#define F_CPU 14745600 #include <avr/io.h> #include <avr/interrupt.h> #include <util/delay.h> #include <math.

h> //included to support power function #include "lcd.h" void void void void port_init(); timer5_init(); velocity(unsigned char, unsigned char); motors_delay();

volatile unsigned long int ShaftCountLeft = 0; //to keep track of left position encoder volatile unsigned long int ShaftCountRight = 0; //to keep track of right positio n encoder volatile unsigned int Degrees; //to accept angle in degrees for turning unsigned unsigned unsigned unsigned unsigned unsigned unsigned unsigned char sharp, distance, adc_reading; int value; char ADC_Conversion(unsigned char); char ADC_Value; char flag = 0; char Left_white_line = 0; char Center_white_line = 0; char Right_white_line = 0;

//Configure PORTB 5 pin for servo motor 1 operation void servo1_pin_config (void) { DDRB = DDRB | 0x20; //making PORTB 5 pin output PORTB = PORTB | 0x20; //setting PORTB 5 pin to logic 1 } //Configure PORTB 6 pin for servo motor 2 operation void servo2_pin_config (void) { DDRB = DDRB | 0x40; //making PORTB 6 pin output PORTB = PORTB | 0x40; //setting PORTB 6 pin to logic 1 } // This Function calculates the actual distance in millimeters(mm) from the inpu t // analog value of Sharp Sensor. unsigned int Sharp_GP2D12_estimation(unsigned char adc_reading) { float distance; unsigned int distanceInt; distance = (int)(10.00*(2799.6*(1.00/(pow(adc_reading,1.1546))))); //distance=270/sharp; distanceInt = (int)distance; if(distanceInt>800) { distanceInt=800; } return distanceInt; }

void left_encoder_pin_config (void) { DDRE = DDRE & 0xEF; //Set the direction of the PORTE 4 pin as input PORTE = PORTE | 0x10; //Enable internal pull-up for PORTE 4 pin } //Function to configure INT5 (PORTE 5) pin as input for the right position encod er void right_encoder_pin_config (void) { DDRE = DDRE & 0xDF; //Set the direction of the PORTE 4 pin as input PORTE = PORTE | 0x20; //Enable internal pull-up for PORTE 4 pin } //Function to configure LCD port void lcd_port_config (void) { DDRC = DDRC | 0xF7; //all the LCD pin's direction set as output PORTC = PORTC & 0x80; // all the LCD pins are set to logic 0 except PORTC 7 } //ADC pin configuration void adc_pin_config (void) { DDRF = 0x00; PORTF = 0x00; DDRK = 0x00; PORTK = 0x00; } //Function to configure ports to enable robot's motion void motion_pin_config (void) { DDRA = DDRA | 0x0F; PORTA = PORTA & 0xF0; DDRL = DDRL | 0x18; //Setting PL3 and PL4 pins as output for PWM generation PORTL = PORTL | 0x18; //PL3 and PL4 pins are for velocity control using PWM. } //Function to Initialize PORTS void port_init() { lcd_port_config(); adc_pin_config(); motion_pin_config(); buzzer_pin_config(); servo1_pin_config(); //Configure PORTB 5 pin for servo motor 1 operatio n servo2_pin_config(); //Configure PORTB 6 pin for servo motor 2 operatio n left_encoder_pin_config(); //left encoder pin config right_encoder_pin_config(); //right encoder pin config } void left_position_encoder_interrupt_init (void) //Interrupt 4 enable { cli(); //Clears the global interrupt

EICRB = EICRB | 0x02; // INT4 is set to trigger with falling edge EIMSK = EIMSK | 0x10; // Enable Interrupt INT4 for left position encoder sei(); // Enables the global interrupt } void right_position_encoder_interrupt_init (void) //Interrupt 5 enable { cli(); //Clears the global interrupt EICRB = EICRB | 0x08; // INT5 is set to trigger with falling edge EIMSK = EIMSK | 0x20; // Enable Interrupt INT5 for right position encode r sei(); // Enables the global interrupt } //ISR for right position encoder ISR(INT5_vect) { ShaftCountRight++; //increment right shaft position count } //ISR for left position encoder ISR(INT4_vect) { ShaftCountLeft++; //increment left shaft position count }

