References

Chapter 0

T.S. Rappaport ,Wireless Communications, Prentice Hall PTR, 1996. A. Goldsmith, Wireless Communications, Cambridge University Press, 2005. J. G. Proakis , M. Salehi , G. Bauch Contemporary Communication Systems Using MATLAB, Cengage Learning, 2012. Slides here are adapted from several sources on the Internet.

Introduction to Wireless Communications

Lectured by Ha Hoang Kha, Ph.D. H Chi Mi Ho Minh h Cit City U University i it of fT Technology h l Email: [email protected]

Introduction

Content

Introduction

1. Introduction to communication systems

Block diagram

2. Overview of wireless communication

Generations of wireless communication Current wireless networks

3. Design challenges 4. Fundamental concepts

Introduction

Introduction

1. Introduction to communication system

The purpose of a communication system is to transport an information bearing signal from a source to a user destination.
Analog communication systems: the information bearing signal is continuously varying in both amplitude and time. The performance metric: SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) Digital communication system: the information bearing signal is represented by a sequence of discrete messages. The performance metric: BER (Bit Error Rate)

Block diagram of digital communication systems

Introduction

Introduction

Basic signal processing blocks Transmitter:

Source coding: eliminate or reduce redundancy so as to provide an efficient representation of the source output. Channel a e cod coding: g introduce t oduce redundancy edu da cy to p provide o de reliable e ab e C communication over a noisy channel. Modulation: to provide the efficient transmission of the signal over the channel.

2. Radio Communication
Radio or radio communication means any transmission, emission, or reception of signs, signals, writing, images, sounds by means of electromagnetic waves of the radio frequency range range, from about 3 kHz to 300 GHz propagated in space without artificial guide. Examples of radio communication systems:
Radio broadcasting. TV broadcasting. broadcasting Satellite communication. Mobile cellular telephony. Wireless LAN.

Channel: wired (telephone channels, coaxial cables, optical fibers) or wireless (microwave radio, satellite channels). Receiver: demodulation, channel decoder, and source decoder.

Our ultimate goal is to communicate with any time of information with anyone at any time from anywhere. This is possible with aid of wireless technology.
.
Introduction 7

Introduction

Classification of radio spectrum

Frequency assaignments a up 60 GHz Broadcastin ng TV, satelites, Personal telephone systems, s radar systems, fixed and mobile m satelite services Long distan nce communication (fixed and marite) ), Broadcasting, Naviagation n, Radio beacons Broadcasti ing, TV, FM, Mobile services fo or maritime, aeronautical and land, Wireless W microphones, Meteor bur rst communicaiton Fixed point t to point communication, Mobile mar ritime aeronautical, land services, military m communication, amateur rad dio and broadcasting Fixed serv vices, Fixed statelite services, Mobile M serivces, Remote sensing Time and Frequency F Normals, Navigation n, Underwater Communic cation, Remote sensing under grou und, Maritme telegraphy AM broadc casting, naviation, radio beacons, distress d frequencies.

The Radio Spectrum

The frequency spectrum is a shared resource. Radio propagation does not recognize geopolitical boundaries. International cooperation and regulations are required for an efficient use of the radio spectrum. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is an agency, within the UN, that takes care of this resource.
Frequency assignment. Standardization. Coordination and planning of the international telecommunication services.

Application

Frequency

300-3000 Hz 1000 -100 km ELF

3-30 kHz 100 -10 km VLF

30-300 kHz 10 -1 km LF

300-3000 KHz 1000 -100 m MF

3-30 MHz 100 -10 m HF

30-300 MHz 10 -1 m VHF

300-3000 MHz 100 -10 cm UHF

3-30 GHz 10 -1 cm SHF

30-300 GHz 10 -1 mm EHF

Wavelength

Term

Introduction

Introduction

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History 1864: Maxwell describes radio wave mathematically 1888: 1888 H Hertz t generates t radio di waves 1890: Detection of radio waves 1896: Marconi makes the first radio transmission 1915: Radio tubes are invented 1948: Shannons law 1948: Transistor 1960: Communication Satellites 1981: Cellular technology

Evolution of Wireless Systems

Introduction

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Introduction

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Current Wireless Networks

Cellular Systems Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN) Satellite Systems Wireless broadband access (WiMax-compatible) Metropolitan Area Paging Systems (one way, two way) Networks MAN Radio broadcast (analog/digital audio/video) Cordless phone, personal handyphone system Wireless LANs Bluetooth Ultra-wideband radios Local Area Network LAN Zigbee radios Personal Area Networks PAN Infrared wireless optical (IrDa) Remote control (toy, garage door) Special purpose: radar, sonar, missile guidance,,etc
Introduction 13 Introduction

3. Mobile wireless technology

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1G First generation wireless

Developed in 1980s Analog transmission technology Focus on voice Data service almost non-existence Incompatible standards:
Different frequencies and signalling International roaming impossible

