Handout #1 Humanities Music: Mediums, Organization, Elements and Structure I.

Music: Defined It is an artistic form of auditory communication incorporating instrumental or vocal tones; any pleasing and harmonious sound produced by singers of musical instruments. II. Elements and Structure of Music A. Rhythm It is the movement characterized by the regular recurrence of pulses that can be a contrast of strong and weak pulses. Duration. It is the length of time a sound is held. In music, duration is determined by the kind of notes and rest used. Notes signify the sound while rests signify silence. A particular note has the same value as its rest counterpart. However, the amount of beats they get depends on the time signature. Meter. It is a way of measuring durations on a fixed, regular pattern, so that the listener becomes aware of a basic pulse or beat. Our note values are binary - each may be divided into two of the next smaller unit, and two together comprise the length of the next larger unit. Take Note! A dot beside a note increases its duration by half of its original value. Time Signature. It is a symbol written at the beginning of a musical piece after a clef or after the key signature. It is used to indicate how much rhythm and meter are organized. The upper number in the time signature indicates the number of beats in a measure. The lower number indicates which note value receives a beat. B. Tempo It refers to the rate of speed in music. Tempo Grave Lento Largo Larghetto Adagio Andante Andantino C. Melody It is the part of a music which we can sing. It is the succession of tones or pitches arranged horizontally. It is the horizontal structure of music. Meaning Slow and solemn Slowly Broadly Rather broadly Slow and stately At a walking pace Slightly faster than the Moderato Allegretto Allegro Vivace Presto Prestissimo andante Moderately Moderately fast Fast, quickly and bright Lively and fast Very fast Extremely fast

Related Concepts 1. Pitch - highness or lowness of a sound 2. Key signatures - consists of sharps and flats 3. Scale - a group of musical note collected in ascending or descending order Notation of Pitch Staff is the term for the five horizontal lines with four equal spaced where musical notation is written. Clef is a letter sign placed on the staff in order to indicate the pitch of the notes. The clef signs used in musical notations are the G clef, F clef, and the C clef.

Chromatic Signs a. Sharp () - raises the pitch of a tone by a half step b. Flat () - lowers the pitch of the note it affects c. Natural ()- used to cancel a sharp of flat within a measure Octave The pitch distance between any note and the next note of the same letter, either to the right or left of the keyboard, is called an octave. Key Signatures There are sharps and flats that immediately follow the clef sign. These sharps and flats affect every note on the line or space they represent throughout the entire composition. The only instance they do not affect a note is when there is a cancellation of the previous sign of that note or the use of the natural sign. D. Dynamics It refers to the volume or loudness of a tone. Dynamic Markings ppp - pianississimo - very, very soft pp - pianissimo - very soft p - piano - soft mp - mezzo piano - moderately soft mf - mezzo forte - moderately loud f - forte - loud ff - fortissimo - very loud fff - fortississimo - very, very loud E. Harmony It refers to the simultaneous sounding of two or more pitches. Chord is the combination of tones and the simplest chord is triad. F. Timbre It is the musical color or the peculiar quality of a tone. Vocal Classification 1. Soprano - highest female voice 2. Mezzo Soprano - middle female voice 3. Alto - lowest female voice

