Chapter 1 : Introduction to Physics

CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS Short Answer

2) What does the prefix nano- stand for? Answer:

3) What does the prefix tera- stand for? Answer:

4) What does the prefix pico- stand for? Answer:

5) Why is MASS considered a Answer: ore !asic property than W"#$%&?

') When referring to the ( )s( syste Answer: what does the ( (* the ()(* and the (s( stand for ?

+) When referring to the (cgs( syste * what does the (c(* the (g(* and the (s( stand for? Answer:

,) What are the di ensions of distance? Answer:

-) What are the di ensions of area? Answer:

1.) What are the di ensions of /o01 e? Answer:

11) What are the di ensions of /e0ocity? Answer:

12) What are the di ensions of acce0eration? Answer:

13) What are the di ensions of energy? Answer:

14) $i/e exa p0es of fo1r 21antities which are sca0ars3 Answer:

15) $i/e exa p0es of fo1r 21antities which are /ectors3 Answer:

&r1e45a0se
1') 6i ensiona0 ana0ysis can te00 yo1 whether an e21ation is physica00y correct3 Answer: &r1e

5a0se 4

M10tip0e 7hoice
1+) &he eter is c1rrent0y defined as A) !ar )ept in S8/res* 5rance3 !ar )ept in Washington* 6373

the distance !etween two etched 0ines in a p0atin1 -iridi1 9) the distance !etween two etched 0ines in a p0atin1 -iridi1 7)

one ten- i00ionth of the distance !etween the :orth po0e and the e21ator3 6) the distance tra/e0ed !y 0ight in 142--*+-2*45, of a second3 ") 1*553*1'431 wa/e0engths of red cad i1 Answer: 0ight in dry air at 25;73

1,) &he )i0ogra is c1rrent0y defined as A) cy0inder )ept in S8/res* 5rance3 cy0inder as eas1red on the "arth<s oon3

the

ass of a p0atin1 -iridi1 9)

the weight of a p0atin1 -iridi1 7) the

ass of 53-+,'332 = 1.2' protons3 6) ass of one 0iter of p1re water* free of air* at standard te perat1re and press1re3 ") ass of a c1!e of p1re water* free of air* 1. c Answer: on each side* at standard te perat1re and press1re3

the the

1-) &he second is c1rrent0y defined as 5

A) 14,'*4.. of a ean so0ar day3 9)

14,'*1'4 of a siderea0 day3 7) 1431*55+*'.. of the period of the "arth<s rotation aro1nd the S1n3 6) the ti e re21ired for 0ight to tra/e0 142--*+-2*45, of a ") the ti e that it ta)es the radiation fro Answer: eter3 to co p0ete -*1-2*'31*++. cyc0es of osci00ation3

a 7esi1 -133 ato

2.) &he etric prefix for one one-tho1sandth is A)

i00i3 9) centi3 7) )i0o3 6) ega3 ") giga3 Answer:

21) &he etric prefix for one one-h1ndredth is A)

i00i3 9) '

centi3 7) )i0o3 6) ega3 ") giga3 Answer:

22) &he etric prefix for one tho1sand is A)

i00i3 9) centi3 7) )i0o3 6) ega3 ") giga3 Answer:

23) &he nationa0 de!t is A) 1 = 1.15 9) 1 = 1.12 7) 1 = 1.6) + eas1red in tri00ions of do00ars3 Which of the fo00owing is a representation of a tri00ion?

1 = 1.'5 ") 1 = 1.3 Answer:

24) A typica0 E. coli !acteri1 A) 1 = 1.-15 9) 1 = 1.-12 7) 1 = 1.-6) 1 = 1.-' ") 1 = 1.-3 Answer: is eas1red in icrons3 Which of the fo00owing is a representation of a icron?

