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    Telemática 1: Introduction To Computer Networks and Internet (Part 1)

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    Diego Andres
    The document provides an overview of computer networks and the Internet. It discusses what the Internet is, including its nuts and bolts view as a network of interconnected computing devices running applications and communicating via protocols. It also describes the network edge consisting of end systems and applications, the network core consisting of routers, and various access networks and physical media. It explains key concepts such as circuit switching versus packet switching, protocols, and the store-and-forward nature of packet-switched networks.

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    Telemática 1: Introduction To Computer Networks and Internet (Part 1)

    Uploaded by

    Diego Andres
    26 views26 pages
    The document provides an overview of computer networks and the Internet. It discusses what the Internet is, including its nuts and bolts view as a network of interconnected computing devices running applications and communicating via protocols. It also describes the network edge consisting of end systems and applications, the network core consisting of routers, and various access networks and physical media. It explains key concepts such as circuit switching versus packet switching, protocols, and the store-and-forward nature of packet-switched networks.

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    1.Intro 1

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    The document provides an overview of computer networks and the Internet. It discusses what the Internet is, including its nuts and bolts view as a network of interconnected computing devices running applications and communicating via protocols. It also describes the network edge consisting of end systems and applications, the network core consisting of routers, and various access networks and physical media. It explains key concepts such as circuit switching versus packet switching, protocols, and the store-and-forward nature of packet-switched networks.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    26 views26 pages

    Telemática 1: Introduction To Computer Networks and Internet (Part 1)

    Uploaded by

    Diego Andres
    The document provides an overview of computer networks and the Internet. It discusses what the Internet is, including its nuts and bolts view as a network of interconnected computing devices running applications and communicating via protocols. It also describes the network edge consisting of end systems and applications, the network core consisting of routers, and various access networks and physical media. It explains key concepts such as circuit switching versus packet switching, protocols, and the store-and-forward nature of packet-switched networks.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 26

    Telemtica 1

    Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet (Part 1)

    Introduction

    1-1

    Chapter 1: Introduction
    Our goal:
    !! get feel and

    Overview:
    !! what s the Internet !! what s a protocol? !! network edge !! network core !! access net, physical media !! Internet/ISP structure !! performance: loss, delay !! protocol layers, service models !! network modeling
    Introduction 1-2

    terminology !! more depth, detail later in course !! approach: !! use Internet as example

    Chapter 1: roadmap
    1.1 What is the Internet? 1.2 Network edge 1.3 Network core 1.4 Network access and physical media 1.5 Internet structure and ISPs 1.6 Delay & loss in packet-switched networks 1.7 Protocol layers, service models

    Introduction

    1-3

    What s the Internet: nuts and bolts view


    !! millions of connected

    computing devices: hosts = end systems !! running network apps !! communication links
    !! !!

    router server local ISP

    workstation mobile

    fiber, copper, radio, satellite transmission rate = bandwidth

    regional ISP

    !! routers: forward packets

    (chunks of data)

    company network
    Introduction 1-4

    What s the Internet: nuts and bolts view


    !! protocols control sending,

    receiving of msgs
    !!

    router server local ISP

    workstation mobile

    e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, FTP, PPP

    !! Internet: network of

    networks
    !! !!

    loosely hierarchical public Internet versus private intranet

    regional ISP

    !! Internet standards !! RFC: Request for comments !! IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force

    company network
    Introduction 1-5

    What s the Internet: a service view


    !! communication

    infrastructure enables distributed applications:


    !!

    Web, email, games, ecommerce, file sharing

    !! communication services

    provided to apps:
    !! !!

    Connectionless unreliable connection-oriented reliable

    Introduction

    1-6

    What s a protocol?
    human protocols: !! what s the time? !! I have a question !! introductions specific msgs sent specific actions taken when msgs received, or other events network protocols: !! machines rather than humans !! all communication activity in Internet governed by protocols

    protocols define format, order of msgs sent and received among network entities, and actions taken on msg transmission, receipt
    Introduction 1-7

    What s a protocol?
    a human protocol and a computer network protocol: Hi Hi
    Got the time?

    TCP connection req TCP connection response


    Get http://www.udistrital.edu.co

    2:00 time Q: Other human protocols?

    <file>

    Introduction

    1-8

    Chapter 1: roadmap
    1.1 What is the Internet? 1.2 Network edge 1.3 Network core 1.4 Network access and physical media 1.5 Internet structure and ISPs 1.6 Delay & loss in packet-switched networks 1.7 Protocol layers, service models

    Introduction

    1-9

    A closer look at network structure:


    !! network edge:

    applications and hosts !! network core:


    !! routers !! network

    of networks

    !! access networks,

    physical media: communication links


    Introduction 1-10

    The network edge:


    !! end systems (hosts):
    !! !! !!

    run application programs e.g. Web, email at edge of network

    !! client/server model
    !! !!

    client host requests, receives service from always-on server e.g. Web browser/server; email client/server minimal (or no) use of dedicated servers e.g. Torrents
    Introduction 1-11

    !! peer-peer model:
    !! !!

