YOUNG HIS TO R I A N S NEW APPR O A Ch E S

INVESTIGATING THE OLD PAST WITH NEW METHODS

POSTDOCTORAL CONFERENCE Cluj-Napoca, November 5, 2011

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Officium consularis
The Evidence of Dacia*
GEORGE CUPCEA

XCEPT FOR the singulares, every military member of the governors office is a legionary, a fact considered a great honour and privilege for the regular soldier. The membership in the officium consularis is a major step towards promotion to the main goal, the centurionate and Dacia is no exception. From the point that it became a consular province on, it needed a lot of soldierly bureaucrats, recruited from the provinces army. Officium consularis III Daciarum is very well documented. It corresponds to all the demands observed and ellaborated for the other provinces1 in matters of componence and also functionality. It is attested in Dacia by 111 men, from which 86 principales, 11 guards and 14 immunes.2 The reconstruction of the superior part of the officium consularis in a province with one legion in its army could give us the following numbers: 2 cornicularii, 2 commentarienses, 10 speculatores, 60 beneficiarii, 10 quaestores and one haruspex. These numbers would indicate a report of one speculator and one quaestor from each legionary cohort and one beneficiarius on each centuria, which can seem rather logic.3 If this is corect, then we should add to these 84 individuals a princeps praetorii, his adiutores, frumentarii and the multitude of secretaries. The secretaries were numerous, rising the total consistence to 100-150 men.4 Applied to the Dacian situation, this principle could give us 200-300 men, considering the two legions of the province. To these we can add the stratores, aproximately 200 men and their own officers, and the singulares. The consular governor of Dacia has a number of three cornicularii attested, and also a collective dedication (which can indicate a collegium). All of them are present in Apulum, two of them on the construction plate of the schola speculatorum, CIL III 14479=IDR III/5 426. On that list, according to IDR III/5, are mentioned, in the order of their rank, all the former and present speculatores. The list begins with

* This work was supported by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research, CNCS UEFISCDI, project number PN-II-ID-PCE-2011-3-0096.

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244 TRANSYLVANIAN REVIEW VOL. XXI, SUPPLEMENT NO. 3 (2012)

three centurions, continues with two cornicularii, and five more former speculatores, the following two columns of names mentioning the 20 speculatores in service at that time. This list can indicate a rather common practice, which is the promotion of men in the same officium, when this was considered a rare occurance. Once promoted into a superior post in the officium consularis, a soldier could anticipate a direct promotion to the centurionate. This rule seems to exclude the speculatores, because we know of promotions to the posts of commentariensis (three cases) or cornicularius (one case) for their rank in all the Empire. The fact can seem odd, when we have cases of beneficiarius consularis promoted directly to the centurionate (at least two cases) a post considered inferior to that of speculator, a fact argued by promotions of the former to the latter. However, direct promotions from speculator to centurion are not known.5 It is therefore possible that this inscription is one of the few proofs for such a career. If the three legionary centurions, one of XIII Gemina and two of V Macedonica, had reached their promotion from other ranks, then they could not have been considered part of the collegium of speculatores. According to this principle, we have thus three new cases o such a promotion, at least two cases of promotion to cornicularius and an unkown number of cases of promotion in the same officium.6 Returning to the cornicularii, a province with two legions should have three or four such officers in its officium consularis, probably two of each legion. The origin of the cornicularii attested in Dacia is not known. They are followed by the same number of commentarienses. Unfortunately, there is no such officer attested in Dacia, but their presence in the officium consularis is confirmed by their mention as a collective, together with those of the cornicularii and speculatores, on a fragmentary inscription (CIL III 7794b=IDR III/5 435). Plus, if the construcion plate mentioned above is actually mentioning them as being promoted from speculatores, then these would be the only such evidence from the province. Speculatores are very well attested in Dacia, mostly because of the already mentioned construction plate. On this monument, on two columns, twenty speculatores had their name engraved, ten from the each Dacian legion,7 but only three of them have their name known. They are connected by the construction of the schola of their collegium, in the praetorium consularis of Apulum. Other speculatores from Dacia are the collective from the inscription dedicated along with the cornicularii and commentarienses, and other four individuals. One of them is attested in Potaissa, belonging to V Macedonica, and the other three in Apulum. The majority of principales in officium consularis is established by the impresive number of beneficiarii, 49. Out of them, 32 come from XIII Gemina, and more than a half, 18, are attested in Apulum. This statistic does not indicate the fact that most of these beneficiarii were active in the provincial capital, also because most of them are attested as veterans or passing by. However, a part of them are serving as

