D.3.

4 8
th
International Conference on Insulated Power Cables D.3.4
Jicable11 19 23 June 2011, Versailles - France
IMPLEMENTATION OF MODERN METHODS OF ON-SITE TESTING AND DIAGNOSIS
OF HV POWER CABLES
Edward GULSKI, onsite.hv.solutions AG, (Switzerland), [email protected]
Aleksandra RAKOWSKA, Krzysztof SIODLA, Poznan University of Technology, (Poland),
[email protected], [email protected]
Piotr CICHECKI, onsite.hv.solutions Benelux B.V. (The Netherlands), [email protected]
Laurens D. POTS, TKF Twentsche Kabelfabriek BV. (The Netherlands), [email protected]
Johan J. SMIT, Delft University of Technology, (The Netherlands), [email protected]


ABSTRACT
To control the quality of the installed transmission power
circuits on-site and with regard to test possibilities after
installing a new cable system, different types of on-site
voltage withstand tests can be used to determine the
assembling quality of the complete cable section. Based
on the scientific work, extended field applications this
contribution is focused on fundamental and applied
aspects of on-site testing and diagnosis of new and
service aged HV power cables. In particular application of
testing procedures of damped AC voltage testing
combined with standardized PD detection for monitored
on-site testing of transmission power cables will be
discussed.
KEYWORDS
Transmission power cables, monitored testing, damped
AC voltages, partial discharge detection, diagnosis,
condition assessment
INTRODUCTION
Power cables are distributed insulation systems up to
multiple kilometers. It is known, that small damages
and/or bad installation operations on power cables may
deteriorate and lead to failures which can occur in the
cable insulation and/or accessories as a result of the
normally applied operational stresses or during transient
voltage stresses, such as lightning or switching over-
voltages [1-12], figure 1.
As a result in addition to factory routine tests the reliability
of power cables may further be improved by on-site
testing and diagnosis. In general the on-site testing can
be applied for three main reasons:
1) as part of commissioning on-site: to demonstrate that
the transport from manufacture to site and the final
assembling has not caused any new and dangerous
defects in the insulation,
2) after on-site repair: to spot bad workmanship during
complete installation of the cable (including joints and
terminations). To demonstrate that the equipment has
been successfully repaired and that all dangerous
defects in the insulation have been eliminated,
3) as a diagnostic test where using non-destructive
methods e.g. PD detection, dissipation factor
measurement insulation defects and or the insulation
degradation in power cables can be detected.
.

(b)
(c)
(d)
(a)

Fig. 1. Examples of insulation defects in power
cables: (a) termination of 132 kV XLPE cable with un-
sealed bottom resulting in contamination and
moisture ingress in side insulator, (b,c) cable
movement due to expansion of oil due to high
temperatures. Directly resulting in cracks and voids in
joint insulation with final breakdown, (d) electrical
treeing in 150 kV gas pressure cables resulting in
long term insulation degradation and finally cable
breakdown [15]
In general as on-site acceptance test for newly installed or
repaired circuits one of the two approaches is in use:
1) destructive withstand tests by over-voltage stresses
applied, e.g. for 1 hour to the test object, or
2) alternatively a voltage test of 1xUo as applied for
24 hrs.
The first approach is based on the assumption that a
healthy (defect-free and/or non-aged) insulation can
withstand high level of voltage stresses and all insulation
which is aged and/or consists of insulation defects should
have lower level of withstand voltage and should produce
a breakdown during the designated test time.
It is known that the above described, so called non-
monitored voltage withstand testing methods only, can be
not always sufficient to identify all manufacturing and
installation problems. Moreover it has to be considered
that:
1) due to test voltage stresses higher than the
operational stresses, the test may be destructive
even if no failure has occurred
,
Close and Return
D.3.4 8
th
International Conference on Insulated Power Cables D.3.4
Jicable11 19 23 June 2011, Versailles - France

