International Journal of Engineering Research and Development

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International Journal of Engineering Research and Development e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.

com Volume 9, Issue 12 (February 2014), PP. 45-53

Performance of Concrete with Granite Slab Waste as Coarse Aggregate at Elevated Temperatures
Shibi Varghese1, Eldhose M.Manjummekudiyil2, Jomol Zacharia3
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, M A College of Engineering, Kothamangalam, Kerala, India1 Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, M A College of Engineering, Kothamangalam, Kerala, India2 M.Tech Student, Department of Civil Engineering, M A College of Engineering, Kothamangalam, Kerala, India3 Abstract:- The increased use of concrete can cause the extinction of natural aggregates. So it is necessary to find alternatives for the coarse and fine aggregates used, which should be easily available and economical as well. The paper has been aimed to study the suitability of granite slab waste as coarse aggregate in concrete and also to study its properties at elevated temperatures. Waste pieces from the industry were broken to 20 mm and down size and were used as coarse aggregates for concrete. Concrete specimens were tested after being heated to temperatures of 2000C, 4000C and 6000C and cooled to room temperature, for their compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength and Modulus of Elasticity. A comparative study was done with concrete made with conventional aggregates.

I.

INTRODUCTION

Concrete is used more than any other man made material on the planet. The annual consumption of concrete is as much as two tones per person per year globally. This situation has led to a fast depletion of available resources. This has led to the researches on the suitability of waste materials as aggregates for concrete. Recently granite slabs are widely used for flooring of buildings. When these slabs are cut to required sizes and shape, a lot of material is coming as waste. These waste pieces are dumped into the land and it causes many environmental problems. If these waste pieces can be used as aggregates, it become a new source of aggregates and also acts as a waste disposal method. From the literature studies, it is known that relatively few studies are done on Granite Slab Waste. So the project has been aimed to study the suitability of granite slab waste as coarse aggregate in concrete and also to study its properties at elevated temperatures. Properties to be tested are Compressive Strength Flexural Strength, Splitting Tensile Strength. Conduct an economic study of usage of waste plastic powder as supplementary material in place of cement in ordinary concrete.

II.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Scope of study is limited to testing M20 mix specimens with granite slab waste as coarse aggregate at ambient temperature and at elevated temperatures for compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength and modulus of elasticity. Comparison is done with that of conventional concrete of the same mix. Table I Physical Properties Of Cement Specific gravity 3.0 36 Standard consistency 76 Initial setting time in minutes 595 Final setting time in minutes Average compressive strength in MPa 26 7days 33 28 days Portland pozzalana cement of Dalmia Brand name

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Performance of Concrete with Granite Slab Waste as Coarse Aggregate at Elevated Temperatures Table ii Physical Properties Of Sand Specific Gravity 2.884 1.81% Water Absorption 2.458 Fineness Modulus ZONE I Grading 42 Bulking Table iii.Sieve Analysis Results Of Fine Aggregate IS Sieve Percentage of Passing IS Limits for zone I 4.75mm 100 100 2.36mm 91.2 90 to 100 1.18mm 71.9 60to 95 600microns 52.9 30 to 70 300microns 29.5 15to 34 150microns 8.7 5 to 20 Pan 0 0to10 Table iv .Properties Of Coarse Aggregate Used In Control Mix Specific Gravity 2.63 0.5% Water Absorption 8.234 Fineness Modulus 31.1% Aggregate Crushing Value Table v .Sieve Analysis Results Of Coarse Aggregate Used In Control Mix IS Sieve Percentage of Passing 25mm 100 20mm 75.3 12.5mm 1.3 10mm 0 4.75mm 0 Table vi Properties Of Granite Slab Waste Aggregate Specific Gravity 2.81 0.2% Water Absorption 8.186 Fineness Modulus 18.5% Aggregate Crushing Value Table vii .Sieve Analysis Results Of Granite Slab Waste Aggregate IS Sieve Percentage of Passing 25mm 100 20mm 70 12.5mm 8.6 10mm 2.8 4.75mm 0 Superplasticizer Super plasticizer helps to reduce the water content, thereby effective control on the water cement ratio can be maintained and thus improves strength. In this research work, a commercially available water reducing admixture (Conplast SP-430S) is used as a super plasticizer. Type: Sulphonated Naphthalene Formaldehyde Polymer based SP, Specific Gravity: 1.220 to 1.225 at 30C. The dosage of this super plasticizer is 0.5% by weight of cement.