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GEORGE CUPCEA Officium consularis 245

domicuratores of the governors residence, and are asisting him in any task at hand at the praetorium. The matter of the beneficiarii and stationes in Dacia was and still is on the Romanian researchers agenda.8 It was considered in a very personal manner,9 only the foreign researchers being able to integrate the beneficiarii of Dacia in the Imperial system.10 More recently both J. Ott and Jocelyne Nelis-Clment have centralized the evidence in their monographical studies. In two of his studies of 1995, J. Ott examines the evidence for beneficiarii consularis in Dacia considering every single place of discovery a statio. Therefore, the four types of stationes identified by him in the Empire are attested also in Dacia, as it follows: A (in cities)Napoca, Porolissum and Sarmizegetusa; B (on frontiers) Buciumi, Samum and Crciunel; C (on main roads)Praetorium and Micia; D (in mining areas)Alburnus Maior and Ampelum.11 Nelis-Clment places the issue in a more general registry, classifying in less absolute terms the stationes: the ones in the north are attached to the limes, the ones in the Apuseni Mts. are attached to the mining areas and those in Oltenia are connected to the trade with the barbarians.12 It may be that the second approach can be more realistic, especially due to the contents of the epigraphical evidence. Three beneficiarii are attested in Sarmizegetusa, together with one from Apulum, settled here after his discharge. Their presence here does not imply the existence of any statio, because they are either veterans, or members of local families. The case is similar in Micia, where the three beneficiarii stand evidence for the building activity of XIII Gemina in this obviously important point. Alburnus Maior, on the other hand, has all the atributes necessary to a statio: at least three beneficiarii and an area of massive economic importance. At last, one beneficiarius of XIII Gemina, is attested in Ampelum. His presence here is explainable through the detachment from the governors office, not under the procurator aurariarum, who has his own beneficiarii, them too legionary. The 13 beneficiarii consularis of V Macedonica are attested in four points in Dacia. One in Apulum, as veteran and decurion of the city. In Potaissa two individuals and a collective dedication have occurred. Finally, another two appear in Drobeta, a traditional city for the recruits of V Macedonica, them being just a part of the military belonging to this legion attested here, standing as evidence for a hypothetical statio overseeing the traffic on the Danube bridge. Another four beneficiarii are attested in northern Dacia, without their legion, but this can be only one of the two Dacian legions. One in Samum, another at Buciumi and two at Porolissum, with the possible mission of customs supervision. The location with the largest number of beneficiarii attested is, the well-known by now statio of Cei-Samum. The XIII Gemina legion has at least three such NCOs attested here and another in Napoca, which may very well be in the time of service, and V Macedonica no less than eight. A lot has been said about the role of these legionaries in the north of Dacia, but the problem still has not been resolved. It all

