Python Network Programming Cookbook

Dr. M. O. Faruque Sarker

Chapter No.4 "Programming with HTTP for the Internet"

In this package, you will find:

A Biography of the author of the book A preview chapter from the book, Chapter NO.4 "Programming with HTTP for the Internet" A synopsis of the books content Information on where to buy this book

About the Author

Dr. M. O. Faruque Sarker is a software architect, and DevOps engineer who's currently working at University College London (UCL), United Kingdom. In recent years, he has been leading a number of Python software development projects, including the implementation of an interactive web-based scientific computing framework using the IPython Notebook service at UCL. He is a specialist and an expert in open source technologies, for example, e-learning and web application platforms, agile software development, and IT service management methodologies such as DSDM Atern and ITIL Service management frameworks. Dr. Sarker received his PhD in multirobot systems from University of South Wales where he adopted various Python open source projects for integrating the complex software infrastructure of one of the biggest multirobot experiment testbeds in UK. To drive his multirobot fleet, he designed and implemented a decoupled software architecture called hybrid event-driven architecture on D-Bus. Since 1999, he has been deploying Linux and open source software in commercial companies, educational institutions, and multinational consultancies. He was invited to work on the Google Summer of Code 2009/2010 programs for contributing to the BlueZ and Tahoe-LAFS open source projects.

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Currently, Dr. Sarker has a research interest in self-organized cloud architecture. In his spare time, he likes to play with his little daughter, Ayesha, and is keen to learn about child-centric educational methods that can empower children with self-confidence by engaging with their environment. I would like to thank everyone who has contributed to the publication of this book, including the publisher, technical reviewers, editors, friends, and my family members, specially my wife Shahinur Rijuani for her love and support in my work. I also thank the readers who have patiently been waiting for this book and who have given me lots of valuable feedback.

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Python Network Programming Cookbook

All praises be to God! I am glad that this book is now published, and I would like to thank everyone behind the publication of this book. This book is an exploratory guide to network programming in Python. It has touched a wide range of networking protocols such as TCP/ UDP, HTTP/HTTPS, FTP, SMTP, POP3, IMAP, CGI, and so forth. With the power and interactivity of Python, it brings joy and fun to develop various scripts for performing real-world tasks on network and system administration, web application development, interacting with your local and remote network, low-level network packet capture and analysis, and so on. The primary focus of this book is to give you a hands-on experience on the topics covered. So, this book covers less theory, but it's packed with practical materials. This book is written with a "devops" mindset where a developer is also more or less in charge of operation, that is, deploying the application and managing various aspects of it, such as remote server administration, monitoring, scaling-up, and optimizing for better performance. This book introduces you to a bunch of open-source, third-party Python libraries, which are awesome to use in various use cases. I use many of these libraries on a daily basis to enjoy automating my devops tasks. For example, I use Fabric for automating software deployment tasks and other libraries for other purposes, such as, searching things on the Internet, screenscraping, or sending an e-mail from a Python script. I hope you'll enjoy the recipes presented in this book and extend them to make them even more powerful and enjoyable.

What This Book Covers

Chapter 1, Sockets, IPv4, and Simple Client/Server Programming, introduces you to Python's core networking library with various small tasks and enables you to create your first clientserver application. Chapter 2, Multiplexing Socket I/O for Better Performance, discusses various useful techniques for scaling your client/server applications with default and third-party libraries. Chapter 3, IPv6, Unix Domain Sockets, and Network Interfaces, focuses more on administering your local machine and looking after your local area network.

