is amply emphasised since ancient

is

the basis of

its

They bear Nagari inscriptions above the figures giving the date of A D 1227 and names of Sutradharas. In addition to these there are a number of Satf and hero stones lying on the right side of the road while ascending the fort which have

Vol.

XIX, 1994-1995

CONTINUITY

OF

TRADITION...

87

similar etchings in linear character though of a

much

later date.

It is

therefore

apparent that etching work following the current line an expression was in vague among the Sutradhdra and gajdhars in Western India.
It is at this

stage that

we

are faced with problem of interdisciplinary functions of

4

and painters. M.K. Dhavlikars paper on this subject 5 supports the view that the Sutradhdras were painters, to which. Stella Kramrisch has added an editorial note which is very significant and clarifies the terms and
the Sutradhdras, Gajdhars their functions.

"The Manusamhitd
c.

compendium

of

the

first

(VI, 47-48), or the "Law of Mann", a two centuries A.D. preceding any of the known

Sipasastra texts,

clarifies

and

classifies

the relations of the

architect to the

Surveyor-designer, sculptor and the painter as Sthapati (master architect) Sutragrdhin (Surveyor-designer), Taksaka (sculptor) and carpenter (who cuts and carves) and Vardhaki (Who makes grow) i.e. creates by adding to the structure
as modeller in clay and plater) and painter. The term Sutradhdra is not mentioned here. It was apparently used as a synonym of Sutragrdhin. The Sutragrdhin was the disciple or son of the Sthapati. In his faculty as "designer", the Sutragrdhin would be subsequently or in other branches of tradition,
identified with the

Mdnasdra, Bombay 1927

Sutradhdra (of P.K. Acharya. Indian Architecture ace. to p. 137). The term Sutradhdra in its technical

connotation denoting the stage manager, has,

it seems, been given this meaning from the leading importance of the manager of a puppet play who holds the threads-(surra) of the puppets. The term Sutradhdra ("who holds the threads") is close in meaning to Sutragrdhin ("who seizes or holds the threads"). The term

Sutradhdra thus came

executive architect

to

artists

as leading amongst the and would further more have been applied to any
substitute for Sutragrdhin,

or modeller) leading practitioner in his branch, be he architect, sculptor, (carver and particularly, painter whose delineation was essential to the pictorial
composition".
is in this context that we now discuss a new document which the author discovered during the course of his research. While interviewing a number of at Udaipur, and some genealogies of Gajdliars or Sutradhdras? it was

It

painters

revealed that they were Jdngid brahmins and belonged to the Laddani community
of carpenters.

Among them were

who were

architects, engineers.,

mistries etc

and

also

Chatdrds (painters)
at times.

capable of handling painting and decoration jobs

88

SHRIDHAR ANDHARE

SAmQDm
ab
-

^w
forefathers have

worked nn n

Ue P artment He narrated

that his

folios of the

MS

it

w! "Z.

?WeVer

n CarefUl

^y of

ne <" ">= of fwc standing

A.D. from Western todta

a corrupt

The correct reading as per AparajitapraMa

is

i given below.

10

Vol.

XIX, 1994-1995

CONTINUITY

OF

TRADITION.

89

from the same MS. had drawings of temples 'and their plans, proportions of animal figures and iconographic details of other deities. Thus, it is likely that the Sutradhara and GajdJiars followed this book as their working manual which could go back to atleast the 13th Cent. A.D. Although its exact usage is observed in the 15th Century gate ways of Chittor fort during the reign of Ratia Kumbha (A.D. " 1433-68). The geneology
(Cfcitdrds)

Other folios

also brings other points to the fore that there

were

also artists

School. The majority of which is in the collection of City Palace Museum and Janani Mahal at Udaipur. At the same time three copies of the grants were obtained from the same family which denote the gifts of villages to certain
painters from Leeladharji's family during the reign of Mewar (A.D. 1778 - 1828).

Mewar

the family of Sutradharas as the names of some painters like Bhimaji (Sutar), Jiwanramji, Rupaji, Nathuji (Sutar) and others marked with a circle in the geneology, appear on the back of several large miniatures of the

among

Mahdrana Bhim

Singhji of

Thus,

it

active in

Chittor.

can be surmised that the tradition of Sutradharas and Gajdharas has been Western India atleast from the 15th Century in Mewar and especially at Another point which comes to light is that they must be following the

technique prescribed by the Aparajitaprchha which has been specified as of ca. 13th Century from Western India. The third important point to note is that there

were Chitaras (painters) among the Gajdhar families who were executing painting jobs as well as jobs of interior decoration of Palaces, Havelies, temples etc.
In
short
the institution

of

Sutradharas
it

compartmentalization of their skills but of all members of the family or guild.

did not have water tight was always an interdisciplinary activity

90

SHRIDI-IAR
:

ANDHARE

SAMBODHI

References

1.

Moti Chandra, Studies

in Early Indian Painting, Asia Publishing House, Delhi, 1974, Also see the MS. of Pancharaksha Mandala of the Ashutosh Museum,
ff.

Calcutta, JISOA, Vol. XV. 1947, pp.89

2.

Also see

Muni Pimyavijay and U.P. Shah, Some painted wooden Book-covers from Western India, Western Indian Art, JISOA, Vol.1 (new series) 1965-66 pp.
pi.

34-42, Col.

67.

3.

S.N. Chakravarti and R.V. Somani,

5>rr^Bl<*l

'fcrrg' '$<rfl<*l

"UNl-fcW

Cf.TT.

^<^

cfj[)

3T^R,

(Hindi) Vol.1 year 25, Udaipur, p.64.

4.

M.K. Dhavlikar, Sri Yugadhara. Master Artist of Ajanta. Artibus Asiae Vol. XXXI. 4, ASCONA Switzerland 1969. pp. 301-8.
Ibid p. 308.

5.

6.

Prakashan,
7.

Shridhar Andhare, Chronology of New Delhi, 1987.

Mewar

Painting,

1987 IV

p.

159. Kala

Ram

Vallabh Somani Maharana Kumbha, Hindi Sahitya Mandir, Jodhpur 1968 p.273 'Kirtistambha Prasasthi Sloka 36 (Hindi).
B.

8.

Bhattacharya Aparajitaprcliha. 1950. Sloka (222) p.572.

Gaekwad

Oriental Series No.

CXV. Baroda

9.

M.A. Dhaky. Renaissance and the Late Mdru Gurjara Temple Architecture Western Indian Art. U.I.S.O.A. Spl. Ko. Vol. I 1965-66 p.4.
ob-cit.

10.

Here the word Hft

a pears instead of eflcWT which

may be

noted.

9.

ob-cit. See Mewar Artists and their Periods pi. XIV. p. 168 and Topsfield. Paintings from Rajasthan in the National Gallery of Victoria. Melbourne, 1980 See Index of Artists p. 169.

Shridhar Andhare

Andrew

11.

M.A. Dhaky

ob-cit. discusses various monuments which may have been executed by the members or ancestors of the same family of SCitradharas.

if

3ST

'*TR?ft'

?TTCIT

3rnr
Jf
I"

f^ir |i
JHZ"

?i

f%

ch^

3?sf

I"

f^F

tn?

3Tf

if

I"

ferr ti

037

5R

a^pr TRT

<l<41fri

ti

qr?

",

garr
t,

92

m?ft-

HWHWT KTW

SAMBODHI

(=5TRT:,

ir^n^T
i

aftr WKIT)

w ^if^r
^?T
3ffr

li

fw IT
ll

yi-Mufl-4

3ftT32Ffar
|r

wr ?w ^r wfr SKT Jr in^ftci

I"

%?T

|3TT

fH^T fR^W

%W

IT^,

5TUW t ^S

f?TCr

"
sftt

fgsq" 3fT%

i^T

5R%cT jpr

fff

cR" ?n^T JR^cT

3%

w"

ft

aw 1 3

pr ^

arirr,

f?znf^ qi^r

i&cmt

I"!

w^ Prew
CRT
ft

cfrr

q^ I

ararfcj;

^fom ^
ti

^ ^
m"

5^ q?f cfk

q^

cf% qJr I

frr

^rar

w
ft

"^TCT

njfaw

ft

515^

ft

5FT

^ pT

?TI

^teft nt li SF q^Tcwr

arfir

cft^r

sran:

*m MT

ft

smr c^ 3wf
ITIR ^-"
arafci:

^iM-^ici
3^fir

^icn*

% vm

ft ?t?rr
ft

fc^:

IT sru

Vol. XIX,

1994-1995.
ft

fr

93

w
fasir th

fcrr

far

ft ifr

n^r

sjr li
araf

f^nr
r

^r

ft sft

If

t^rrat

^fifr
I"
-

arrf^r ^T

cftr

I?
if

^r

HFTW

^cticf

"
ti
cfr

fr

.^.

ff

)" (t.

%fcr,

li
^fr
^r

^TCTT

ftfw

grrbr ft j%

^?r

arr
l"i

?rr

ft ^lt oiiu
I"

^ft

{^T
,

ft

^tft f^T -

3Wf

ft

sT

R"

pr
ft

|cRT Ffl"
ft

FtcTT I"
I

fFT

?TT

^IT

n^rr I"

ff?x[T x

cWT
srrar^r ^cncf
t

94
sffr 3ir 3T*f

SAMBODHI

arofq;

f aftc

sffr
srafg;

"

KT

fr

w^r fw

iffofr

^PCT-

MM % STWR: qr

?mr
IT

flpnr t,

3.

w^

^r qrr

rf,

afrr

wwn-fr %
r 37^,

ariw
arf^r
|-|

tftf
cftr

fw

5F4TT

Jf

|3Tri

sit

if-

Vol.

MX, 1994-1995.

ST....

95

?<jfcr

ti
37fmtcr tl i^rr

WF

gin"

TOT

?ffn"

enr

f^rr ti cflHMK ^t cik

ti

fwr

ti

fw

cfk
afrc

f^
ferr ti

Jf

^r
sfrr arsf
eft:

|-|

srfrc

li

?f^u
rnprrct

|i
|

^T:?sra" ti

^FT ^fr 3TTrm" tl

3Htxrr, q^ft,

STRW

3^ i:

ti afk a^jTrr, OTJTT anft: gfr <Hd'f>d

^Ccfr

ll

tl fFT

ff

^r ?T

y^di 1

f^?K fen ti

(e)-Mi*<

y i!

96

SAMBODI-n

t
It ^ffi

fr 035-

gRT Jf^cT

?T

|l

wwr

"
5fr

pr

*rrfw
?T?rr
?tciT

mr

V.

^<Wt"

il^cflld

T?H;

ife^i ffcr"

si.?)

Vol. XIX, 1994- 1995.

97

37FT

Tl^T:

cMT

I:

fwfr

3TT

i^'l

?rerar cls*ic|l*W-fl

tk=flfci

^nliicHi

5", RFfc
i

sn^i,

cT

ceirHci<jiefPci

Prew

- eft.^K.

98
-

SAMBODHl
irr.3
$fter

f^.'RT. IJ

Hldldld
k.

jflrrrer - T.

TOT,

Vol. XIX,

1994-1995.

99

3
Jttf

t
*

I
I
-W
6J

-sz

^o

3
zp
2.

II
4
jc

*r

jj

i,

t ^frR

Vol. XIX,

1994-1995

if.