2) Due to the fact that the duration of the over-voltage is
arbitrarily selected e.g. 1 hour it can not be excluded
that after 1 hour and 10 minutes a failure will occur.
It has been observed that after successful non-monitored
voltage withstand tests as described above, during initial
operation up to several months of operation failures may
occur [13, 14]. It has been found that insulation defects in
the cable insulation and cable accessories are
responsible for these failures.
Therefore to detect during after-installation or after-repair
testing all weak spots in the cable insulation and cable
accessories monitored testing is becoming now a days
more and more the common practice, figure 2. It is known
that monitored testing consists of a voltage withstand test
combined with a diagnostic test, e.g. partial discharge
measurement.
Moreover with regard to diagnostic testing, where over-
voltages (stresses higher than U
0
) may have very
destructive influence on the remaining service life of a
particular cable circuit an application at stresses up to U
0

of sensitive diagnostics is becoming crucial.
Practical realization of such tests becomes more attractive
if modern on-site testing methods are characterized by:
1) lightweight and high level of mobility of the test
system,
2) test system compactness versus output voltage,
3) easy system assembling and low voltage erecting effort,
4) low necessary power demand for testing long cable
lengths,
5) possibility of sensitive standardized PD detection and
dissipation factor measurement
In this paper, based on general consideration and
practical examples, the use of damped sinusoidal AC
voltages (DAC) for monitored testing of power cables will
be discussed, figure 3.
RELEVANCE AND IMPACT OF ON-SITE
TESTING
From the point of view of a HV power cable quality and
reliability several aspects are important for on-site AC
over-voltage tests and results evaluation.
In general applying enhanced voltage after-laying testing
e.g. up to 2.0U
0
to a defect-free and not aged insulation
does not have significant influence on the service life of
the component. It follows from [12] that in this case the
life-time consumption will be in the range of one week. In
the case that defects are present in the cable insulation
the effects of ac over-voltage are more complex and
several interactions are possible between the defect
type/location, breakdown and pre-breakdown possibilities
and the test voltages applied [12].
The type and design stress level of accessories are in
direct interaction with the type of defect and the local
electric field enhancement. E.g. presence of internal
cavities on the outer conductor in cables insulation has
lower breakdown impact for the same cavity which is
close to inner cable conductor. During the on-site testing
with ac over-voltages in the 1
st
case a breakdown is less
probable as compared to the 2
nd
case. In both cases
depending on the local field enhancement in kV/mm in the
cavities significant PD activity can be detected.
The interaction between the applied ac over-voltage
stress and the breakdown depends also on the type of
defect. If pre-breakdown phenomena e.g. partial
discharges will appear, it depends also strongly on the
type of defect, table 1. From fundamental point of view
two principal situations have to be considered:
1) in the case of homogeneous defects e.g. local
insulation degradation by moisture or other rough
defects like missing field grading, or insulation under-
dimensioning may result in a breakdown without any
PD occurrences. In that case the breakdown takes
place if the applied test voltage has reached the
intrinsic breakdown voltage of the weakest dielectric.
Application of continues or damped AC voltages will
have the same effect on the Pass / Fail outcome of
the test,
2) it is known in dependence of the applied electric field
strength in kV/mm that high non-homogeneities like
sharp edges, cavities, impurities, interface problems
are accompanied by the inception of partial
discharges. If locally the Paschen breakdown
criterion has been reached PD inception takes place.
It is also important to understand that in the case of
PD presence the duration and the level of the voltage
application are crucial to produce the breakdown e.g.
applying continuous AC voltages may have more
destructive influence than the application of damped
AC voltages.
New installed cables
Repaired / refurbished
cables
Service aged
cables
Installation test /
Acceptance test
Diagnostic test
Voltage withstand test
AC /DAC/VLF/DC
Monitored
Non-monitored
Evaluation of the diagnostic
data
Diagnostic parameters
partial discharges (PD) / dissipation factor (tan )
criteria
Pass/Fail
Maintenance test

Fig. 2. Types of on-site electrical tests which can be
performed on-site on power cables [15]

Fig. 3. Example of modern monitored on-site testing
and diagnosis by partial discharges and dissipation
factor measurements using sinusoidal damped AC
voltages: maintenance test of a 220 kV cable circuit
Close and Return
D.3.4 8
th
International Conference on Insulated Power Cables D.3.4
Jicable11 19 23 June 2011, Versailles - France

Table 1. Principal effectiveness of withstand testing
Type of
insulation
defect
Example Failure type
1. Breakdown effectiveness
2. Necessity of breakdown
3. PD presence effectiveness
AC DAC AC 24 Uo
Homogenous
defects
e.g. less or no
insulation, moisture
presence
Breakdown depends on test
voltage level and not on the
duration;
No partial discharges
1 +
2 +
3 -
1 +
2 +
3 -
1 -
2 +
3 -
Non-
homogeneous
defects
e.g. sharp edges,
cavities, small
installation defects,
interface problems
Breakdown depends on test
voltage level and the
duration;
partial discharges
1 +
2 -
3 +
1 +/-
2 -
3 +
1 -
2 +
3 -