// Timer 5 initialized in PWM mode for velocity control // Prescale:256 // PWM 8bit fast, TOP=0x00FF // Timer Frequency:225.000Hz void timer5_init() { TCCR5B = 0x00; //Stop TCNT5H = 0xFF; //Counter higher 8-bit value to which OCR5xH value is co mpared with TCNT5L = 0x01; //Counter lower 8-bit value to which OCR5xH value is com pared with OCR5AH = 0x00; //Output compare register high value for Left Motor OCR5AL = 0xFF; //Output compare register low value for Left Motor OCR5BH = 0x00; //Output compare register high value for Right Motor OCR5BL = 0xFF; //Output compare register low value for Right Motor OCR5CH = 0x00; //Output compare register high value for Motor C1 OCR5CL = 0xFF; //Output compare register low value for Motor C1 TCCR5A = 0xA9; /*{COM5A1=1, COM5A0=0; COM5B1=1, COM5B0=0; COM5C1=1 COM5 C0=0} For Overriding normal port functionali ty to OCRnA outputs. {WGM51=0, WGM50=1} Along With WGM52 in TCCR5B for Selecting FAST PWM 8-bit Mode*/ TCCR5B = 0x0B; //WGM12=1; CS12=0, CS11=1, CS10=1 (Prescaler=64) } //TIMER1 initialization in 10 bit fast PWM mode //prescale:256 // WGM: 7) PWM 10bit fast, TOP=0x03FF // actual value: 52.25Hz

void timer1_init(void) { TCCR1B = 0x00; //stop TCNT1H = 0xFC; //Counter high value to which OCR1xH value is to be compared wit h TCNT1L = 0x01; //Counter low value to which OCR1xH value is to be compared with OCR1AH = 0x03; //Output compare Register high value for servo 1 OCR1AL = 0xFF; //Output Compare Register low Value For servo 1 OCR1BH = 0x03; //Output compare Register high value for servo 2 OCR1BL = 0xFF; //Output Compare Register low Value For servo 2 OCR1CH = 0x03; //Output compare Register high value for servo 3 OCR1CL = 0xFF; //Output Compare Register low Value For servo 3 ICR1H = 0x03; ICR1L = 0xFF; TCCR1A = 0xAB; /*{COM1A1=1, COM1A0=0; COM1B1=1, COM1B0=0; COM1C1=1 COM1C0=0} For Overriding normal port functionality to OCRnA outputs. {WGM11=1, WGM10=1} Along With WGM12 in TCCR1B for Selecting FAST PWM Mode*/ TCCR1C = 0x00; TCCR1B = 0x0C; //WGM12=1; CS12=1, CS11=0, CS10=0 (Prescaler=256) } void adc_init() { ADCSRA = 0x00; ADCSRB = 0x00; ADMUX = 0x20; ACSR = 0x80; ADCSRA = 0x86; }

//MUX5 = 0 //Vref=5V external --- ADLAR=1 --- MUX4:0 = 0000 //ADEN=1 --- ADIE=1 --- ADPS2:0 = 1 1 0

//Function For ADC Conversion unsigned char ADC_Conversion(unsigned char Ch) { unsigned char a; if(Ch>7) { ADCSRB = 0x08; } Ch = Ch & 0x07; ADMUX= 0x20| Ch; ADCSRA = ADCSRA | 0x40; //Set start conversion bit while((ADCSRA&0x10)==0); //Wait for conversion to complete a=ADCH; ADCSRA = ADCSRA|0x10; //clear ADIF (ADC Interrupt Flag) by writing 1 to it ADCSRB = 0x00; return a; } //Function To Print Sesor Values At Desired Row And Coloumn Location on LCD void print_sensor(char row, char coloumn,unsigned char channel) { ADC_Value = ADC_Conversion(channel); lcd_print(row, coloumn, ADC_Value, 3); } //Function for velocity control

void velocity (unsigned char left_motor, unsigned char right_motor) { OCR5AL = (unsigned char)left_motor; OCR5BL = (unsigned char)right_motor; } //Function used for setting motor's direction void motion_set (unsigned char Direction) { unsigned char PortARestore = 0; Direction &= 0x0F; // removing upper nibbel for the protection PortARestore = PORTA; // reading the PORTA original status PortARestore &= 0xF0; // making lower direction nibbel to 0 PortARestore |= Direction; // adding lower nibbel for forward command and resto ring the PORTA status PORTA = PortARestore; // executing the command } void forward (void) { motion_set (0x06); } void stop (void) { motion_set (0x00); } void back (void) //both wheels backward { motion_set(0x09); } void left (void) //Left wheel backward, Right wheel forward { motion_set(0x05); } void right (void) //Left wheel forward, Right wheel backward { motion_set(0x0A); } void init_devices (void) { cli(); //Clears the global interrupts port_init(); adc_init(); timer5_init(); timer1_init(); left_position_encoder_interrupt_init(); right_position_encoder_interrupt_init(); sei(); //Enables the global interrupts } void soft_left (void) //Left wheel stationary, Right wheel forward { motion_set(0x04); }