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starts with the expansion of the epigraphical fragments REG ANS, which appears on many altars of beneficiarii consularis from Cei-Samum, in the time of emperor Gordianus III. It was subsequently associated to a local population of northern Dacia which would have been under the control of the military, in a statio, and eventually annexed in the form of a regio,13 to an area of an Imperial estate, which would include the salt mines of Dej,14 to a trade tax - ansarium or to a meanderansa, of the river Some.15 However, after almost a century, during which the evidence was basically the same, no final solution has been produced.16 Considering that the epigraphical expansion cannot be sure, we will have to work with what we have. There are at least two stages of the military installations in the area of the auxilliary fort of Cei. The first dates from the time of Severus Alexander, and marks the existence of a statio, attested through ten of the fourteen monuments discovered in the fort.17 Only in four of them the concrete mention of a statio appears, in different shapes: agens in munere stationis,18 agens curam stationis,19 or iterato agens statione.20 From this we learn that a statio is obvious, as well as the role of the beneficiarii as commanders. Only in one case the activity in the statio is called in munere, which may indicate that he is not the commanding officer, but probably one of his colleagues. In all the other cases, the post of curam agens indicates the complete command and activity management in the statio. At this time, no mention of any toponimy occurs, nor of any special mission of these beneficiarii, thus we have to place this statio in the regular imperial system of provincial administration. The second stage of the military installations in this area dates from the time of Gordianus III. In the four monuments datable now no mentoin of a statio appears. This does not necessarily mean that the statio ceased to exist, not even that it has transformed, but simply that it is not mentioned. On the other hand, the mention of a regio occurs, named regio Ans(?). In this regio, surely in no way different from the other regiones in the Empire, organized according to the military control needs over a specific area of public/imperial interest, and placed under the command of centuriones regionarii, are active, not only in the case of Cei, also beneficiarii consularis. The nature of their activity here is mentioned under the form of agens sub signis Samum cum regione Ans.21, agens sub signis regione Ans.22 or agens Samo cum regione Ans. sub segnis.23 If for the development of Ans. no certain solution has been found, maybe the other explanations can be of any help. First of all, the beneficiarii of this time are no longer curam agentes, meaning that they are not in charge of the outpost that they man. This is somewhat normal, because this time we dont speak of a simple statio, but of an administrative unit under military control, regio, which, after all analogies, should have been under the command of a centurio regionarius.24 The beneficiarii are agentes sub signis, meaning members of a military unit which may have its own signum, and probably a signifer, and other officers. As far as the territorial limits of their activity, it is also mentioned, as Samum cum regione Ans., therefore vicus Samum and a regio in the surrounding area. The nature of this regio is basically

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unknown, becuse the abreviation Ans., which may indicate its name, and may or may not be connected to Samum, doesnt offer us the necessary detail. However, the options of naming a local population after the name of the river Samus, Ansamenses, and the naming of the whole regio after it, or the hypothetical annexation of a civitas transformed into a regio, seem to be the least plausible. Its equally peculiar how the regio overlapped the territory of an auxilliary fort, even if the places of discovery of the monuments do not necessarily imply that. In this sense, the presence of legionaries here, controlling a territory under the supervision of an auxilliary unit would be as peculiar, even if such situations are not without precedent, as we can see in Montana.25 Here we have a regio attested, which bears the name of the most important settlement in its territory, regio Montanensium, close to the city an auxiliary unit being garrisoned, until at least one time.26 Over the auxiliaries, a series of regionarii are attested, with police duties, legionaries on different ranks of principalesoptio leg. XI Claudiae, vexillarius eq. leg. I Italicaewhich mention their mission here as agens regione, and stand under the command of a centurio regionarius, this time clearly attested.27 Eventually, after the departure of the auxiliary unit, these regionarii seem to take over the control of regio Montanensium, gathered, at least between AD 253 and 258, in a numerus collectus regionariorum, an ad-hoc military unit formed from the NCOs of the other units in the proximity, for the security of very important area.28 This situation seems very similar to that from Cei. Also here we have a regio named after the most important settlement in its territorySamum, we have regionarii attested as principales of the legions in Daciabeneficiarii consularis, which are detached specifically with military duties, and, apparently in some kind of an ad-hoc unit, a fact that can be deduced from the formula sub signis. Who commanded these regionarii remains to be found out, probably a centurion. As for their role here, we can only assume. The analogy with Montana, which is not the only one, could lead us to assume the absence of the auxiliary unit from the fort, even if only temporary, in a time not too calm for the Empire and Dacia, and its replacement with a numerus of regionarii. However, such assumptions should be verified, but this is impossible for the time being. To sum up, the beneficiarii consularis were very active in the area of Cei, especially in the 3rd century. The nature of their activity here seems to have been altered sometime under Gordianus III, the area becoming a regio placed under military control of the regionarii delegated from the praetorium of the consular governor. The reason for their displacement here is not known, but it can verify a change in provincial administration in this area at the middle of the 3rd century. Further progress in this direction is conditioned on new discoveries. The categoric classification imposed by some researchers29 for the stationes, or other places of discovery of beneficiarii monuments in Dacia, is not entirely correct. Probably by ignoring the epigraphical contents or the geography of the discoveries, some lead us to confu-