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Performance of Concrete with Granite Slab Waste as Coarse Aggregate at Elevated Temperatures

III.

Table viii Materials Required For 1 M 3 Of Concrete Control mix 360kg Cement 162 kg Water 835 kg Fine aggregate 1151 kg Coarse aggregate 1.8 kg Chemical admixture 0.45 Water cement ratio

MIX PROPORTIONING OF M20 GRADE CONCRETE


Granite slab waste mix 390 kg 156 kg 779 kg 1240 kg 1.95 kg 0.4

IV.

HEATING OF SPECIMENS

The specimens which completed 28 days of curing are then placed in an electrically heated air circulating tempering furnace. The inside of oven is cylindrically shaped with 400mm diameter and 600mm height. The working temperature of the furnace is at 750 oC to 800oC of power 18KW. At a time 3 specimens were placed in the furnace. The tests were performed at three different temperatures (200 0C, 4000C and 600oC). After attaining the desired temperature, the specimens were kept in the oven about 40minutes so that the inside portion of the specimen will also attain the same temperature.

V.

COOLING THE SPECIMENS

In this study, half of the heated specimens were cooled in water and the remaining were cooled in air (at room temperature) until they were at 28 oC.

VI.
Compressive Strength Type of cooling Temperature Control mix GSW mix

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Table Ix Cube Compressive Strength In N/Mm2 Air cooled Water cooled 0 0 0 Ambient 200 C 400 C 600 C 2000C 4000C temperature 29.22 24.0 23.4 11.2 27.2 23.7 31.11 27.2 26.6 11.3 26.7 22.2

6000C 11.3 9.5

From the results it can be seen that specimens of both the mixes loses compressive strength at elevated temperatures. For the water cooled specimens of the control mix, strength loss is lesser than that of air cooled specimens. This is because of the gain in strength of the specimens due to rehydration. These specimens were tested after 30 days of their cooling. For the air cooled GSW specimens strength loss is less than that of control mix for 2000C and 4000C. However at 6000C strength loss is slightly greater. But for the water cooled specimens strength loss is more for GSW mix specimens. Table X Compressive Strength Loss At Elevated Temperatures Type of cooling Air cooled Water cooled 0 0 0 200 C 400 C 600 C 2000C 4000C Temperature 6000C 18% 20% 62% 7% 19% Control mix 20% GSW mix 13% 14% 64% 13% 29% 69% The loss of strength observed at higher temperatures may be attributed to the loss of bound water, increased porosity, and consequently, the increased permeability. The reduction in the compressive strength of concrete was significantly larger for samples exposed to temperatures 600 0C. This result is due to the lost water of crystallization resulting in a reduction of the Ca(OH) 2content,in addition to the changes in the morphology and the formation of micro cracks.

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Performance of Concrete with Granite Slab Waste as Coarse Aggregate at Elevated Temperatures

35 Compressive Strength(N/mm2) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 200

Air cooled

Control GSW

400 600 800 Temperature(0C) Fig 1 Variation of Cube Compressive Strength for Air cooled Specimens

35 Compressive Strength(N/mm2) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 200

Water cooled

Control GSW

400 600 800 Temperature(0C) Fig 2 Variation of Cube Compressive Strength for Water cooled Specimens Split Tensile Strength Type of cooling Temperature Control mix GSW mix Table Xi Split Cylinder Tensile Strength In N/Mm2 Air cooled Water cooled Ambient 2000C 4000C 6000C 2000C 4000C temperature 2.84 2.41 1.89 0.56 2.88 2.05 3.15 2.26 1.71 0.40 3.03 1.97

6000C 0.76 0.66

Table Xii Reduction Of Split Cylinder Tensile Strength At Elevated Temperatures Type of cooling Air cooled Water cooled 2000C 4000C 6000C 2000C 4000C Temperature 6000C 15% 33% 80% -1.3% 28% Control mix 73% GSW mix 28% 46% 83% 4% 37% 79% From the results and graphs it is clear that split tensile strength for both type of specimens is reduced at higher temperatures. The percentage loss is higher for the GSW specimens. For the water cooled control mix specimen at 2000C,split tensile strength is slightly higher than that at 28 0C .Water cooled specimens show higher strength than air cooled specimens due to rehydration. In the case of GSW specimens also water cooled specimens show higher values of tensile strength than air cooled specimens.But gain in strength is less at 6000C.