25) #f yo1 are eas1ring the 0ength of a roo * the A) ost appropriate S# 1nit is the

)i0o eter3 9) eter3 7) centi eter3 6) i00i eter3 ") icro eter3 Answer:

2') #f yo1 are eas1ring the thic)ness of a strand of h1 an hair* the A) ost appropriate S# 1nit is the

)i0o eter3 9) eter3 7) centi eter3 6) i00i eter3 ") icro eter3 Answer:

2+) #f yo1 are eas1ring the A) ass of an e0ephant* the ost appropriate S# 1nit is the

teragra 3 9) )i0ogra 7) gra 3 6) i00igra 3 ") icrogra 3 Answer:

2,) #f yo1 are eas1ring the A) ass of a s a00 g0ass of i0)* the ost appropriate S# 1nit is the

teragra 3 9) )i0ogra 3 7) 1.

gra 3 6) i00igra 3 ") icrogra 3 Answer:

11

2-) %ow any c e21a0 a A)

1.-4 9) 1.-2 7) 1.2 6) 1.4 ") 1.' Answer:

3.) When 10tip0ying se/era0 21antities* the n1 !er of significant digits in the res10t A) ost acc1rate of the 21antities3 1st a0ways !e

0arger than the n1 !er of significant digits in the 9) e21a0 to the n1 !er of significant digits in the 7)

ost acc1rate of the 21antities3 ost and 0east acc1rate of the 21antities3

e21a0 to the a/erage n1 !er of significant digits in the 6)

e21a0 to the n1 !er of significant digits in the 0east acc1rate of the 21antities3 ") s a00er than the n1 !er of significant digits in the 0east acc1rate of the 21antities3 Answer:

31) When di/iding se/era0 21antities* the n1 !er of significant digits in the res10t A) 12 1st a0ways !e

0arger than the n1 !er of significant digits in the 9) e21a0 to the n1 !er of significant digits in the 7)

ost acc1rate of the 21antities3

ost acc1rate of the 21antities3 ost and 0east acc1rate of the 21antities3

e21a0 to the a/erage n1 !er of significant digits in the 6)

e21a0 to the n1 !er of significant digits in the 0east acc1rate of the 21antities3 ") s a00er than the n1 !er of significant digits in the 0east acc1rate of the 21antities3 Answer:

32) When adding se/era0 21antities* the n1 !er of deci a0 p0aces in the res10t A) 0arger than the n1 !er of deci a0 p0aces in the 9) e21a0 to the n1 !er of deci a0 p0aces in the 7) 1st a0ways !e

ost acc1rate of the 21antities3

ost acc1rate of the 21antities3 ost and 0east acc1rate of the 21antities3

e21a0 to the a/erage n1 !er of significant digits in the 6)

e21a0 to the n1 !er of deci a0 p0aces in the 0east acc1rate of the 21antities3 ") s a00er than the n1 !er of deci a0 p0aces in the 0east acc1rate of the 21antities3 Answer:

13

33) When s1!tracting se/era0 21antities* the n1 !er of deci a0 p0aces in the res10t A) 0arger than the n1 !er of deci a0 p0aces in the 9) e21a0 to the n1 !er of deci a0 p0aces in the 7) ost acc1rate of the 21antities3 1st a0ways !e

ost acc1rate of the 21antities3 ost and 0east acc1rate of the 21antities3

e21a0 to the a/erage n1 !er of significant digits in the 6)

e21a0 to the n1 !er of deci a0 p0aces in the 0east acc1rate of the 21antities3 ") s a00er than the n1 !er of deci a0 p0aces in the 0east acc1rate of the 21antities3 Answer:

34) 5o1r st1dents St1dent Mass ?g) eas1re the A 4-3.' ass of an o!>ect* each 1sing a different sca0e3 &hey record their res10ts as fo00ows: 9 47 5. 6 4-31 " 4-3.'1

Which st1dent 1sed the 0east precise sca0e? A) A 9) 9 7) 7 6) 6 ") " Answer:

35) 14

5o1r st1dents St1dent Mass ?g)

eas1re the A 4-3.'

ass of an o!>ect* each 1sing a different sca0e3 &hey record their res10ts as fo00ows: 9 47 5. 6 4-31 " 4-3.'1

Which st1dent 1sed the A) A 9) 9 7) 7 6) 6 ") " Answer:

ost precise sca0e?

