TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING I Chapter: I Introduction

Transportation Engineering: Definition: The application of technological and scientific principles to the planning, design, operation and management of facilities for any mode of transportation in order to provide for the safe, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical and environmentally compatible movement of people and goods. Transportation System lassified as! Passenger Transportation and "reight transportation

I Primary modes of transportation $igh%ays B .&ail%ays Domestic b. International (ater Transportation b. oastal c. )cean a. Inland 'ir Transportation a. #and transportation a.

II Secondary modes of transportation Transportation System System: ' system is a set of interrelated parts that perform a n,mber of f,nctions in order to achieve common goals. Transportation system consists of fixed facilities, flow entities and control system %hich permit people and goods to travel from one place to another. "i-ed facilities are physical component of the system that are fi-ed in space and constit,te the net%or. of lin.s and nodes of transportation system. "lo% entities are ,nits that traverse the fi-ed facilities. &ope%ays * able based cabin+ Pipe lines *(ater, gas, se%er+ anal *Irrigation, %ater drainage+ Belt onveyors

Dr.P. B. Shahi. Transportation engineering I

ontrol system may be vehic,lar control or flo% control. /ehic,lar control refers to the technological %ay in %hich vehicles are g,ided on the fi-ed facilities. It may be man,al or a,tomated. "lo% control consists of the means that permit efficient and smooth operation of vehicle and the red,ction of conflict sit,ations e.g. the traffic control system. $igh%ay Transport 'dvantages! Disadvantages: environmental effect+ motori1ation+ Constraints on the deve op!ent of various !odes of transportation in Nepa "i#h$a%s: mo,ntaino,s+ landslide etc+ $ydrological *&iver system+ 3n,mber of river crossings 3r,n3off is very high in monsoon and velocity is high+ #ac. of financial reso,rces Technological development. Poor geological condition * ,nstable soil, Diffic,lt geographical condition *$illy and Delay and congestion *Problem of #and coverage Environmental poll,tion &ate of accident is high Energy cons,mption 2neconomical *d,e to (ide geographical coverage. #arge infl,ence area #o% capital investment Door to door service "le-ibility 0,ic. and ass,red deliveries $ighest employment potential #o% cost pac.aging Personali1ed travel and service Economy )verall development of the co,ntry.

accident and

Dr.P. B. Shahi. Transportation engineering I

Rai $a%s: e-perience+ 4eological condition $ydrological condition. Initial investment is high 4eographical condition Technological development*lac.

of

'ater$a%s: *5epal is land3loc. co,ntry so only inland transportation is possible+ Air$a%s: affordable for each people. )nly for small aircraft6 helicopters. Transportation cost is very high and not $igh velocity of %ater in monsoon period (ater level in rivers

Road Transportation En#ineerin#

It is a branch of civil engineering, most pop,lar modes of transportation, %hich deals %ith art, science and techni7,es of planning, design, constr,ction and maintenance of roads and high%ays. It also incl,des traffic engineering. Scope of transportation En#ineerin# Stages: 8. Development planning and location 3$istorical bac.gro,nd: Basis for planning! 9aster plan! Engineering s,rveys and high%ay alignment. :. $igh%ay Design, geometric and str,ct,res 3&oad geometrics and their design,: rigid and fle-ible pavements! design factors and thic.ness design: design of drainage system. ;. Traffic performance and its control 3Traffic st,dies and analysis! traffic reg,lation and control! intersection design and their controls %ith signs! signals, islands, and mar.ings. <. 9aterials, constr,ction and maintenance

&

Dr.P. B. Shahi. Transportation engineering I

3$igh%ay materials and mi- design! high%ay constr,ction! earth %or.! constr,ction of different type of pavements! pavement fail,res! maintenance of pavements and drainage system. =. Economics, finance and 'dministration 3road ,ser cost and economic analysis of high%ay pro>ects! high%ay finance and phasing of e-pendit,res.

"istorica deve op!ent of road construction

The first road is constr,cted by abo,t 8?@@ B. . *Assyrian empire+. D,ring the period of the &oman Empire, roads %ere constr,cted in large scale and the earliest constr,ction techni7,es .no%n are of &oman roads. So &oman roads are considered to be the pioneers in road constr,ction. Ro!an Roads )&12 *+C,

The !ain features of the Ro!an roads 3They %ere b,ilt straight regardless of gradients. 3They %ere b,ilt after the soft soil %as removed and a hard strat,m %as reached. 3They %ere b,ilt %itho,t side drains. 3Thic.ness of the constr,ction is very high *@.A=38.: meters at some places+

Tresa#uet construction )1--. A+D,

Dr.P. B. Shahi. Transportation engineering I

Sloping wearing surface (1 in 45) 5 cm thick Shoulder sloping 1 in 20 2#! m

"0 cm

Side drain

Larger foundation stones on edge 1! cm thick

Broken stones 8 cm thick

Fig. 1.2 Typical cross section of Tresaguets Construction

The !ain features of Tresa#uet construction 3The thic.ness of constr,ction needs ;@cm. 3 ross slope of 8 in <= to the s,rface, to provide s,rface drainage. 3The sho,lders also provided %ith cross slope *I in :@+ to drain the s,rface %ater to the side drain. Te ford construction )1/0&,

The !ain features of Te ford construction: 3#arge fo,ndation stones of varying thic.ness provide the cross slope. 3To provide lateral stability, a bloc. made of bro.en stones in lime mortar %as provided. 1acada! Construction )1/2-,

Dr.P. B. Shahi. Transportation engineering I

The !ain features of 1acada!3s construction:

3The ne% method of road constr,ction as compared to all the previo,s methods. 3S,b3grade %as compacted and prepared %ith a cross slope of 8 in ;B. 3$eavy fo,ndation stones are not necessary to be placed at the bottom layer of the constr,ction *stress belo% the %heel %ill be red,ced as depth increases+. Total thic.ness of constr,ction %as less than previo,s methods. 3The pavement s,rface %as also prepared %ith a cross slope of 8 in ;B. 3/ario,s improved method %ere based on 9acadamCs constr,ction still ,se are .no%n after his name. S,ch as (ater Bo,nd 9acadam, Penetration 9acadam and Bit,mino,s 9acadam constr,ction.