void soft_right (void) //Left wheel forward, Right wheel is stationary { motion_set(0x02); } void angle_rotate(unsigned int Degrees) { float ReqdShaftCount = 0; unsigned long int ReqdShaftCountInt = 0; ReqdShaftCount = (float) Degrees/ 4.090; // division by resolution to ge t shaft count ReqdShaftCountInt = (unsigned int) ReqdShaftCount; ShaftCountRight = 0; ShaftCountLeft = 0; while (1) { if((ShaftCountRight >= ReqdShaftCountInt) | (ShaftCountLeft >= R eqdShaftCountInt)) break; } stop(); //Stop robot } //Function used for moving robot forward by specified distance void linear_distance_mm(unsigned int DistanceInMM) { float ReqdShaftCount = 0; unsigned long int ReqdShaftCountInt = 0; ReqdShaftCount = DistanceInMM / 5.338; // division by resolution to get shaft count ReqdShaftCountInt = (unsigned long int) ReqdShaftCount; ShaftCountRight = 0; while(1) { if(ShaftCountRight > ReqdShaftCountInt) { break; } } stop(); //Stop robot } void right_degrees(unsigned int Degrees) { // 88 pulses for 360 degrees rotation 4.090 degrees per count right(); //Turn right angle_rotate(Degrees); } void left_degrees(unsigned int Degrees) { // 88 pulses for 360 degrees rotation 4.090 degrees per count left(); //Turn left

angle_rotate(Degrees); } void soft_left_degrees(unsigned int Degrees) { // 176 pulses for 360 degrees rotation 2.045 degrees per count soft_left(); //Turn soft left Degrees=Degrees*2; angle_rotate(Degrees); } void soft_right_degrees(unsigned int Degrees) { // 176 pulses for 360 degrees rotation 2.045 degrees per count soft_right(); //Turn soft right Degrees=Degrees*2; angle_rotate(Degrees); } void forward_mm(unsigned int DistanceInMM) { forward(); linear_distance_mm(DistanceInMM); } void back_mm(unsigned int DistanceInMM) { back(); linear_distance_mm(DistanceInMM); } void buzzer_pin_config (void) { DDRC = DDRC | 0x08; PORTC = PORTC & 0xF7; uzzer }

//Setting PORTC 3 as output //Setting PORTC 3 logic low to turnoff b

void buzzer_on (void) { unsigned char port_restore = 0; port_restore = PINC; port_restore = port_restore | 0x08; PORTC = port_restore; } void buzzer_off (void) { unsigned char port_restore = 0; port_restore = PINC; port_restore = port_restore & 0xF7; PORTC = port_restore; } //Function to rotate Servo 1 by a specified angle in the multiples of 1.86 degre es void servo_1(unsigned char degrees) { float PositionPanServo = 0;

PositionPanServo = ((float)degrees / 1.86) + 35.0; OCR1AH = 0x00; OCR1AL = (unsigned char) PositionPanServo; } //Function to rotate Servo 2 by a specified angle in the multiples of 1.86 degre es void servo_2(unsigned char degrees) { float PositionTiltServo = 0; PositionTiltServo = ((float)degrees / 1.86) + 35.0; OCR1BH = 0x00; OCR1BL = (unsigned char) PositionTiltServo; } //servo_free functions unlocks the servo motors from the any angle //and make them free by giving 100% duty cycle at the PWM. This function can be used to //reduce the power consumption of the motor if it is holding load against the gr avity. void servo_1_free (void) //makes servo 1 free rotating { OCR1AH = 0x03; OCR1AL = 0xFF; //Servo 1 off } void servo_2_free (void) //makes servo 2 free rotating { OCR1BH = 0x03; OCR1BL = 0xFF; //Servo 2 off } void revlinefol(void) { Left_white_line = ADC_Conversion(3); L Sensor Center_white_line = ADC_Conversion(2); //Getting data of Center WL Sensor Right_white_line = ADC_Conversion(1); WL Sensor flag=0; unsigned char n; print_sensor(1,1,3); print_sensor(1,5,2); print_sensor(1,9,1); //Prints value of White Line Sensor1 //Prints Value of White Line Sensor2 //Prints Value of White Line Sensor3 //Getting data of Right //Getting data of Left W

if(Center_white_line>0x50) {_delay_ms(20); stop(); flag=1; back(); velocity(190,190); _delay_ms(100);

stop(); _delay_ms(300); Left_white_line = ADC_Conversion(3); g data of Left WL Sensor g data of Center WL Sensor Right_white_line = ADC_Conversion(1); g data of Right WL Sensor }