101

f) ftTRTC =fcFT SRTfT

|l

^ ^T

=T fIrIT,

ffr

ft
i(T

gtcTTI

3TM ^T ^^mK'd

Heft -fell'

fwfrT

ft

^q-

ft

fer 'rnrorcr' T ?T qprr ^crr

I",

ft

wrafer, ^fe,

%r

a^

diP^* wft

%fRT

cT3TT

iT

iff ft

ft

l'

f^nr-zrrwr

ft

3-HMH,

awftfcr
ftcTT

ft

qrpff

^ 3TWT
<fr

aftr

?lcr

0;

fr

^
y<l

^or,

3JrFT
JTcT

anTT
^cRcfT

u lfHc4|'=r

TC

trciT

affT 5TfT ^TTf

ftlWT

TcT

ft

?t<t |,

cfr

H^HCII

ft

ft

TffcT,

qr
ft

3"
3qft

TW
|
ft

ft

k?r f^rar

fticii*<

102
T

ST.

srr.

SAMBODHI
SOFT arrfc
<?t"

gf ti

wff % l^rar ferr

srr ?ra?fr

ti

f.

arran:
afk"

fr

f^r,
IT
?nft

ti
^f

'

gift

girr gtct ti
cfr

JRTT

fl^it
t,

Fq
I, ?fr

3TFT
f^rri

VH

fr

afe 3F?r mwit

^r

*nfr

SPCT

^F^

%-

tl

nwwf,

Vol. XIX,

1994-1995
if
"

HT%rsr $.
arisen? stir

103

5R-

PFT ^?r

srr,

3
f

3T3TT ^T

3McHlRl'-l3HI,

nfcr

3TFt

TcT

tl

fcTo;

M|*<I
,

*TKcT

t few,

IHHNI,

w-

f^nwf
1

if ?t"o

fxT

ff

^f o
f

=iiryc^'

HNH*I. crar

5?RT3tf

f^TT

^TT

WxTTl
fy^

TT

clPHUjdH,

f^TT

3TMT

Ml

41^=0"

104

**

fi&$

SAMBODt-H

% ?TW
aft;
,

JTTar

OTSIH^;, rTf^^aT^Tr,

imr-3^
EHTHfTWff,

3^ ^r

tf d^Rrn:

wr%

ferr

w
^r

ll

=mr,

^f^R, ^r, ^Vi'iid, ^ifd^iM WPTT,

aflr

<mft

fe

f^ff

RT

fr

Vol.

MX, 1994-1995
ft

105

",

'ft'o^To

wft ^ THT grpsr 1

cfr

TT ^t"

^f 3]T H^cTT

f ft

3Rpfcr

^f f^w %

^r
^"

ft

ft ft

tft^T
3*rr?T
fcmcrtl

3" ^Pft

yiMlf^l* %cRT

$TC y

ft MfulcIT

^TRFT,

OTT

<sRfdi ?wf,

5fRcT

ir

Tr

ft

cf^f

f^TT

cFTT tl

f%RT,

3^,

iflf^l^

cWT

ft

a FRr
:

ft

?Tftf

F
?nf|^r

?icfftf^r

pratf

ar^r

ft

ft

ffsr

ft

106

ar.

TT.

SAMBODIH
3T?Mra":

jw*i<rr-<

fir

*ft

ferr

frer

|f
3th:

t,

SFTfoTcT

^ft

|3TT

flM

^T frfr

Fjcfr

Vol.

XIX, 1994-1995
^<=bdl

Jf

107

t"fe"
nfcr

TT^TO"

fefcr
jrfcT

srr

f^rat
eft

?fcft l"i

(^) Sf.
(?% o)
f.

Jo

jo jo Jo

(U)

sf.

Sf.

?,

v)

sf.

st.
:'

Jo

(vs)

?r)

^^^rf^^^y^^^f^.

Vol. XIX,

1994-1995.

109

TOW,
li
ifar fir

S^FT

?tcfr

qifqir

FI
jmrfsfcr

%w
?tcfr

ciw

?t^c

sfr

arf^MfxF

3TTT smrnit
j|

qr

^cfr

FT

gm

f^lril^i^'

f^rnr

t2=r

TC
?lcrr

tl

I
srarcr

f^w 1

Jf

=311

atcmr
f^sr
=r

^
i

ti

^TR

t
feirf

% ^ f^t ^
Jr

W
Jf

fwr

WE" t
T

mr %
fer
5iirat

f%?rr

f^aw
ferr

I f
li
f^rar

tr

SAMBODU

^.

8TTI

Vol.

MX, 1994-1995.

?
=FT

wrw %r
^r f%=r
ft

arfrfftrfT

p:

qr arr^rfer
s^ft

f ar^r
i

snfr

fer

f^raft

fe^rc ^

yivjl
3~ci<rNK

fcT^r

few t ?IIT
TTCT

TT

fer

^"^cft

ijr

arrfifcr

ti

FTFT
if

?r

"

tsciR-41 I"

f^r,

fwr,

^w
%r

"^p

JP^T
41%

^r

f^rar Ii
^fr artr
rf

Ii

w
TC

^r

f^r

|^r

arfer ferr Ii

ETK f^

TT

araFT

gs]^

^r

Ii ^fr ^HH^" ^"

-

SRT
M ff
^TT

fft

f^r ferr ti fe ^ ^ aftr fw =r

1
1

3TTW

flW

Hlfi|*l

=T 'ilfn-Ml

^?T

M"

^tcft",

tnt

Ii

^ fesr ^ JTT ^TSR t

PIHf

^ITcT

?T

fT U^PIR,

W.

o?fo
153-

<H|

rtl

ell

Hrt. 4^41

^^,
'qn?a

^I
^
rtl

I
rtl

il^Hi?l -iLdMift HlrtKL HL^-iL

>.

rt

H^L Pl^l^l^

rtl

rt

^Hl^iPl^
~

Htlt 3HSHH:

4WL

HW

^(A ^cu} AK^l rt^HL&n ^l HlMlH'l (W?lli^l ^qrHL) HL^l &. ^Lqi %l$iii^i ntfl (^) ftliHl

^11^

&l

U^

'l^rt' Hll-lL 4SlHL

rt

rtl

^Hl *
.

. ,

rt

'

rt

(arbitrary)

M^

HLrtKL

Hd,

^.

rtl

HH
HL^,
rtl

QRW

iiw

ff/

El.cl.

rtL^l

fecST HL^,

I 'ft^'

ct^l ftrtl4l

(?
rt).

^i (?^q ^

'

rt),

Vol. XIX, 93-94.

'ElHtH

^Uii'Ml...

113

^
ell

cHl>

*l ci

Sl.rt.

'GIH4EL'

^ ''HHHL'

cl

<HL^lH.l

HA
&
cl

URWI ^Cii ^MilHl

HL^l-j, %5lli?i5l,

H^

clHl

Pl$lHclL

l?A

1.

HlHi ^SHH,

I.
5

Hlfel HL^qETil,
^HIH
cil

3.

?1Q

H^iq.cfl

^H

HfHl

41

^LHL

^HL

&.

?Ht(l',

ell

C-D.4HI

rtiq

WK,

5^ (R^)'iL HIS

cl

^1. cfHlsfl
cl

c\
1

HtUH

'H^Pl

^ go^fcT ^fcf

(?

41^

?LffyH

H^Lcfl Ci^H,

cl^l

114

H.

H|

SAMBODHI

4H14

&. ^ld^^

MRM-j C-i^ HL^

(<HI%1)

AHL

HlrlHl, clH

"ilH^

Hl?l

^-IHL?A Hl^l?]

4Ht &.

d
%ii<H(l
cii.'

^u
n.

Sic-c4L

4ft
C-ll,

<3M.^Kl?l dlM.

%U
4HL

Hid
=514

nil

&

'

rtft'i

?H4Hl
&.

Hid

ell

PLHH
(=*I<-EHL*(I

lcll

9l o.fA

HlrtWl

Vol. XIX, 93-94.

'Bt^H

^Hil'Ki...

115

-U'Hl
l

s^U

<lH

&^

sv^-il HlcllHl ?l<"Sl*t - HtPl4iai - Hi?L

<H<ietl

cl

Hl"Hl

HldMl

fccilElHlPlSlH 4$rl -HKHl=l

4U

fcl5l[^cll*t

cl

CU&4M.I HRiaf4l WlSl

RM ^ vm
I

Pl^lXigl ^Alrtl

^4

CHd

tfH&t ^TcT o

\JRTcT

o HgKM:

4$ ell y.^?l 4^

&1

- 3?ef

Hid.

A
etlH

HS HH^LSl

Cil^l
cl

&.

^1

Hid. *l ^L^L
H.

HT-^M

dlH

ell

^4 ^UHl^ ?HS1

ffv'H&HA 'H4Kl/' HS

rHft

c\

arsitfM

i...

^ wm:
-

zmtf^f W^FT:

10
i

4?....
ell

^i

4|

ell

Hid.

131

<4\S?

UH-fl

3
(

LSl)

^L^

lrti,

qi^^Hl ^4

*'

H **
'

SAMBODH

d I

=51

-u

-v

HIC-M

c
;

UWl
.V

Mtfl,

^H

o [EL

^
^

^ HHI _ ^ wft ^ ^
^
& ^
a
_

&>
M?l
IS o

1UHH

lgliww

&^
i

cil

^
4lll

%UlKl
Hlgl

a a
1

^^^ M&M t ^ S^' & X tor tor tor

R
<

^ ^ HL^ ? ^ HWVU *l^a^ E^HH

ii;i

Hllt

^cii ^=(1

^& ^

fi^r

&;
:

^TTfte^T
CHOI

,|,

rt

^ ^M

&. a.ct.

H
,

OLHl

ftr^lH^L

rfl Wlcll

(SH^mi HL> cl WKKl

Vol. XIX, 93-94.

'Ew.*H

^HiVni...

117

SRft
.

3fcPl.il

^H^ldi
Vdi
4i

Pld

? 14134 1 (51*1

Hi^lH &. Hldl4l

(.*lc-fl

cHi

Rd

ff/dl

&1

=<Hl

^i^Lcl

HL

ill

H?l

<HLcl4l

*Ml

^SG\A

^H.A &. rHL^

0^-1
f

V>

^; ^Hl

Hlrt
l

HlrtKl
<r/

HWHl

tHLH. <3H^ elqi

4H^

HlrtHL

HlclKl

H51MI
=Hl:j

^d, ^lvl =4^41 ^S?

atsvff/C-lA

^L^-dHl U?4l ^S? Hid?

\ &

rHft

HlS.

&

Is

WT:
n
119

V CHHl,

dlild
OilHl

(V

)."

^'

Wtvsv'Cii

'Hid

HldKL HWltHi*Cl HldKl

dHR
H.fl.

11H &. ^Hl HtM.'H

^H 1 HldKl ^IrH^H^. H^l

<i Hi^l

Hid

'HliC-iq.l'il '^

cHft

HI

^l

ff/'-Tii^

H-H"H

^U "^^ 011011^.^1 Hl^

vHR UdldrH
Hid

^ M

^-j
HIX
'

Atf HIH
*q.lCHLR.

31" II

118

**

SAMBODHI

'

**
-

A M l4 m
*

mn

6.

Vol. XIX,

93-94.

119
!

^r <iwiRra0

ot

ER%

i" "nik-ii

m
tfl

crt.
ell

4H

HlM
rtl

ctl

M^HL

ctl

ctl

cU

&
'-H?
!

cl

HLH
MiC-ll

^HR
^1^

ci q.^-cli

HI, HL

M^ SIIH

H^T." M?Ud. MLH

'

/ ctHl?l*fl.

ctl

MLHljH

M
HIS 4qi<l^ M-il^i
H^-ll 4l*l-il

1 ,

sv

cl

120

1-

*.