    Network edge: connection-oriented service


    Goal: data transfer
    between end systems !! handshaking: setup (prepare for) data transfer ahead of time
    !! !!

    TCP service [RFC 793]


    !! reliable,
    !!

    in-order bytestream data transfer


    loss: acknowledgements and retransmissions

    Hello, hello back human protocol set up state in two communicating hosts

    !! flow control: !! sender won t overwhelm receiver !! congestion control: !! senders slow down sending rate when network congested
    Introduction 1-12

    !! TCP - Transmission

    Control Protocol
    !!

    Internet s connectionoriented service

    Network edge: connectionless service


    Goal: data transfer
    !!

    between end systems


    same as before!

    App s using TCP:


    !! HTTP (Web), FTP (file

    !! UDP - User Datagram

    Protocol [RFC 768]: !! connectionless !! unreliable data transfer !! no flow control !! no congestion control

    transfer), Telnet (remote login), SMTP (email)

    App s using UDP:


    !! streaming media,

    teleconferencing, DNS, Internet telephony


    Introduction 1-13

    Chapter 1: roadmap
    1.1 What is the Internet? 1.2 Network edge 1.3 Network core 1.4 Network access and physical media 1.5 Internet structure and ISPs 1.6 Delay & loss in packet-switched networks 1.7 Protocol layers, service models

    Introduction

    1-14

    The Network Core


    !! mesh of interconnected

    routers !! the fundamental question: how is data transferred through net? !! circuit switching: dedicated circuit per call: telephone net !! packet-switching: data sent thru net in discrete chunks
    Introduction 1-15

    Network Core: Circuit Switching


    End-end resources reserved for call
    !! link bandwidth, switch

    capacity !! dedicated resources: no sharing !! circuit-like (guaranteed) performance !! call setup required

    Introduction

    1-16

    Network Core: Circuit Switching


    network resources (e.g., bandwidth) divided into pieces
    !! pieces allocated to calls !! resource piece !! dividing link bandwidth

    idle if not used by owning call (no sharing)

    into pieces !! frequency division !! time division

    Introduction

    1-17

    Circuit Switching: FDM and TDM


    FDM frequency time TDM frequency time
    Whats your opinion about the throughput?

    Example: 4 users

    Introduction

    1-18

    Numerical example
    !! How long does it take to send a file of

    640,000 bits from host A to host B over a circuit-switched network?


    !! All

    links are 1.536 Mbps !! Each link uses TDM with 24 slots !! 500 msec to establish end-to-end circuit

    Work it out!

    Introduction

    1-19

    Network Core: Packet Switching


    each end-end data stream divided into packets !! user A, B packets share network resources !! each packet uses full link bandwidth !! resources used as needed
    Bandwidth division into pieces Dedicated allocation Resource reservation

    resource contention: !! aggregate resource demand can exceed amount available !! congestion: packets queue, wait for link use !! store and forward: packets move one hop at a time
    !!

    Node receives complete packet before forwarding

    Introduction

    1-20

    Packet Switching: Statistical Multiplexing


    A B
    10 Mb/s Ethernet

    statistical multiplexing
    1.5 Mb/s

    queue of packets waiting for output link

    Sequence of A & B packets does not have fixed pattern ! statistical multiplexing. In TDM each host gets same slot in revolving TDM frame.

    Introduction

    1-21

    Packet switching versus circuit switching


    Q: Does packet switching allow more users to use the network?
    !! 1 Mb/s link !! each user: !! 100 kb/s when active !! active 10% of time !! circuit-switching: !! 10 users !! packet switching: !! with 35 users, probability > 10 active less than .0004

    N users 1 Mbps link

    A: Undoubtedly, Yes!

    Introduction

    1-22

    Packet switching versus circuit switching


    Is packet switching a successful winner?
    !! Great for bursty data

    sharing !! simpler, no call setup !! Excessive congestion: packet delay and loss !! protocols needed for reliable data transfer, congestion control !! Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior? !! bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video apps !! We will see it later
    Introduction 1-23

    !! resource

    Packet-switching: store-and-forward
    L R R R

    !! Takes L/R seconds to

    transmit (push out) packet of L bits on to link or R bps !! Entire packet must arrive at router before it can be transmitted on next link: store and forward !! delay = 3L/R

    Example: !! L = 7.5 Mbits !! R = 1.5 Mbps !! delay = 15 sec

    Introduction

    1-24

    Packet-switched networks: forwarding


    !! Goal: move packets through routers from source to

    destination !! datagram network:


    !! !! !!

    destination address in packet determines next hop routes may change during session analogy: driving, asking directions

    !! virtual circuit network: !! each packet carries tag (virtual circuit ID), tag determines next hop !! fixed path determined at call setup time, remains fixed thru call

    Introduction

    1-25

    Network Taxonomy
    Telecommunication networks

    Circuit-switched networks

    Packet-switched networks Networks with VCs Datagram Networks

    FDM

    TDM

    ! Datagram network is not either connection-oriented or connectionless. ! Internet provides both connection-oriented (TCP) and connectionless services (UDP) to apps.
    Introduction 1-26

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