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Conrad

This document outlines the contents of a book on short circuit current calculations. Chapter 1 discusses the purpose and introduction of short circuit calculations, definitions, standards, and software. Chapter 2 covers network reduction techniques used in calculations like Thevenin's theorem. Chapter 3 discusses fundamentals of short circuit currents like symmetrical and asymmetrical components. Chapter 4 describes sources of short circuit current from devices like synchronous machines and capacitors.

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© © All Rights Reserved
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
252 views3 pages

Conrad

This document outlines the contents of a book on short circuit current calculations. Chapter 1 discusses the purpose and introduction of short circuit calculations, definitions, standards, and software. Chapter 2 covers network reduction techniques used in calculations like Thevenin's theorem. Chapter 3 discusses fundamentals of short circuit currents like symmetrical and asymmetrical components. Chapter 4 describes sources of short circuit current from devices like synchronous machines and capacitors.

Uploaded by

boopelectra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Contents

Chapter 1 - Purpose and Introduction


1.0 Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Abbreviations, Acronyms, Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.4 Short Circuit Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.5 Data Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.6 Computer Software for Short-Circuit Current Calculations . 13
1.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Chapter 2 - Network Reduction Techniques
2.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1 Single-line Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 Bus Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3 Modified Single-Line Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4 Per-unit and Ohmic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5 Linearity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6 Superposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.7 The Thevenin Equivalent Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.8 The Norton Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.9 The Compensation Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.10 Phasor Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.11 Paralleling Impedances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.12 Star - Delta Impedance Conversation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.13 Equivalent Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.14 Three Winding Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.15 Four Winding Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.16 Representing Transformers With Non-base Voltages . . . . . . .
2.17 Duplex Reactor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.18 Significant Cable Lengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.19 Zero Sequence Line Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.20 Reactance Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.21 Extending a Three-Phase Short-Circuit Program to Calculate
Short-Circuit Currents for Single-Phase Branches . . . . . . . . .
2.22 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16
16
21
22
19
25
26
28
28
30
30
32
32
32
35
36
36
44
45
46
47
48
50

Chapter 3 - Fundamentals of Short-Circuit Current


3.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.1 Comparison of Load and Short-Circuit Currents . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.2 Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.3 Total Short-circuit Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.4 Fundamentals of Short-Circuit Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.5 The Asymmetry Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.6 Maximum Peak and RMS Short-Circuit Currents . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.7 Types of Short Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.8 Arc Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.9 Transient Recovery Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Chapter 4 - Sources of Short-Circuit Current
4.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.1 Characteristics of Remote Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.2 Characteristics Synchronous Machine Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.3 Synchronous Machine Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.4 Characteristics of Induction Motor/Generator Sources . . . . . . . 82
4.5 Characteristics of Capacitor Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4.6 Fault Currents through Static Power Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.7 Fuel Cells, Photovoltaic, and Other Short-Circuit Current Sources95
4.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Chapter 5 - Equipment Data Collection
5.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
5.1 Questions to Ask Before Beginning a Short-Circuit Study . . . . . 98
5.2 Estimating Data Gathering Time and Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5.3 Single-Line Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5.4 Utility Source Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5.5 Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
5.6 Synchronous Motors and Condensers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.7 Induction Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
5.8 Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
5.9 Static Regenerative Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
5.10 Reactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
5.11 Cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
5.12 Transmission Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
5.13 Capacitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

Chapter 5 - Equipment Data Collection


5.14 Circuit Breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.15 Disconnect Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.16 Fuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.17 Contactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.18 Data Collection Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.19 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

113
115
115
116
116
121

Chapter 6 - ANSI Short-Circuit Source Impedances


6.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1 ANSI Recommended Source Impedances . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2 Remote Sources or Equivalent Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3 Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.4 Synchronous Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.5 Induction Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.6 Regenerative Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.7 Fuel Cells, Photovoltaic, Frequency Converters . . . . . . . . .
6.8 Harmonic Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.9 Suggested Source Impedances for Time Delay Relays . . . . .
6.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

122
123
124
125
127
128
130
130
130
132
134

CHAPTER 7 - ANSI Short-Circuit Calculation Procedures


7.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.1 Circuit Constraints and ANSI Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3 ANSI Fault Calculations Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4 Peak and Asymmetrical First Cycle Duty Currents . . . . . . .
7.5 High Voltage Interrupting Time Current Calculations . . . . .
7.6 Using ANSI Procedures on Non-60 Hertz System . . . . . . . .
7.7 Separate Resistance Network Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.8 Information Extracted from the ANSI Local Curves . . . . .
7.9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