SAMBODHI

4<!l

c3l cfil cl

i'ti
rtl.

HL^ MW

cj

^H

ell

="141

^L

o^l^sd u^ ^^

d4l ^1H &, oii^ M^l

*W

&.

HI?I

ai^^wi H.'

(\.u)

ItC-HL
rtl

cli

^
?

ai5

*H.

>

rHL, HIS

q.

Vol. XIX,

93-94.

fi^H

^Hil'Hl...

121

(3
,

cl*U

JJ

?a $le&

=gp tvk&w
'<HRi

ftdi

j.

Wj ^HHSWIS ^A W^rt
1

fqoiioi,

o^^tc
i^Cil CiH.

MfoiqiE

(ell.

R<i,3O

H^Hq,

ifefeyjxi

1.

No

dialogue no drama.

ch^^^
),

(Vol.

II,

p.

220) Gaek wad's Oriental Series, No. Lxviii,

M.S. University, Baroda, 1934.

a.

H.
cr.

^3^).

S.

"ll^l

^IC-iilMl UHloi ^i^i

:

'^.V^

?H4l'Hl

H1

4=11

&:

M^IH ="A y.fcl'Hl. s^^

VS.

^UHlieWshH.- Plays Ascribed

(<Jo

to Bhasa. Ed.

by C.R. Devadhwr,

Pub. Oriental Book Agency, Poona, 1957.

i^,

^5,

TfernJ'

?f5T

? Stslw

iic4til<rTl^) ^T:

122
10.

'

H>

SAMBODI-fl

%,

qiv ^Uqt, c

H,
c

\3<L.

n.
*U GGtou-u 'qii'

uo-frft

P^CUE

'oftH'

Mja

481ft

HI

rtl

HWl d H

HWta

^ M
fl^l

* U q &. otRl, HRl,

_
,

HH

i,

t.

CRT

.
,

?o.

n.

afeT:

?%:

,.
Second

^ca^ ^Hl

BffASA

A STUDY

(Pub.

edition.

1968 Ht H^ii H

Munshiram Manoharla. Delhi

ttl

4Hl

00

?}

?IRHI

4l*fLc%l3[

Plrtl

=HL

(1)

13

eft-

(?) 1%
\\

(1) tf
S'o

qleST^T

iTRlf cTo

(y) (H)

sfarefr-

124

etHI,WHt

nftwi

SAMBODHI

CO

c-M
rtl

Rf&TER

()
(H)

^fer

wgr

wo

=HL

i^gct ^l^Hl CiH

&.

cl

()
(M)

2i arero
sfTRTT

q
I

Vol. XIX,

1994-1995

>_em

125

1UH

H.

ClH

HKL-d 41^
^
l9d

(5^1 cl -Uct

^-

^ [^TTfelcfTfM^tJ^

"HI

(W)

go

(foo

HRWtsi

H. i:

3..

%i.

rtnm
""

<un-(l

a v
.

1.

sia<ft *'

<

i.

^.rH'fl 5
.

(iCi

WLJl

O^pl

f .

HHi

Vol. XIX,

1994-1995

ctftHJU.

127

rtU

cl^L

OJ.IH41

cU^V-H.1

rtVH.)

<HlM ^,

(l)

&.

frli

&.)

=iHl

EM.

SW^l

5HL

rtLUHH 4RL
svHlfcl

EK
0^.01

iq.C-lL^LL

cllU'WU

=HL^.

cl4

qL^^H
;

(3)
;

(H)

4131;

(?)

(t)

=>Ht

128

SAMBODHI

H -PL?

rHl

SKHl
Mt &,
HlHCil O/^
|C-i
l

It

ailHH'l

1
i

R /',

W- M'l

HlHC-li
=51

s.

Ri

Oj|H a^J
^cli.

HI OjfHHlXl

-VHWIHKI

<ff

TcT:

Hdl-^Klf"!

^-d

*HHiy=hMI

Hgf^

^JcT:

ct^lt

^dlyi

dlcs41=<^qci^tici;

ffrf

arf^R"

clr'

q^r

130

SAMBODHI
-

grwr s:

^^

f%R

wmri
crfFR;

^^ 3Tf?r

3^^
|

?fir

^j-

r^q^

^ cCT^^t

Vol.

XIX,

1994-1995.

131

c|cfcn

!Jcfldl^|o<^TT^TmclTcj;
1

^thPJcllc^:

=T

?fcr

fefkig; 'JT^'

'3T^>r' iji^e)

cR];

V 3Tfr
:*
|

MdlMi:

?fcr
I

'?n?q;'

^cfrf

Wlf*rc|l^ ymu[fi|ld

?rrar

:
:

Rf?ri

aw
'

'

T^PT
:

?lcri

l:

ffcT

'ftoT'

ffr

^rar

f^rr

<(

r^icr

1% 3T5T

SAMBODM

tier

'

'

'

-,

i->^,

TOJ; n

f^f^^.^ UVo

"'

g-

Vol.

MX,

1994-1995.

?f?r
I

THE TARKA-BHASA-VARTTIKA OF SUBHAVIJAYA

Kesava Misra (about 1275 A.D.) was the author of a Nyaya treatise called <TeChniCality f L S ic The Vaisesika philosophy rendered con, I" P ^ deVel P me " t of N a (Logic) and many of the tl ma "s of the f Nyaya M ? philosophy presuppose those of the Vaisesika. In fact

'

Vaisesika and

P hies of the ancient and medieval periods H each upplemented other in respect of thensubjects and styles. Hence the philosophies were called samana-tantra or allied systems. At last the two^
phil
S
,

LlTt

and

Nyaya philosophies actually coalesced. As instances of Nyaya the Vaisesika categories, we may cite the cases of TarkaraJ by absorbing Vaiadaraja and Tarkabhasa of Kesava Misra. The latter author brings the six Vai ' e ka under " art/la "' which is one of die f the second Nyaya category "Prameya".*

m
-

;
G n s Ganesa
M.M.
r Dtksita,

mk

Kaundmya

r'
llij

mmentaries the Tarkabhasa, such Bha " a Bhhlnl Bhatta and M ri

'

as

those

by

B '1&

Candra

'

Nfi

** a

Bh

ta .

Bhatta, as by Cinna Bhatta"

Diksita,

Govardhana Misra and others.'

Dr.

Satis

Chandra Vidyabhusana has not known about one more

CTBv

mno d^T r Emperor Akbar. AW f Emperoi Subhavijaya

bv

^^^^

(1?th

^"^ A

aro.svarta
'

Wh

fatroduc

himse ^

^^wa,^.^ ttTj:' -r' ,^^^-w^ Piamottaromalo, SenaHie

alias

contemporary of the Mughal has authored at least four works over and

the

Indology, Ahmedabad, viz., No.20796 and 30486 shows the typ riiM

The

text

work TBV of
373.

,921,

p.

IT.

II

^cfr^ETRf:

II

ft?

'W'lfM'

ffcT

FFWTRfffcT oiira^choq^H^K

ff?I

Tlfcl

"HI:,

TR:,
Trfcf

cTgfcf

cf8TT

M.dNdl

SAMBODHI -_

^q

.
j

TTRftT

fr

-<

Tl'

m>u

Vol.

XIX,

1994-1995

[37

~ehi4=hKU|HNilS

ftd"

"dWR

'*)

q f^ if

4i

d <^ Pq

fti

TT

f^Tcl

* cfoq a * *\
I

HlfdlPd

=h P<d
I

"q"^f^d=tid"'-ldl=tiH,

-llKllPd

TR
I

fTT

ctf^eFrpq j[H

H y Ml u
"^TFT

l I

Pi

%^3ff5PdP<Ti7iPi
cTTT
I

cil

Hl u ilPl,
,

cfd;

fg

cfFT

JO
IT.

<raftf*

<

-H ~.

fc

"'

Vol.

XIX, 1994-1995
ofj

139
efjrf
cfT

37?f

?T:

+4Htf<rlfHrd
I

cf5f

Tjtjff
"

3^

Tf :
I

hl4<HHlPKlP<rc1

cT?

ch4=hl4^HlPkl:

f%
Tfl^=hctHHlP<r48f
1

ffcf

f^fcT f^-g

-3f78|

^fcf

WchHl
f

tTT

c5fcT l^fcf

TJ^fcf

*K

ff ^"jfrSFTCRT
ffrf

ffcT

cTF?

nowPd
?

oi'T'^d

H ch4 ct)rc(ldN
:
I

frzfT?'

"Typf'roj Pq-H ^
I

W^ H^

<mct-q"

140

HR|t|U|

jj.

SAMBODHI

WTO,

^q|<NPdoq|PkJ:

^Fr?

cHT

3TT?
cr
I

tf^fif

rR
|fcf

^T8T

^TRT

^TT

cf?Tr
,

Tcr:

Vol.

XIX. 1994-1995

141

ufVuCWV^ d4ft<=M
II
l

M tl

P^ .1^1 3 ft

:'

ffcf

Hi

f H,

cTFITaiT

^^T

flcf?f

cTfof

3TW

fF%1%

"^ff

rl

:^

Pd 4l'P'

<Tb*KrlN T-^<"

;:

cff^

"FTT?^

d ril

P?f

,_ aw W^ai-iMijPW?
i

SAMBODHI
I

am trafeft^r W<Ht3,r

roan,

^^ w^mw

Vol.

XIX,

1994- 995
1

143

-qt

crff
I

3TlTr8TTWtfrf

cTn

^Z
?

?(3j<WT

ffcf

cRJ

aj^
^I
I

^dPHM^^l f^TR

ffqs|
[
1 1

||

"fftfl'tlT'lf^

1 1

in

fTTRT:

d"&Pd

5-11-14,

oi ^*i Pd l Pd P
I

3TT

'W^t

SAMBODHI

df-UWW

3f?r

cf^T

ff
cniMTcsiq*c=f

3^

T,

?PTT

^<lRHcjymu|Hf
?TtTPT
:

^Tf^fT^f

Pi fc eh ^H ^ H P-l

'

d^R|chl4dl

cPTT

crf^RRM

3T?f

fa

I]

Vol.

XIX, 1994-1995

145

ffw

P'KI4) <u|iaff*rfa
cTof:

?nr
era TJ

5fFR
TRISf

cH Hi Pd

"5fMl u lPHPd

'^'RFf
I

%^

yHldl

5 T:II*< 1J

1%

Pfr-Md

rhi

H|d|c(rd =4lPKl:
i

3TfcT?rf^dcc{ ^ITR f=Fn^ ?

"^T

SAMBODHI
i

^rrfq
I

37cT

WT
I]

R|<fl1%

^Unf

i?qf?nRTfwftRT
irfo

TTcfFR

Ufo
chKU|dl ^
1

Vol.

XIX,

1994-1995

[47

3TFF

i]
:
I

crf^WFf 1wtf%

frof

crfcTfcT

'1
) i

* uu

<4 y

^r^

i]

^F^

^rfir

dPn<mM ^pd

^WSf
I

c^rd<chl*i*TTcnn,

?fITl%

^M

rfr^

[TT55T oRTWf

'HH^ifqchHun^

I]

d^rd

^ttHd-41

^M^lP^=hKui

el^

I?qf:

P&cfl

>

ft

3T?f:

148

HKRW

n.

OTT
,

SAMBODHI

qif

^nwi^^r

tfeffr
i

Vol.