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Chapter 4, Programming with HTTP for the Internet, enables you to create a mini commandline browser with various features such as submitting web forms, handling cookies, managing partial downloads, compressing data, and serving secure contents over HTTPS. Chapter 5, E-mail Protocols, FTP, and CGI Programming, brings you the joy of automating your FTP and e-mail tasks such as manipulating your Gmail account, and reading or sending e-mails from a script or creating a guest book for your web application. Chapter 6, Screen-scraping and Other Practical Applications, introduces you to various third-party Python libraries that do some practical tasks, for example, locating companies on Google maps, grabbing information from Wikipedia, searching code repository on GitHub, or reading news from the BBC. Chapter 7, Programming Across Machine Boundaries, gives you a taste of automating your system administration and deployment tasks over SSH. You can run commands, install packages, or set up new websites remotely from your laptop. Chapter 8, Working with Web Services XML-RPC, SOAP, and REST, introduces you to various API protocols such as XML-RPC, SOAP, and REST. You can programmatically ask any website or web service for information and interact with them. For example, you can search for products on Amazon or Google. Chapter 9, Network Monitoring and Security, introduces you to various techniques for capturing, storing, analyzing, and manipulating network packets. This encourages you to go further to investigate your network security issues using concise Python scripts.

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Programming with HTTP for the Internet

In this chapter, we will cover the following topics:

Downloading data from an HTTP server Serving HTTP requests from your machine Extracting cookie information after visiting a website Submitting web forms Sending web requests through a proxy server Checking whether a web page exists with the HEAD request Spoong Mozilla Firefox in your client code Saving bandwidth in web requests with the HTTP compression Writing an HTTP fail-over client with resume and partial downloading Writing a simple HTTPS server code with Python and OpenSSL

Introduction
This chapter explains Python HTTP networking library functions with a few third-party libraries. For example, the requests library deals with the HTTP requests in a nicer and cleaner way. The OpenSSL library is used in one of the recipes to create a SSL-enabled web server. Many common HTTP protocol features have been illustrated in a few recipes, for example, the web form submission with POST, manipulating header information, use of compression, and so on.

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Programming with HTTP for the Internet

Downloading data from an HTTP server

You would like to write a simple HTTP client to fetch some data from any web server using the native HTTP protocol. This can be the very rst steps towards creating your own HTTP browser.

How to do it...
Let us access www.python.org with our Pythonic minimal browser that uses Python's httplib. Listing 4.1 explains the following code for a simple HTTP client:
#!/usr/bin/env python # Python Network Programming Cookbook -- Chapter - 4 # This program is optimized for Python 2.7. # It may run on any other version with/without modifications.

import argparse import httplib REMOTE_SERVER_HOST = 'www.python.org' REMOTE_SERVER_PATH = '/' class HTTPClient: def __init__(self, host): self.host = host def fetch(self, path): http = httplib.HTTP(self.host) # Prepare header http.putrequest("GET", path) http.putheader("User-Agent", __file__) http.putheader("Host", self.host) http.putheader("Accept", "*/*") http.endheaders() try: errcode, errmsg, headers = http.getreply() except Exception, e:
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Chapter 4
print "Client failed error code: %s message:%s headers:%s" %(errcode, errmsg, headers) else: print "Got homepage from %s" %self.host file = http.getfile() return file.read() if __name__ == "__main__": parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='HTTP Client Example') parser.add_argument('--host', action="store", dest="host", default=REMOTE_SERVER_HOST) parser.add_argument('--path', action="store", dest="path", default=REMOTE_SERVER_PATH) given_args = parser.parse_args() host, path = given_args.host, given_args.path client = HTTPClient(host) print client.fetch(path)

This recipe will by default fetch a page from www.python.org. You can run this recipe with or without the host and path arguments. If this script is run, it will show the following output:
$ python 4_1_download_data.py --host=www.python.org

Got homepage from www.python.org <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http:// www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.og/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>Python Programming Language &ndash; Official Website</title> ....

If you run this recipe with an invalid path, it will show the following server response:
$ python 4_1_download_data.py --host='www.python.org' --path='/notexist' Got homepage from www.python.org <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http:// www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head>

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Programming with HTTP for the Internet

<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>Page Not Found</title> <meta name="keywords" content="Page Not Found" /> <meta name="description" content="Page Not Found" />

How it works...
This recipe denes an HTTPClient class that fetches data from the remote host. It is built using Python's native httplib library. In the fetch() method, it uses the HTTP() function and other auxiliary functions to create a dummy HTTP client, such as putrequest() or putheader(). It rst puts the GET/path string that is followed by setting up a user agent, which is the name of the current script (__file__). The main request getreply()method is put inside a try-except block. The response is retrieved from the getfile() method and the stream's content is read.

