2.odd Even Function1

1
Odd & Even Functions

Even functions
A function f(x) is said to be even if
f(-x) = f(x) or symmetrical about the
y-axis.

Eg1
f(x) = x
2

f(-x) = (-x)
2
= x
2
= f(x)
f(x) = x
2
is an even function

Eg2
f(x) = cos x
f(-x) = cos (-x) = cos x = f(x)
f(x) = cos x is an even function

Odd Functions
A function f(x) is said to be odd if
f(-x) = -f(x) or symmetrical about the
origin.

Eg1
f(x) = x
3

f(-x) = (-x)
3
= -x
3
= -f(x)
f(x) = x
3
is an odd function
2
Eg2
f(x) = sin x
f(-x) = sin (-x) = -sin x = -f(x)
f(x) = sin x is an odd function

Products of odd and even functions
(even) x (even) = (even) like (+) x (+) = (+)
(odd) x (odd) = (even) (-) x (-) = (+)
(odd) x (even) = (odd) (-) x (+) = (-)

Exe
State whether each of the following is
odd, even, or neither:
1) x
2
sin 2x e o = o
2) x
3
cos x o e = o
3) cos 2x cos 3x e e = e
4) x sin nx o o = e
5) 3 sin x cos 4x o e = o
6) (2x + 3) sin 4x n o = n
7) sin
2
x cos 3x e e = e
8) x
3
e
x
o n = n
9) (x
4
+ 4) sin 2x e o = o
10)
2
1
+ x
cosh x n e = n

3
For an even function
dx x f dx x f
a a
a
} }
=
0
) ( 2 ) (

For an odd function
0 ) ( =
}
dx x f
a
a

Useful Tips
1) sin(-u) = - sin (u)
2) cos(-u) = cos (u)
3) tan(-u) = - tan (u)

Formula of Product of sine and cosine
1) sin A cos B = | | ) sin( ) sin(
2
1
B A B A + +
2) cos A sin B = | | ) sin( ) sin(
2
1
B A B A +
3) cos A cos B = | | ) cos( ) cos(
2
1
B A B A + +
4) sin A sin B = | | ) cos( ) cos(
2
1
B A B A +

Value of cosine
cos nt = (-1)
n

4

Value of Sine
sin
=
=
=
=
,... 11 , 7 , 3 , 1
,... 9 , 5 , 1 , 1
, 0
2
n
n
even n
nt

Summary of Integrals
1)
}
=
t
t
0 sin nxdx
2)
}
=
t
t
0 cosnxdx
3)
}
=
t
t
t nxdx
2
sin , n = 0
4)
}
=
t
t
t nxdx
2
cos , n = 0
5)
}
=
t
t
0 cos sin mxdx nx
6)
}
=
=
=
t
t
t m n
m n
mxdx nx
,
, 0
cos cos
7)
}
=
=
=
t
t
t m n
m n
mxdx nx
,
, 0
sin sin

Prove
1)
}
t
t
nxdx sin
5
= | |
t
t
nx
n
cos
1

= | | ) ( cos cos
1
t t n n
n
= 0

2)
}
t
t
nxdx cos
= | |
t
t
nx
n
sin
1

= | | ) ( sin sin
1
t t n n
n
= 0

3)
}
t
t
nxdx
2
sin
=
}

t
t
nxdx 2 cos 1
2
1

=
t
t
(

n
nx
x
2
2 sin
2
1

=
(

)
2
) ( 2 sin
(
2
2 sin
2
1
n
n
n
n t
t
t
t
= t, n = 0

4)
}
t
t
nxdx
2
cos
=
}
+
t
t
nxdx 2 cos 1
2
1

6
=
t
t
(
+
n
nx
x
2
2 sin
2
1

=
(

+ + )
2
) ( 2 sin
(
2
2 sin
2
1
n
n
n
n t
t
t
t
= t, n = 0

5)
}
t
t
mxdx nxcos sin
=
}
+ +
t
t
dx x m n x m n } ) sin( ) {sin(
2
1

=
2
1
(0 + 0) from result (1)

