1
Power transmission
Components used to transmit power: gears, belt, clutch and brakes.
Gear
Objective:
Student must be able to force analysis, stress analysis using basic formula and AGMA (bending stress and surface stress)
Type of gear:
Spur gear only
Types of Gear a) Spur Gear
Teeth is parallel to axis of rotation Can transmit power from one shaft to another parallel shaft
b)
Helical gear
Teeth is inclined to the axis of rotation Smoother than spur Develop thrust load (helix angle) Can transmit power from one shaft to a parallel and non-parallel shaft
c)
Bevel gear
Teeth on conical surfaces Transmit power between two intersecting shafts
d)
Worm gear Transmit power between intersecting shafts two
Terminologies
A pair of gears can represented as 2 circles d1 = Nm d2 = Nm
where: N : number of teeth m : module note: mating gear must have same m
Module: is the ratio if diametral pitch and number of teeth m = d/N [mm] Face Width (F) : width of the tooth Addendum [a] : distance between top face of the tooth to pitch circle Dedendum [b] : distance between pitch diameter to bottom of the gear In the following : we only concentrates on full depth gear
Full depth tooth
When the offset occurs between pitch. not full-depth tooth, which is called stub Undercut: resulted from number of tooth is less than the minimum number of tooth suggested. Results: higher stresses at the root of the tooth.
Backlash : gap between mating tooth. The gap can be used for lubrication
5 Contact Ratio: the number of tooth in contact during meshing. Roughly spur gear (1.4 to 1.8 )
Pinion and Gear : pinion is driver and gear is driven
Gear Parameters
Metric Imperial Module m = d/N Diametral Pitch P= N/d (inverse to module)
One pair of gear must have the same module
Pressure Angle: 200, 22.5o, 250 Table 13-1: relationship between addendum (a) and dedundum (b) Table 13-2: Available pitch diametral and module.
Gear Train
V2 = V3
Known that
60 where : n : revolution / min it
V=
dn
d 2 n 2 = d 3 n 3
d 2 n2 = d 3 n3
Equation 1
For a pair of gear m2 = m3
d2 d3 = N2 N3
Equation 2
From Eq 1 and 2
d 2 N 2 n3 = = d 3 N 3 n2
Significance: d increases N increase d increases n reduces to reduce rpm requires small pinion and larger gear and vice versa.
Gear Train (continued)
3 4
V2 = V3 and V3 = V4 Therefore V2 = V3 = V4
From previous formula:
N2 n3 = N3 n2 N2 n2 = N3 n3
Gear 2 and 3
n3 =
Gear 3 and 4
N2 n2 N3
N3 n3 N4
(1)
n4 =
Eq (1) in eq (2)
(2)
n4 =
nL =
N3 N2 n2 N4 N3
product of driving tooth numbers nF product of driven tooth numbers
where: nL : rotational speed of last gear (output) nF : rotational speed of first gear (input)
Train value
e=
product of driving tooth numbers product of driven tooth numbers
Planetary Gear
5 4 2 3
Gear 2: Sun gear Gear 3: Arm Gear 4: Planet Gear Gear 5: Ring Gear
Assumption Arm Fixed:
4 2 3
Train value
e=
N2 N 4 N5 N 4 N5 N6
3 MAGIC FORMULAE FOR FBD ANALYSIS ON GEAR
Torque
d T = Wt 2
[ Nm ]
Wt: tangential force
Speed
V =
dn
60
[m / s]
D: pitch diameter in [m] N: rotational speed [rpm]
Power
H = WtV
[ watts ]
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Force Analysis (Free Body Diagram)
Input rpm direction: cw
To transfer power, T must exist. When the pinion rotates, tooth from gear against the movement direction Wt32 must against the direction of rotation Wt32 = H / V T2 = Wt32. d2/2 Due to pressure angle, Wr32 (radial force) is generated Wr32 = Wt32 tan
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On Gear 3,
Wt23 and Wr23 must in the opposite direction. To be statically analytical, T3 is against Wt23 T3 = Wt23. d3/2 Note: Wt23 can be calculated using Wt32= H/ V, please remember that all the parameters must be based on gear 3.