Serving HTTP requests from your machine

You would like to create your own web server. Your web server should handle client requests and send a simple hello message.

How to do it...
Python ships with a very simple web server that can be launched from the command line as follows:
$ python -m SimpleHTTPServer 8080

This will launch an HTTP web server on port 8080. You can access this web server from your browser by typing http://localhost:8080. This will show the contents of the current directory from where you run the preceding command. If there is any web server index le, for example, index.html, inside that directory, your browser will show the contents of index.html. However, if you like to have full control over your web server, you need to launch your customized HTTP server.. Listing 4.2 gives the following code for the custom HTTP web server:
#!/usr/bin/env python # Python Network Programming Cookbook -- Chapter - 4 # This program is optimized for Python 2.7. # It may run on any other version with/without modifications. import argparse

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import sys from BaseHTTPServer import BaseHTTPRequestHandler, HTTPServer DEFAULT_HOST = '127.0.0.1' DEFAULT_PORT = 8800 class RequestHandler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler): """ Custom request handler""" def do_GET(self): """ Handler for the GET requests """ self.send_response(200) self.send_header('Content-type','text/html') self.end_headers() # Send the message to browser self.wfile.write("Hello from server!")

class CustomHTTPServer(HTTPServer): "A custom HTTP server" def __init__(self, host, port): server_address = (host, port) HTTPServer.__init__(self, server_address, RequestHandler)

def run_server(port): try: server= CustomHTTPServer(DEFAULT_HOST, port) print "Custom HTTP server started on port: %s" % port server.serve_forever() except Exception, err: print "Error:%s" %err except KeyboardInterrupt: print "Server interrupted and is shutting down..." server.socket.close() if __name__ == "__main__": parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Simple HTTP Server Example') parser.add_argument('--port', action="store", dest="port", type=int, default=DEFAULT_PORT) given_args = parser.parse_args() port = given_args.port run_server(port)
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Programming with HTTP for the Internet The following screenshot shows a simple HTTP server:

If you run this web server and access the URL from a browser, this will send the one line text Hello from server! to the browser, as follows:
$ python 4_2_simple_http_server.py --port=8800 Custom HTTP server started on port: 8800 localhost - - [18/Apr/2013 13:39:33] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 localhost - - [18/Apr/2013 13:39:33] "GET /favicon.ico HTTP/1.1" 200

How it works...
In this recipe, we created the CustomHTTPServer class inherited from the HTTPServer class. In the constructor method, the CustomHTTPServer class sets up the server address and port received as a user input. In the constructor, our web server's RequestHandler class has been set up. Every time a client is connected, the server handles the request according to this class. The RequestHandler denes the action to handle the client's GET request. It sends an HTTP header (code 200) with a success message Hello from server! using the write() method.

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Chapter 4

Extracting cookie information after visiting a website

Many websites use cookies to store their various information on to your local disk. You would like to see this cookie information and perhaps log in to that website automatically using cookies.

How to do it...
Let us try to pretend to log in to a popular code-sharing website, www.bitbucket.org. We would like to submit the login information on the login page, https://bitbucket.org/ account/signin/?next=/. The following screenshot shows the login page:

So, we note down the form element IDs and decide which fake values should be submitted. We access this page the rst time, and the next time, we access the home page to observe what cookies have been set up. Listing 4.3 explains extracting cookie information as follows:
#!/usr/bin/env python # Python Network Programming Cookbook -- Chapter - 4 # This program is optimized for Python 2.7. # It may run on any other version with/without modifications. import cookielib import urllib import urllib2 ID_USERNAME = 'id_username'
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Programming with HTTP for the Internet