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248 TRANSYLVANIAN REVIEW VOL. XXI, SUPPLEMENT NO. 3 (2012)

sions or unnecessary labels. For the type B stationes in Dacia, at least two of them can be considered of type C (Samum and Crciunel), and from those of type A, two are not probable (Sarmizegetusa and Napoca) and one may as well be of type B or C (Porolissum). The only classification that seems to stand is that of type D stationes, those in the mining areas. Therefore, this phenomenon must be regarded in a more particular way, at the same time correlating the evidence with the others in the Empire, and attempting to enlist it in the general provincial administrative system, bu not necessarily through the assignment of specific tasks to different posts. Especially more recent, papyrological evidence from Egypt and the East, have shown a formidable variation of the missions of these beneficiarii, from local police and traffic control, to messengers and intelligence, or even the attending to various military installations.30 The numerous beneficiarii attested can indicate that this was a post that very few were promoted from, the number of higher ranks available decreasing very drastically. It is probably the top rank of most of the legionary careers, especially due to the large number of veterans, former beneficiarii consularis, attested in all the Empire. At one place under the beneficiarii, we find the quaestionarii, inside the officium consularis. Their role as justice and investigation agents is well known, and alogside the commentarienses, they appear only in the staff of superior officers that have also the civil jurisdiction, the governors. Six such quaestionarii are attested in Apulum, all of them mentioned on a collective monument (CIL III 7803=IDR III/5 459), as a list. A single frumentarius is attested in the Dacian officium consularis, from XIII Gemina, in Sarmizegetusa, not in service here, but as member of a local elite family. Another two are attested in Italy, this time in service in castra peregrina or in a statio on Via Appia. Six stratores, as well as a collective dedication, are attested in Dacia. Five of them and those from the collective monument are part of XIII Gemina and they appear at Apulum. Only one comes from V Macedonica attested in Drobeta, probably on duty here. Not last we should mention the single optio praetorii, deputy and assistant to the centurion that actually coordinates the officium consularis, princeps praetorii. He comes from V Macedonica and is attested on duty, at Apulum. His role and position are obviously superior to any other post of this staff, and the man in case is surely expecting the promotion to the centurionate. Most of the immunes that serve in the officium consularis are secretaries. They must be in large numbers, as they have to assist most of the other superior officiales. In Dacia we know of 14 such secretaries. Two of them are assistants to the cornicularii, as adiutores. The five librarii consularis in Dacia all come from XIII Gemina, and are attested in Apulum, Ampelum or Gherla. The other seven are exceptores, secretaries that are recording minutes. All seem to come from the same legion in Apulum, six of them on an altar to Minerva, the protector goddess to all these literates, only one

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GEORGE CUPCEA Officium consularis 249

being attested probably at home, in Napoca. The six that dedicate a monument to Minerva (AE 1964, 193=IDR III/5 263) may be all the exceptores in service at one time, which would imply that half of them come from V Macedonica.31 Separately from the officiales, but them too part of the governors staff, are the singulares, infantry and cavalry. The governors guard of auxiliaries is formed of two units, called pedites and equites singulares. Five such singulares are attested in Dacia, aparently all coming from cavalry units. However, through tile stamps we know of at least three forms of this guard in Dacia, pedites singulares, equites singulare and numerus singularium.32 What is missing from the staff of the governor of Dacia? We still have no evidence of exacti, notarii, interpretes or haruspices, although it is absolutely sure that they must have existed. In any case, the most important posts are attested, some of them more generously than others, a fact that can assure us that the officium consularis III Daciarum was a completely functional provincial bureaucratic apparel. q