135
137
137
138
139
143
152
154
155
157

Chapter
8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5

8 - Application of ANSI Short-Circuit Calculations


Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Single-Line Diagram Conversion of Source Data . . . . . . . . 161
Single-Line Diagram Conversion Non-Source Equipment Data164
First Cycle ANSI Calculations and Application . . . . . . . . . 168
Interrupting Time ANSI Calculations and Application . . . . 170
Conversation of Breaker Nameplate Data to System Voltages 172

Chapter 8 - Application of ANSI Short-Circuit Calculations


8.6 Suggested Relaying Time Source Impedances . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
8.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Chapter 9 - IEC Short-Circuit Source Impedances
9.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
9.1 IEC Recommended Impedances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
9.2 Remote or Equivalent Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
9.3 Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
9.4 Generators on unit transformers - Fault on Generator side . . . 192
9.5 Unit transformers - Fault on High side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
9.6 Synchronous Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
9.7 Induction Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
9.8 Regenerative Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
9.9 Fuel Cells, Photovoltaic, Frequency Converters . . . . . . . . . . . 196
9.10 Harmonic Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
9.11 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Chapter 10 - IEC Short-Circuit Sample Calculations
10.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
10.1 Definitions and Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
10.2 Example 1 - Far from Generator, No Motors
10.2.1 Impedance Reduction - Example 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
10.2.2 Example 1 - Method A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
10.2.3 Example 1 - Method B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
10.2.4 Example 1 - Method C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
10.2.5 Example 1 - Characteristic Current Method, (CCM) . 207
10.2.6 Example 1 - Breaking Current Calculations . . . . . . . 207
10.2.7 Example 1 - Fault at F2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
10.2.8 Example 1 - Fault at F3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
10.3 Example 2 -Influence of Motors in Medium Voltage System . 211
10.3.1 Example 2 - Impedance Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
10.3.2 Example 2 - Peak Current Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . 215
10.3.3 Example 2 - Breaking Current Calculations . . . . . . . 216
10.3.4 Example 2 - Calculations per Methods A, B, and C . 217
10.4 Example 3 - Near to Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
10.4.1 System Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
10.4.2 Fault F1 - 220 kV bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
10.4.3 Fault F2 on 21 kV Generator Bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
10.4.4 Fault F3 on 10 kV Auxiliary BUS 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

Chapter 10 - IEC Short-Circuit Sample Calculations


10.4.5 Fault F4 on 380 V Load Center Bus . . . . . . . . . . . 232
10.5 IEC-60909 Flow Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
10.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Chapter 11 - Simplification of IEC Short-Circuit Calculations
11.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.1 Simplification Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.2 Treatment of Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.3 Determination of Fault Point X/R Ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.4 Voltage and Impedance Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.5 Peak Current Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.6 Breaking Current Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.7 Sample Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.8 Comparison of Simplified Method and IEC Method C . . . . .
11.9 Flow Diagram of Simplified Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

238
238
239
241
242
244
245
245
259
260
260

Chapter 12 - Application of IEC Short-Circuit Calculations


12.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
12.1 Single-Line Diagram Conversion of Source Data . . . . . . . . 263
12.2 Single-Line Diagram Conversion Non-Source Equipment Data270
12.3 First Cycle ANSI Calculations and Application . . . . . . . . . 273
12.4 Interrupting Time ANSI Calculations and Application . . . . 274
12.5 Conversation of Breaker Nameplate Data to System Voltages 276
12.6 Suggested Relaying Time Source Impedances . . . . . . . . . . . 278
12.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Chapter 13 - Unbalanced Short-Circuit Currents
13.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.1 Analysis of Unbalanced Short circuits Using
Symmetrical Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.2 Sequence Impedances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.3 Connection of Sequence Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.4 Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.5 Sample Calculations- Line-to-Ground Short Circuit . . . . . .
13.6 Sample Calculations- Line-to-Line Short Circuit . . . . . . . . .
13.7 ANSI Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

292
293
296
298
299
309
314
315
316

Chapter 14 - Special Configurations


14.0 Single-phase transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.1 System Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.3 Sample Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

318
318
320
322

Appendix - Reference Data


A.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 1
B.2 Bus Duct and Busway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 2
C.1 Cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 15
D.1 Fuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 86
E.1 Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 110
F.1 Molded Case Circuit Breakers(ANSI/NEMA) . . . . . . . . . A - 144
G1 Molded Case Circuit Breakers(IEC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 133
H.1 Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 139
I.1 Power Circuit Breakers, High Voltage (ANSI) . . . . . . . . . A - 144
J.1 Power Circuit Breakers, HIGH Voltage (IEC) . . . . . . . . . A - 161
K.1 Power Circuit Breakers, Low Voltage (ANSI) . . . . . . . . . A - 169
L.1 Power Circuit Breakers, Low Voltage (IEC) . . . . . . . . . . . A - 186
M.1 Reactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 189
N.1 Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 191
O1 Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 197
P.1 Transmission Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 204
Q1 Utility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 213

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