3') A 1sef10 ethod of expressing /ery s a00 or /ery 0arge n1 !ers is A)

scientific notation3 9) ara!ic n1 era0s3 7) ro an n1 era0s3 6) significant fig1res3 ") gree) 0etters3 Answer:

3+)

15

What is the con/ersion factor !etween ) 4h and A) +3+2 = 1.-5 23+, = 1.-1 133. = 1.4

4s?

4s 9) 4s 7) 4s 6)

33'. 1'3+

4s ") 4s Answer:

3,) What is the con/ersion factor !etween ) 4h2 and A) +3+2 = 1.-5 23+, = 1.-1 133. = 1.4 4s2 9) 4s2 7) 4s2 6) 4s2?

33'.

4s2 ") 4s2 Answer:

1'3+

3-) What is the con/ersion factor !etween c A)

and

1'

.3.1

4c
2

9) .3...1
2

4c

7) 1. 4c
2

6)
2 2

1..

4c
2

") 1.... 4c 2 Answer:

4.) A sca0ar 21antity is defined as A) a 21antity that is specified !y a n1 erica0 /a01e on0y3 9) a 21antity that is specified !y 1sing !oth a n1 erica0 /a01e and a direction3 Answer:

41) A /ector 21antity is defined as A) a 21antity that is specified !y a n1 erica0 /a01e on0y3 9) a 21antity that is specified !y 1sing !oth a n1 erica0 /a01e and a direction3 Answer:

1+

QUANTITATIVE PROBLEMS Short Answer

2) &he speed / of an o!>ect fa00ing with a constant acce0eration g can !e expressed in ter s of g and the distance tra/e0ed fro the point of re0ease* h* as / A ag!hc* where a* !* and c* are di ension0ess constants3 What 1st !e the /a01es of ! and c? Answer:

3) &he speed / of so1nd wa/es in a gas can !e expressed in ter s of the press1re p and the density B ? ass per 1nit /o01 e) of the gas* as / A ap!Bc* where a* !* and c* are di ension0ess constants3 &he di ensions of press1re are CMD4 CEDC&D23 What 1st !e the /a01es of ! and c? Answer:

4) &he ti e F re21ired for a spring- ass syste to co p0ete one f100 osci00ation can !e expressed in ter s of the attached ass and the spring constant of the spring ) in the for F A ) !)c* where )* !* and c are di ension0ess constants3 What 1st !e the /a01es of ! and c? &he di ensions of ) are CMD4C&D23 Answer:

5) &he period F of osci00ation of a pend101 ?the ti e inter/a0 needed to co p0ete one f100 osci00ation) can !e expressed in ter s of the ass of the p01 ! !o!* the 0ength 0 of the string* and the acce0eration d1e to gra/ity* g* as F A ) !0cgd* where )* !* c* and d are di ension0ess constants3 What 1st !e the /a01es of !* c* and d? Answer:

1,

') %ydra10icists often express rainfa00 in acre-feet3 &his is the a o1nt of water re21ired to co/er an area of one acre to a depth of one foot3 &here are '4.3. acres in a s21are i0e* and 52,. feet in one i0e3 %ow any c1!ic feet are there in one acre-foot? Answer:

+) &here are '4. acres in a s21are h1ndred eters on each side? Answer: i0e* and 52,. feet in one i0e3 %ow any acres are there in a hectare* a s21are one

1-

,) %ydra10icists often express rainfa00 in acre-feet3 &his is the a o1nt of water re21ired to co/er an area of one acre to a depth of one foot3 &here are '4.3. acres in a s21are i0e* and 52,. feet in one i0e3 %ow any c1!ic yards are there in one acre-foot? Answer:

-) &here are 23.. dry pints to 13.. dry 21art* ,3.. dry 21arts to 13.. pec)* 43.. pec)s to 13.. !1she03 A far er wants to pic) eno1gh !erries to fi00 4.*... pint containers3 %ow any !1she0s of !erries does the far er need? Answer:

M10tip0e 7hoice
1.) A typica0 r1!y-throated h1 A) ,. ,. ,.. G .3, da 9) G .3.., da 7) G .3.., da 6) G .3, da ") G ,. da Answer: ing!ird is , centi eters 0ong3 "xpress its 0ength in i00i eters and de)a eters3

,.. .3,

11) Hane has a ass of 5. )i0ogra s3 "xpress her A) ass in gra s and hectogra s3

5.*... gG 5*... hg 9) 5..*... gG 5.. hg 7) 2.