ID_PASSWORD = 'id_password' USERNAME = 'you@email.com' PASSWORD = 'mypassword' LOGIN_URL = 'https://bitbucket.org/account/signin/?next=/' NORMAL_URL = 'https://bitbucket.org/' def extract_cookie_info(): """ Fake login to a site with cookie""" # setup cookie jar cj = cookielib.CookieJar() login_data = urllib.urlencode({ID_USERNAME : USERNAME, ID_PASSWORD : PASSWORD}) # create url opener opener = urllib2.build_opener(urllib2.HTTPCookieProcessor(cj)) resp = opener.open(LOGIN_URL, login_data) # send login info for cookie in cj: print "----First time cookie: %s --> %s" %(cookie.name, cookie.value) print "Headers: %s" %resp.headers # now access without any login info resp = opener.open(NORMAL_URL) for cookie in cj: print "++++Second time cookie: %s --> %s" %(cookie.name, cookie.value) print "Headers: %s" %resp.headers if __name__ == '__main__': extract_cookie_info()

Running this recipe results in the following output:

$ python 4_3_extract_cookie_information.py ----First time cookie: bb_session --> aed58dde1228571bf60466581790566d Headers: Server: nginx/1.2.4 Date: Sun, 05 May 2013 15:13:56 GMT Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8 Content-Length: 21167 Connection: close X-Served-By: bitbucket04 Content-Language: en X-Static-Version: c67fb01467cf
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Chapter 4
Expires: Sun, 05 May 2013 15:13:56 GMT Vary: Accept-Language, Cookie Last-Modified: Sun, 05 May 2013 15:13:56 GMT X-Version: 14f9c66ad9db ETag: "3ba81d9eb350c295a453b5ab6e88935e" X-Request-Count: 310 Cache-Control: max-age=0 Set-Cookie: bb_session=aed58dde1228571bf60466581790566d; expires=Sun, 19May-2013 15:13:56 GMT; httponly; Max-Age=1209600; Path=/; secure Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=2592000 X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff ++++Second time cookie: bb_session --> aed58dde1228571bf60466581790566d Headers: Server: nginx/1.2.4 Date: Sun, 05 May 2013 15:13:57 GMT Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8 Content-Length: 36787 Connection: close X-Served-By: bitbucket02 Content-Language: en X-Static-Version: c67fb01467cf Vary: Accept-Language, Cookie X-Version: 14f9c66ad9db X-Request-Count: 97 Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=2592000 X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff

How it works...
We have used Python's cookielib and set up a cookie jar, cj. The login data has been encoded using urllib.urlencode. urllib2 has a build_opener() method, which takes the predened cookie jar with an instance of HTTPCookieProcessor() and returns a URL opener. We call this opener twice: once for the login page and once for the home page of the website. It seems that only one cookie, bb_session, was set with the set-cookie directive present in the page header. More information about cookielib can be found on the ofcial Python documentation site at http://docs.python.org/2/library/cookielib.html.

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Programming with HTTP for the Internet

Submitting web forms

During web browsing, we submit web forms many times in a day. Now, you would like do that using the Python code.

Getting ready
This recipe uses a third-party Python module called requests. You can install the compatible version of this module by following the instructions from http://docs.pythonrequests.org/en/latest/user/install/. For example, you can use pip to install requests from the command line as follows:
$ pip install requests

How to do it...
Let us submit some fake data to register with www.twitter.com. Each form submission has two methods: GET and POST. The less sensitive data, for example, search queries, are usually submitted by GET and the more sensitive data is sent via the POST method. Let us try submitting data with both of them. Listing 4.4 explains the submit web forms, as follows:
#!/usr/bin/env python # Python Network Programming Cookbook -- Chapter 4 # This program is optimized for Python 2.7. # It may run on any other version with/without modifications. import requests import urllib import urllib2 ID_USERNAME = 'signup-user-name' ID_EMAIL = 'signup-user-email' ID_PASSWORD = 'signup-user-password' USERNAME = 'username' EMAIL = 'you@email.com' PASSWORD = 'yourpassword' SIGNUP_URL = 'https://twitter.com/account/create'

def submit_form(): """Submit a form""" payload = {ID_USERNAME : USERNAME,

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Chapter 4
ID_EMAIL : EMAIL, ID_PASSWORD : PASSWORD,} # make a get request resp = requests.get(SIGNUP_URL) print "Response to GET request: %s" %resp.content # send POST request resp = requests.post(SIGNUP_URL, payload) print "Headers from a POST request response: %s" %resp.headers #print "HTML Response: %s" %resp.read() if __name__ == '__main__': submit_form()