Discuss example 13-7
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Example You are responsible to design a gear system for speed reducer. The speed reducer is a two stage reduction which each pinion has 18T (Gear 2 and 4 in Figure 1). One of the constraints is that the maximum allowable reduction is 10 at each stage. Based on this, answer the following questions. a. Suggest the two possible number of teeth for Gear 3 and 5 if the speed has to be reduced by 24 times. Note: if Gear 3 has X teeth and Gear 5 has Y teeth and vice versa, the answer is considered as one) Number of Tooth Gear 3 Gear 5 Combination 1 ________ ________ Combination 2 ________ ________ Assume gear 3 and 5 have 72 and 90 teeth respectively and comprises of m = 4 and 200 pressure angle gears. The motor is 8kW at 100 rpm clockwise. b. Calculate the rpm of the output shaft. c. Draw and calculate all the resultant forces on all of the gears. d. Based on the above calculation, discuss the relationship between torque and gear ratio.
18T 2 Syaf masukan dari motor
18T 4 Syaf Keluaran 3 5
Figure 1
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Example The figure below shows a dual output power transmission system. A 8kW motor with 1000 rpm in clockwise direction is attached to shaft 1 at A. 40% of the power is delivered to shaft 2 using gear 2 and 4 and the remaining 60% of the power is delivered to shaft 3 via gear 3 and 5. All the gear module is 2 mm (m = 2mm) with pressure angle of 200. Based on this information, answer the following questions a) Draw the FBD for every gear and also calculate all the forces and torques if the speed of both output shafts have been reduced by 3. b) Calculate N5 if torque on shaft 2 and 3 is equal and N4 is 72.
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Failure Types
Bending: resulted from bending stress. Wt act on the tooth Lewis formula and AGMA
Pitting:
resulted from surface stress Repetition of high contact stresses
Scoring:
resulted from insufficiency of lubrication
Bending Stresses
Wt = FmY
Basic Formula:
*take note that there are two formulae in pair in the textbook (imperial and metric)
Assumption Basic Formula Cantilever Beam Problem Ft is carried by one tooth only. However, dynamic effects are present when a pair of gear at moderate and high speed. ( KV)
' KV Wt = FmY
eq 14-8 pp719
Y: Lewis form factor Table 14-2 pp 718. (interpolation if it is required)
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Dynamic Effect
' = KV
3.05 + V 3.05 6.1 + V 6.1
(cast iron, cast profile) (cut or milled profile)
' = KV
' KV =
3.56 + V 3.56
(hobbed or shaped profile)
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K 'V =
5.56 + V 5.56
(finishing process on gears: shaved or ground profile)
SURFACE DURABILITY
Surface Stresses (compressive ve)
K W 1 1 2 C = CP V t + F cos r1 r 2
1
= pressure angle P = pinion G = gear Cp = elastic coefficient
2 1 CP = 2 2 1 P 1 G E + E G P
1
= Poisson Ration (Table A-5 ) E = Modulus of Elasticity (Table A-5)
Radius of curvature of the tooth profile
r1 = dp sin
2 d sin r2 = G 2
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Example
A 19-TOOTH 300 Bhn HOBBED STEEL SPUR GEAR PINION TRANSMITS 15 Kw AT A PINION SPEED OF 360 rev/min TO A 77 TOOTH OF THE SAME MATERIAL GEAR. THE FACE WIDTH IS 75 mm, = 200 AND m = 6mm. a) USING LEWIS FORMULA CALCULATE THE STRESSES DUE TO BENDING AND THE CONTACT STRESSES? b) CALCULATE THE F.S OF THE CONTACT STRESSES AGAINST CONTACT STRESS ENDUCRANCE LIMIT (Sc)?