4. Tenor - highest male voice 5. Baritone - middel male voice 6. Bass - lowest male voice III. Musical Instruments Musical instruments have always bee a source of wonder to both the player and the listener. They figure in our music either single, in small groups, band, or as part of the emsemble-orchestra. Classifications A. Idiophones are musical instruments that are struck, shaken, or rubbed. Examples are bells, cymbals, and triangles. B. Membranophones are musical instrumentas that use stretches skins as membranes. They are struck with bare hands or with the use of sticks or mallets. Examples are timpani, bongos, dabakan, snare drums. C. Aerophones are wind instruments that are blown on the mouthpiece to produce sound. Examples are trumpets, horns, sahunay, trombone, and tuba. D. Chordophones are string instruments that are either plucked or bowed. Examples are kudyapo, banduria, violin, viola, cello, violincello, bass, and lutes. E. Electrophones are instruments that use electronic circuits or sound amplification. Examples are electronic keyboard, electic guitar, and electronic drums. IV. Famous Filipino Composers and Musicians A. Atang de la Rama Hernandez He has performed in more than fifty zarzuelas, plays and movies. She introduced kundiman to foreigh audience in her concerts abroad. Her most famous performances were Dalagang Bukid, Paglipas ng Dilim, and Ang Kiri. She was married to another National Artist, Amado V. Hernandez. B. Antonio Molina He composed the zarzuela Ave Maria and the lovely Hatinggabi. He became the conductor of the Monserrat Philharmonic Band, the Yellow Taxi Orchestra, and the operas Madame Butterfly, La Giaconda, La Fuerza del Destino, and Cavalleria Rusticana. C. Levi Celerio He composed Ang Dalagang Bukid, a song sung by Rosa del Rosario and Leopoldo Salcedo in a movie. Other popular songs he composed were Ang Pasko ay Sumapit, Sapagkat Kamiy Tao Lamang, Sa Ugoy ng Duyan, Walang Matigas na Tinapay sa Mainit na K ape, Kahit Konting Pagtingin, and the Bagong Lipunan theme song. Until now, he holds the distinction of being the worlds only leaf player. D. Ryan Cayabyab (born Raymundo Cipriano Pujante Cayabyab) He composed Limang Dipang Tao, Da Coconut Nut, Tuwing Umuulan at Kapiling Ka, Kailan, and Kay Ganda ng Ating Musika. E. Celeste Legaspi She sang Mamang Sorbetero and Bulong-Bulongan. She also popularized Limang Dipang Tao. F. Ogie Alcasid (born Herminio Jose Lualhati Alcasid, Jr.)

V. Famous Musicians Worldwide A. Ludwig van Beethoven (born in Bonn, Germany on December 16, 1700) Despite being deaf, Beethovens music became more profound. He developed a completely original style of composing. It reflected his violent emotion, his sufferings and joys. He composed 9 symphonies from 1799-1824. He composed Fur Elise and Pathetique. B. Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) - German He composed Minuet, B Minor Mass, The Art of the Fugue, and Passions. C. Frederic Chopin (1810-1849) - Polish composer He is considered the truest instrumental lyricist of Romanticism. In his music, a songlike theme expresses a state of mind or mood, and this theme may be expanded within the narrow framework like a lyrical confession. He is oftern referred to as the Poet of the Piano. Some of his compositions include Nocturne op.9 no.2., Waltz op.64 no. 1,and Mazurka. D. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) - Austrian Composer He composed 49 symphonies, over 40 concertos, 7 string quartets, and 26 sonatas. Some of his works include Turkish March, and Piano Sonata. E. Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901) - Italian Composer Verdis music is human and intrinsically Italian. His operas were born out of nationalistic fervor and supreme musical genius. Some of his works are Rigoletto (1951), II Trovatore (The Troubador) (1853), La Traviata (1853), and Aida (1871). F. Johann Pachelbel (1653-1706) - German Baroque Composer He was a German Baroque composer, organist and teacher, who brought the south German organ tradition to its peak. He composed a large body of sacred and secular music, and his contributions to the development of the chorale prelude and fugue have earned him a place among the most important composers of the middle Baroque era. He is best known for the Canon in D, as well as Chaconne in F minor, the Toccata in E minor for organ, and the Hexachordum Apollinis, a set of keyboard variations. VI. References Introduction to Humanities by C.A. Sanchez, et al. The Humanities by Francisco M. Zulueta Licensure Examination Reviewer in Music by Mrs. Maybelline Sta. Maria http://www.interaksyon.com/entertainment/video-the-top-5-songs-of-ryan-cayabyab-according-toryan-cayabyab/2/ Prepared by: MR. RODEL BRYAN C. VALDEZ Instructor, Humanities