2G second generation wireless

2 G wireless
Its was invented and developed in 1990-91. Digital g transmission technology gy Increased quality of service Possible for wireless data services 2.5 G wireless General packet radio service (GPRS) Data rates: 56 kb/s to 115 kb/s Services: WAP, MMS and SMS, Search and directory

2.75 G wireless Maximum data rate: 384 kbps.

Introduction 15 Introduction 16

3G third generation wireless

3 G wireless
Introduced in 2004-05 Applications: mobile TV, video on demand, video conferencing, location based serviced services. 3.5 G wireless Known as HSDPA (high-speed downlink packet access) Data transmission up to 8-10 Mbps (and 20 Mbps for some systems)

4G Fourth generation wireless

A collection of technology creating fully packetswitched networks optimized for data. Provide speed p of 100 Mbps p to 1 Gbps. p Provide wireless alternative for broadband access to residential and business customers.

3 75 G wireless 3.75
Refereed to HSUPA (high-speed uplink packet access) Speed: 1.4 Mbps-5 Mbps Real-time person to person gaming
Introduction 17

( g ) 5 G Wireless (coming?) Data rate: ~10 Gbps

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Comparison between 1G-4G

3G and 4G capabilities and features

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Introduction

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Mobile broadband landscape

Cellular wireless law of speed vs decade

Satellite Systems
Cover very large areas Different orbit heights
GEOs (39000 Km) versus LEOs (2000 Km)

Optimized for one-way transmission

Radio (XM, Sirius) and movie (SatTV, DVB/S) broadcasts Most two-way systems struggling or bankrupt

Global Positioning System (GPS) use growing

Satellite signals used to pinpoint location Popular in cell phones, PDAs, and navigation devices time
Introduction 21 Introduction 22

Wireless LAN Standards Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)

01011011 0101 1011 Internet Access Point

Wireless LAN Standards 802.11b (Old 1990s)

Standard for 2.4GHz ISM band (80 MHz) Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) Speeds of 11 Mbps Mbps, approx approx. 500 ft range
Many WLAN cards have all 3 (a/b/g)

802.11a/g (Middle Age mid-late 1990s)

WLANs connect local computers (100m range) Breaks data into packets Channel access is shared (random access) Backbone Internet provides best-effort service

Standard for 5GHz NII band (300 MHz) OFDM in 20 MHz with adaptive rate/codes Speeds of 54 Mbps, approx. 100-200 ft range

802.11n 802 11 (Hot (H t stuff, t ff standard t d d close l t to fi finalization) li ti )

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Poor performance in some apps (e.g. video)

Standard in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz band Adaptive OFDM /MIMO in 20/40 MHz (2-4 antennas) Speeds up to 600Mbps, approx. 200 ft range Other advances in packetization, antenna use, etc.
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Introduction

Introduction

WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) (802.16)

Wide area wireless network standard
System architecture similar to cellular Hopes p to compete p with cellular

Bluetooth
Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances (using shortwavelength radio transmissions in the ISM band from 24002480 MHz) from fixed and mobile devices, creating personal area networks (PANs) with high levels of security Short range (10m, extendable to 100m) 1 Data (700 Kbps) and 3 voice channels, up to 3 Mbps Widely supported by telecommunications, PC, and consumer electronics companies

OFDM/MIMO is core link technology A physical layer operating in the 2 to 66 GHz range
Different for different countries. Bandwidth is 3.5-10 MHz

Fixed ( (802.16d) ) vs. Mobile ( (802.16e) ) WiMAX

Fixed: 75 Mbps max, up to 50 mile cell radius Mobile: 15 Mbps max, up to 1-2 mile cell radius

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Introduction

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Ultrawideband Radio (UWB)

UWB is an impulse radio: sends pulses of tens of picoseconds(10-12) to nanoseconds (10-9)
Duty cycle of only a fraction of a percent

IEEE 802.15.4 / ZigBee Radios

Wireless personal area networks built from small, lowpower digital radios. ZigBee operates in the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio bands; 868 MHz in Europe, 915 MHz in the USA and Australia and 2.4 GHz in most jurisdictions worldwide. Data rates of 20, 40, 250 Kbps The low cost allows the technology to be widely deployed in wireless i l control t l and d monitoring it i applications li ti Very low power consumption

A carrier i i is not t necessarily il needed d d Uses a lot of bandwidth (GHz) High data rates, up to 500 Mbps 7.5 GHz of free spectrum in the U.S. (underlay) New UWB proposals (802.15.3): OFDM-based or CDMA-based Limited commercial success to date

Focus is primarily on low power sensor networks

Introduction 27 Introduction 28

Tradeoffs
802.11n 3G Rate 802.11g/a Power 802.11b UWB Bluetooth ZigBee Range

Backbone infrastructures: PSTN, Internet, and HFC

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3. Requirements and Design Challenges

Quality-of-Service (QoS) QoS refers to the requirements associated with a given application, typically rate and delay requirements. i It is hard to make a one-size-fits all network that supports requirements of different applications. Wired networks have much higher data rates and better reliability than wireless. QoS for all applications requires a cross-layer design approach.