5..*... gG 5*... hg 6) 5.*... gG 5.. hg ") 5.*... gG 5*... )g Answer:

12) A >ar of pean1t !1tter costs I332-3 "xpress its price in de)ado00ars and decido00ars3 A) .332- de)ado00arsG .332- decido00ars 9) 323- de)ado00arsG .332- decido00ars 7) 32- de)ado00arsG 323- decido00ars 6) .332- de)ado00arsG 323- decido00ars ") 323- de)ado00arsG 32- decido00ars Answer:

21

13) #n the year 2...* the a/erage siJe of a transistor in a icroprocessor was 25. nano eters3 A h1 an hair has a dia eter of +. icrons ? icro eters)3 %ow any transistors fit across a h1 an hair? A) 2,. 9) 2, 7) 2,.. 6) 23, ") .32, Answer:

14) #n so0/ing a physics pro!0e answer are A)

yo1 end 1p with

in the n1 erator and

4s in the deno inator3 &he 1nits for yo1r

4s3 9)

3 7)

3 6) s3 ") 14s3 Answer:

15) &he density of a so0id o!>ect is defined as the ratio of the is ass of the o!>ect to its /o01 e3 &he di ension of density 22

A) CMD4CED3 9) CED34CMD3 7) CMD CED-33 6) CMDCEDC&D3 ") CMDCED3 Answer:

1') &he position* x* of an o!>ect is gi/en !y the e21ation x A A K 9t K7t2* where t refers to ti e3 What are the di ensions of A* 9* and 7? A) distance* distance* distance 9) distance* ti e* ti e 7) distance* ti e* ti e2 6) distance* distance4ti e* distance4ti e2 ") distance4ti e* distance4ti e2* distance4ti e3 Answer:

23

1+) #n f01id f0ow* the character of the f0ow can !e deter ined !y the Leyno0ds n1 !er* Le* which is a di ension0ess 21antity that can !e expressed in ter s of the speed / of the f01id* the density B ? ass per 1nit /o01 e) of the f01id* the /iscosity M of the f01id* and a 0ength 6 which is characteristic to the f0ow3 Le can !e expressed in the for Le A )/MaB!6c* where )* a* !* and c are di ension0ess constants3 What 1st !e the /a01es of !* c* and d? &he di ensions of /iscosity are CMD4CEDC&D3 A) ! A 1* c A -1* d A 1 9) ! A 1* c A -1* d A -1 7) ! A -1* c A 1* d A 1 6) ! A -1* c A 1* d A -1 ") ! A -1* c A -1* d A 1 Answer:

1,) %ow any significant fig1res are in .3...54? A)

2 9) 3 7) 4 6) 5 ") ' Answer:

1-) 24

%ow

any significant fig1res are in .3..'+? A)

1 9) 2 7) 3 6) 4 ") 5 Answer:

2.) %ow any significant fig1res are in 1.*..2? A)

a !ig1o1s 9) 2 7) 3 6) 4 ") 5 Answer:

21) %ow any significant fig1res are in 12.3.+? A)

' 9) 25

5 7) 4 6) 3 ") 2 Answer:

22) %ow any significant fig1res are in 5+'*...? A)

3 9) 4 7) 5 6) ' ") a !ig1o1s Answer:

23) A pepperoni piJJa has 23,. egaca0ories3 H1an eats exact0y 143 of the piJJa3 %ow cons1 ed? ?Nne food (ca0orie( is act1a00y a )i0oca0orie3) A) -3. )ca0 9) -33 )ca0 7) -3333 )ca0 6) 2' any )i0oca0ories has he

-33333 )ca0 ") -333333 )ca0 Answer:

24) A train tra/e0s at a constant speed of '.34 A) 1.. 1.2 1.232 i0es 9) i0es 7) i0es 6) 1.231, 1.231,1 i0es ") i0es Answer: i0es per ho1r for 1.135 in1tes3 What distance does the train co/er?

