1st Law Thermo

1.
OBJECTIVE Application of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics to a flow process (i.e ; process Undergone by open-system).
2.
INTRODUCTION
3.
COMPONENT AND EQUIPMENT
Figure 2
4.
PROCEDURE
1. The apparatus is arranged as shown in figure 2. 2. The inlet and outlet valve of cylinder is opened. 3. The pump control valve at water service unit was fully open. 4. The pump is turned ON. 5. The pump control valve slowly closed. Now water is pumping into upper tank. The water level will increase at the upper tank visible pipe meter. 6. The pump adjusted until the water level is maintained at 60cm height. 7. The outlet valve of cylinder is closed. 8. The gas stove burner is light up at middle level and wait for 10 minutes. 9. The outlet valve of the cylinder is slowly opened about half opening. 10. The gas stove burner is opened to maximum level and wait for 5 minutes. 11. The inlet temperature T1 and outlet temperature T2 is measured. 12. Time for 1 liter water discharge from outlet valve measured. 13. The data is recorded in Table 1. 14. The pump is turned OFF.
5.
RESULTS
No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Parameter Inlet Temperature Outlet Temperature Time for 1 liter water Different inlet and outlet Inlet pipe diameter Outlet pipe diameter Cross section at inlet Cross section at outlet Mean velocity inlet Mean velocity outlet
Symbol T1 T2 t z2 z1 din dout Ain Aout C1 C2
Value 30.5 C 35.0 C 14 second 15.5 meter 22 mm 22 mm 380.13 mm2 380.13 mm2 0.0935 m/s 0.0935 m/s
Calculation Since the inlet and outlet pipe diameter is same. Thus the A1 and A2 will be the same. A1 = A2 = A
i. find flow rate, Q 1000liter = 1m 1 liter = 0.001m
ii. find velocity, V
iii. mean of velocity inlet, C1 and outlet, C2
6.
DISCUSSION / EVALUATION AND QUESTION
The first law of thermodynamics is the application of the conservation of energy principle to heat and thermodynamic processes. The first law makes use of the key concepts of internal energy, heat, and system work. It is used extensively in the discussion of heat engines. The standard unit for all these quantities would be the joule (J). A simple example can be of water stored in a dam. This water has a potential energy due to its height. When this water falls down, this potential energy is converted into kinetic energy. This kinetic energy then rotates the turbines and electricity is produced. So the potential energy gets converted to kinetic energy which in turn helps us to produce electricity and thereby the total energy remains constant. The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only altered in form. In analyzing an open system using the First Law of Thermodynamics, the energy into the system is equal to the energy leaving the system. If the fluid passes through various processes and then eventually returns to the same state it began with, the system is said to have undergone acyclic process. The first law is used to analyze a cyclic process. The energy entering any component is equal to the energy leaving that component at steady state. The amount of energy transferred across a heat exchanger is dependent upon the temperature of the fluid entering the heat exchanger
from both sides and the flow rates of these fluids. A T-s diagram can be used to represent thermodynamic processes. A steady ow process is one in which matter and energy ow steadily in and out of an open system. In a steady ow process, the properties of the ow remain unchanged with time, that is, the properties are frozen in time. But, the properties need not be the same in all points of the ow. When a system is at an equilibrium state, the properties are steady in time and uniform in space. By properties being uniform in space, we mean that a property, such as pressure, has the same value at each and every point in the system. Many engineering devices operate essentially under unchanged conditions for long periods. For example, the industrial appliances such as turbines, compressors, heat exchangers and pumps may operate nonstop at steady state for months before they are shut down for maintenance. In this section, we will deal with devices such as nozzles, turbines, compressors, heat exchangers, boilers, and condensers. The emphasis will, however, be on the overall functions of the devices, and the steady ow energy equation will be applied to these devices treating them more or less like black boxes.
6.2 Calculate the heat supply to the system Q12. Show all your calculation. Since the temperature for inlet and outlet is different. Thus the specific enthalpy is different. i. specific enthalpy at inlet of system, h1
ii. specific enthalpy at outlet of system, h2
Steady flow energy equation Since the A1 = A2 , so C1 = C2 then Kinetic energy (KE) = 0 For steady flow devices, the control volume is constant, thus there is no boundary work involved. ( )
7.
CONCLUSION

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1.

COMPONENT AND EQUIPMENT

Symbol T1 T2 t z2 z1 din dout Ain Aout C1 C2

i. find flow rate, Q 1000liter = 1m 1 liter = 0.001m

ii. find velocity, V

iii. mean of velocity inlet, C1 and outlet, C2

DISCUSSION / EVALUATION AND QUESTION

ii. specific enthalpy at outlet of system, h2

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