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Phase Plane Analysis

Phase plane analysis is a graphical method used to analyze the behavior of second-order systems by plotting the state variables in a two-dimensional plane. It allows visualization of system trajectories from various initial conditions without needing to solve nonlinear equations analytically. While it provides insight into nonlinear system behavior, phase plane analysis is limited to second-order systems. Key aspects include phase portraits, singular points which represent equilibria, and limit cycles which represent isolated closed curves in the phase plane that influence stability.

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Tanzeel Shakeel
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414 views9 pages

Phase Plane Analysis

Phase plane analysis is a graphical method used to analyze the behavior of second-order systems by plotting the state variables in a two-dimensional plane. It allows visualization of system trajectories from various initial conditions without needing to solve nonlinear equations analytically. While it provides insight into nonlinear system behavior, phase plane analysis is limited to second-order systems. Key aspects include phase portraits, singular points which represent equilibria, and limit cycles which represent isolated closed curves in the phase plane that influence stability.

Uploaded by

Tanzeel Shakeel
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Phase Plane Analysis

Phase plane analysis is a graphical method for studying

second-order systems. The basic idea is to generate a two-dimensional plane (called the phase plane) in the state space of a second order dynamical system. Motion trajectories corresponding to various initial conditions are examined to obtain the qualitative features like stability and motion patterns of the system.
ADVANTAGES: Visualising behaviour of a nonlinear system,

starting from various initial conditions without having to solve the nonlinear equations analytically. Not restricted to small or smooth nonlinearities, but equally applied to hard nonlinearities.
DISADVATGES: Restricted to only second order or first order

systems.

Concepts of Phase Plane Analysis


Phase Portraits:

Graphical representation of 2nd order autonomous systems i.e. ( ) ( ) The state space of this system is a plane having ( ) as coordinates and is called the phase plane. The family of phase plane trajectories corresponding to various initial conditions is called a phase portrait of a system. Lets take an example of spring mass system having ( ) dynamical equation

The nature of the system response corresponding to various initial conditions is directly displayed on the phase plane.

A major class of 2nd order systems can be represented as ( ) Can you tell me some examples of 2nd order systems in electrical systems and mechanical systems?

Singular Points:

A singular point is an equilibrium point in the phase plane, which means ( ) ( ) Stability is uniquely characterised by the nature of their singular points. Lets take some examples to find the singular points: o For the 2nd order linear system o For the 2nd order nonlinear system

Singular points are (0,0) and (-3,0).

For the 1st order nonlinear system

Singular points are at 0, 2, -2.

Phase Plane analysis of Linear systems


The phase portrait of

This system has two stable poles at -1 and -2. The phase portrait of

The system has one unstable and one stable pole at 1 and -2 respectively. The phase portrait of

The system has two complex stable poles at

Phase Plane analysis of nonlinear systems


Local behaviour of nonlinear system can be approximated by the behaviour of a linear system. Nonlinear systems can display much complicated patterns such as multiple equilibrium points and limit cycles. A limit cycle is an isolated closed curve in the phase plane.

a) b) c)

Stable limit cycle Unstable limit cycle Semi-stable limit cycle

Consider a Satellite control system having mathematical model as (rotational unit inertia )

( )

i.e. the thrusters push in the counter-clockwise direction if is positive.

Control input and thus the phase trajectories are switched on the vertical switching line.

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