//Gettin

Center_white_line = ADC_Conversion(2); //Gettin //Gettin

if((Left_white_line>Right_white_line) && (flag==0)) { flag=1; stop(); _delay_ms(50); back(); velocity(205,180); _delay_ms(300); stop(); _delay_ms(300); } if((Right_white_line>Left_white_line) && (flag==0)) { flag=1; stop(); _delay_ms(50); back(); velocity(180,205); _delay_ms(300); stop(); _delay_ms(300); } if(Center_white_line<0x0A && Left_white_line<0x0A && Rig ht_white_line<0x0A) { Left_white_line = ADC_Conversion(3); g data of Left WL Sensor Center_white_line = ADC_Conversion(2); //Gettin g data of Center WL Sensor Right_white_line = ADC_Conversion(1); g data of Right WL Sensor _delay_ms(2000); forward(); velocity(0,0); } } void linefol(void) { unsigned int flag=0; Left_white_line = ADC_Conversion(3); //Getting data of Left WL Sensor Center_white_line = ADC_Conversion(2); //Getting data of Center WL Sens //Gettin //Gettin

or Right_white_line = ADC_Conversion(1); r //Getting data of Right WL Senso

print_sensor(1,1,3); print_sensor(1,5,2); print_sensor(1,9,1);

//Prints value of White Line Sensor1 //Prints Value of White Line Sensor2 //Prints Value of White Line Sensor3

if(Center_white_line>0x0A) { flag=1; forward(); velocity(190,190); } if((Left_white_line>0x0A) && (flag==0)) { flag=1; stop(); _delay_ms(100); 3forward(); velocity(170,210); } if((Right_white_line>0x0A) && (flag==0)) { flag=1; stop(); _delay_ms(100); forward(); velocity(210,170); } if(Center_white_line<0x0A && Left_white_line<0x0A && Right_white_line<0x 0A) { _delay_ms(2000); forward(); velocity(0,0); } } void m_forward(void) { do { linefol(); _delay_ms(50); stop(); _delay_ms(10); sharp = ADC_Conversion(11); //Stores the Analog value of front sharp connected to ADC channel 11 into variab le "sharp" value = Sharp_GP2D12_estimation(sharp); _delay_ms(50); } while (value>140);

_delay_ms(30); stop(); } void m_reverse(void) {do { back(); _delay_ms(50); stop(); sharp = ADC_Conversion(11); //Stores the Analog value of front sharp connected to ADC channel 11 into variab le "sharp" value = Sharp_GP2D12_estimation(sharp); _delay_ms(50); } while (value<160); _delay_ms(30); stop(); } void fruit_pluck(int m) { servo_1(20); _delay_ms(30);

m=m+6; servo_2(m); _delay_ms(30); m_forward(); _delay_ms(500); for(int j=50;j<160;j++) {j=j+2; servo_1(j); _delay_ms(30); } _delay_ms(100); m_reverse(); back_mm(30); for(int j=(m-15);j>20;j--) {j=j-3; servo_2(j); _delay_ms(30); } for(int j=160;j>20;j--) { j=j-2; servo_1(j);

_delay_ms(30); } _delay_ms(500); forward_mm(30); } void fruit_sense(void) { float dis; int n; _delay_ms(50); for(int p=0;p<20;p++) { linefol(); _delay_ms(100); stop(); _delay_ms(10); } stop(); right_degrees(87); for(int p=0;p<16;p++) { linefol(); _delay_ms(100); stop(); _delay_ms(10); } _delay_ms(100); stop(); _delay_ms(200);

/*do { Left_white_line = ADC_Conversion(3); //Getting data of Left WL Sensor Center_white_line = ADC_Conversion(2); //Getting data of Center WL Sensor Right_white_line = ADC_Conversion(1); //Getting data of Right WL Sensor if(Left_white_line>0x0A) {left(); _delay_ms(50); stop(); } if(Right_white_line>0x0A) { right(); _delay_ms(50); stop(); }