XIX,

1994-1995

49

kH

P.f

*"H Pel

<=ij

fltf :

STFf

Pel

fcW <=M H

^K^t sfcl H

fid:

dP^KMi^

HH^d'fcl

*& ^ H ^1 Ml d CM<PH Pel

1 I

41'^flf

fg?n,

Pd

HnP^+Kl

cRfl:

4-ldch [ PHP4-

3TO

TOR
T

^FT

H.

t&m

SAMBODHI

wafrgfrfr^r, ynHrM^:, ff^wfrqr^] wratfw

i
i

irfw

Ttj^^ ^^T^PT^HIchdH!^
\

I]

\v^^^-yrrm ^wvz
^r
I]

[^T

wtirf

rr?T

^mrf^TRRl^TRThtfqf^f^

^nrr f^mft f^wft,

^^
1%
i

^rET^

3^,

Vol.

XIX,
i

1994-1995
~a[\

151

Hfd

ff,
,

TFT
\

i]

arrc^frr

PTf i

^
-^ ci
y,
t>H

t-|

?TIT

M -s tf

l
|

"SfM^f

rf^TT

rp?q] STRrcf t| Pf STcTFTf

'^rrf%:

-q^j

fo(c|=b<rM e b'Wrci=hirHlfH c ij

"T^f:

el^FT
d"

ffcf

ycf=hcrM=h 5)1^1
l

ffil

"TT

"=T

fI

Pd ffllTrt

^oqnTf

"^TZ

f^g'R

-JT8Tcf,

\\\\\

"sq% T^t <fd j <r<4cci'

ffcl

"ft^R,

152

SAMBODHI
:
I

tpT?rH

^rH*tf:

IT

^f^ST T^

Ifft

pel j|

H u| d

VS

ii^ft

ffcl

^TR

II

Vol.

XIX, 1994-1995
?

153

W*3
I

'

37T?-

cfSTT

'f?
'if

"cT4T

HH^r-'-ruf:

TFf%,
I

cI^TT

ff
cf?
c[

UHMI'^Uf:
^TS ci rl
i

"il

c-i

il

^'

TUjTT:

Wlcf ipf
'

"cln

'

Tr:Tr

^fcf

;;

ziFf:

"^TRT

fq'fc<chVM4i

WTTSfrT:
I

^^Pc^Pd,

ffcf

'3Ff

'ER:

WTTfa:

TTff

rT

\J
?f^rf?r,
:
I

HI

Mid?:

3FR

SAMBODH1

,]

* *

REVIEWS
Narayan M. Kansara
JAINISM AND PRAKRIT IN ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL INDIA (Essays for Prof. Jagdish Chandra Jain Felicitation Volume) edited N.N.
:

by

Bhattacharyya. Publ. Manohar, Delhi, 1994, pp.

X +

462. Rs.500/-.

The volume
nine
articles

consists of

articles, viz., a

Sangave, Jain's time as a research scholar in Germany by Menski, about his fulfilling and fruitful years by Chakresh Jain, excerpts from a letter of Mukla Raj Anand, Pranamaiijali by S.D. Laddu, trubutes by Margaret Walter, Maria Helena De Bastos Freire, Lia Diskin and
reminiscences of Prof.
F.

by Prof.

two sections/parts, the first one being devoted to biographical sketch of Prof. J.C. Jain, list of books and J.C. Jain, a profile of Prof. Jain by Vilas

Werner

Mamalshri Jain and a

Part/section

letter

by Jainendra Navlakha.
articles by such renowned scholars, Norman, W.B. Boliee, Dieter Schlingoff,

two contains

thirty-four
like K.R.

both Western and Indian,

Phillis

Granoff,

Werner

F.

Menski,

Madhav Deshpande, Hama

Vasanthraj, Padmanabh
Y.B".

Satya Ranjan Banerjee, B.N.Mukherjee,

Nagarajiah, S.P. Patil, V.M. Kulkarni, M.D. Jaini, H.C. Bhayani, S.C. Banerji, G.V. Saroja, K.D. Bajpai, Smita Sahgal, Bhaskar Chatterjee, P.K. Agrawala, Pranabnanda Jash,
Singh, V.K. Thakur and Kalpana Jha, Prem Suman Jain, Suniti Kumar Pathak, Vilas Sangave, B.N. Khandavadi, Rangan Kanti Jana, R.N. Nandi, S.D. Laddu, An and a Chandra Sahoo, M.A. Dhaky, Surendra Gopal and

Bansidhar Bhatt.

The

topics discussed in these articles pertain to various aspects of Indological research, such as epigraphy, lingustics, philology, Jaina Puranas, philosophy, literature, e.g. the Asokan inscriptions and Prakrit dialect geography, cerebral

Middle Indo-Aryan vocabulary, Jains and other "heretics" in Prakrit inscriptions from South-East Asia, a persceptive of language attitude of Bralnnanism versus Buddhism, influence of Prakrit on
in

Prakrit,

Buddhist

art,

Kannada language,
Viriisati-Vimsatika,

studies of Jinasena's

Purva.-Pura.na
the
life

and Haribhadrasuri's

Mahabharata motifs

in

Jaina Pdndava-Pwdna, some

in

ancient Indian versions of Oedipus, folk

Prakrit and

Apabhramsa

L56
literature,

NARAYAN
Jainism
as

M. in

KANSARA
the
Nllakeci,

SAMBODHI

archaeological sources bearing on early Jainism, spread of Jainism in North India between circa 200 B.C. and circa 300 A.D., relics of Jain in Eastern

expounded

community
in

India,

medieval Jain reactions

their

to

other majority groups, some Prakrit words and

spiritual hierachy Jainism, the nature and purpose of the Jain Puranas, towns and trades in the Samaraiccakahd, equivalent views about the ultimate reality in Buddhism and Jainism, relavance of the Jaina Siddhanta Texts in natural the Jain

Sanskrit

equivalents,

sciences,

law and

declaration on nature, Vinaya in Jainism, the Hindu and Jain approach to religion, Jain heritage in ancient Bengal, Tantra and Jainism, research
Indians.,

methodology by ancient

Jain

images
the

implications of the "nagnya-parisaha" in Jaina community and Akbar, and on the

of

in the Khandagiri caves, Tattvarthadhigama-sutra, the

epithet nataka. for the Samayasara

Kundakunda.

As has been noted by the editor in his note, Prof. J.C. Jain has been legend in the of Prakrit and Jainological studies. Preparation of a felicitation volume in his honour on a theme was a difficult task indeed, but is was single

made

possible by the contributors who considered its publication to be a pleasent duty and sent their learned articles with the remarkable promptitude. Some of the savants, despite their illness and other constraints; also sent
their articles.

Among them Prof. K.D.. Bajpali, a father-figure in the field of Indological studies and a friend of Prof. Jain has since passed away. His death is a great loss to the scholarly world, but present volume contains his
last article.

Norman has drawn our attention to the two Major Rock Edicts written an eastern dialect, with or r in all places and the nominative singular ending -e. This new evidence reinforces Dr. Norman's that the
Prof.
in
I

suggestion

Asokan inscriptions must be examined very carefully, and can be disregarded if they conflict with other evidence, and then it would be open to us to conclude that the dialect upon which Pali was based had its home much nearer Magadha; and that when the Magadhisms and Sanskritisms in Pali have been disregarded, there, in fact, very little difference between the language of Theravadin canon and the language of

dialect Variations in the

Hathigumpha

inscription.

Vol.

XIX,

1994-1995

REVIEWS

157
J

Prof.

S.R.

Banerjee examines the long linguistic history of the cerebral

right

has cognized it in Paisaci a sfitra like 'do lah'.

from the Rgveda, through perhaps in Pali and Prakrit; Hemacandra (lo lah) and Prof. Banerjee would like to postulate

In his Notes

on Middle Indo-Aryan Vovabulary

Prakrit,

(IV), Prof. Bollee has discussed

:

the

following ArdhamagadhI,

atthakitti,

ainna-samlekkha,

words anApbhraiiisa and Pali kdla-kankhi(n)j chinndle chindai sellim, Jamdli,

-ella.

pautta,

venu-paldsiya, samgilla,

-olla

etc.,

saccavi,

and -sampavanka.

Dieter Schlingloff has shown that in Buddhist art not only the Ajfvikas, but also the six 'heretical' teachers, viz., Piirana Kasyapa, Maskarin Gosallputra,

Samjayin Vairattiputra, Ajita Kesakambala Kakuda Katyayana and Nirgrantha Jnatiputra, are represented, actually in the depictions of the Mahapratiharya, the 'Great Miracle' at Sravasti. According to the statement of Buddhist
the Buddha was requested by king Prasenajit to demonstrate his superior meditative power in order to blame the Tirthyas. Buddha displayed the pouring out of water and fire from his body and afterwards the
literatute,

multiplication

of his

body by emanating innumerable Buddha figures

(buddhapindT) , which filled the space up to heaven. A representation of this miracle in Gandhara shows the Buddha in the centre; king Prasenajit and
his followers are arranged

on

his left,

the Tirthyas on the right side.

in naked,

The
signs

Yaksa Pancaka rushes against the heretics, of distress on seeing the miracle.
Prof.

and that show

all

inscriptions from

Mukharjee thinks that the recently noticed and diciphered West Bengal written in Kharoshtl and in many cases in a mixed script, consisting of Kharoshtl and Brahmi letters, indicate that trading
B.N.

communities hailing from the northwestern part of Indian subcontinent migrated to the territory now in lower Western Bengal and became very
as traders from about the first quarter of the 1st century A.D. about the beginning of the 5th century A.D. Their main settlement were

active

to

in

the region of Chandrakrtigarh, then within the limits of Vanga.

Madhav Deshpande compares and contrasts Brahmanism and buddhism from the point of view of language attitudes and has reviwed some of the
Dr.

major dimensions of these

linguistic,

socio-linguistic

and

philosophical

158

NARAYAN

M.

KANSARA

SAMBODHI

disgreements between them. Since the fall of the Mauryan empire things gradually chaged, and Magadhi, which was once the most prestigious
language, later appears as a low cjlass language in Sanskrit dramas. The in prestige of Maharastri may indeed be connected with the rise of
rise
'the

Satvahana power. In
rose

later centuries, the overall political prestige of Sanskrit

continuously in such a

way

that

it

eclipsed

the

prestige

of Prakrit

which

it had in the Mauryan days. The changing attitudes towards languages in religious traditions are closely connected with the changing patterns of

patronage form the political powers, as well as the changing patterns of the dominatoon of social groups within the religious community.

Mampa

Nagarajaiah traces the influence of Prakrit on Kannada language and literature and shows that the history of both would be complete and meaningful only with reference to Prakrit, and that Kannada has influenced
Prakrit.

S.P.

Patil has presented a comparative

and Cavundaraya Purana and finds

that
it

that the later varies

study of Purva Purana of Jinasena from the former in

to chaaracters and strikes and householder's life; in many cases it moves away from the former and shows the influence of other great works like Adipurana of Pampa and Vadddradhane; its interest is in common people and it seeks to convince them.

creates

new

situation, gives

human touch

a balance

between

ascetic

V.M. Kulkarni examines the Vimsati-Vimsatika of Haribhadrasuri, particularly from the language viewpoiint and remarks that it is Jain Maharastri employed

by all Svetambara writers in their Prakrit works and does not much differ from classical Maharastri. As to the style and structure of the work, it
obviously intends to supply a compendium of the principal teachings of Jainism in Twenty Sets of Twenties; these sets are quite independent of one

These

another and each deals with one topic only and is a complete unit by itself. sets may by looked upon as closely connected with each other as

each preceding set anticipating one topic in 20 gathas only proves a handicap to him. Some of the gathas are too eliptical, since the author combines brevity with accuracy but not lucility.