1odern Roads
Typical cross section of modern road:

Dr.P. B. Shahi. Transportation engineering I

Development of heavy vehicle and need of high speed res,lted to the more stable and d,rable pavement str,ct,res. r,shed stone of different gradation are s,itable for compaction and interloc.ing bet%een them. Top layer of the pavement is constr,cted by stone aggregates bo,nd by bit,men, tar or other binding materials. "or good friction to the %heel and to resist the forces d,ring movement, s,rface treatment *thin layer+ is constr,cted. Pavement is designed by considering %heel loads, nat,ral soil and other constr,ction materials. 9odern roads are constr,cted according to Standards, 5orms and Proced,res, developed by government a,thority.

&oad constr,ction In 5epal 3Department of &oads *Do&+ Strategic &oad 5et%or.! 8+. 5ational $igh%ays *5$+ :+. "eeder &oads *"&+ 9inistry of #ocal Development: 3Do#ID'&3 *Department of #ocal Infrastr,ct,re Development and 'gric,lt,ral &oads+. 8+. District &oad :+. /illage &oads 9etropolitan ity: 8+. 2rban &oads 9inistry of Physical planning and (or.s:

&oad onstr,ction in 5epal Dear 8?=8 8?=B 8?E@ . . :@@@ . . :@@< #ength of road! .m ;AB B:< <?<@ . . 8=,?@= . 8A,:E@ &oad Density! .m68@@ .m: @.; @.< ;.< . . [email protected] . . 88.A

lassification of roads

Dr.P. B. Shahi. Transportation engineering I

'ccording to 5epal &oad Standard *Sec. &ev. :@=@+ provides for five classes of roads in 5epal. I+ 8. Genera C assification: 5ational $igh%ays *5$+ 5ational high%ays are the main high%ays connecting East to (est, 5orth to So,th. The roads connecting 5$ to regional head7,arters are also classified as 5ational $igh%ays. There are 8= 5$ in 5epal. " 01 4 " 01.+ "01 5 9ahendra &a>marg "02 Tribh,%an &a>marg "0& 'rni.o &a>marg . . . "01. Seti &a>marg :.

5ational $igh%ays *5$+

"eeder &oads *"&+ "eeder roads are of secondary nat,re in the road net%or.. They connect district head 7,arters or 1onal head 7,arters to 5$. "eeder roads are f,rther classified into 3"eeder road3ma>or *''DTF8@@veh. 6day+ and 3 "eeder road minor. There are =8 "& in 5epal: "@83 Birtamod3 handragadhi "@:3 Pada>,ngi dam.34a,rig,n> . . . "=83 Silgadhi3Sanfeba>ar. District &oads *D&+ These roads give access to one or more villages to the nearest mar.et or higher classes of roads. 2rban &oads *2&+ &oads %ithin the ,rban limit of m,nicipality bo,ndary, e-cept for the above classes, passing thro,gh the city. /illage &oads */&+ These roads incl,de short roads lin.ing single villages directly to the D&. Accordin# to the functiona i!portance of the roads:

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8. The Strategic &oad 5et%or.: 35$ and "&3 &oads in this net%or. are the main responsibility of Do&. :. The District Transport 5et%or.: 3D&, 9ain trac. and 9ain Trails. ;. The 2rban &oad 5et%or.: 3'll non3strategic roads %ithin the m,nicipality bo,ndaries.

Dr.P. B. Shahi. Transportation engineering I

<. The /illage Transport 5et%or.: 3 Incl,de short roads, trac.s and local trails lin.ing single villages to the District Transport 5et%or..

Nationa Transport Net$or7

Importance of national transport net%or.: prod,cts Distrib,tion of Ind,strial prod,cts 5ational integrity Social and regional >,stice Political balance #ong distance travel 5ational economy )verall development of co,ntry &ational distrib,tion of agric,lt,ral

8r9an Road Net$or7

2rban road net%or. is the road system %ithin the ,rban areas. 2rban road net%or. may be classified as: 'rterial S,b3'rterial ollector streets #ocal streets

Road patterns in ur9an area

8+ :+ ;+ <+ =+ &ectang,lar pattern &adial6star and bloc. pattern &adial star and circ,lar pattern &adial star and grid pattern $e-agonal patterns

Rectan#u ar or 9 oc7 pattern

Radia or star and circu ar pattern

Dr.P. B. Shahi. Transportation engineering I

Radia or star and 9 oc7 pattern

"e:a#ona pattern

&adial or star and grid pattern

;i#+ 1+2 road patterns

Rin# Road
&ing road is a lin. ro,ghly circ,mferential abo,t the centre for an ,rban area and %hich permits traffic to avoid the centre. The main traffic generator is located %ithin the central area. #ac.s of s,itable by3pass for thro,gh traffic, central area becomes congested. Sol,tion for this problem is to b,ild a ring road aro,nd the central b,siness area. Depending ,pon the pop,lation first, second and third ring road may be developed.

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Dr.P. B. Shahi. Transportation engineering I