As a result, in figure 4 the importance of selecting the
most optimal test voltage levels for HV and EHV power
cables is shown [12]. In particular the need of decreasing
the ratio U
test
/U
0
for EHV cables is important due to:
1) the limitations in on-site availability of test
voltages/test energies,
2) in case of immediate insulation breakdown making
visible the pre-breakdown phenomena (PD),
3) the design field strengths limitations of EHV cable
accessories.
As indicated in figure 4, by lowering the ratio U
test
/U
0
for
EHV power cables increases the relevance of using PD
detection as additional information source about the
discharging defects.
It is known, that comparing HV and EHV cable designs,
the design stress level of EHV cables is much higher than,
those of HV cables. As a result, for EHV cables high
testing stresses are obtained even with a reduced test
over-voltage. For HV cables (V<=150 kV) the design
stress level is lower which means that although the
U
test
/U
0
ratio is rather high, the stress during testing may
result to be the same or even lower than the testing stress
of EHV cables.
As a result of the above discussion, it can be concluded
that combining AC and DAC over-voltage stresses e.g. up
to 2.0U
0
or lower levels for new installed cables and up to
80% of 2.0U
0
for service aged cables, with sensitive PD
detection can be useful to demonstrate that the cable
system is PD-free. In the case that discharging defects
are present the PD behavior (PD inception voltage, PD
level) and the location (mostly accessories) can be
determined and evaluated form the point of view of
degradation stage.

Table 2. Important diagnostic parameters
Condition
assessment
Type of diagnosis Important parameters
Insulation voltage
withstand
Over-voltage
application
Max. test voltage, test voltage application
Criteria: Pass / Fail
Insulation weak-
spots detection
Detection of partial
discharges
PDIV / PDEV
PD magnitudes in [pC] in function of the test voltage e.g. up to 2.0xU
0

PD site location, PD phase-resolved patterns
Criteria: PD level
Insulation integral
condition
Estimation of
dielectric losses
Dissipation factor in [%] in function of the test voltage e.g. up to 2.0 xU
0
Criteria: tan , tan

IEC 60840 (HV
cables)
45 60 110 132 150 220 275 330 380 500
S1
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
T
e
s
t

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

/

U
o
rated voltage [kV]
IEC 62067 (EHV
cables)
1.7 U
0
PD detection is
important

Fig. 4. Relevance of test voltage levels for testing HV
and EHV power cables as indicated in the IEC
60840/62067 standards [12]
GENERAL ASPECTS OF ON-SITE TESTING
According to [1, 7, 12] several voltages and test
procedures have been defined for on-site testing. Based
on field experiences a number of test voltage types are in
use for testing and diagnosis. Moreover depending on
particular voltage type different application effectivenesss
can be given. In particular applying sinusoidal ac voltages
has long history in laboratory testing of all types of cable
insulation and more than 10 years long history in on-site
testing of all types of cable systems. Experiences have
confirmed that applying on-site AC electrical stresses is
applicable for the recognition of all types of failures related
to insulation and it can also be combined with diagnostics
e.g. PD, dielectric measurements [12].
According to [1] the sinusoidal damped AC voltages have
been proposed 20 years ago as a complementary and/or
alternative method to sinusoidal continuous AC voltages
and in the last years DAC has become accepted for on-
site testing and PD measurements of all types and length
Close and Return
D.3.4 8
th
International Conference on Insulated Power Cables D.3.4
Jicable11 19 23 June 2011, Versailles - France




Fig. 5. Procedures of monitored on-site electrical tests
on power cables using sinusoidal AC and DAC voltages
Process Control Unit
Data Storage
PD Analysis
Dielectric losses
estimation
HV Source
HV Solid-State
Switch
Inductor
Test Object: Power Cable
HV Divider
PD Coupling Capacitor
PD detector
C
c
L
S
Process Control Unit
Data Storage
PD Analysis
Dielectric losses
estimation
HV Source
HV Solid-State
Switch
Inductor
Test Object: Power Cable
HV Divider
PD Coupling Capacitor
PD detector
Process Control Unit
Data Storage
PD Analysis
Dielectric losses
estimation
HV Source
HV Solid-State
Switch
Inductor
Test Object: Power Cable
HV Divider
PD Coupling Capacitor
PD detector
C
c
L
S
H
V