If you run this script, you will see the following output:
$ python 4_4_submit_web_form.py Response to GET request: <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <hash> <error>This method requires a POST.</error> <request>/account/create</request> </hash>

Headers from a POST request response: {'status': '200 OK', 'contentlength': '21064', 'set-cookie': '_twitter_sess=BAh7CD-d2865d40d1365eeb2175559dc5e6b99f64ea39ff; domain=.twitter.com; path=/; HttpOnly', 'expires': 'Tue, 31 Mar 1981 05:00:00 GMT', 'vary': 'Accept-Encoding', 'last-modified': 'Sun, 05 May 2013 15:59:27 GMT', 'pragma': 'no-cache', 'date': 'Sun, 05 May 2013 15:59:27 GMT', 'x-xss-protection': '1; mode=block', 'x-transaction': 'a4b425eda23b5312', 'content-encoding': 'gzip', 'strict-transportsecurity': 'max-age=631138519', 'server': 'tfe', 'x-mid': 'f7cde9a3f3d111310427116adc90bf3e8c95e868', 'x-runtime': '0.09969', 'etag': '"7af6f92a7f7b4d37a6454caa6094071d"', 'cache-control': 'nocache, no-store, must-revalidate, pre-check=0, post-check=0', 'xframe-options': 'SAMEORIGIN', 'content-type': 'text/html; charset=utf-8'}

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Programming with HTTP for the Internet

How it works...
This recipe uses a third-party module, requests. It has convenient wrapper methods, get() and post(), that do the URL encoding of data and submit forms properly. In this recipe, we created a data payload with a username, password, and e-mail for creating the Twitter account. When we rst submit the form with the GET method, the Twitter website returns an error saying that the page only supports POST. After we submit the data with POST, the page processes it. We can conrm this from the header data.

Sending web requests through a proxy server

You would like to browse web pages through a proxy. If you have congured your browser with a proxy server and that works, you can try this recipe. Otherwise, you can use any of the public proxy servers available on the Internet.

Getting ready
You need to have access to a proxy server. You can nd a free proxy server by searching on Google or on any other search engine. Here, for the sake of demonstration, we have used 165.24.10.8.

How to do it...
Let us send our HTTP request through a public domain proxy server. Listing 4.5 explains proxying web requests across a proxy server as follows:
#!/usr/bin/env python # Python Network Programming Cookbook -- Chapter - 4 # This program is optimized for Python 2.7. # It may run on any other version with/without modifications. import urllib URL = 'https://www.github.com' PROXY_ADDRESS = "165.24.10.8:8080" if __name__ == '__main__': resp = urllib.urlopen(URL, proxies = {"http" : PROXY_ADDRESS}) print "Proxy server returns response headers: %s " %resp.headers
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Chapter 4 If you run this script, it will show the following output:
$ python 4_5_proxy_web_request.py Proxy server returns response headers: Server: GitHub.com Date: Sun, 05 May 2013 16:16:04 GMT Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8 Connection: close Status: 200 OK Cache-Control: private, max-age=0, must-revalidate Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=2592000 X-Frame-Options: deny Set-Cookie: logged_in=no; domain=.github.com; path=/; expires=Thu, 05May-2033 16:16:04 GMT; HttpOnly Set-Cookie: _gh_sess=BAh7...; path=/; expires=Sun, 01-Jan-2023 00:00:00 GMT; secure; HttpOnly X-Runtime: 8 ETag: "66fcc37865eb05c19b2d15fbb44cd7a9" Content-Length: 10643 Vary: Accept-Encoding

How it works...
This is a short recipe where we access the social code-sharing site, www.github.com, with a public proxy server found on Google search. The proxy address argument has been passed to the urlopen() method of urllib. We print the HTTP header of response to show that the proxy settings work here.

