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Set Operaters: Definition

Set operators in SQL allow combining result sets from multiple queries. The main set operators are UNION, UNION ALL, INTERSECT, and MINUS. UNION returns distinct rows combining two result sets, UNION ALL includes duplicates, INTERSECT returns rows common to both sets, and MINUS returns rows only in the first set not the second.

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Parithi Vignesh
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431 views

Set Operaters: Definition

Set operators in SQL allow combining result sets from multiple queries. The main set operators are UNION, UNION ALL, INTERSECT, and MINUS. UNION returns distinct rows combining two result sets, UNION ALL includes duplicates, INTERSECT returns rows common to both sets, and MINUS returns rows only in the first set not the second.

Uploaded by

Parithi Vignesh
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SET OPERATERS

Definition:
SQL set operators allows combine results from two or more SELECT statements or Set operators combine sets of rows returned by queries, instead of individual data items .

TYPES:
- UNION - UNION ALL - INTERSECT - MINUS

You can combine multiple queries using the set operators UNION, UNION ALL, INTERSECT, and MINUS.

UNION:
The UNION operator is used to combine the result-set of two or more SELECT statements. Display data from both queries , eliminating duplicate rows. By default order is ascending.

SYNTAX:

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1 UNION SELECT column_name(s) FROM table2;

EXAMPLE:
SELECT A FROM T1;

A 1 2 3 4

SELECT A FROM T2;

B 1 2 3 5

SELECT A FROM T1; UNION SELECT B FROM T2;

RESULT:
A 1 2 3 4 5

UNION ALL:
Display data from both queries including duplicate rows By default order is descending.

SYNTAX:

select field1, field2, ... field_n from tables UNION ALL select field1, field2, ... field_n from tables;

EXAMPLE:
SELECT A FROM T1;

A 1 2 3 4

SELECT A FROM T2;

B 1 2 3 5

SELECT A FROM T1; UNION ALL SELECT B FROM T2;

RESULT:
A 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 5

INTERSECT:
INTERSECT returns only common rows returned by the two SELECT statements. MySQL does not support INTERSECT operator.

SYNTAX:

select field1, field2, . field_n from tables INTERSECT select field1, field2, . field_n from tables;

EXAMPLES:

SELECT A FROM T1;

A 1 2 3 4

SELECT A FROM T2;

B 1 2 3 5

SELECT A FROM T1; INTERSECT SELECT B FROM T2;

RESULT:
A 1 2

MINUS:
The SQL MINUS query returns all rows in the first SQL SELECT statement that are not returned in the second SQL SELECT statement.

SYNTAX:

select field1, field2, ... field_n from tables MINUS select field1, field2, ... field_n from tables;

EXAMPLE:

SELECT A FROM T1;

A 1 2 3 4

SELECT A FROM T2;

B 1 2 3 5

SELECT A FROM T1; MINUS SELECT B FROM T2;

RESULT:
A 4

INTERVIEW QUESTIONS:

1.
SELECT 1 FROM DUAL UNION SELECT 2 FROM DUAL UNION ALL SELECT 2 FROM DUAL INTERSECT SELECT 2 FROM DUAL MINUS SELECT 1 FROM DUAL; }2 }2 }1,2,2 } 1,2

RESULT:

1 2

Because its execute from the Top to Bottom.

2.
SELECT 2 FROM DUAL UNION SELECT 1 FROM DUAL;

RESULT:

2 1 2

First row column(2) only occur in the title, the union default order is ascending, so it prints the value In ascending.

ERRORS:

3. Set operator have same data type in both the rows.

Example:
SELECT 1 FROM DUAL UNION SELECT A FROM DUAL This error will Display like this:
ORA-01790: expression must have same data type as corresponding expression.

4.
When you give 2 column in one row and 1 column in another row then The error will occur.

EXAMPLE:
SELECT 1,2 FROM DUAL UNION SELECT 1 FROM DUAL

This error will Display like this:


ORA-01789: query block has incorrect number of result columns.

5. HOW TO VIEW ONLY UNMATCHED ROWS IN 2 TABLES USING


SET OPERATER.

SELECT A FROM T1; A 1 2 3 4

SELECT A FROM T2; B 1 2 3 5

SELECT A FROM T1 MINUS SELECT B FROM T1 UNION (SELECT B FROM T2 MINUS SELECT A FROM T1); }5 }4,5 }4

RESULT:
B 4 5

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