M.D. Vasanttharaj finds a

historical value

in the

story (No. 6) of Vijaya in

Vol.

XIX,

1994-1995

REVIEWS

159

the Brhtkathakosa of Harisenacarya, which aims at illustrating

how

a person

of doubtful nature meets with calamity in life and, on the other hand, a person who is free from doubt gets prosperity in life and finally achieves

of Simhala, the former died because he

emancipation Moksa. Of the two sons, Jaya and Vijaya, of king Ganganaditya was gripped with doubt and so
being subjected
to miseries

he wandered in the
after

sam.sa.ra.

Vijaya, as he

was

free from doubt, libed there being looked

by the king with care and

respect.

enemies, ruled over the island for long time, took to Jaina penance, and at last attained emancipation. Harisenacarya is not the original author; he has just rendered
his

He conquered
all

abondoned

attachment,

into Sanskrit that which was there in a Prakrit commentry on Bhagavati Aradhana, also known as Mularadhana. A good number of these stones are based on some event of history. In the history of Ceylon we find the name

of

king Vijaya

as

the

one who
forefathers

established
ruled

kingdom

there.

It

is

also

possible

that Vijaya's

over Ceylon.

Vijaya's

father

must

have had friendship with either Pradyota Mahasena or his son Palaka. And Vijaya had occasions to listen to the sermons of great luminaries like Buddha and Mahavlra during his stay at Ujjayini and was greatly influenced by their
preachings. This piece of information constitutes an important landmark in the history of Jainism in South India.

Padmanabh S. Jaini duscus'ses the Mahabharata motifs in the Jaina PdndavaPurana of Bhattaraka Vadicandra (A.D.1600), in particular the episodes of the story of Matsyagandha, of Bhlsma's lifelong vow of celebacy, of the two
sons born to SatyavatI, of Gandhari's hundred sons, and the sexual aberration involved in the cases of SatyavatI, KuntI, Madri and Draupadl. The alleged genealogy which Vadicandra found in his version of Siva-Pwdna is examined
here, with
a view
to

derive some help in sacertaining

the

chronological

order of the Puranas.

H.C. Bhayani has traced some ancient Indian versions of Oedipus, on the Rex is based. To story of which Sophocle's famous Greek tragedy Oedipus

mother and kill the father - these two urges are subsumed under the Oedipus complex; is a basic doctrine of psychoanalysis and folklorists have found its symbolic hidden expression in numerous folktales of the world. The short study of this motif with regard to the early Indian narrative tradition in offered here as a modest tribute to Dr. J.C.
get possession of the

160

NARAYAN

M.

KANSARA

SAMBODHI

Jain's long life of scholarly interest

here

are

(1)
in
to

the pleasure of senses; (2) the version in the Jambucarita of Hemacandra's Sthavirdvalicarita (12th Cent. A.D.; (3) the version in the

Jambukuinara was attached

and contribution. The stories compared the Jain hagio graphical tradition relating to the life of the Vasudevahindi. Particularly the story of a monkey who

Jambusamicariu of Vira (1020 A.D.) in Apabhramsa; (4) the version in the Jambusamicaritas of Brahmajinadasa (1646 A.D.) and Rajamalla (1570 A.D.); (5) in the biography of king Srenika as narrated in Hemacandr's Trisastisalakapurusa-canta; (6) in the Jataka no. 58 (Tayodhamma-jataka) in which a Pali version of the same tale is found; and (7) in the story of Nandisena given by Somatilaka (alias Vidyatilaka) in his Sanskrit

commentary

Sllatarmginl (1337 A.D.)

version.

on

Jayaklrti's Sllopadesamala,

based on the Trisasti

Surs Chandra Banerji has presented the detailed account of economic life, popular beliefs and practices, food and drink, dress and decoration, crime and punishment and vices, popular cults, creeds and worship, sports, pastimes and amusements, manners, morals, ethical ideas and miscellaneous elements
of folklife in his
literatures.

article

in

glimpses of folklife in Prakrit and

Apbhramsa

work

G.V. Saroja has briefly expounded the Jainism in the 10th century A D Nilakci i, written mainly to refute another Buddhist Tamil
in

Tamil

work

order to propagate Jainism in Tamil Nadu. K.D. Bajpai has Kuydaka laid bare the archaeological sources bearing on early Jainism.
inscripn-onal and literary evidence proves the existence of Jaina stupes and of Tirthankara images before the Christian era. The Hathigunipha hara an a iarse number f and other sites si: have thrown i light on this. The Jaina literature on iconography and architecture is voluminous and is ectremely valuable for the study of
i

The

Vol.

XIX,

1994-1995

REVIEWS

161

carved on the railing pillars of Mathura represent a degree of excellence unsurpassed in the entire range of Indian plastic art. Besides the Tirthankara images a large number of statues of Sasana-devas, Nagars, Navagrahas, Ksetrapalas, Gandhrvas, Kinnaras, etc., are still preserved. To the number of
early goddesses
(Sarasvati,

Ambica, Padmavatl and Cakresvarl), numerous

other devls were added.

Smita Sahgal endeavours in her long article to fill the gap of the Indian history by chalking out the course of the spread of Jinism in North India between circa 200 B.C. and circa A.D. 300, since this has been
aspect
largely ignored by ancient Indian historians, although the sect enjoyed a continuous existence at least from the time of Parsvanatha (c.800 B.C.) to the modern day. This period roughly the post-Maurayn period, was one of intense fluidity in the social, economic and political field, It witnessed India's
link with international trade. Foreigners such as the Bactrian Greeks or Yavanas, the Saka-Pahlavas and Kusanas invaded north India and made apart of their empire. Archaeological and numismatic finds from varuous sites in north and north-west India, such as Taksasila, Ahicchatra, Kausambl, Mathura
etc. attest to a flourishing state

of trade, industry and

money economy. On

the social front, this period witnessed the emergence of Vaisyas, specially the emrcantile community, as a group of considerable importance. All these

developments had an important impact n religion

it

also.

Here

in this article

not only Jinism existed in the period under review, it actually flourished. The absence of a strong link with people in authority
is

shown

that

(king)

was something

insisted

upon

in the Jaina literature.

Their approach

was

of cultivating direct contact with the masses. This explains the absece of figures of Jina Tirthankara from the royal coins or their mention in the

royal epitaphs.
to

On

the other hand there

is

a prepondrance

in

source related

popular culture. By the term north India, the author refers to the region which includes middle and western Ganga plain and Yamuna plain, along with northwest India.

Bhaskar Chatterjee surveys the relics of the Jaina community in Eastern India. The tradition recorded in the Jaina Puranas suggests that the place

where twenty out of lapses' twenty-four TTrthankaras relaised ultimate truth was located at Parashnatha in Giridih district of Bihar. On the basis of the
Acarahga, BhagavatI and Kalpa Sutra records, as also the Paharpur Copper

162

NARAYAN
159),
it

M.

KANSARA

SAMBODHI

Plate Inscription (GE.

appears that by the seventh century A.D. the

Nirgranthas formed a dominant religious sect in Bihar, Bengal and Orissa. From the eighth century onward, the population of the Nirgranthas appear to have gradually suffered diminution under circumstances not exactly known; perhaps it was due to the lack of patronage from the side of the ruling class. The discovery of a number of Jaina icons in the some of
parts

Bengal

seems to suggest that the Jainas were not totally wiped out of existence. The Brhad-dharma Purana, most probably composed in Bengal (appro. 13th cent. A.d.) accomodates within the social order the cast of mixed origin, of which the one among the madhyama sankaras include one name as
Sdvaka,

Saraka or Sdvara, referring to the Jaina householders; they were settled in Bengal and Bihar over a long period of time. H. Risley's survey in Bihar and Bengal in 1882 and 1888 shows that the Saraks were settled in the
Patna, Gaya, Shahbad, Muzaffarpur, Monghyr, Santal Parganas, Hazaribagh, Lohardanga, Manbhum, Bankura and Burdwan. Local legends ascribe to the Saraka the ruined Jain temples and defaced images of the
districts

of

Tirthahkaras. Thus the Jainas

who

lost

their

ground

in

between the eighth and the twelfth century A.D. had and the west of India.

shifted

Bihar and Bengal to the north

Phylis Granoff has delved into the medieval Jain reactions to other religious groups as a result of the former being in the minority. Medieval Jain accounts of the lives of the patriachs of the various sectarian lineages depict their

ever alive and vigilent, working tirelessly through the channels of in order to maintain for the community the right to continue practicing their religion and preserve their distinctive and
as

monks

power, which were not Jain,

cultural identity. There exist a series of stories in

some medieval

texts that

centre around these anxieties. The stories are about instances in which a may be placed in a situation where it is temporarily necessary to capitulate to outside pressure and act in an Unjain way. These cases are all
Jain

covered by a term called Chindika temporary. It seems to have been a medieval notion. The stories translated by Granoff are from the text of the commentary of Devacandra Suri to the Midasuddhiprakarana, dated 10891090 A.D. The vast majority of medieval texts do not include these stories, nor do they seem to be aware of the concept of chindikds. The chindikas are a generous concept, for they allow that a person may experience a lapse in behaviour while maintaining chat proper attitude, and they allow

Vol.

XIX, 1994-1995

REVIEWS

163

that such lapses

do not constitute

and
goal.

in the stories

any way. The chindikas are forgiven, those who commit them nonetheless obtain their desired
sins in

The stories about chindikas indicate that there are six types of external pressure to which a Jain may be subject and which might give rise to a chindika, a temporary lapse in religious practice: a Jain might be pressured

by a king; by
to

his

or her pears; be subjected to physical pressure; be made

worship a non-Jain deity by force or be pressured by a god or goddess to worship that god or goddess; might find himself lost in the jungle alive; and might feel the need to worship outside the Jain faith to please his or
her parents.
It

Hindu

ascetic,

interesting to note that with one exception, the non-Jain these stories describe deities and patterns of worship that
is

medieval Jain story literature. Throughout by all of their opponents. But the Jains took great pains to establish and maintain an identity by themselves that was distinct both from Hindu society and from
figure widely
in

However, as to the stories of the chindikas in which Jains become involved with Buddhists, there is no doubt that the Jains not only feel the need to join with the Buddhists because of their
external circumstances but they are also somehow or other positively included to do so. Buddhists countered these Jain stories with their o.wn stories in
:

the Buddhists themselves.

which they justified the Buddhist monastic practices and criticized the strict regimen of the Jain ascetic, e.g. the story Vitasokavadana in the Divydvadana. The stories of the chindikas show medieval Jains coping in various ways
with the fact that they lived in a predominatly non-Jain world; Jain responses to that world were manifold. The dominant tone of all of the chindika
stories
is

one tolerence and acceptance of

that

human

behaviour, and,

it

is

that

same generosity

abvove

all

characterizes the Jain response to religious

plurality in medievl India. Respect for learning, respect for other traditions, respect for the individual who may be tempted any may lapse, are together
all

seen as the best

way

in

which

to

maintain and preserve Jain collective

indentity and integrity.