Checking whether a web page exists with the HEAD request

You would like to check the existence of a web page without downloading the HTML content. This means that we need to send a get HEAD request with a browser client. According to Wikipedia, the HEAD request asks for the response identical to the one that would correspond to a GET request, but without the response body. This is useful for retrieving meta-information written in response headers, without having to transport the entire content.

How to do it...
We would like to send a HEAD request to www.python.org. This will not download the content of the homepage, rather it checks whether the server returns one of the valid responses, for example, OK, FOUND, MOVED PERMANENTLY, and so on.
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Programming with HTTP for the Internet Listing 4.6 explains checking a web page with the HEAD request as follows:
#!/usr/bin/env python # Python Network Programming Cookbook -- Chapter - 4 # This program is optimized for Python 2.7. # It may run on any other version with/without modifications. import argparse import httplib import urlparse import re import urllib DEFAULT_URL = 'http://www.python.org' HTTP_GOOD_CODES = [httplib.OK, httplib.FOUND, httplib.MOVED_ PERMANENTLY] def get_server_status_code(url): """ Download just the header of a URL and return the server's status code. """ host, path = urlparse.urlparse(url)[1:3] try: conn = httplib.HTTPConnection(host) conn.request('HEAD', path) return conn.getresponse().status except StandardError: return None if __name__ == '__main__': parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Example HEAD Request') parser.add_argument('--url', action="store", dest="url", default=DEFAULT_URL) given_args = parser.parse_args() url = given_args.url if get_server_status_code(url) in HTTP_GOOD_CODES: print "Server: %s status is OK: " %url else: print "Server: %s status is NOT OK!" %url

Running this script shows the success or error if the page is found by the HEAD request as follows:
$ python 4_6_checking_webpage_with_HEAD_request.py Server: http://www.python.org status is OK! $ python 4_6_checking_webpage_with_HEAD_request.py --url=http://www. zytho.org Server: http://www.zytho.org status is NOT OK!
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Chapter 4

How it works...
We used the HTTPConnection() method of httplib, which can make a HEAD request to a server. We can specify the path if necessary. Here, the HTTPConnection() method checks the home page or path of www.python.org. However, if the URL is not correct, it can't nd the return response inside the accepted list of return codes.

Spoong Mozilla Firefox in your client code

From your Python code, you would like to pretend to the web server that you are browsing from Mozilla Firefox.

How to do it...
You can send the custom user-agent values in the HTTP request header. Listing 4.7 explains spoong Mozilla Firefox in your client code as follows:
#!/usr/bin/env python # Python Network Programming Cookbook -- Chapter 4 # This program is optimized for Python 2.7. # It may run on any other version with/without modifications. import urllib2 BROWSER = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1; rv:20.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/20.0' URL = 'http://www.python.org' def spoof_firefox(): opener = urllib2.build_opener() opener.addheaders = [('User-agent', BROWSER)] result = opener.open(URL) print "Response headers:" for header in result.headers.headers: print "\t",header if __name__ == '__main__': spoof_firefox()

If you run this script, you will see the following output:
$ python 4_7_spoof_mozilla_firefox_in_client_code.py Response headers: Date: Sun, 05 May 2013 16:56:36 GMT Server: Apache/2.2.16 (Debian)
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Programming with HTTP for the Internet

Last-Modified: Sun, 05 May 2013 00:51:40 GMT ETag: "105800d-5280-4dbedfcb07f00" Accept-Ranges: bytes Content-Length: 21120 Vary: Accept-Encoding Connection: close Content-Type: text/html

How it works...
We used the build_opener() method of urllib2 to create our custom browser whose user-agent string has been set up as Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1; rv:20.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/20.0.

Saving bandwidth in web requests with the HTTP compression

You would like to give your web server users better performance in downloading web pages. By compressing HTTP data, you can speed up the serving of web contents.