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Performance of Concrete with Granite Slab Waste as Coarse Aggregate at Elevated Temperatures

Air Cooled
Split Tensile Strength(N/mm2) 4 3 2 1 0 0 200 400 Temperature(0C) Fig 3 Variation of Split Tensile Strength for Air cooled Specimens 600 800 Control GSW

Water Cooled
Split Tensile STrength(N/mm2) 4 3 2 1 0 0 200 400 600 800 Control GSW

Temperature(0C) Fig 4 Variation of Split Tensile Strength for Water cooled Specimens Flexural Strength Type of cooling Temperature Control mix GSW mix Table Xiii Beam Flexural Strength In N/Mm2 Air cooled Water cooled 0 0 0 Ambient 200 C 400 C 600 C 2000C 4000C temperature 5.8 5.72 2.98 1.11 5.96 4.22 5.86 5.52 2.12 0.44 5.64 2.14

6000C 1.14 0.4

Table Xiv Reduction Of Beam Flexural Strength At Elevated Temperatures Type of cooling Air cooled Water cooled 0 0 0 200 C 400 C 600 C 2000C 4000C Temperature 6000C 1% 49% 81% -5.8% 27% Control mix 80% GSW mix 6% 64% 84% 4% 63% 82% From the results,it is clear that flexural strength deccreases with increase in temperature.Strength loss is higher for GSW specimens. In the case of control mix and GSW mix water cooled specimens show higher strength than air cooled specimens due to rehydration.But gain in strength is less for GSW specimens.

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Performance of Concrete with Granite Slab Waste as Coarse Aggregate at Elevated Temperatures

Air cooled
Flexural strength(N/mm2) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 200 400 Temperature (0C) Fig 5 Variation of Flexural Strength of air cooled specimens 600 800

Control GSW

Water cooled
Flexural trength (N/mm2) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 200 400 Temperature (0C) Fig 6 Variation of Flexural Strength of Water cooled specimens Modulus Of Elasticity Type of cooling Temperature Control mix GSW mix Table Xv Modulus Of Elasticity Of Concrete Air cooled Water cooled Ambient 2000C 4000C 6000C 2000C 4000C temperature 26408 27162 9054 2320 28294 9054 47534 41875 14524 1675 47534 10752 600 800 Control GSW

6000C 2433 1021

Table Xvireduction Of Modulus Of Elasticity At Elevated Temperatures Type of cooling Air cooled Water cooled 2000C 4000C 6000C 2000C 4000C Temperature 6000C -2.8% 66% 91% -7.1% 66% Control mix 91% GSW mix 12% 70% 96% 0% 77% 98% From the results it is clear that Modulus of elasticity reduces with increase of temperature for control mix and GSW mix. At 2000C control mix specimens have higher modulus of elasticity than that of 280C.But at higher temperatures,Modulus of elasticty is reduced greatly,as much as 91% at 600 0C.For GSW mix specimens reduction is more than that of control mix and reaches upto 98% at 600 0C

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Performance of Concrete with Granite Slab Waste as Coarse Aggregate at Elevated Temperatures Control mix 8 7

280C
GSW

Stress(N/mm2)

6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 0.00005

0.0001

0.00015 Strain

0.0002

0.00025

0.0003

Fig 7 Stress strain graph of specimens at 280C

2000C
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 0.00005 GSW waterco ol control mix GS water cool W air cool control mix air cool

Stress(N/mm2)

0.0001 0.00015 Strain

0.0002

0.00025

Fig 8 Stress strain graph of specimens at 200 0C GSW air cool 8 7 6 Stress(N/mm2) 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 0.0004 0.0006 Strain Fig 9 Stress strain graph of specimens at 400 0C 0.0002 0.0008