P
o
w
e
r

S
o
u
r
c
e
LC resonance system
Process Control Unit
Data Storage
PD Analysis
Dielectric losses
estimation
HV Source
HV Solid-State
Switch
Inductor
Test Object: Power Cable
HV Divider
PD Coupling Capacitor
PD detector
C
c
L
S
Process Control Unit
Data Storage
PD Analysis
Dielectric losses
estimation
HV Source
HV Solid-State
Switch
Inductor
Test Object: Power Cable
HV Divider
PD Coupling Capacitor
PD detector
Process Control Unit
Data Storage
PD Analysis
Dielectric losses
estimation
HV Source
HV Solid-State
Switch
Inductor
Test Object: Power Cable
HV Divider
PD Coupling Capacitor
PD detector
C
c
L
S
H
V

P
o
w
e
r

S
o
u
r
c
e
Process Control Unit
Data Storage
PD Analysis
Dielectric losses
estimation
HV Source
HV Solid-State
Switch
Inductor
Test Object: Power Cable
HV Divider
PD Coupling Capacitor
PD detector
C
c
L
S
Process Control Unit
Data Storage
PD Analysis
Dielectric losses
estimation
HV Source
HV Solid-State
Switch
Inductor
Test Object: Power Cable
HV Divider
PD Coupling Capacitor
PD detector
Process Control Unit
Data Storage
PD Analysis
Dielectric losses
estimation
HV Source
HV Solid-State
Switch
Inductor
Test Object: Power Cable
HV Divider
PD Coupling Capacitor
PD detector
C
c
L
S
H
V

P
o
w
e
r

S
o
u
r
c
e
LC resonance system

Fig. 6. Schematic diagrams of damped AC systems
for on-site testing and PD detection of distribution
and transmission power cables
of power cables [4, 6, 8]. Moreover as compared to
conventional continuous AC testing DAC systems fulfill
the above mentioned a)-e) characteristics of modern on-
site testing methods, figure 5.As a result of expectations
of modern monitored testing for on-site the use of DAC
testing includes several parameters which can be
measured in function of the applied test voltage, table 2.
Extending the voltage testing by PD measurements
provides information about changes in the test voltage
and or test duration and the presence of discharging
insulation defects. Moreover the increase of PD activity up
to e.g. 1.3xU
0
(generally accepted test voltage level for
PDIV to set the PD-free status of a component) is an
important indicator about the PD activity at voltages
higher than the operational stress which may occur during
the service life [10], figure 5. The estimation of the
dissipation factor at operational stresses, e.g. up to 2.0Uo
and at one of the equivalent power frequencies, e.g. 20-
300Hz is an important parameter of oil-impregnated cable.
ON-SITE ENERGIZING AT DAMPED AC
VOLTAGES
To generate damped AC (DAC) voltages with duration of
a few tens of cycles of AC voltage at frequencies up to a
few hundreds of Hz a system has been developed [1, 2].
This method is used to energize and to test on-site power
cables with sinusoidal AC frequencies in the frequency
range of 20 Hz up to 500 Hz. In addition this method can
easily be used to measure and to locate on-site partial
discharges in power cables in accordance with IEC 60270
recommendations, figure 6. The system consists of a
digitally controlled power supply to charge capacitive load
of power cables with large capacitive load e.g. 10 F. With
this method, the cable under test is charged during
t
charge
=U
max
C
cable
/I
load
with increasing voltage over a period
of a number of seconds to the selected maximum test
voltage level. Then a specially designed solid-state switch
connects an air-core inductor to the cable sample in a
closing time of <1s. Now series of AC voltage cycles
starts with the resonant frequency of the circuit
f
DAC
= 1/(2(L C
cable
)) where L represents the fixed
inductance of the air core and C
cable
represents the
capacitance of the cable sample. The test frequency of
the damped AC voltage is the resonant frequency of the
circuit. The air core inductor has a low loss factor and
design, so a slowly decaying AC waveform of test voltage
is applied to energize the cable sample. During a number
of AC voltage cycles the PD signals are initiated in a way
similar to 50(60) Hz inception conditions [12]. As a result
the use of damped AC voltages for testing power cables is
in compliance to the following international standards:
IEC 60060-3: High Voltage test techniques Part 3:
Definitions and requirements for on-site testing;
IEEE 400: Guide for Field Testing and Evaluation of
the Insulation of Shielded Power Cable Systems;
IEC 60840: Power cables with extruded insulation
and the accessories for rated voltages above 30 kV
up to 150 kV Test methods and requirements;
IEC 62067: Power cables with extruded insulation
and the accessories for rated voltages above 150 kV,
Test methods and requirements;
IEEE 400.3: Guide for PD Testing of Shielded Power
Cable Systems in a Field Environment;
IEC 60270: Partial discharges measurements;
IEC 885-3: Test methods for partial discharges
measurements on lengths of extruded power cable;
IEC 60141: Tests on oil-filled and gas-pressure
cables and their accessories.
In particular the IEC 60840 and IEC 62067 recommend
that the test voltage must have a sinusoidal shape, and it
should have the frequency in the range 20-300 Hz. As a
result damped sinusoidal AC fulfills both
recommendations and it can be used for on-site testing. It
has to be remarked that comparing to continuous AC test
voltages in case of strong inhomogeneous defects (PD
presence) the destructiveness of DAC testing can be
lower, table 1. Therefore it is recommended to perform
DAC testing as monitored testing where PD measurement
is used to demonstrate the up-coming defects [4-6].
Referring to IEEE 400 and 400.3 the DAC testing is fully
recommended for testing and PD detection.
PRACTICAL EXAMPLES
Application of damped AC voltages to testing and
diagnosis of transmission power cables up to 230 kV has
a history of more than 6 years [5, 8, 9]. Hereafter with
regard to the discussion about the importance of
monitored testing three examples will be discussed.
Example 1: A newly installed 12 km long, 50 kV XLPE
insulated underground cable circuit has been tested in
accordance to the Dutch NEN 3630 recommendation.
Close and Return
D.3.4 8
th
International Conference on Insulated Power Cables D.3.4
Jicable11 19 23 June 2011, Versailles - France