Pranabananda Jash studies the

spiritual

hierarchy in Jainism. The religious

system preached by Parsvanatha and Mahavlra, the twenty-third and the extreme twenty-fourth Tlrthankaras, lays adequate emphasis on practising
asceticism. In order to attain spiritual realisation, the Jaina ascetics followed and practised different types of austerities during their ascetic lives, and in

terms of spitutual evolution attained various stages,

viz.,

Sadhu, Upadliyaya,

164

NARAYAN

M.

KANSARA

SAMBODHI

Nirvana.

is more advanced and developed than that of the Sravaka, or the householder of the Jaina faith. Jainism lays much emphasis on Tri-ratna, i.e. right knowledge (samyag-jfiana), right faith (samyag-darfana) and right conduct (samyak, contra) and to that on renunciation. Thus the pragmatism of Jainism consists in prescribing separate rules of conduct for a layman and an ascetic. The acquistion of Siddhahood is synonymous with attaining
,

own way

Acarya, TIrthahkara or Arhanta and Siddha, besides the primary stage of the Muni. These five stages are 'more developed' than the last one, which in its

Puranas,

Y.B. Singh studies the nature and purpose of the historical traditions in Jain and concludes that the subject matter of the Jain Puranas was

history, tough because of their religious nature they try to eulogise Jainism by describing even Lord Rama as a devout Jaina. They also fail to get rid of the supernatural elements. But their effort was to tell the past without doubt. any However, the Jain authors always tried to narrate only those events of the past which were fit to provide models to the masses.

the concept of a history which can bring good rooted tradition in India.

to all the

Thus, people has a deep

Vijaykumar Thakur and Kalpana Jha studied the text and context of the Samaraiccakaha with reference to towns and trade, and they have focused their survey upon an interesting aspect of early medieval India, laying bare the dynamics of feudal formation during the post-A.D. 600 period in central and western parts of India.

Prem Suman
in

Jainism and Buddhism,

Jain discovers the equivalent views about the ultimate reality and concludes that the conception of God in

Jaina and Hindu religions

the status of

is integrated with the conception of soul (dtman), salvation (mofcsa) and supreme soul (paramatman). The object of attaining

supreme being

is

determined

after

knowing

the real nature of

is in the form Through devotion a worldly being uses the concept of supreme element for his spiritual development so that one day a similar status, that of God, may be attained by it The moral ideals, which are followed in this path of the soul are also

three conceptions. In both the religions the supreme reality of an ideal for the fulfilment of moral values.

purifying

useful

for the preservation of

humanity and the welfare of the

living beings.

When

Vol.

XIX, 1994-1995

REVIEWS

..

165

reaches a stage of spiritualism-rooted religion from devotion-rooted doctrines it comes near Jainism. The concept of the supreme element and the paths of attaining this status bring the two religion closer
religion
to each other. But in the observance of ethical values and devotion both these religions have their separate identities.
etc.

the

Hindu

Suniti

natural sciences.
'scientific

Kumar Pathak searches He finds that

the relevance of the Jaina Siddhanta Texts in

in place

the Jainas probably used the correct term for knowledge' by using 'pannatti' in Ardhamagadhi (Sanskrit prajnapti) of Vijnana, which bears several connotations in various contexts.

Among

the Jaina texts besides the Agamas, the Pannatti texts are enumerated as the secondary limbs (Uvanga'), which laid emphasis on preservation of the scientific experimentation prevalent among the Jains in ancient India.

The Surapannatti, the Candapannatti and the Jambuddivapannatti deal with the scientific topics on astronomy especially the movements of the planets including the Sun the Moon and division of time according to the ancient
Indian system of calculation. The Jivajivabhigcuna, and the Pannavana mention some results of the scientific experimentation of bio-science, geography, and

ethnographic outline with their respective social traits. The analysis of cosmography, as the Jaina acaryas endeavoured, is not far off from modern scientific analysis. The world is dynamic, not static; it is ever changing and
progressing in either forward or backward direction. The acaryas, therefore, divided the Time (fcdla) into two cycles (gati), viz., utsarpinl and avasarpini.

He concludes with two quotations, comparing the Jaina outlook with the modern scientific results; one from K.B, Jindal's The Prefaces, Cosmology Old and New (p.231) and from D.S. Kothari's Tata Lecture on Science and Self Knowledge delivered in Banglore (March 20, 1979). He observes that in excessive rush toward materialistic attainment, science have overlooked human values in understanding the self-nature of a person; human values have
-

been distorted and animalism has almost swallowed humanism.

Vilas Sangave has brought out the great historical importance

social significance of the Jain Declaration

Highness The Duke of Edinburgh

(i.e.

and far-reaching on Nature, presented to His Royal Prince Philip) in the Buckingham

Palace, London, on the 23rd October, 1990, by the Jain Delegation of International Jain Community; he has discussed it from the viewpoints of

conservation and religion, religious literature, Jain teachings, Jain cosmology,

166

NARAYAN

M.

KANSARA

SAMBODHI

Jain code of conduct and Jain responsibility.

Khandavadi projects the specific place of the valuabe human virtue, vinaya, in the scheme of conduct for ascetics as well as laity, as discussed by the ancient Jain thinkers like Aparajitasuri (c.800 A.D.),' Pt. Asadhara (1234 A.D.) as also Uttaradhyayana-sutra, Mulacara, Midarddhana, Tattvarthasutra, Yogasastra, Dharmaratna-prakarna, etc.
called

B.K.

Werner F. Menski discussed the Hindu and Jain points

briefly the relationship of law and religion from of view.

Rangan
c.

in the

K. Jana provides glimpses of Jain heritage in ancient Bengal (up to llth Cent. A.D.). Most of the ancient Jain relics situated in Bengal are

Manbhum and

as shrines are discovered

Singhbhura regions. Most of the Jain images from south western parts of West

as well

Bengal, which

comprises Purulia district, Bankura district Midnapore district, and from the distric of 24 Parganas Sunderban region. The nine Jain sculptures mentioned with their respective icono graphic features are Ambicd, Padmaprabha, Santinatha, Jina, Head Torso (Jina), Santinatha Three Miniature caturmukha
1 :

shrine,

R.N.

Nandi shows that Jain

sects,

particularly

the

Digambras who were

considered hardcore puritans, were engrossed in tantric practices as any other sect of the early middle ages, from 3rd to 12th century A.D. The incipient elements of esoterism as found in the Sthanangasutra, the Uttaradhyayanasutra, the Samaraiccakaha, the and

Upamitibhavaprapancakaha

the

Nayadhammakaha, could

chapter called vasyatantradhikara, to the rites and syllabic formulas relating to hypnotism vasikarana. The Bhairava Padmavatl Kalpa also deals with the hypnotism of women and the three worlds. Another magic rite santi, which implies the cure of ills and expulsion of evil spirits, has its parallels in the Jaina texts Vavaharasutta refers to a spell by which an occultist could command the disease to leave the patient. The Jvalind Kalpa prescribes a herbal preparation to cure a person of sterlity. Some other magical practices which in
figure

one can see from the Jvalinl Kalpa and the Bhairava Padmavatl Kalpa both of which were authored by Digambara monks of Karnataka. The cult of Jvalamalini was tantric form of worship, and devotes one

easily fructify into gross tantric cults as indeed

Vol.

XIX, 1994-1995

REVIEWS
to

[67

the

early Jaina literature were

make

person sleep,

to

make

oneself

women
circles

Both these Kalpas mention the use of magical substances for abustances for abuduction of women, successful coition, securing fertility to and preventing conception. They are also to be used for creating
invisible, etc.

enmity between persons, causing death to enemies, etc. The use of magic (manda/a) for attaining occult powers was a feature of the tantric cults. The magic circle could be used as a vantage ground form where spirits could be summoned and also as a barrier from whcih they had no escape. The Jaina literary texts represent the magic circle as an occult symbol. The magic circle and its relted rites led to the development of the
tantric systems, like mystic diagrams, syllabic imcantations, gestures of fingures and so forth. In both the cases the diety is a Jaina Yaksim, guardian angel of the Tirthankaras, and in both the cases the rites are similar. The

few essentials of tantric cult include prayers and formulas (mantras), syllables of mystic significance peculiar to each deity (if/as), mystic digrams drawn

on papers,

leaves, precious stones, metals (yantra'), special ritual position of fingers (rnudras), and placing the deity on the different parts of the body

by touching them with finger tips and palm mostly of the right hand (nyasas). These are the means by whcih the devotee (sdd/mfca) invokes and identifies himself with his chosen deity (istod'evata). The Jaina tantric cults possess all these features. This shows that the tantric ideas and practices of the Jainas were most mundane and utilitarian in nature than spiritual or transcendental. There is not much indication of a salvation theory based on plexus concepts. Nor is there any attempt to develop a yogic practice to channelize biomptor and bie-electric forces along the six plexuses in" the ascending order
to

attain

sublime

bliss.

Evidently,

the

recourse

to

the

supernatural

was

intended

to gain uncanny powers and fulfil worldly desires. For a large majority of people, these seem too characterize a helpless mind afflicted by

growing
of
life.

social

and economic disentitlement

in

changing material conditions

S.D.

Laddu has devoted himself

to

search for

a research

methodology

with ancient Indians, and he has found that besides the Upanisadic sages, the ancient Indian scholars belonging to different schools of thought and genre of literature were haunted with knowing the truth and with discovering
the highways and byways towards that goal. He has elaborated this topic under the heads of value of Truth (Knowledge), nature and object of

168

KARA VAN

M.

KANSARA

SAMBODHI

training in research methodohy, and basic qualities and approaches in research, the last one being further elaborated under the subhke intellectual curiosity, hard and topics patient work, concentration and
self-control,

knowledge need of

presentation,

indicate the firmly

open and receptive mind, objective reasoning, neatness of and awareness of limitation or humility. This is enough to founded scientific attitudes and of the
approaches
ancient
truth.

and mediaeval Indians in their quest after

the Jaina images in the Khandagiri caves and found that the sculptures depicted the TIrthankara images 'in a fairly systematic way, though in some places they have given precedence to Parsvanatha.

Ananda Chandra Sahoo has studied

M.A. Dhaky has discussed the implications of "Nagnya-parisaha" in the Tattvarthadhigamasutra. The specific inculsion of nagnya among 'the pansahas according to Bronkhorst, is a pivotal point in determining the creed-affiliation of the Sutra, viz., Yapanlya and not Svetambara nor Digambar. Dhaky has pointed out that on the basis of the textual evidence that nagnya as parlsaha w not the same as nagnya as a part of the sdmacari, monastic discipline Searching for the agamic authority which lay under the conceptual principle of pansaha determination, Dhaky has noticed the

suggest A nude monk may sometimes i0nS 8UCh " betin Pri *' sto "ing, ridicule, and !" rowdies or from the paratirthikas, fundamentalist followers of other religions. But that is no nagnya-pamaha, but only occasional inconveniences

his Avafyaka-vrtti (c A D Haribhadrasuri, 750) elucidates the episode in full (AV.pt. 1, B'bay Reprint, 1982, pp. 203-204) Some more details are provided by the PariSista-parva (c.1160-1166 of Hemacandra and the Prabhavaka-carita (c.1277 A.D.) of Prabhacandracarya both of which had used earlier sources. In the agamic traditon, thus, acelakya, i.e. Nagnya-pansaha implied the shame as well as indignation on the removal of the kattpattaka; just the opposite of what the proponents of the Yapnanlya affikanon for the Sutrakara and seek.

which enumerates 22 pansaha* in which dcelakya (=nagnya) finds the fifth place Further, about two hundred years hence, in the time of the illustrious pontiff Arya Raksita, the Maranasamadhi-prakirnaka also mentions the 22 pansahas and for the acelakya-parlsaha quotes the example of the father of Arya Raksita. The anecdote has been alluded to in the Avasyaka-curm (A.D. 600-650) on whose basis in

Uttaradliyayana-sutra (2 14)

AD)

tl hke, the

]L

'

Vol.

