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1.what Is Signal Processing

Digital signal processing (DSP) involves using digital technology to process analog signals. It allows extracting information from or converting signals between different forms. DSP is used widely in areas like telecommunications, multimedia, medicine, and human-computer interaction. Key concepts in DSP include signals, systems, sampling, the Fourier transform, filtering, and statistical modeling of signals. Signals can be represented in different domains like time and frequency, and linear time-invariant systems can be characterized by filters. Together with tools like the z-transform and Fourier transform, filters are used to design digital signal processing systems and algorithms.

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71 views

1.what Is Signal Processing

Digital signal processing (DSP) involves using digital technology to process analog signals. It allows extracting information from or converting signals between different forms. DSP is used widely in areas like telecommunications, multimedia, medicine, and human-computer interaction. Key concepts in DSP include signals, systems, sampling, the Fourier transform, filtering, and statistical modeling of signals. Signals can be represented in different domains like time and frequency, and linear time-invariant systems can be characterized by filters. Together with tools like the z-transform and Fourier transform, filters are used to design digital signal processing systems and algorithms.

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Connexions module: m13673

Introduction to Fundamentals of Signal Processing

Minh N. Do

This work is produced by The Connexions Project and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License

1 What is Digital Signal Processing?


Digital Signal Processing (DSP) let's examine what does each of its words mean. Signal is any physical quantity that carries information.  Processing is a series of steps or operations to achieve a particular end. It is easy to see that Signal Processing is used everywhere to extract information
To understand what is  from signals or to convert information-carrying signals from one form to another. For example, our brain and ears take input speech signals, and then process and convert them into meaningful words. Finally, the word 

Digital

in Digital Signal Processing means that the process is done by computers, microprocessors,

or logic circuits. The eld DSP has expanded signicantly over that last few decades as a result of rapid developments in computer technology and integrated-circuit fabrication. Consequently, DSP has played an increasingly important role in a wide range of disciplines in science and technology. Research and development in DSP are driving advancements in many high-tech areas including telecommunications, multimedia, medical and scientic imaging, and human-computer interaction. To illustrate the digital revolution and the impact of DSP, consider the development of digital cameras. Traditional lm cameras mainly rely on physical properties of the optical lens, where higher quality requires bigger and larger system, to obtain good images. When digital cameras were rst introduced, their quality were inferior compared to lm cameras. But as microprocessors become more powerful, more sophisticated DSP algorithms have been developed for digital cameras to correct optical defects and improve the nal image quality. Thanks to these developments, the quality of consumer-grade digital cameras has now surpassed the equivalence in lm cameras. As further developments for digital cameras attached to cell phones (cameraphones), where due to small size requirements of the lenses, these cameras rely on DSP power to provide good images. Essentially, digital camera technology uses computational power to overcome physical limitations. We can nd the similar trend happens in many other applications of DSP such as digital communications, digital imaging, digital television, and so on. In summary, DSP has foundations on Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science, and can provide the key enabling technology in numerous applications.

2 Overview of Key Concepts in Digital Signal Processing


The two main characters in DSP are

signals

and

systems.

signal

is dened as any physical quantity

that varies with one or more independent variables such as time (one-dimensional signal), or space (2-D
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Connexions module: m13673

or 3-D signal). Signals exist in several types. In the real-world, most of signals are

analog signals

continuous-time

or

that have values continuously at every value of time.

continuous-time signal has to be rst

sampled

in time into a

discrete-time signal

To be processed by a computer, a so that its values at

a discrete set of time instants can be stored in computer memory locations. Furthermore, in order to be processed by logic circuits, these signal values have to be nal result is called a

digital signal.

quantized in to a set of discrete values, and the

When the quantization eect is ignored, the terms discrete-time signal

system is dened as a process whose input and output are signals. An important linear time-invariant (or shift-invariant) systems. These systems have a remarkable property is that each of them can be completely characterized by an impulse response function (sometimes is also called as point spread function), and the system is dened by a convolution (also referred to as a ltering) operation. Thus, a linear time-invariant system is equivalent to a (linear) lter. Linear time-invariant systems are classied into two types, those that have nite-duration impulse response (FIR) and those that have an innite-duration impulse response (IIR). A signal can be viewed as a vector in a vector space. Thus, linear algebra provides a powerful
In signal processing, a class of systems is the class of framework to study signals and linear systems. represented (or expanded) as a

and digital signal can be used interchangeability.

linear combination of elementary signals. The most important signal expansions are provided by the Fourier transforms. The Fourier transforms, as with general transforms,
are often used eectively to transform a problem from one domain to another domain where it is much easier

In particular, given a vector space, each signal can be

to solve or analyze. The two domains of a Fourier transform have physical meaning and are called the time domain and the frequency domain. Sampling, or the conversion of continuous-domain real-life signals to discrete numbers that can be processed by computers, is the essential bridge between the analog and the digital worlds. It is important to understand the connections between signals and systems in the real world and inside a computer. These connections are convenient to analyze in the frequency domain. Moreover, many signals and systems are specied by their Because any

frequency characteristics. linear time-invariant system can be characterized as a lter, the design of such systems boils down to the design the associated lters. Typically, in the lter design process, we determine the coecients of an FIR or IIR lter that closely approximates the desired frequency response specications. Together with Fourier transforms, the z-transform provides an eective tool to analyze and design digital
lters. In many applications, signals are conveniently described via is remarkable that optimum linear lters (in the sense of

lters,

functions) of a

time, we can employ algorithm.

stationary process. When these statistics cannot be specied beforehand or change over adaptive lters, where the lter coecients are adapted to the signal statistics. The most popular algorithm to adaptively adjust the lter coecients is the least-mean square (LMS)

can be determined using only

statistical models as random signals. It minimum mean-square error), so called Wiener second-order statistics (autocorrelation and crosscorrelation

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