PD
D- Loss es
Voltage
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Time ( s)
3,600 3,400 3,200 3,000 2,800 2,600 2,400 2,200 2,000 1,800 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 0
P
D
(p
C
)

180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
V
o
lt
a
g
e
(
k
V
P
e
a
k
)

180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
D
-
lo
s
s
e
s
(
%
)

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
3,600 3,400 3,200 3,000 2,800 2,600 2,400 2,200 2,000 1,800 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 0
PD
D- Loss es
Voltage
N:\...\y ellow .v w d Tues day, October 05, 2010 1:18 AM
Time ( s)
3,600 3,400 3,200 3,000 2,800 2,600 2,400 2,200 2,000 1,800 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 0
P
D
(p
C
)

180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
V
o
lt
a
g
e
(
k
V
P
e
a
k
)

180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
D
-
lo
s
s
e
s
(
%
)

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
3,600 3,400 3,200 3,000 2,800 2,600 2,400 2,200 2,000 1,800 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 0
(a)
(b)

Fig. 7. Monitored voltages withstand testing of a 50 kV XLPE cable underground circuit (12 km): a) example of PD
pattern at 1.7Uo, b) DAC voltage withstand test 1hrs 2.5Uo
This norm recommends voltage withstands testing using
AC resonance system 25-200 Hz applied at 2.5xUo. It has
been decided to perform monitored withstand testing by
using DAC resonant circuit with damped sinusoidal AC
voltages (25-200 Hz) for 1 hour testing at 2.5Uo. During
the whole time of withstand test standardized PD
detection has been applied. As a result of 1 hour DAC
over-voltage no breakdown has been observed, figure 7.
Also no internal PD activity has been registered (except
external corona). It has been concluded that up to 1.7Uo
the complete cable system was PDfree (background
noise level < 10 pC) and the test has been considered as
successful.
Example 2: A newly installed 4.0 km long, 110 kV XLPE
insulated underground circuit has been energized after a
successful after-laying test by 1xUo as applied for 24
hours. After 4 years of operation maintenance test has
been performed at 1.3Uo, figure 8. At nominal voltage
1xUo no PD has been observed. Starting from 1.2Uo PD
activity up to 200 pC has been registered in one of the
joints. During DAC voltage withstand test with 50
excitations (IEEE 400) at 1.3Uo and after 20 DAC
excitations significant increase of PD activity up to
1000 pC has been observed in the particular joint at
1.5 km location. Based on this test it has been concluded
that this cable section can be energized for network
operation with a possible risk of a failure during operation.
Due to the fact that PDIV at 1.5 km was very close to Uo
and increased network stresses may result in an inception
and increase of PD activity the risk of a failure depends on
the over-voltage stresses during operation. Replacement
of the joint has been recommended or to conclude the
progress of degradation at above mentioned locations by
comparing PD activity the next maintenance tests have to
be done within approximately period of 6 months.
Example 3: A newly installed 4.5 km long, 150 kV XLPE
insulated underground cable circuit has been tested using
DAC resonance system at 63 Hz applied up to 1.7xUo. It
has been decided to perform monitored withstand testing.
During increase of the DAC test voltage and starting from
0.6Uo PD activity has been observed in a joint at 2.5 km
location, figure 9. Increasing of the test voltage has shown
increase of PD activity and at 1xUo test voltage a
breakdown in the discharging has occurred. Due to the
fact that DAC breakdown energy was very low no further
damage has been done to the joint and based on the PD
mapping the failed joint has been localized and replaced.