XIX, 1994-1995

REVIEWS
to

169

or sufferings of the upasoraga-class

an avowed nude

friar.

Surendra Gopal

tries to

Community.
in Rajasthan

In Gujarat and Rajasthan, the Jains

delineate the impact of Akabar's policies on the jain were basically traders though

also occupied important official positions. Their close connections with the ruling chiefs in Rajasthan and Gujarat facilitated the quick and smooth integration of the Jains in the Mughal administrative

some of them

system after these chiefs decided to cooperate with the Mughals in the time of Akbar. Akbar's policy helped to create favourable conditions for this, due to the combination of a number of factors, such as, the establishment of a
fiscal and customs policy and basically one type of currency, his Rajput policy of converting the Rajput chiefs into the allies and vassals, consequent opening of the opportunity for the Jains to migrate to the different parts of the Mughal empire. It is against this background that we must view the visit of Jain saints to the court of Akbar.

uniform system of government, a single

was a reflection of growing interest of their lay followers in the continuously widening area of economic activities, made possible by the emergence of new pokitical entity. The growing involment of their
It

coreligionists in the Mughal polity and economy must have been an important motivative factor for them in seeking and maintaining good relations with

Mughal emperor. Thus from Padmasundara who appears to have been Jain monk to meet Akbar we have a continuous flow of distinguished sints to the court of Akbar and his successor Jhangir. Of course,; the most famous Jain visitor to Akbar was Hiravijaya Suri who met him in Samvat
the
the
first

1639, and
world'.

won from him

the

title

To

the students of history,

of 'Jagad Guru' or 'the preceptor of the some of the Jain literary works dealing

life and times of Akbar becomes important. Some of the biographical writings on Jain saints tough highly eulogistic, throw light on the life-style of Jains, the status of women, the use of wealth, etc., and the religious schisms that affected the Jain society. To undertstand the age of Akbar, we

with the

have

to

read the writings of contemporary Jains.

Bansidhar Bhatt

critically

Kundakunda. The work

as

examines the epithet 'ndtfca' for the Samayasdra of it is available now, is not a homogenous work.

The present text of the Samayasdra is artificially divided subjectwise into some nine sections including one "introductory" section at the beginning and one "concluding" section at the end. It is a work of mystic teachings.

[70

NARAYAN

M.

KANSARA
it,

SAMBODHI

In the

Samayasdra and Amrtacandra's commentary on

the epithet

we do

not

come
is

across

nataka.

This strange

appellation for tthe

work

not

found in the other Jaina texts until the sixteenth century either.
the available texts or commentaries on the

only two

texts, viz.,

the Jnanacandrodaya-nataka of

Samayasara Padmasundara and the

literature,

Among all we have

is

Samayasarandtaka
evidence with the

of Pt.
title

Banarasldasa in which

the

epithet

nataka

in

of their compositions. The Samayasdra-ndtaka contains 732 rhymes in Hindi for 278 fca/asa-verses. Pt. Banarasldasa has coined an epithet jiataka and used it for the Samayasdra of Kundakunda (+/-20 times),

but

only

once
he

for
is

the

Atmakhydti-cum-kalasa

in

the

Samayasd-

ndtaka. Amrtacandra

kalasa-verses,

fond of poetic embellishments, and throughout in his has remarkably interwoven many rhetorical terms of

dramatic importance, such as dhiroddtta, sthayibhdvas and rasas, bhumikd, etc. The peculiar use of nataka in the kalasa-verses as an epithet belongs
the meta-language of the samayasara -literature which developed in the medieval period. It stands for "mundane character", "samsaric appearance", and the like, and implies whatever is mundane is transistery, not real. This
to

special

meaning of the term nataka can be traced from the Samkhya concept
(matter)
as

of prakrti

a nartaki

(dancer)

and purusa

(spirit)

as

mere

preksaka (spectatator), from which Amrtacandra derived his line of thinking. He revived the mystic philosophy as found ia Kundakunda's Samayasdra and

reformed

it

in a

modified

way

after

keeping the Samkhya views in mind.

The epithet nataka in its secondary sense of "mystic philosophy" as such seems to have come into use in or around the 16th/17th century, and
almost all Digambara mystics of the northern regions of India, speaking vernacular languages/dialects, favourable accepted the practice of using the term generally for only the authentic text of mystic philosophy, viz., the

Samayasdra of Kundakunda. N.M.K.

MAHANISlHA STUDIES AND EDITION IN GERMANY

A REPORT

by Candrabhal Tripathl (Ahmedabad-Berlin), February, 1993, pp.73.

The present Prakrit Text Society Edition of the Mahanislha-a.jjha.yana has been prepared by Pandit Shri Rupendrakumar Pagaria. The material he could utilize for the purpose was manifold, comprising the 'press-copy' of he Late Muni Shri Punyavijayajl, some manuscripts not available to Schubring and as well as two others, publications by Acarya Anandasagra and by Acarya

Vol.

XIX, 1994-1995

REVIEWS

171

Vijayendrasuri respectively, which have the value of a manuscript each. Shri Pagaria not only fills up the gaps left by Schubring in his edition (e.g.VIII 17-18) but also offers some better readings. He retains luckily the
of Chapters, Sections and Verses of the German .edition, thus making to locate in this edition the passages mentioned in the Report.
it

numbering
easy

This Report was prepared by Dr. Chandrabhal Tripathi (Berlin), at the instance of Pandit Shri Dalsukhbhai Malavania (Padmabhusana) about the studies
,

and the edition of the Mahanisiha by Professors Walther Schubring, FrankRichard

and Jozef Deleu, so that it could be attached to the edition of the Mahanisiha which was being published by the Prakrit Text Society,

Hamm

Ahmedabad. The

valuable contributions of Walther Schubring and F.R. Hamm being in German, the scholars not conversant with the language could till now not benefit from them. The work of Albrecht Weber is available in

English. So alos the contribution of Jozef Deleu

is

also in English.

Important

parts of both have been included in the present Report.

Since

the

German

contributions are distributed over a. long span of time

(1918-63) and penned by two scholars, and in three volumes, a direct and complete translation of them would have been of little use. And since they contain some repetitions, and some of the views expressed by Schubring in 1918 were not maintained by him in 1963, it was decided that the contributions of Weber and others should be arranged a new and edited in English grab. Thus $ 3-8 are based on their writings. The contents of the

Mahanisiha I-IV as described by them are given in $ 3. The analysis of its language and metres follows in $ 4-5, the parallels detected by Schubring and others are discussed in $ 6. These lead in $ 7 to the results achieved

by them about the date and authorship of the MNA. $ 8 contains conclusions drawn by Schubring and deleu. In $ 9 some important passages which are often discussed have been collected. In $ 10 some reviews of the Studien
are printed. Dr. Tripathi has given in $ 1 full details about the publications concerned and in $ 2 about the manuscripts utilized. The been helped by Professors Colette Report concludes with his Epilogue. He has and others, and some of Caillat, Nalini Balbir, Klaus Bruhn, R. Grtinnendahl

zum Mahanisiha

them have introduced him

to

the subtle technicalities of computer.

as follows: In his Epiologue Dr. Tripathi has presented his mainresults briefly

172

NARAYAN
The

M.

KANSARA

SAMBODHI

(1)
its

not canonical but apocryphal and thus not identical with namesake mentioned in the Nandisiitra. (2) It is later than the Niryuktis,
is

MNA

earlier than the Gacchacara

Bhasyas and "Vrddha-vivarana" quoted or referred to in it. (3) It is surely and most probably earlier than the Upasesamala
it

of dharinadasa-gaiii (ca. 900 A.D.) (4) There are a few remarks in

which
to

may be even as late as 13th Cent. A.D. (5) Its language and metrics many unusual and some incorrect features which are surely due
"work" of one
still

present
the

person. (6) Neither Jinabhadra-gani nor Acarya Haribhadra can be regarded as the editor of "original Mss. in deplorable condition". (7) Its position in the sacred literature of the (Svetambara)

unknown

Jainas has been since

its

composition not uncontested.

to

Dr. Tripathi has

done a valuable service

the Prakrit Text Society edition

of the Mahanislha by adding this Report to it, which is bound to enhance the scholarly value of it. This Report, wherein the main parts of his studies are incorporated is dedicated respectfully by Dr. Tripathi, to Prof. Dr. Jozef Deleu on the occasion of his birthday. Jaina and Indie scholarship scholarship generally should be. grateful to Hamm, Deleu, Schubring for a vast amount

of scholarly studies they have undertaken on the Mahanislha, and to Dr. Tripathi for having made them available, in this Report in English grab, to

them although they were

volumes N.M.K.

a vast

amount of material scattered over three

DASAVEYAIIYA PA~DA INDEX AND REVERSE PADA INDEX by Moriichi Yamazaki, Yumi Ousaka and Masahiro Miyao. Philologica Asiatica Monograph Series 1, Publ. The Chuo Academic Research 1994 pp iii Institute, Tolyo
+ 92.

INDEX AND REVERSE PADA INDEX by Moriichi Yamazaki and Umi Ousaka. Publ. The Chuo Academic Research Institute, Tokyo, 1994. Philologica Asiatica Monograph Series 2. pp. iii + 88.
Dr.

ISIBHASIYAIM PADA

Yamazaki and

his

Buddhist
the

co-authors had noticed that to date, in the

oldest

and of the Theragitha padas. In early Jain canonical texts a Jain Agama Series indeed contains an index of the first padas only. Dr. W.B. Bollee has

were only two indexes of pada of the Suttanipata and Dhammapada, along with their reverse indeses of the above two works
texts there

Vol.

XIX, 1994-1995

REVIEWS
(Uttarajjhayanaim?')

[73

published in the Jaina Svetdmbara Terdpanthl Mahdsabhd Agama Granthamdld contains a real pada index, although Yamayaki has not been able to procure the edition in Japan, and hence they could not avail of it. He would be to know that

noticed

that

Uttarajjhaya

happy

many
:

of

the

Jaina

Agama

texts

published

in

the

Jaina

Agama

texts

Granthamdld

Mahavlra Jaina Vidyalaya, Bombay (Pin 400 036 India) do give the Suttdnukkamo (Index of the Sutras), or Gdhdnukkamo (Index of the timt pada of the Gathas), as in the case of the
Series of Sri

Acarangasutra, the Sutrakrtangasutra, the Nandisutta, the Anuogaddaraim, the Dasaveyaliyasuttam, the Uttarajjhayanaim and the Avassayasuttam. The same
'

is

true about the Mulacara of Acarya Vattaker published by the Bharatiya

Jnanapitha,

New

Delhi.

