Digital Signal Processing:

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How to classify signals? discreet time/continuous time, periodic/non periodic What is the use of random signals? for testing systems dynamic response statistically for very small amplitudes and time durations. How to classify systems? linear, stable, time invariant What's the difference between correlation & convolution? How to obtain convolution from correlation operator *? conv(h,x) = h*(-x) What are the characteristics of a transient response of a system? decay time, rise time, peak time, max overshoot, settling time What is sampling thereom? Who proposed it? What is itss importance? What is the need of FFT ? What is the need of Digital Signal Processing? What is the convolution? What is aliasing and How do we prevent it? Aliasing is frequency shifting of content of input signal above half the sample frequency. We avoid it by using anti aliasing filters to limit signal content below 1/2 sample frequency and/or by sampling at high enough frequency to avoid anti aliasing. What is the application fo Cross correlation and Auto Correlation? What do you mean by spectral resolution? i think its separation of two signal in frequency domain. How do u reduce spectral leakage? By increasing the window length in time domain we can reduce spectral leakage. What is the concept of stability of an LTI system? How to check if a given system is stable? Determine the roots of the system. If all roots have real part <> 0, the system is unstable. What is the importance of time frequency resolution? Can this be explained with respect to some application eg When we need to determine the stationary and dynamic characteristic of a signal, How do transform with different time frequency resolution, affects it. Time and frequency are two important aspects in Which time and frequency are the inverse of each other. Hence if u have a small frequency it is spread out in large time and vice versa. Just u can analyze a time frequency plot. So When we try to analyze non stationary signals these values continuously change and the properties of FFT do not hold for non stationary signals for Which u need to go to either Short term Fourier transform or the wavelet analysis. Each has it's own advantages and disadvantages.

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15. Tell some thing about Interpolation and decimation?

Interpolation basically filling missing samples, decimation basically reducing the sample rate. 16. Explain using convolution the effects of taking an FFT of a sample with no windowing (rectangular window). The signal is multiplied by a rectangular window in the time domain. This

corresponds to convolution by a sync function in the frequency domain. The wide center lobe of the sync function spreads frequencies and the side lobes shift frequencies. 17. What is Gibbs phenomenon? The Gibbs phenomenon in time is the result of truncating its corresponding discrete Fourier Transform, or, Fourier Series. The Gibbs phenomenon in frequency is the result of truncating its sampled time series. 18. If a have two vectors, How will i check the orthogonality of those vectors? Why do we need I&Q signals? What care should be taken When we doing camulative decimation?
19. In signal processing, Why we are much more interested in orthogonal transform?

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What are the pros and cons of Discrete Cosine Transform?" What are basis vectors in a transofrm? How can you compute fourier transform form Z-transform ? z =r*e(-iw) When r=1 Z-transform converges to discrete Fourier tranform. Why is FFT faster than DFT? What is the actual concept behind this? FFT is an algorithm to implement DFT , FFT is not at all a tranform, if u implement Directly it take (N^2) complex Multiplications and (N^2 -N) complex additions , Where as FFT will Nlog2(N) complex Mul & additions What is the difference between DFT and DTFT? DFT = spectrum of DFT also discrete in nature,Where as spectrum of DTFT is continuous. Why we use DCT extensilvely in compression? DCT has excellent energy compaction property, for highly correlated input it give excellent energy compaction similar to KL transform. Why after DCt we use a zig zag manner for run length coding? to convert to 2d to 1d data for run lenth coding, zig-zag is prefered because it scan the 2d data from low frequency to high frequency coef. FFT is in complex domain, How to use it in real life signals optimally? use two diiferent buffers for real & complex Why we use Forrier transform in DSP

27. How to find energy density (enrgy per unit bandwidth) from fourier transform? 28. | F(jw)| pow 2 29. Why do we use laplace transform?

analysis & design of linear time invariant systems

in a strict sense, fourier is not applicable for unit step, unit ramp and sinusoidal functions. this is overcome in laplace. 31. What are advantages of laplace transform? 32. simplifies operations, transforms frequently occuring exponential function to simpler easier to handle algebraic functions.
33. What's the fourier transform of a auto correlation for a periodic waveform ?

power spectral density 34. What is use of windowing in digital filters? 35. How toget a magnitude response of a quantized filter? Any noise estimation has to be done??

36. What is the difference between equiripple filter and FIR filter? 37. 38. 39.

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Whats basic difference b/w winer filter and kalman filter and lms filter ? What is the advantage of a Direct form II FIR over fom I? Why IIR filters doesnt have Linear phase?. Liner phase IIR filter cannot physically realizable , its unstable. Can IIR filters be Linear phase? How to make it linear Phase? Idealy Physically realizable doesnt have linear phase, but we can implement IIR filter with linear phase response in passband. (refer Bessel series Approx) What is the advantage of a Direct form II FIR over fom I? i think Direct form -2 take less memory (not sure) What is the basic difference blw FIR and IIR filters? basic difference is FIR has liner phase response,Where has IIR filter has nonlinear phase response. What is the special about minimum phase filter ? minimum phase system has both poles and zeors reside in side unit circle, these are basically used for compensating channel impairments. differences b/w butterworth, chebyshev, elliptical filter and advantages/disadvantages of each? butter worth -monotonic response in pass band and stop band. chebyshev-1 ripple in pass band, and monotonic in stop band. chebyshev-2 monotonic in passband ripple in stop band. elliptic- ripple response both in passband &stop band. for given set of parameters we can achive minimum transistion band width with elliptic filter , other way we can implement with fewer number of coef than other methods

44. What is Interpolation and decimation filters and Why we need it?

interpolation for reconstruction and for sample rate up conversion. deciamtion filter sample rate down conversion. 45. What is the simplest high pass filter ? write the equation? Hp= 1- Lp

Micro Controllers 8051 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 8051 follows which architecture: Harvard or Newman? What is the difference between Harvard and Newman architecture? 8051 was developed using which technology nmos or pmos? Why 8051 is called 8 bit microcontroller? What is the width of data bus? Intel What is the width of address bus? How many memory locations address bus can access (also tell in kb)? The memory locations that the address bus can access will be of RAM or ROM or both? How much on-chip RAM is available? On-chip RAM is also called _____ memory? How much on-chip ROM is available? On-chip ROM is also called _____ memory?

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How many byte is of the bidirectional input/output port? What is UART? The original 8051 core runs at how many clock cycles per machine cycle? With 12 MHz clock frequency how many instructions(of 1 machine cycle and 2 machine cycle) it can execute per second? What are the four distinct types of memory in 8051? Internal RAM is located from address 0x00 to ___? Tell the addresses which can be accessed directly? Tell the addresses which are bit addressable? Tell the addresses which can be accessed only by indirect addressing mode? Tell the addresses where the special function registers are present and also which addressing mode is used to access them? Are SFR bit addressable or byte addressable? What type of memory is Program Memory? Read only/Read-write/write \ only? *Does the program memory can be only used for storing code only, if not then how that data is accessed? What is the address of external data memory from which it starts? How the external data memory is accessed?

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