(b) (b)
(a) (a) (a)
(c) (c) (c)

Fig. 8. Monitored voltages withstand testing of a 110 kV XLPE cable underground circuit (4 km):
a) example of PD pattern and PD mapping at 1.4Uo before DAC voltage withstand test,
b) DAC voltage withstand test 50 excitations at 1.4Uo,
c) example of PD pattern and PD mapping after DAC voltage withstand test
Close and Return
D.3.4 8
th
International Conference on Insulated Power Cables D.3.4
Jicable11 19 23 June 2011, Versailles - France
0.6xUo
0.73xUo
0.9xUo
1.0xUo
(a)
(b)
0.6xUo
0.73xUo
0.9xUo
1.0xUo
0.6xUo
0.73xUo
0.9xUo
1.0xUo
(a)
(b)

Fig. 9. Monitored voltages withstand testing of a 150 kV XLPE cable underground circuit (4.5 km):
a) example of PD PD mapping as obtained during DAC voltage testing up to 1.0Uo
b) PD-phase resolved patterns as observed at 0.6Uo, 0.73Uo, 0.9Uo and at the breakdown voltage at 1.0Uo
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results above the following can be
concluded:
1) According to newest developments the monitored
voltage withstand testing is becoming more and more
a common practice. The use of the PD measurement
helps to detect and to localize discharging defects in
the insulation and in accessories.
2) For testing power cables damped AC voltages can be
applied as an alternative to continuous AC test
voltages.
3) Regarding breakdown and as compared to non-
monitored continuous AC voltage testing in case of
inhomogeneous defects (PD occurrence) monitored
testing using damped AC voltages can be less
destructive and more sensitive (in case there is no
breakdown observed) to detect and to localize
discharging defects in accessories.
REFERENCES
[1] Aucourt C., Boone W., Kalkner, W., Naybour R.D.
Ombello, F., Recommendations for a New After
Laying Test Method for High Voltage Extruded Cable
Systems, CIGRE Paper No. 21-105, August, 1990.
[2] Seitz P.P., Quak B., Gulski E., Smit J.J., Cichecki P.,
de Vries P., Petzold F., Novel Method for On-site
Testing and Diagnosis of Transmission Cables up to
250kV, Proceedings JiCable '07, 7th Intern. Conf.
Insulated Power Cables, Versailles, France, Paper
16, 2007
[3] Wester F.J., Gulski E., Smit J.J., Detection of PD at
Different AC Voltage Stresses in Power Cables,
IEEE Electr. Insul. Mag., Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 28-43,
2007
[4] Gulski E., Lemke E., Gamlin M., Gockenbach E.,
Hauschild W., Pultrum E., Experiences in partial
discharge detection of distribution power cable
systems, CIGRE, Vol 208 Electra, pp. 34-43, 2003
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[8] Gulski E., Wester E.F.J., Wester P., Groot E.R.S.,
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[13] Gulski E., Cichecki P., Jiankang Z., Rong X., Jongen
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aspects of on-site testing and diagnosis of
transmission power cables in China, CMD2010
[14] CIGRE WG D1.33 Technical Brochure On-site
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Testing and Diagnosis of Power Cables, NETA
PowerTest 2011 Conference, Washington DC, USA
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