OFFICIUM CONSULARIS III DACIARUM No. Name Rank cornicularius cornicularius Source CIL III 14479; AE 1901, 154; IDR III/5 426 CIL III 14479; AE 1901, 154; IDR III/5 426 CIL III 1106; IDR III/5 264 CIL III 7794b; IDR III/5 435 IDR III/5 721 CIL III 990; IDR III/5 31 CIL III 7794b; IDR III/5 435 CIL III 14479; AE 1901, 154; IDR III/5 426 CIL III 14479; AE 1901, 154; IDR III/5 426 CIL III 14479; AE 1901, 154; IDR III/5 426 CIL III 14479; AE 1901, 154; IDR III/5 426 CIL III 14479; AE 1901, 154; IDR III/5 426 CIL III 14479; AE 1901, 154; IDR III/5 426 CIL III 14479; AE 1901, 154; IDR III/5 426 Unit XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina Place Apulum Apulum Apulum Apulum Apulum Apulum Apulum Apulum Apulum Apulum Apulum Apulum Apulum Apulum Apulum

1 Aelius Valerius 2 Antonius Va?

3 Celerinus Valerianus cornicularius Collective Collective 4 P . Aelius Valerianus 5 Ulpius Proculinus Collective 6 Caius 7 Cocceius 8 Ignotus 9 Ignotus 10 Ignotus 11 Ignotus 12 Ignotus cornicularii speculator speculator speculatores speculator speculator speculator speculator speculator speculator speculator

commentarienses CIL III 7794b; IDR III/5 435

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13 Ignotus 14 Ignotus 15 Ignotus 16 Statius Alexander 17 Ignotus 18 Maximianus 19 Ignotus 20 Ignotus 21 Ignotus 22 Ignotus 23 Ignotus 24 Ignotus 25 Ignotus 26 Ignotus 27 Ignotus 28 Ignotus 29 Claudius Alexander 30 C. Iulius Valerius

speculator speculator speculator speculator speculator speculator speculator speculator speculator speculator speculator speculator speculator speculator speculator beneficiarius beneficiarius beneficiarius

31 Caecillius Saturninus beneficiarius 32 Iulius Rufus 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 Iulius Ignotus L. Aelius Silvanus Longinus L. Arrius Probus Vindex Aurelius Ianuarius Sextus Clemens Gallicanus P . Aelius Fronto Terentius Marcianus C. Iulius Valerianus Ulpius Maximianus beneficiarius beneficiarius beneficiarius beneficiarius beneficiarius beneficiarius beneficiarius beneficiarius beneficiarius beneficiarius beneficiarius beneficiarius beneficiarius beneficiarius

CIL III 14479; AE 1901, 154; IDR III/5 426 CIL III 14479; AE 1901, 154; IDR III/5 426 CIL III 14479; AE 1901, 154; IDR III/5 426 Moga, Drmbrean 2007, 176-177 CIL III 7688 CIL III 14479; AE 1901, 154; IDR III/5 426 CIL III 14479; AE 1901, 154; IDR III/5 426 CIL III 14479; AE 1901, 154; IDR III/5 426 CIL III 14479; AE 1901, 154; IDR III/5 426 CIL III 14479; AE 1901, 154; IDR III/5 426 CIL III 14479; AE 1901, 154; IDR III/5 426 CIL III 14479; AE 1901, 154; IDR III/5 426 CIL III 14479; AE 1901, 154; IDR III/5 426 CIL III 14479; AE 1901, 154; IDR III/5 426 CIL III 14479; AE 1901, 154; IDR III/5 426 CIL III 1189; IDR III/5 453 CIL III 1190; IDR III/5 454 CIL III 7742, IDR III/5 60; IDR III/2 113 CIL III 1039=7755; IDR III/5 138 CIL III 1039=7755; IDR III/5 138 IDR III/5 244 IDR III/5 291 CIL III 1185; IDR III/5 378 IDR III/5 594 CIL III 1080; IDR III/5 201 CIL III 1059; IDR III/5 178 IDR III/5 135 CIL III 1040; IDR III/5 142 CIL III 7736; IDR III/5 27 CIL III 1091; IDR III/5 233 CIL III 14474; IDR III/5 295 AE 1933 248; IDR III/2 113 IDR III/2 239

XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina

Apulum Apulum Apulum Apulum

V Macedonica Potaissa V Macedonica Apulum V Macedonica Apulum V Macedonica Apulum V Macedonica Apulum V Macedonica Apulum V Macedonica Apulum V Macedonica Apulum V Macedonica Apulum V Macedonica Apulum V Macedonica Apulum XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina Apulum Apulum Apulum, Sarmizegetusa Apulum Apulum Apulum Apulum Apulum Apulum Apulum Apulum Apulum Apulum Apulum Apulum Apulum Sarmizegetusa Sarmizegetusa

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46 47 48 49 50

L. Valerius Rufus Claudius Saecularis Priscinus T. Flavius ? Aurelius Caius C. Calpurnius Priscianus

beneficiarius beneficiarius beneficiarius beneficiarius beneficiarius beneficiarius beneficiarius beneficiarius beneficiarius beneficiarius beneficiarius beneficiarius beneficiarius beneficiarius beneficiarius beneficiarius beneficiarius beneficiarius beneficiarius beneficiarius beneficiarius beneficiarius beneficiarius beneficiarius beneficiarius beneficiarius

CIL III 1485; IDR III/2 452 AE 1933, 9; IDR III/3 86 AE 1933, 9; IDR III/3 86 CIL III 7859; IDR III/3 124 AE 1971, 381, IDR III/3 297 AE 1990, 827; ILD 359 AE 1990, 828, 840; ILD 360, 373 AE 1990 837; ILD 370 ILD 544 ILD 774 CIL III 823 CIL III 827 Moga, Drmbrean 2007, 176-177 Moga, Drmbrean 2007, 176-177 CIL III 7692 CIL III 878 CIL III 826 AE 1957, 326; ILD 765 CBFIR 525; ILD 769 AE 1957, 327; ILD 771, 772, 773 AE 1957, 329; ILD 775 CBFIR 527; CIL III 7632 CIL III 822 ILD 778 CIL III 14216(6); IDR II 41 IDR II 57 CIL III 987; AE 1980, 735; IDR III/5 21, 36 CIL III 876 CIL III 7645, CBFIR 524 CIL III 825 ILD 687 ILD 701 CIL III 7803; IDR III/5 459 CIL III 7803; IDR III/5 459 CIL III 7803; IDR III/5 459 CIL III 7803; IDR III/5 459 CIL III 7803; IDR III/5 459 CIL III 7803; IDR III/5 459 AE 1933 248; IDR III/2 113 CIL VI 3356=IDRE I 25

XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina V Macedonica V Macedonica V Macedonica V Macedonica V Macedonica

51 Q. Marius Proculus 52

53 C. Iucundius Verus 54 P . Aelius Fabianus 55 Aurelius Rufinus Valerius Vibius 56 Valerianus 57 Valerius Valentinus 58 Helvius 59 Aurelius ? 60 61 62 63 64 Iulius Alexander Q. Ennius Ianuarius C. Iulius Maximus P . Aelius Marcellinus P . Aelius Proculinus

Sarmizegetusa Micia Micia Micia Ampelum Alburnus Maior Alburnus Maior Alburnus Maior Napoca Samum Samum Samum Apulum Apulum Potaissa Potaissa Samum Samum Samum

65 Scantius Lucius 66 Oclatius Florentinus 67 P . Aelius Sextilianus M. Aurelius 68 Moenenus 69 Ignotus 70 C. Iulius Melcidianus 71 M. Antius Herculanus

V Macedonica Samum V Macedonica Samum V Macedonica Samum V Macedonica Samum V Macedonica Samum V Macedonica Drobeta V Macedonica Drobeta V Macedonica Apulum V Macedonica ? ? ? ? XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina Potaissa Buciumi Samum Porolissum Porolissum Apulum Apulum Apulum Apulum Apulum Apulum Sarmizegetusa Roma

72 C. Iulius Frontonianus beneficiarius 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 Collective P . Iulius Firminus Cassius Erotianus T. Flavius Valentinus Cassius Martialis Longius Orestus Iulius Victorinus Ulpius Valentinus Iulius Seneca Aelius Caesianus Aelius Valerius C. Iulius Carus M. Aurelius Berulus beneficiarii beneficiarius beneficiarius beneficiarius beneficiarius quaestionarius quaestionarius quaestionarius quaestionarius quaestionarius quaestionarius frumentarius frumentarius