By

using a computer they could make considerable advances in the compilation of indexes of the canonical texts. So far, complicated large computers such
size

as the mainframe with both a high computing ability and a large memory were required for such a study. This not only necessiated cubersome

operations but it was also difficult for linguists to analyse texts by using a computer with complex operations. Personal computers are relatively easy to use for linguists. But, their computing ability has been considerably inferior
to that of big computers; this shortcoming has made them insufficient for the analysis of text data. As a rusult of down-sizing effects, their abilities have recently risen to a much higher level to become competitive with those

of big computers. Such advances in the development of personal computers take the compilation of the idex within the scope of realization. By using

TM personal computer Dr. Yamazaki and his co-editors started compile the pada indexes and reverse pada indexes of the canonical texts. His group has already put the five Jain canonical texts on the Macintosh TM
the Macintosh
to

Ayaranga, Suyagada, Uttarajjhayana (he, however Dasaveyaliya and Isibhasiyaim. They are at present making analysis of the metres and alos compiling the indexes and reverse indexes of words. It would be interesting to them if they compare their indices

personal computer,
spells
it

e.g. the

'Uttarajjhaya'),

with the ones which are already published - indicles of words, of .grammatical forms etc., - in the above mentioned Jaina Agama Series of the Mahavire
Jaina Vidyalaya, Bombay.

The volume on

the Dasaveyaliya contains a

pada index and reverse pada

174

NARAYAN

M.

KANSARA

SAMBODHI

index for the Dasaveyaliya, base on Leumann's critical edition. This will provide an instrument for the systematic study of the ascetic poetry as well
as the Dasaveyalia
itself.

The volume

of Isibliasiyaim contains a

for the Isibhasiyaim based on Semiring's critical edition.

pada indea and reverse pada index It will provide an

Isibhasiayim

instrument for the systematic stydy of the asiatic poetry as well as of the itself. One would also be interested to know whether serious

research scholars in the West and Far East put any value on the critical editions of the Jaina Agama published in the above-mentioned series, and whether

they are helpful

to

them

in

making

vital authentic

data available.

It is

expected
Pt.

that the editors of this series like

Muni Punyavijaya, Pt.Amrtalal Bhojaka,

Dalasukh Malavania, Muni Jambfivijaya, and

like Pt.(Dr.) Pannalal Jain had the advantage of the availability of more data in the form of original manuscripts stored in numerous Jfiana Bhandars in Gujarat, and elsewhere in

Rajasthan,

India.

The use of the data in these editions would go a long way in authenticating the results of their researches for a long time in future.

One
and
pada

point,

his colleagues

which scores on a similar work" by Dr. Bollee, is that Dr. Yamazaki have preferred to give the text-references in the reverese

index, too, in contrast to that of Dr. Bollee, as in his similar

-

work on

Pinda

and Oha Nijjuttis-. It is happy to note that they eventually plan to publish the pada indexes and reverese pada indexes of the remaining four texts of the six mentioned above. N.M.K.

A STUDY OF JAYANTABHATTA'S NYAYAMANJARl

SANSKRIT
-

WORK ON
Granthamala
-

A MATURE
Shah. Sanskrit

INDIAN LOGIC
1,

Part

by Nagin

J.

Sanskriti

Ahmedabad

23, Valkeshwar Society, Bhundarpara,

pp.

Ambawadi

380 015, 1992,

125

Rs.90/- Do., pp.10 + 224, Rs.225/-.

Jayanta Bliatta, a Kashmiri pundit of the 9th century A.D., was an astute Indian logician and an able philosopher. His Nyayamanjan occupies a unique place among the Sanskrit works on Indian philosophy, and bears ample testimony to Jayanta'ss philosophical acumen and intellectual powers and
forcefully establishes

Nyaya theories

after critically

It is an introductory window to many mtra-Indian-philosophical controversies which deserve attentin for students

mainly the Buddhist and Mimamsaka.

examining the

rival

ones

Vol.

XIX,

1994-1995

REVIEWS

175

of Indian philosophy.
Part
is

a study of tlie first chapter of the

Nyayamanjarl. Here Jayanta

offers

the single Nyayasutra aphorism which is to the effect that perception, inference, analogy, and verbal testimony are four pramanas.

comment on

And he accomplishes his task in the following four ways (1) formulating his own definition of pram cm a and criticizing the rival definitions advanced
:

the Buddhists, Mimamsakas and the Samkhyas; (2) criticizing the Buddhist position that there are only two pramanas, viz., perception and inference; (3) criticizing the Mimamsaka position that artMpatti is an additional

by

pram ana; and

is

(4) criticizing the Kumarilite

Mimamsaka

position that
-

abhdva

an additional pramana.

II is a study of its second and third dhnikas (chapters). It deals with perception, inference, analogy, verbal testimony, validity of cognition intrinsic or extrinsic, theories of error (khydtivdda) , existence of God, nature of Word. In Jayanta's times a triangular contest among the Nyaya, Buddhist

Part

and Mimaiiisa schools of logic dominated the Indian philosophical scene, and of this contest one can form a very precse idea from Jayanta's treatment of various problems. His presentation creates a clear picture of the problems of Indian logic and philosophy and their solution offered by the said schools.
His discussions are penetrating, presentation of the discussion conducted by Jayanta. His presentation of the prima facie views is impartial and faithful, nd his assessment of each and every theory is penetrating. At the same time

attempts to demonstrate its strong and weak points all right, but it also attempts to bring out the contribution that the three schools have made to Indian logic. Dr. Shah has added two appendices. The first explains Dharmakirti's theory of knowledge and the second clearly demonstrates as
it

to
is

how

the concept of

God

as the creator of the

World and

as

Nityamukta

a latter contribution in the Nyaya-Vaisesika school by Prasastapada in the second half of the 6th century A.D. This study thus covers two important

chpaters of the Nydyamafijan and it will be of considerable value to the students and scholars of Indian logic. N.M.K.

OBITUARY
Mr. Karl
J.

Khandalavala, Bar
95.

at

Law, Bombay.,
fall

left

us in the last

week

of

December
knees.
It

He was
to

patient of artharitis

was reported

that

he had a

in

and had problem with his the bathroom and therefore

His wife

was admitted

hospital. His

end came
last year.

as a result of heart attack.

Mehaubai had passed away

Both of them died issueless.

He had his early education in Elphinston College, obtained Bar-at-Law from London. Soon he rose to
Presidency Magistrate,
the

Bombay and then he

the

positions

of Chief

Senior

Supreme Court Advocate

with

some

distinguished criminal cases to his credit such as the Nanavati

Murder Case,

Shah Commission, and Vikroli Murder Case against Datta Samant.

a

He was

man

of varied interests, and started his career as a Navigator in

the Royal Indian Air Force during the became a lawyer, and rose to the

world War II. A few years later he highest position in his profession.

As a young man his interests in Indian Painting and arts were nurtured by the then patron and private collector of Bombay, called B. N. Treasugwala and others. He started writing art reviews in the Times of India. He was not only a keen student of antiquarian subjects but possessed good knowledge
of the contemporary painting. It is here that he came in contact with the works of Amrita Slier Gil and they became great friends. His monograph on Sher Gil was his first publication. His knowledge and personality gradually

gained a prestigious position in the art field on the one hand

legal profession

and

in the

on

the other.

1953 he became the Trustee of the Prince of Wales Museum, Bombay and thereafter remained a Chairman of the Board of Trustees until quite recently. He was also the Chairman of the Exhibit Purchase
In

Committees of

Delhi, The Chandigarh Museum, Simla Museum Prince of Wales Museum. His scholarly pursuits bore fruits when he came in contact with Dr. Moti Chandra, the then Director of the Prince of Wales Museum an equally important doyen of Indian Art.

the National
also

Museum New

and

the

a strict contemporary of a galaxy of renowned scholars like Anand Coomaraswami, Rai Krishna Das, V. S. Agrawala, C.Sivaramamurthi Dr Moti P. M. Joshi and others. Chandra,

He was

Vol.XIX,

1994-1995
will be

OBITUARY

177

His

name

remembered

for all times to

come

in

the field of Indian

Hill

miniature

Painting in general and Pahari Paintings

(paintings of the

Stations) in particular. His main pioneering and fundamental work 'Pahari Miniatures Painting' brought out by Taraporewalla, Bombay, in 1958 in a monumental work which is second to none in the world. Later the two scholars brought out another unique volume called 'New Documents of Indian Painting'
(a reappraisal) for

1969 which brought

the Pre-Akbari Sultanate material to light

the

first

time.

some joint catalogues with Dr. Moti Chandra The Khajanchi Catalogue, 1960 Sir Cowasjee Jehangir Catalogue, Bombay, The Aranyaka Parvan of the Asiatic Society Bombay and numerous research
like,

His other publications include

articles in Indian journals.

He was the Hon. Editor of

Lalit Kala Journal (antiquarian)

one of World's best

research journal and on the Editorial Board of Marg, the Prince of Wales

Museum

Bulletin and

many
Medal

others.

He was

the recipient of

some

prestigious
Asiatic

awards such

as Fellow of the Lalit Kala

etc.

Academy, Gold Medal of the

Society, Father Heras

In spite

of such great achievements, Mr. Khanclalavala remained a simple, loving and upwright person. He treated a young graduate and an accomplished scholar equally. He was modest, meticulous in thinking, logical in his hypothesis

and eager to accept or modify his theories. His main contribution in the field of origin of Rajasthani Painting through his first article, Leaves from Rajastlian,

Marg, 1952 holds good even to-day.

He continued
and brought
His

the
it

work

of research which A.

Coomaraswamy

started long ago

to

the present day.

works on Rajasthani Painting (Catalogues of the N. M. India) are ready to be printed which, we are sure, will bridge the gaps in chronology.
I

am

lucky, as his
to

first

research student from

Bombay

University, to get this

opportunity

write these

humble words.

A magnificent

Khandalavala, brought out by Vakil

Goswamy

in honour of Karl publication entitled 'Indian Painting' essays & Sons under the able editorship of B. N. to his able scholarship. and Usha Bhatia is a fittest tribute

Sridhar Andhare

JOHRI MAL PAR1KH

The great Jain Scholar who dedicated his entire life for the development 1996. A Gold of Jain and Prakrit literature expired suddenly on 5th February his profession Medalist Chartered Accountant by profession, he renounced He education. Jain of cause the to and worldly life to dedicate himself Seva Mandir and established a modest institute at Ravati (Jodhpur) named to the Jain studies its due place in the continued his crusade for
restoring
at Jodhpur and Very laboriously he established a library start country's first ever graduate persuaded the local Jain "community to to almost was attached He at the course in Jain studies Jodhpur University.

academic world.

all

and loved by

community
and

the Jain organisations and was perhaps the only person who was respected Jain all the four sects of the Jains. He appealed to the entire to come forward and contribute for preserving their rich intellectual
spiritual heritage.

This resulted into a monumental project undertaken by

the Bhandarkar Oriental Institute under which an Encyclopedic Dictionary of Prakrit is being compiled and edited under the general editorship of a great scholar Prof. Ghatge. The first fascicule of the project has already appeared.

Another outstanding contribution of Johari Mai Ji was the publication of catalogues of manuscripts contained in the Jain Bhandaras of Jaisalmer and Jodhpur. He will be long remembered for his role in inspiring the Jain community and mobilising support from the Central Government to establish
a Prakrit

Academy

at

-New

Delhi.

Sadhak himself who

self-control, he
five

Apart from his exemplary dedication to Jain education he was a great lived an extremely simple and austere life. All through his renounced life he wore only two unstitched clothes. A living legend of

took food only once in two days and used to eat a maximum food items contained in a small bowl and that too only while standing. While Mahatma Gandhi used to save envelopes for writing purposes, Johri
of

Mai

Ji would use each and every piece of paper thoroughly for writing. He used to speak only during a day time and observed manna from dusk to dawn. Such an inspiring saint, educationist and scholar will be always

remembered not only by the Jain community but by the

entire

society.
J.

B.

Shah