White powders sodium acetate flame test: yellow, sodium chloride flame test: yellow, sodium hydrogen carbonate

ydrogen carbonate (sodium bicarbonate) flame test: yellow, HCl-reactive sodium carbonate, flame test: yellow, HCl-reactive lithium chloride, flame test: red potassium chloride, flame test: purple calcium nitrate, flame test: yellow-red calcium sulfate, insoluble, flame test: yellow-red calcium carbonate, insoluble, flame test: yellow-red, HCl-reactive cornstarch insoluble*, reacts with iodine to be black glucose benedicts solution** sucrose benedicts solution*** boric acid flame test: bright green ammonium chloride. flame test: light green magnesium sulfate dessicant, soluble, NaOH-reactive

*unless overtly stated to be insoluble, all are soluble. **requires water bath ***will not work unless treated with HCl first, do this last or figure it out by process of elimination Plastics Plastic Ab Density (g/cm^3 ) Polystyrene PS ~1.05 Polymerizes addition, reacts with acetone Polypropylen e PP ~0.90 Polymerizes addition Food/medicine containers, carpet automobile batteries, lab equipment Polyvinyl Chloride PVC ~1.38 Burns green, polymerizes by addition Low Density Polyethylene LDP E ~0.92 Polymerizes by addition, ethylene monomer units food packaging, shampoo containers, PVC containers, tiles, credit cards food containers (specifically bags), grocery bags, plastic wrap, etc. styrofoam, lighting, signs, Monomer Unit Structure Other Key Features Commonly Used to Make

branch out more than HDPE High Density Polyethylene HDP E ~0.95 Polymerizes by addition, monomer units more linear Polycarbonat e Polyethylene Terephthalate PETE ~1.37 PC ~1.20 Polymerizes by condensation, clear condensation, shrivels with heat food containers, bags, lumber, furniture, flower pots, signs, trash cans, toys shatterproof glass, eyeglass lenses soft drink bottles, carpet, fiberfill, rope, scouring pads, fabric, Mylar Polymethyl Methacrylate PM MA ~1.16 Polymerizes by addition, reacts with acetone Fibers Animal fibers shrivel, but don't melt Synthetic fibers melt and shrivel, and loose ends fuse together Vegetable fibers do not melt or shrivel, but they ignite easily and usually appear charred after being burned. Animal fibers dissolve in bleach, but the other types will not react at all (nice to know although the bleach test isn't available during competition) Smoother/more uniform fibers are more likely to be synthetic Fiber Information Name of Fiber Wool Type of Fiber Animal Fact About Fiber Type Burn Test Results shrivels, leaves brown-black residue, smells like burning hair shrivels, leaves black residue, smells like burning hair burns with a steady flame, smells like Cotton Vegetable fairly short fibers burning paper, leaves a charred whitish ash Linen Vegetable fibers longer and smoother than does not produce smoke, smells like burning grass, produces sparks Microscopic View Plexiglas, glass substitute

cylinder with scales thin, long and smooth cylinder irregular twisted ribbon smooth, bamboo like structure

Silk

Animal

cotton fibers can be any length melts, only ignites when in the flame, produces sweet odor and hard, colored (same as fiber) ash Curls/melts, produces black residue, Nylon Synthetic long fibers smells like burning plastic/celery, ignites in flame Spandex Hair Human, dog, cat, bat, horse Synthetic stretches melts quickly completely smooth cylinder fine, round, smooth, translucent Flattened, ridged fibers, clustered

Polyester

Synthetic

Chromatography Rf is retention factor or rate of flow. Formula: Rf=p/s where the variable "p" is the distance the pigment (the ink or juice) travels and the variable "s" is the distance the solvent (usually water or acetone) travels.

Mass Spectrometry Mass spectrometry is a method to determine the mass to charge ratio of charged particles.

A few things to note about said graph: -The y-axis is a measure of the percent abundance -The x-axis is the m/z ratio (molar mass) -The lines are known as peaks 1) Search for a molecular ion peak first. commonly is the largest peak, except for isotopic peaks. The Molecular Weight is a rounded value assigned to the molecule representing the closest whole number to the molecular weight. This value is even if the compound being analyzed contains simply Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Sulfer, or Silicon. The value will be odd if any of these elements are combined with an odd number of Nitrogen. 2) Attempt to calculate the chemical formula, using isotopic peaks and using this order: Look for A+2 elements: O, Si, S, Cl, Br; Look for A+1 elements: C, N; And then: "A" elements: H, F, P, I. From looking at the isotopic peaks, it is possible to determine relative abundance of specific elements. 3) Calculate the total number of rings plus double bonds: For the molecular formula: CxHyNzOn rings + double bonds = x - (1/2)y + (1/2)z + 1 4) Try to determine the molecular structure based upon abundance or isotopes and m/z of fragments. Fingerprints Volmer/volmar pads in thick skin 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Plain Whorl Ulnar Loop Radial Loop Plain Arch Tented Arch Central Pocket Loop Double Loop Accidental Whorl

Whorls have two or more deltas. more than two deltas = accidental whorl. Loops = one delta. The difference between an ulnar loop and a radial loop is that ulnar loops "enter and exit" on the side facing the pinky (the side of the wrist containing the ulna) while radial loops do so on the side facing the thumb (the side of the wrist containing the radius). Arches have no deltas. Tented arches are easily distinguishable by the triangular core. Types of Prints - Visible, impression, and latent. Latent: Invisible fingerprints. 4 common, last less common. Dusting: Powder applied to prints sticks to fatty acids and lipids. Iodine Fuming: Self-explanatory by its name. It was one of the earliest methods of fingerprint development. The iodine reacts with body fats and oils in prints. Ninhydrin: a chemical method useful for lifting latent prints on paper. It reacts with amino acids in prints.

Cyanoacrylate (Superglue) Fuming: Also self-explanatory by its name. It also reacts with moisture in the air as well as reacting with substances in the prints, forming sticky white material along ridges. Good for nonporous surfaces.

Glass

Small Particle Reagent (SPR): Not as common as the other methods used, but still important. SPR is used for wet surfaces and reacts with the lipids present in fingerprints

If the glass's refractive index is the same or close to that of a liquid, then the piece of glass will not be visible in that liquid (use exact same liquids that are used for plastics) Fractures Cracks end at existing cracks A small force forms circular cracks Radial cracks and conchoidal cracks make right angles, but face different ways. When dealing with fractures, remember the 3Rs of glass fracture: Radial cracks at Right angles on the Reverse side of impact. Decomposition most common are the blowfly and the beetle. Blowflies appear within minutes or hours of the death. Flesh flies generally after. if only maggots were found on the dead body, the victim probably died <24 hours ago. Beetles arrive after blow and flesh flies, usually last insect after months of decomp. Mites help beetles, suppress maggots Extra Notes