An Example of RSA Encryption

An Example of the RSA Algorithm

P = 61 <- first prime number (destroy this after computing E and D)
Q = 53 <- second prime number (destroy this after computing E and D)
PQ = 3233 <- modulus (give this to others)
E = 17 <- public exponent (give this to others)
D = 2753 <- private exponent (keep this secret!)

Your public key is (E,PQ).

Your private key is D.

The encryption function is:

encrypt(T) = (T^E) mod PQ

= (T^17) mod 3233

The decryption function is:

decrypt(C) = (C^D) mod PQ

= (C^2753) mod 3233

To encrypt the plaintext value 123, do this:

encrypt(123) = (123^17) mod 3233

= 337587917446653715596592958817679803 mod 3233
= 855

To decrypt the ciphertext value 855, do this:

decrypt(855) = (855^2753) mod 3233

= 123

One way to compute the value of 855^2753 mod 3233 is like this:

2753 = 101011000001 base 2, therefore

2753 = 1 + 2^6 + 2^7 + 2^9 + 2^11

= 1 + 64 + 128 + 512 + 2048

Consider this table of powers of 855:

855^1 = 855 (mod 3233)

855^2 = 367 (mod 3233)
855^4 = 367^2 (mod 3233) = 2136 (mod 3233)
855^8 = 2136^2 (mod 3233) = 733 (mod 3233)
855^16 = 733^2 (mod 3233) = 611 (mod 3233)
855^32 = 611^2 (mod 3233) = 1526 (mod 3233)

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 An Example of RSA Encryption

855^64 = 1526^2 (mod 3233) = 916 (mod 3233)

855^128 = 916^2 (mod 3233) = 1709 (mod 3233)
855^256 = 1709^2 (mod 3233) = 1282 (mod 3233)
855^512 = 1282^2 (mod 3233) = 1160 (mod 3233)
855^1024 = 1160^2 (mod 3233) = 672 (mod 3233)
855^2048 = 672^2 (mod 3233) = 2197 (mod 3233)

Given the above, we know this:

855^2753 (mod 3233)

= 855^(1 + 64 + 128 + 512 + 2048) (mod 3233)
= 855^1 * 855^64 * 855^128 * 855^512 * 855^2048 (mod 3233)
= 855 * 916 * 1709 * 1160 * 2197 (mod 3233)
= 794 * 1709 * 1160 * 2197 (mod 3233)
= 2319 * 1160 * 2197 (mod 3233)
= 184 * 2197 (mod 3233)
= 123 (mod 3233)
= 123

If you have a computer program (such as the "bc" utility that comes with Linux),
you can compute 855^2753 mod 3233 directly, like this:

855^2753 mod 3233

= 50432888958416068734422899127394466631453878360035509315554967564501
05562861208255997874424542811005438349865428933638493024645144150785
17209179665478263530709963803538732650089668607477182974582295034295
04079035818459409563779385865989368838083602840132509768620766977396
67533250542826093475735137988063256482639334453092594385562429233017
51977190016924916912809150596019178760171349725439279215696701789902
13430714646897127961027718137839458696772898693423652403116932170892
69617643726521315665833158712459759803042503144006837883246101784830
71758547454725206968892599589254436670143220546954317400228550092386
36942444855973333063051607385302863219302913503745471946757776713579
54965202919790505781532871558392070303159585937493663283548602090830
63550704455658896319318011934122017826923344101330116480696334024075
04695258866987658669006224024102088466507530263953870526631933584734
81094876156227126037327597360375237388364148088948438096157757045380
08107946980066734877795883758289985132793070353355127509043994817897
90548993381217329458535447413268056981087263348285463816885048824346
58897839333466254454006619645218766694795528023088412465948239275105
77049113329025684306505229256142730389832089007051511055250618994171
23177795157979429711795475296301837843862913977877661298207389072796
76720235011399271581964273076407418989190486860748124549315795374377
12441601438765069145868196402276027766869530903951314968319097324505
45234594477256587887692693353918692354818518542420923064996406822184
49011913571088542442852112077371223831105455431265307394075927890822
60604317113339575226603445164525976316184277459043201913452893299321
61307440532227470572894812143586831978415597276496357090901215131304
15756920979851832104115596935784883366531595132734467524394087576977