4000C

GSW control water mix water cool cool control mix air cool

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Performance of Concrete with Granite Slab Waste as Coarse Aggregate at Elevated Temperatures

8 7 6 Stress(N/mm2) 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 0.001 0.002 control mix water cool

6000C
GSW air cool GSW water cool

control mix air cool

0.003

0.004 Strain

0.005

0.006

0.007

0.008

Fig 10 Stress strain graph of specimens at 600 0C

VII.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

CONCLUSIONS

Waste pieces of granite slab can be used as coarse aggregates in the normal strength concrete. Compared to normal granite aggregates, GSW aggregates have higher value of specific gravity and crushing resistance. M20 mix designed for GSW mix needed 30 kg more cement than that of normal granite mix. In control and GSW mix concrete exposed to elevated temperatures, compressive, split tensile, flexural strength and modulus of elasticity decreases with increase in temperature. Cracks are developed in both type of specimens at higher temperature. Colour was observed on both type of specimens on outside and inside at elevated temperature. Percentage mass reduction at elevated temperature is slightly more for GSW specimens. In general GSW mix concrete can be used for normal strength concrete where it is not subjected to more than 2000C.

REFERENCES
[1]. [2]. [3]. [4]. Neville A.M, Properties of concrete, Third Edition, English Language Book Society, 1988. M.L Gambhir, Concrete Technology, TataMcGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd. New Delhi. Shetty.M.S, Concrete Technology Theory and Practice, S,Chand and Company Ltd,New Delhi. Sri Ravindrarajah, R., Residual Compressive and Tensile strengths for High strength Concrete Exposed to High-Temperature up to 800C, Proceedings International Conference on HPHSC, Perth, Australia, August 1998, 633-645 [5]. George C. Hoff, Alainbilodeo and V. Mohan Malhotra. Elevated Temperatures effects on H.S.C. Residual strength, Concrete International, April 2000, 41-47. [6]. K. Srinivasa Rao, M. Potha Raju, P.S.N. Raju A Study On Variation Of Compressive Strength Of High Strength Concrete At Elevated Temperatures 29th Conference on Our World In Concrete & Structures: 25 - 26 August 2004, Singapore [7]. Potha Raju M, Shobha M, , Rambabu K, Flexural strength of fly ash concrete under elevated temperatures Magazine of Concrete Research, 2004, 56, No. 2, [8]. De Souza. A. A. A. Moreno.A.L. JR, The effectof high temperatures on concrete compression strength, tensile strength and deformation modulus IBRACON Structures and Materials Journal Volume 3, Number 4 (December, 2010) p. 432 - 448 ISSN 1983-4195. [9]. K . Chandramouli, P. Srinivasa Rao, T. Seshadri Sekhar, N. Pannirselvam and P. Sravana Effect of Thermal Cycles on Compressive Strength of Different Grades of Concrete/ International Journal of Engineering and Technology Vol.3 (2), 2011, 106-118 [10]. M.A.Pathan , M.A.Jamnu Compressive Strength Of Conventional Concrete And High Strength Concrete With Temperature Effect International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies Vol. I/ Issue III/April-June, 2012/101-102

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Performance of Concrete with Granite Slab Waste as Coarse Aggregate at Elevated Temperatures [11]. IS: 1489-1991,Portland Pozzolana Cement Specification, Part I, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi. [12]. IS: 4031-1988, Methods of Physical Tests for Hydraulic Cement, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi. [13]. IS:650-1960,Specification for Standard Sand for Testing Cement, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi [14]. .IS 2386:1963, Methods of test for aggregates for concrete, Part I& III, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi [15]. IS: 383-1970 Specification for Coarse and Fine Aggregates from Natural Sources for Concrete, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi [16]. IS: 1199-1959,Methods of Sampling and Analysis of concrete, Bureau of Indian Standards,New Delhi. [17]. IS: 516-1959 Method of test for strength of concrete, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi [18]. IS: 456-2000 Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi [19]. IS:10262 -2009 Indian Standard Concrete Mix Proportioning Guidelines, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi [20]. IS: 3809-1979,Fire Resistance Test of Structures, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi

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