How to do it...
Let us create a web server that serves contents after compressing it to the gzip format. Listing 4.8 explains the HTTP compression as follows:
#!/usr/bin/env python # Python Network Programming Cookbook -- Chapter - 4 # This program is optimized for Python 2.7. # It may run on any other version with/without modifications. import argparse import string import os import sys import gzip import cStringIO from BaseHTTPServer import BaseHTTPRequestHandler, HTTPServer DEFAULT_HOST = '127.0.0.1' DEFAULT_PORT = 8800 HTML_CONTENT = """<html><body><h1>Compressed Hello body></html>"""
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Chapter 4
class RequestHandler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler): """ Custom request handler""" def do_GET(self): """ Handler for the GET requests """ self.send_response(200) self.send_header('Content-type','text/html') self.send_header('Content-Encoding','gzip') zbuf = self.compress_buffer(HTML_CONTENT) sys.stdout.write("Content-Encoding: gzip\r\n") self.send_header('Content-Length',len(zbuf)) self.end_headers() # Send the message to browser zbuf = self.compress_buffer(HTML_CONTENT) sys.stdout.write("Content-Encoding: gzip\r\n") sys.stdout.write("Content-Length: %d\r\n" % (len(zbuf))) sys.stdout.write("\r\n") self.wfile.write(zbuf) return def compress_buffer(self, buf): zbuf = cStringIO.StringIO() zfile = gzip.GzipFile(mode = 'wb', compresslevel = 6) zfile.write(buf) zfile.close() return zbuf.getvalue()

fileobj = zbuf,

if __name__ == '__main__': parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Simple HTTP Server Example') parser.add_argument('--port', action="store", dest="port", type=int, default=DEFAULT_PORT) given_args = parser.parse_args() port = given_args.port server_address = (DEFAULT_HOST, port) server = HTTPServer(server_address, RequestHandler) server.serve_forever()

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Programming with HTTP for the Internet You can run this script and see the Compressed Hello World! text (as a result of the HTTP compression) on your browser screen when accessing http://localhost:8800 as follows:
$ python 4_8_http_compression.py localhost - - [22/Feb/2014 12:01:26] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 Content-Encoding: gzip Content-Encoding: gzip Content-Length: 71 localhost - - [22/Feb/2014 12:01:26] "GET /favicon.ico HTTP/1.1" 200 Content-Encoding: gzip Content-Encoding: gzip Content-Length: 71

The following screenshot illustrates serving compressed content by a web server:

How it works...
We created a web server by instantiating the HTTPServer class from the BaseHTTPServer module. We attached a custom request handler to this server instance, which compresses every client response using a compress_buffer() method. A predened HTML content has been supplied to the clients.
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Chapter 4

Writing an HTTP fail-over client with resume and partial downloading

You would like to create a fail-over client that will resume downloading a le if it fails for any reason in the rst instance.

How to do it...
Let us download the Python 2.7 code from www.python.org. A resume_download() le will resume any unnished download of that le. Listing 4.9 explains resume downloading as follows:
#!/usr/bin/env python # Python Network Programming Cookbook -- Chapter - 4 # This program is optimized for Python 2.7.# It may run on any other version with/without modifications. import urllib, os TARGET_URL = 'http://python.org/ftp/python/2.7.4/' TARGET_FILE = 'Python-2.7.4.tgz' class CustomURLOpener(urllib.FancyURLopener): """Override FancyURLopener to skip error 206 (when a partial file is being sent) """ def http_error_206(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers, data=None): pass def resume_download(): file_exists = False CustomURLClass = CustomURLOpener() if os.path.exists(TARGET_FILE): out_file = open(TARGET_FILE,"ab") file_exists = os.path.getsize(TARGET_FILE) #If the file exists, then only download the unfinished part CustomURLClass.addheader("Download range","bytes=%s-" % (file_exists)) else: out_file = open(TARGET_FILE,"wb") web_page = CustomURLClass.open(TARGET_URL + TARGET_FILE) #If the file exists, but we already have the whole thing, don't
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Programming with HTTP for the Internet

download again if int(web_page.headers['Content-Length']) == file_exists: loop = 0 print "File already downloaded!" byte_count = 0 while True: data = web_page.read(8192) if not data: break out_file.write(data) byte_count = byte_count + len(data) web_page.close() out_file.close() for k,v in web_page.headers.items(): print k, "=",v print "File copied", byte_count, "bytes from", web_page.url if __name__ == '__main__': resume_download()