6)
}
t
t
mxdx nxcos cos
=
}
+
t
t
dx x m n x m n } ) cos( ) {cos(
2
1

=
4
2
,
, 0
result
result
m n
m n
=
=
t

7)
}
t
t
mxdx nxsin sin
=
}
+
t
t
dx x m n x m n } ) cos( ) {cos(
2
1

7
=
3
2
,
, 0
result
result
m n
m n
=
=
t

Fourier Series : Periodic functions of
period 2t

Fourier series is to represent a periodic
functions by a trigonometrical series of
the form
f(x) = A
0
+ c
1
sin(x + o
1
) + c
2
sin(2x + o
2
) +
c
3
sin(3x + o
3
) ++ c
n
sin(nx + o
n
) +
A
0
: constant
c
1
, c
2
, c
3
, c
n
: amplitudes of the
compound sine terms
o
1
, o
2
, o
3
o
n
are constant auxiliary
angles

c
n
sin(nx + o
n
)
= c
n
{sin nx cos o
n
+ cos nx sino
n
}
= (c
n
sin o
n
) cos nx + (c
n
cos o
n
) sin nx
= a
n
cos nx + b
n
sin nx

for convenience in calculation, we write
A
o
=
2
o
a

8
f(x) =
2
o
a
+ a
1
cos x + a
2
cos 2x
+ a
3
cos 3x + + a
4
cos 4x ++
b
1
sin x + b
2
sin 2x + b
3
sin 3x
+ +b
n
sin nx +
=
2
o
a
+ { }
=
+
1
sin cos
n
n n
nx b nx a , neZ
+

where a
o
, a
n
& b
n
are Fourier coefficients
to be determined.

a) To find a
o

}
t
t
dx x f ) (
=
}
t
t
dx a
o
2
1

+ { }
} }
=

+
1
sin cos
n
n n
nxdx b nxdx a
t
t
t
t

= | |
t
t
x a
0
2
1
+
=
+
1
} 0 0 {
n

= | | ) (
2
1
0
t t
o
a a = a
o
t

a
o
=
}
t
t
t
dx x f ) (
1

9
b) To find a
n

}
t
t
mxdx x f cos ) (
=
}
t
t
mxdx a
o
cos
2
1
+
{ }
} }
=

+
1
cos sin cos cos
n
n n
mxdx nx b mxdx nx a
t
t
t
t

=
2
o
a
{0} +
= )
`
+
=
=
1
0
,
, 0
n
n
m n
m n
a
t

=
=
=
m n a
m n
n
,
, 0
t

for n = m
a
n
=
}
t
t
t
nxdx x f cos ) (
1

c) To find b
n

}
t
t
mxdx x f sin ) (
=
}
t
t
mxdx a
o
sin
2
1
+
{ }
} }
=

+
1
sin sin sin cos
n
n n
mxdx nx b mxdx nx a
t
t
t
t

10
=
2
o
a
{0} +
=
(
=
=
+
1
,
, 0
0
n
n
m n
m n
b
t

=
=
=
m n b
m n
n
,
, 0
t

for n = m
b
n
=
}
t
t
t
nxdx x f sin ) (
1

Summary
Fourier Series
If f(x) is defined over the interval
-t < x < t, then the Fourier series for f(x)
is
1) f(x) = =
2
o
a
+ { }
=
+
1
sin cos
n
n n
nx b nx a ,
neZ
+
2) a
o
=
}
t
t
t
dx x f ) (
1

3) a
n
=
}
t
t
t
nxdx x f cos ) (
1

4) b
n
=
}
t
t
t
nxdx x f sin ) (
1

11
5) If f(x) is even function, then the
Fourier series for f(x) contains a
0
and
cosine terms only.
Proof
If f(x) is even,
} }
=
t t
t 0
) ( 2 ) ( dx x f dx x f
If f(x) is odd, 0 ) ( =
}
t
t
dx x f
(a) a
o
=
}
t
t
t
dx x f ) (
1
(e)
=
}
t
t
0
) (
2
dx x f

(b) a
n
=
}
t
t
t
nxdx x f cos ) (
1
(e)(e) =(e)
=
}
t
t
0
cos ) (
2
nxdx x f

(c) b
n
=
}
t
t
t
nxdx x f sin ) (
1
(e)(o) = (o)
b
n
= 0

6) If f(x) is odd function, then the
Fourier series for f(x) contains sine
terms only.
12
Proof
(a) a
o
=
}
t
t
t
dx x f ) (
1
(o)
= 0

(b) a
n
=
}
t
t
t
nxdx x f cos ) (
1
(0)(e) =(0)
= 0

(c) b
n
=
}
t
t
t
nxdx x f sin ) (
1
(o)(o) = (e)
b
n
=
}
t
t
0
sin ) (
2
nxdx x f

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Odd & Even Functions

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