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85

M. Aurelius Sophaenetus

frumentarius

CIL VI 230=36748 CIL III 1094=7765; IDR III/5 243 Guards AE 1977 653, IDR III/5 166 CIL III 7786; IDR III/5 383 AE 1930, 5; IDR III/5 61, 180 AE 1983, 801; IDR III/5 137 Moga, Drmbrean 2007, 176-177 Moga, Drmbrean 2007, 176-177 AE 1959, 316; IDR II 38 CIL III 7800, IDR III/5 522 AE 1988, 947; IDR III/5 631 IDR III/3 61

XIII Gemina

Italia

86 C. Maximius Iulianus optio praetorii 87 C. Silius Crispinus strator 88 Aurelius Mucianus strator 89 M. Ulpius Respectus strator Collective stratores 90 Tertius Iustus 91 Aelius ? 92 M. Valerius Alexander strator strator strator singularis singularis beneficiarius singularis 96 Iulius Gracillis 97 Mucasenus 98 Aurelius Vetus 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 Aelius Septimius Romanus P . Aelius Propincus Aelius Sabinus M. Iulius Victorinus P . Helvius Primanus Quintillianus Ignotus Florus Severus Valens Ignotus Ignotus Ignotus singularis singularis adiutor offici corniculariorum adiutor offici corniculariorum librarius librarius librarius librarius librarius exceptor exceptor exceptor exceptor exceptor exceptor exceptor

V Macedonica Apulum XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina Apulum Apulum Apulum Apulum Apulum Apulum

V Macedonica Drobeta ala I Batavorum ala numeri Illyricorum n Maurorum Miciensium n Maurorum Tibiscensium ? Apulum Apulum Micia

93 Dasas 94 Ignotus 95 Ignotus

AE 1994, 1940; IDR III/5 219 IDR III/5 558 Immunes CIL III 894 CIL III 1471; IDR III/2 366 AE 1982, 826a; IDR III/5 482 CIL III 1421516=IDR III/5 266 AE 1982, 825=IDR III/5 544 CIL III 1318=IDR III/3 354 CIL III 6246 AE 1987, 841; ILD 561 AE 1964, 193; IDR III/5 263 AE 1964, 193; IDR III/5 263 AE 1964, 193; IDR III/5 263 AE 1964, 193; IDR III/5 263 AE 1964, 193; IDR III/5 263 AE 1964, 193; IDR III/5 263

Apulum Apulum

V Macedonica Potaissa XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina XIII Gemina Sarmizegetusa Apulum Apulum Apulum Ampelum Gherla Napoca Apulum Apulum Apulum Apulum Apulum Apulum