25) %ow 0ong does it ta)e for a train tra/e0ing '.34 A) .3+5 ho1rs 9) .3+45 ho1rs 7) 1334 ho1rs 6) 133 ho1rs ") 1 ho1r Answer: 2+ i0es per ho1r to tra/e0 ,1 i0es?

2') A dog has three p1ppies3 Spot weighs 12 o1nces3 Lasca0 weighs -35 o1nces3 Soc)s weighs 1.32 o1nces3 What is the tota0 weight of the 0itter? A) 313+ o1nces 9) 31 o1nces 7) 32 o1nces 6) 3. o1nces ") 313+. o1nces Answer:

2,

2+) Hane has a!o1t I53' in her chec)ing acco1nt* a!o1t I21.+ in her sa/ings acco1nt and exact0y I+3'2 in her p1rse3 &o the !est precision possi!0e* how 1ch oney does Hane ha/e? A) I2'51 9) I2*'5. 7) I2*'5.3' 6) I2*'5.3'2 ") I2*'5.3'2. Answer:

2,) &o get to schoo0* A0ice wa0)s .325 i0e to the !1s stop3 She ta)es the !1s 132 train 13 i0es and wa0)s the re aining .31+ i0e to wor)3 %ow far is her co A) 143' 1. 15 i0es 9) i0es 7) i0es 6) 143'2 143'2. i0es ") i0es Answer: i0es to the train station3 She ta)es the 1te?

2-) &he )ing<s cha !er of the great pyra id is 1.343 /o01 e of the cha !er in c1!ic feet? eters 0ong* 5321 2eters wide* and 53,2 eters high3 What is the

A) 31' c1!ic feet 9) 3*+2. c1!ic feet 7) '*53. c1!ic feet 6) 11*2.. c1!ic feet ") 13*2.. c1!ic feet Answer:

3.) &he $ateway Arch in St3 Eo1is is approxi ate0y 1-3 A) 5,3, feet 9) '433 feet 7) '33 feet 6) +5- feet ") +*5-. feet Answer: eters ta003 What is its height in feet?

31) Mrs3 Hones went on a diet and 0ost 15 )i0ogra s3 %ow A) ', po1nds 9) 3. any po1nds did she 0ose?

42 po1nds 7) 3, po1nds 6) 33 po1nds ") '3, po1nds Answer:

31

32) &he %oo/er 6a is +2' feet high3 What is its height in )i0o eters? A) .3+2' )i0o eters 9) .3525 )i0o eters 7) .3221 )i0o eters 6) .32+5 )i0o eters ") .313, )i0o eters Answer:

33) Lo/er eats .35. po1nd of dry dog food per day3 %ow !1y in a year? A) 1+ 9) 25 7) 52 6) ,. ") ,1 Answer: any 53.-)i0ogra sac)s of dog food does his owner need to

34) &he pea) of Mt3 "/erest* at 1.*-.. i0es? A) eters* is the highest point a!o/e sea 0e/e0 in the wor0d3 What is its e0e/ation in

32

1+3' .3'3. '3++

i0es 9) i0es 7) i0es 6)

'32. '+31

i0es ") i0es Answer:

35) &he 0ength of the Appa0achian &rai0 is 2*.15 A) 3*245 ) 9) 1*251 ) 7) 3*112 ) 6) 1*.., ) ") -'3 ) Answer: i0es3 %ow 0ong is it in )i0o eters?