Voice Delay Packet Loss BER Data Rate Traffic <100ms <1% 10-3 8-32 Kbps Continuous

Data 0 10-6 1-100 Mbps Bursty

Video <100ms <1% 10-6 1-20 Mbps Continuous

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Future Generations
Other Tradeoffs: Rate vs. Coverage Rate vs. Delay Rate vs. Cost Rate vs. Energy

Radio Communication
Three main problems:
The path loss Noise Sharing the radio spectrum

Rate 802.11n 4G

802.11b WLAN

3G

2G

Wimax/3G

2G Cellular Mobility

Fundamental Design Breakthroughs Needed

Introduction 33 Introduction 34

4. Fundamental concepts
Simplex Half-duplex Full-duplex
The 2 channels can be separated in frequency Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) The 2 channels can be separated in time to share a single physical channel Time Division Duplex (TDD)

FDD vs TDD

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Introduction

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Multiple Access
Multiple access

Multiple Access

FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) TDMA ( (Time Division Multiple p Access) ) SDMA (Space Division Multiple Access) SSMA (Spread Spectrum Multiple Access)
- FHMA (Frequency Hopped Multiple Access) - CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

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Introduction

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Multiple Access

Multiple Access

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Introduction

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The Cellular Concept

Before Cellular Systems

Introduction

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Introduction

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One call per channel

The Cellular Concept

Why cellular?
Radio spectrum is a finite resource. How to accommodate a large g number of users over a large geographic area within a limited radio spectrum? The solution is the use of cellular structure which allows frequency reuse.

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The Cellular Concept

The Cellular Concept

The large geographic area is divided into smaller areas cells. Each cell has its own base station providing g coverage only for that cell. Each base station is allocated a portion of the total number of channels available to the entire system. Neighboring base stations are assigned different groups of channels to minimize interference. The same group of channels can be reused by another base station located sufficiently far away to keep co-channel interference levels within tolerable limits.

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Introduction

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The Cellular Concept

The Cellular Concept

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Introduction

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Cellular Systems Reuse channels to maximize capacity

Geographic region divided into cells Frequency/timeslots/codes/ reused at spatially-separated locations. Co-channel interference between same color cells. Base stations/MTSOs (Mobile Telephone Switching Office ) coordinate h d ff and handoff d control t lf functions ti Shrinking cell size increases capacity, as well as networking burden

Cellular Phone Networks

San Francisco

BS

BS

Internet
BASE STATION

New York
MTSO

MTSO

MTSO

PSTN

BS

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Introduction

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3G: ITU-developed, UMTS/IMT-2000

Spectrum Regulation Spectral Allocation in Vietnam controlled by the ARFM (Authority of Radio Frequency Management) ARMF auctions spectral blocks for set applications applications. Some spectrum set aside for universal use Worldwide spectrum controlled by ITU-R Regulation is a necessary evil.

Global Satellite Suburban Urban In-Building

Macrocell

Microcell

Picocell

Basic Terminal PDA Terminal Audio/Visual Terminal

Innovations in regulation being considered worldwide, including underlays, overlays, and cognitive radios
51 Introduction 52

Introduction

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US Spectrum allocation today

Many devices use the same radio band

Coexistence Challenge:

Technical Solutions:
Interference Cancellation Smart/Cognitive Radios
Introduction 53 Introduction 54

Standards Interacting systems require standardization Companies want their systems adopted as standard
Alternatively try for de-facto standards

Emerging Systems
4th generation cellular (4G)
OFDMA will be PHY layer (like Wimax) Other new features and bandwidth still in flux

Standards determined by TIA/CTIA in US

IEEE standards often adopted Process fraught with inefficiencies and conflicts

Ad hoc/mesh wireless networks Cognitive radios Sensor networks Distributed control networks

Worldwide standards determined by ITU-T

In Europe, ETSI is equivalent of IEEE

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Cognitive Radio Paradigms

Cognitive Radio Networks

Cognitive radio of a spectrum hole and opportunistic spectrum sharing

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Key Techniques
Adaptive Techniques
Link, MAC, network, and application adaptation Resource management g and allocation (p (power control)

Subject contents

Chapter 1: Cellular concept Chapter 2: Large scale path loss Chapter 3: GSM architecture Mid-term Chapter 4: Chapter 5: Chapter 6: Chapter 7: Small-scale fading and multipath Equalization and diversity CDMA Mobile networks

Diversity techniques
Link diversity (space, time, frequency) Access diversity Route diversity

Multiplexing
Spatial multiplexing (MIMO, beamforming) Frequency multiplexing (OFDM, multi-carrier)
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Grading

Projects
1) Channel simulation: Flat/frequency selective fading, time-varying channels, small/large fading

Mid term exam: 30% Mid-term Homework and project: 20% Final exam: 50%

2) OFDM: spectrum, BER, ICI cancellation 3) MIMO: space-time code, multiplexing, beamforming. 4) Cognitive Radio: underlay, underlay overlay 5) Wireless Relay Networks: AF, DF relay, single/multiple hops

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