Running this script will result in the following output:

$ python 4_9_http_fail_over_client.py

content-length = 14489063 content-encoding = x-gzip accept-ranges = bytes connection = close server = Apache/2.2.16 (Debian) last-modified = Sat, 06 Apr 2013 14:16:10 GMT content-range = bytes 0-14489062/14489063 etag = "1748016-dd15e7-4d9b1d8685e80" date = Tue, 07 May 2013 12:51:31 GMT content-type = application/x-tar File copied 14489063 bytes from http://python.org/ftp/python/2.7.4/ Python-2.7.4.tgz

How it works...
In this recipe, we created a custom URL opener class inheriting from the FancyURLopener method of urllib, but http_error_206() is overridden where partial content is downloaded. So, our method checks the existence of the target le and if it is not present, it tries to download with the custom URL opener class.
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Chapter 4

Writing a simple HTTPS server code with Python and OpenSSL

You need a secure web server code written in Python. You already have your SSL keys and certicate les ready with you.

Getting ready
You need to install the third-party Python module, pyOpenSSL. This can be grabbed from PyPI (https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pyOpenSSL). Both on Windows and Linux hosts, you may need to install some additional packages, which are documented at http://pythonhosted.org//pyOpenSSL/.

How to do it...
After placing a certicate le on the current working folder, we can create a web server that makes use of this certicate to serve encrypted content to the clients. Listing 4.10 explains the code for a secure HTTP server as follows:
#!/usr/bin/env python # Python Network Programming Cookbook -- Chapter - 4 # This program is optimized for Python 2.7. # It may run on any other version with/without modifications. # Requires pyOpenSSL and SSL packages installed import socket, os from SocketServer import BaseServer from BaseHTTPServer import HTTPServer from SimpleHTTPServer import SimpleHTTPRequestHandler from OpenSSL import SSL class SecureHTTPServer(HTTPServer): def __init__(self, server_address, HandlerClass): BaseServer.__init__(self, server_address, HandlerClass) ctx = SSL.Context(SSL.SSLv23_METHOD) fpem = 'server.pem' # location of the server private key and the server certificate ctx.use_privatekey_file (fpem) ctx.use_certificate_file(fpem) self.socket = SSL.Connection(ctx, socket.socket(self.address_family, self.socket_type)) self.server_bind() self.server_activate()
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Programming with HTTP for the Internet

class SecureHTTPRequestHandler(SimpleHTTPRequestHandler): def setup(self): self.connection = self.request self.rfile = socket._fileobject(self.request, "rb", self.rbufsize) self.wfile = socket._fileobject(self.request, "wb", self.wbufsize)

def run_server(HandlerClass = SecureHTTPRequestHandler, ServerClass = SecureHTTPServer): server_address = ('', 4443) # port needs to be accessible by user server = ServerClass(server_address, HandlerClass) running_address = server.socket.getsockname() print "Serving HTTPS Server on %s:%s ..." %(running_address[0], running_address[1]) server.serve_forever() if __name__ == '__main__': run_server()

If you run this script, it will result in the following output:

$ python 4_10_https_server.py Serving HTTPS Server on 0.0.0.0:4443 ...

How it works...
If you notice the previous recipes that create the web server, there is not much difference in terms of the basic procedure. The main difference is in applying the SSL Context() method with the SSLv23_METHOD argument. We have created the SSL socket with the Python OpenSSL third-party module's Connection() class. This class takes this context object along with the address family and socket type. The server's certicate le is kept in the current directory, and this has been applied with the context object. Finally, the server has been activated with the server_activate() method.

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