Left_white_line = ADC_Conversion(3); f Left WL Sensor f Center WL Sensor Right_white_line = ADC_Conversion(1); f Right WL Sensor _delay_ms(50); }while(Center_white_line<90); _delay_ms(50);

//Getting data o

Center_white_line = ADC_Conversion(2); //Getting data o //Getting data o

sharp = ADC_Conversion(11); //Stores the Analog value of front sharp connected to ADC channel 11 into variab le "sharp" value = Sharp_GP2D12_estimation(sharp); dis=value;*/ do { revlinefol(); _delay_ms(100); stop(); _delay_ms(50); sharp = ADC_Conversion(11); //Stores the Analog value of front sharp connected to ADC channel 11 into variab le "sharp" value = Sharp_GP2D12_estimation(sharp); _delay_ms(50); } while (value<160 || value>750); for(int a=130;a<185;a++) {a=a+2; servo_2(a); _delay_ms(500); sharp = ADC_Conversion(12); //Stores the Analog value of front sharp connected to ADC channel 11 into variab le "sharp" value = Sharp_GP2D12_estimation(sharp); if (value <145 || value >750) {fruit_pluck(a); } _delay_ms(10); } do { linefol(); _delay_ms(50); stop(); _delay_ms(50); sharp = ADC_Conversion(11); //Stores the Analog value of front sharp connected to ADC channel 11 into variab le "sharp" value = Sharp_GP2D12_estimation(sharp);

_delay_ms(50); } while (value>170); } //Main Function int main() { unsigned int i; init_devices(); lcd_set_4bit(); lcd_init(); int k,j; servo_1(20); servo_1_free(); servo_2(20); forward(); velocity(195,195); _delay_ms(400); while(1) { linefol(); Left_white_line = ADC_Conversion(3); L Sensor Center_white_line = ADC_Conversion(2); //Getting data of Center WL Sensor Right_white_line = ADC_Conversion(1); WL Sensor //Getting data of Right //Getting data of Left W

print_sensor(1,1,3); print_sensor(1,5,2); print_sensor(1,9,1);

//Prints value of White Line Sensor1 //Prints Value of White Line Sensor2 //Prints Value of White Line Sensor3

if(Center_white_line>0x0f && (Right_white_line> 0x0f || Left_whi te_line> 0x0f)) goto down; } down: soft_right_degrees(90); stop(); _delay_ms(50); forward(); velocity(195,195); _delay_ms(400); while(1) { linefol(); Left_white_line = ADC_Conversion(3); //Getting data of Left W

L Sensor Center_white_line = ADC_Conversion(2); //Getting data of Center WL Sensor Right_white_line = ADC_Conversion(1); WL Sensor //Getting data of Right

print_sensor(1,1,3); print_sensor(1,5,2); print_sensor(1,9,1);

//Prints value of White Line Sensor1 //Prints Value of White Line Sensor2 //Prints Value of White Line Sensor3

if(Center_white_line>0x0f && (Right_white_line> 0x0f || Left_whi te_line> 0x0f)) goto down1; }

down1:right_degrees(180); stop(); _delay_ms(50); i=1; j=0; while(1) { Left_white_line = ADC_Conversion(3); L Sensor Center_white_line = ADC_Conversion(2); //Getting data of Center WL Sensor Right_white_line = ADC_Conversion(1); WL Sensor //Getting data of Right //Getting data of Left W

print_sensor(1,1,3); print_sensor(1,5,2); print_sensor(1,9,1);

//Prints value of White Line Sensor1 //Prints Value of White Line Sensor2 //Prints Value of White Line Sensor3

if(Center_white_line>0x0f && (Right_white_line> 0x0f || Left_whi te_line> 0x0f)) { if (i==4) { stop(); soft_right_degrees(90); stop(); _delay_ms(60000); i=1; k++;

} else { stop(); _delay_ms(1000); fruit_sense(); left_degrees(87); _delay_ms(500); servo_1(20); servo_1_free(); servo_2(20); /*j=2500; abc:linefol(); j--; if(j!=0) goto abc;*/ i+=1; j++; if(j==12) goto last; forward(); velocity(220,220); _delay_ms(300); } } else { linefol(); } } last:soft_left_degrees(90); forward(); velocity(190,190); _delay_ms(2000); right_degrees(180); buzzer_on(); _delay_ms(5000); buzzer_off(); }