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Notes
1. Boris Rankov, The governors men: the officium consularis in provincial administration, in Ian Haynes, Adrian K. Goldsworthy, eds., The Roman Army as a Community, JRA SupplS 34 (Portsmouth/Rhode Island, 1999), 23. 2. The first study of the officium consularis in Dacia is Arpad Dob, Lofficium consularis en Dacie, ACD 14 (1978): 5764. 3. Boris Rankov, 2324; contra Joachim Ott, Die Beneficiarier (Stuttgart, 1995) and Jocelyne Nelis-Clment, Les beneficiarii: militaires et administrateurs au service de lEmpire (Ier s. a.C.VIe s. p.C.) (Bordeaux, 2000) which both argue for 30 beneficiarii from each legion. 4. N.J.E. Austin, Boris Rankov, Exploratio. Military and political intelligence in the Roman world from the Second Punic War to the battle of Adrianople (London/New York, 1995), 152. 5. David J. Breeze, The Organization of the Career Structure of the immunes and principales of the Roman Army, BJ 174 (1974): 268. 6. For details of the discussion see George Cupcea, Speculatores in Dacia. Missions and Careers, ActaMN 43-44/I (2008): 263279. 7. On this occasion a schola speculatorum is attested in Apulum, at about the same time that it is attested in Aquincum (CIL III 3524.). Arpad Dob, Lofficium consularis en Dacie, ACD 14 (1978): 58. 8. The history of Romanian contributions on the mater in Dan Isac, Vicus Samumeine statio der Beneficiarier an der nrdlichen Grenze Dakiens, in Egon Schallmayer, ed., Der rmische Weihebezirk von Osterburken II. Kolloquium 1990 und palobotanische-osteologische Untersuchungen (Stuttgart, 1994), 209211; Radu Ardevan, Beneficiarii n viaa civil a provinciei Dacia, EN 1 (1991): 163170 and Die Beneficiarer im Zivilleben der Provinz Dakien, in Egon Schallmayer, 199-204; Coriolan Opreanu, Misiunile beneficiarilor consulari pe limes-ul de nord al Daciei n secolul al III-lea, ActaMN 31/I (1994): 6977; Dan Isac, Castrul roman de la Samum-Ceiu (Cluj-Napoca, 2003), 4855. 9. Especially in the matter of the Ans(amenses?) a hypothetical tribe of free Dacians. V . Prvan, C. Daicoviciu, I.I. Russu, cf. D. Isac, 4855. 10. Arpad Dob, 5962, the first who publishes an inventory of the Dacian stationes and their beneficiarii. 11. Joachim Ott, 9495. In a contibution by the same author, Joachim Ott, Die Mechanismen bei der Befrderung von Beneficiariern der Statthalter, in Yann Le Bohec, ed., La hirarchie (Rangordnung) de larme Romaine sous le Haut-Empire (Actes du Congrs de Lyon, September 1518, 1994) (Paris, 1995), 289, he adds Drobeta and Romula as places of discovery, but not to the list of stationes. Contra, Arpad Dob, 5962, who adds also the two legionary garrisons to his list of stationes. 12. Jocelyne Nelis-Clment, 164166. 13. Older contributions by V . Prvan, C. Daicoviciu, I.I. Russu, M. Macrea, D. Tudor, cf. Dan Isac, 4852. 14. V . Vollmann, cf. Ibid., 5354. 15. Coriolan Opreanu, 7174. 16. Dan Isac, 5758.

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17. CIL III, 826, 823, 825, 7632, CBFIR 527, ILD 771, 772, 773, 774, 775. The place of discovery for all of them is the auxilliary fort, Dan Isac, 5253. 18. CIL III, 825. 19. ILD, 771 and 772. 20. ILD, 775. 21. CIL, III 827=7633. 22. CIL, III 822. 23. AE (1957): 326. 24. Although we have no evidence for such an officer in the area, not even for a simple centurio legionis. 25. Michael Speidel, Regionarii in Lower Moesia, ZPE 57 (1984): 185. 26. Coh. I Claudia Sugambrorum, until AD 129. Michael Speidel, Regionarii in Lower Moesia, ZPE 57 (1984): 185. 27. Michael Speidel, 185. 28. Ibid., 188. 29. See notes nos. 11 and 12. 30. This versatility is discussed in detail in Joachim Ott, 82155; Jocelyne Nelis-Clment, 211268. 31. Ion Berciu, Alexandru Popa, Exceptores consularis in Dacia, Latomus 23 (1964): 307 310. 32. Cloca L. Blu, Ion Berciu, Pedites i equites singulares n Dacia. Materiale tegulare tampilate, Apulum, 18 (1980): 116121.

Abstract Officium consularis. The Evidence of Dacia

The Roman army has developed a full bureaucratic apparel, in the shape of officia: in auxiliary units, one for every prefect or tribune, in the legion one for each tribune, praefectus castrorum and legate, and one for the governor. The simpler ones have only a cornicularius and a few beneficiarii, but that of the governor contains hundreds of fully prepared men. The higher the rank of the officer, the larger his officium and the higher are the ranks of his officials. The consular governor of Dacia makes no exception. He can recruit his staff out of the two legions of the province, the best source for qualified and able men. The officium consularis of Dacia is attested by 111 men, from which 86 principales, 11 guards and 14 immunes. The evidence of Dacia is very useful for the inferior hierarchy of the Roman army. Roman army, governors office, non-commissioned officers, Dacia, provincial administration.

Keywords

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