3') &he %ope 6ia ond weighs 4435 carats3 &here are 2.. weigh? A) .3...,-. )g 9) .3..,-. )g 33 g per carat3 %ow any )i0ogra s does the %ope 6ia ond

7) .3.,-. )g 6) .3,-. )g ") ,3-. )g Answer:

34

3+) &he co01 n of &ra>an* erected in Lo e in 1.'-113 A363* is 125 feet ta003 What is its height in centi eters? A) 1*51. c 9) 5-1 c 7) 2*52. c 6) 3*,1. c ") 3,*1.. c Answer:

3,) &1tan)ha en<s go0d coffin weighs 25. po1nds3 What is the A) 11. )g 9) 55. )g 7) 13. )g 6) -5 )g ") 11 )g Answer: ass of the coffin in )i0ogra s?

3-) &here are '4. acres in a s21are i0e* and 52,. feet in one side of a s21are ha/ing an area of one acre? A) 35 i0e3 What is the 0ength in feet ?to the nearest foot) of the

''. feet 9) 2.- feet 7) 1'5 feet 6) 412 feet ") 435 feet Answer:

4.) An A erican foot!a00 fie0d* inc01ding end Jones* is 3'. feet 0ong and 1'. feet wide3 What is its area in s21are eters? A) 4*-2. s21are 5*35. s21are ,,3. s21are eters 9) eters 7) eters 6)

12*1.. s21are eters ") 13*2.. s21are eters Answer:

41) Eeonardo da Oinci<s Mona Lisa is 21 inches wide and 3.325 inches ta003 What is the area of the painting in s21are centi eters? A) 4*1.. s21are c 9) 1*'.. s21are c 3'

7) ''. s21are c 6) 3*3.. s21are c ") 2*4.. s21are c Answer:

3+

42) A drin)ing g0ass has a dia eter of 235 inches and is 535 inches ta003 What is the /o01 e of the drin)ing g0ass in c1!ic centi eters? A) 1+. c1!ic c 9) 44. c1!ic c 7) 35. c1!ic c 6) +1. c1!ic c ") 53. c1!ic c Answer:

43) A waff0e cone has a dia eter of 235 inches and is 535 inches ta003 What is the /o01 e of the waff0e cone in c1!ic centi eters? A) 5, c1!ic c 9) 15. c1!ic c 7) 24. c1!ic c 6) 44. c1!ic c ") '2. c1!ic c Answer:

44) Approxi ate0y how A) any ti es does an a/erage h1 an heart !eat in a year? 3,

4 = 1.5 9) 4 = 1.' 7) 4 = 1.+ 6) 4 = 1., ") 4 = 1.Answer:

45) Approxi ate0y how A) 3 = 1.11 9) 3 = 1.1. 7) 3 = 1.6) 3 = 1., ") 4 = 1.+ Answer: any ti es does an a/erage h1 an heart !eat in a 0ifeti e?

3-

4') Approxi ate0y how A) 2 = 1.3 9) 2 = 1.2 7) 2 = 1.4 6) 2 = 1.5 ") 2 x 1.' Answer: any pennies wo10d yo1 ha/e to stac) to reach an a/erage ,-foot cei0ing?

4+) "sti ate the n1 !er of ti es "arth wi00 rotate on its axis d1ring a h1 an<s 0ifeti e3 A) 3 = 1.4 9) 3 = 1.5 7) 3 = 1.' 6) 3 = 1.+ ") 3 x 1., Answer:

4,) "sti ate the thic)ness of a piece of paper3 A) 4.

1.-4 1.-5 1.-'

eter 9) eter 7) eter 6)

1.-+ 1.-,

eter ") eter Answer:

4-) "sti ate the n1 !er of pennies that wo10d fit in a !ox one foot across !y one foot wide !y one foot ta003 A) 5 = 1.2 9) 5 = 1.3 7) 5 = 1.4 6) 5 = 1.5 ") 5 x 1.' Answer:

41

5.) "sti ate how any ti es yo1 wo10d ha/e to fo0d a sheet of paper 1nti0 it !eco es as thic) as a 0arge dictionary ?approxi ate0y 1. c thic))3 A) 1. ti es 9) 5. ti es 7) 1.. ti es 6) 5.. ti es ") 1... ti es Answer:

42