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An Example of RSA Encryption

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74535988684298559807185192215970046508106068445595364808922494405427
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91764016110392490439179803398975491765395923608511807653184706473318
01578207412764787592739087492955716853665185912666373831235945891267
87095838000224515094244575648744840868775308453955217306366938917023
94037184780362774643171470855830491959895146776294392143100245613061
11429937000557751339717282549110056008940898419671319709118165542908
76109008324997831338240786961578492341986299168008677495934077593066
02207814943807854996798945399364063685722697422361858411425048372451
24465580270859179795591086523099756519838277952945756996574245578688
38354442368572236813990212613637440821314784832035636156113462870198
51423901842909741638620232051039712184983355286308685184282634615027
44187358639504042281512399505995983653792227285847422071677836679451
34363807086579774219853595393166279988789721695963455346336497949221
13017661316207477266113107012321403713882270221723233085472679533015
07998062253835458948024820043144726191596190526034069061930939290724
10284948700167172969517703467909979440975063764929635675558007116218
27727603182921790350290486090976266285396627024392536890256337101471
68327404504583060228676314215815990079164262770005461232291921929971
69907690169025946468104141214204472402661658275680524166861473393322
65959127006456304474160852916721870070451446497932266687321463467490
41185886760836840306190695786990096521390675205019744076776510438851
51941619318479919134924388152822038464729269446084915299958818598855

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An Example of RSA Encryption

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78384821401136556784934102431512482864529170314100400120163648299853
25166349056053794585089424403855252455477792240104614890752745163425
13992163738356814149047932037426337301987825405699619163520193896982
54478631309773749154478427634532593998741700138163198116645377208944
00285485000269685982644562183794116702151847721909339232185087775790
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95932538078643444100512138025081797622723797210352196773268441946486
16402961059899027710532570457016332613431076417700043237152474626393
99011899727845362949303636914900881060531231630009010150839331880116
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37012242465512648784549235041852167426383189733332434674449039780017
84689726405462148024124125833843501704885320601475687862318094090012
63241969092252022679880113408073012216264404133887392600523096072386
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99227975522771848648475326124302804177943090938992370938053652046462
55147267884961527773274119265709116613580084145421487687310394441054
79639308530896880365608504772144592172500126500717068969428154627563
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02763247972904122211994117388204526335701759090678628159281519982214
57652796853892517218720090070389138562840007332258507590485348046564
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76122990409576427857316364124880930949770739567588422963171158464569
84202455109029882398517953684125891446352791897307683834073696131409
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95161912002160777898876864736481837825324846699168307281220310791935
64666840159148582699993374427677252275403853322196852298590851548110
40229657916338257385513314823459591633281445819843614596306024993617
53097925561238039014690665163673718859582772525683119989984646027216
46279764077057074816406450769779869955106180046471937808223250148934
07851137833251073753823403466269553292608813843895784099804170410417
77608463062862610614059615207066695243018438575031762939543026312673
77406936404705896083462601885911184367532529845888040849710922999195
65539701911191919188327308603766775339607722455632113506572191067587
51186812786344197572392195263333856538388240057190102564949233944519
65959203992392217400247234147190970964562108299547746193228981181286
05556588093851898811812905614274085809168765711911224763288658712755
38928438126611991937924624112632990739867854558756652453056197509891
14578114735771283607554001774268660965093305172102723066635739462334
13638045914237759965220309418558880039496755829711258361621890140359
54234930424749053693992776114261796407100127643280428706083531594582
305946326827861270203356980346143245697021484375 mod 3233
= 123

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