LINEAR LAW 2.1 Understand and use the concept of lines of best fit 2.1.

1 Draw lines of best fit by inspection of i!en data (riteria of the best fit line ) 1. points lie as close as possible to the line 2. line pass throu h as *any points as possible #. points that do not fit onto the line should be *ore or less the sa*e on both sides of the line E"ercise 1. Draw the line of best fit. 1 2

2.1.2 Write e%uation for lines of best fit y & mx ' c is the linear e%uation of a strai ht line y m & radient c & y+intercept
y2 y1 y y2 or 1 x2 x1 x1 x2

c x

E"ercise 2. Write the e%uation of the line of best fit for each of the followin E"a*ple) ,i2
O

raphs V
"

y
"

,ii -

E"a*ple)

,$3 /x .ind m)
O

,13 /,13 1"

.ind m) .ind c)

m= =1

/2 $0

m=

/ 1 1 1 1 = $

c & y+intercept c&2

.ind c) V & mt ' c 2he line passes throu h ,13 /t 3 4

6ubstitute into y & mx ' c 2he e%uation of the line ) y & x ' 2

6ubstitute into V& mt ' c

y 5
"

V
"

,13 1,73 1"

,83 1-

y&"'5

2 17 V = t+ # #

F
" "

d ,83 8-

S
"

,#3 /t

,/3 $v
O

F & 2v 8

S & #t #

y & 2"2 ' /

y & #"2 ' 11

5 27 s= t 2 2

1 P= v+$ 2

1 7 p= q / /

# p = v+1 2

2.1.# Deter*ine the !alues of !ariables a- fro* lines of best fit E"ercise # 1 2

,2.83 #.#-

,#./3 22-

b- fro* e%uations of lines of best fit 1 2

2.2 2.2.1

Applications of Linear Law to Non+linear Relations Reduce non+linear relations to the linear for* LINEAR .:R; :. E<UA2I:N

Y & mX ' c
4ariables for the y+a"is coefficient & 1 E"a*ple ) m & radient

or Y & mX 3 c & 0

(onstant ,no !ariabley+intercept 4ariable for the x+a"is

Identify Y3 X3 m and c for the followin linear for* ,iY & y3 ,iiY& y 3 x y & 2x 2 # m & 23 X & x2 3 c & #

y & #x 2 1 x m & #3 X & x2 3 c & 1

E"ercise $. Reduce the followin non+linear e%uation to linear e%uation in the for* of Y & mX ' c. =ence3 identify Y3 X3 m and c. E"a*ple) #y & 1x2 ' 7x (reate the y+intercept # y 1x2 7 x x : = + x x x #y = 1x + 7 x (reate coefficient of y & 1 > arran e in the for* Y & mX ' c # y 1x 7 # : = + #x # # y 1x 7 = + x # # (o*pare to Y & mX ' c y 1x 7 = + x # # y 1 7 Y & 3 m & 3 X & x3 c & x # # E"a*ple) y & px2 (reate the y+intercept

takelog : log10 y = log px 2

log10 y = log10 p + log10 x 2 log10 y = log10 p + 2 log10 x (reate coefficient of y & 1 > arran e in the for* Y & mX ' c log10 y = 2 log10 x + log10 p

(o*pare to Y & mX ' c log10 y = 2 log10 x + log10 p Y &log10 y3 m & 23 X & log10 x3 c & log10 p

ab-

E%uation y2 & ax ' b y & ax2 ' bx

Y & mX ' c

c-

y 2 & 1x 2 ' $x

def-

y&

1 +c x

xy & a ' bx xy = a + bx x

h-

y & a , "' b-2 y& a x+

i-

a b + =1 y x

9-

y & abx

2.2.2a Deter*ine !alues of constants of non+linear relations when i!en lines of best fit E"a*ple ) a 2he !ariables x and y are related by the e%uation by = x + where a and b are constants. x 2he dia ra* below shows part of a line of best fit obtained by plottin a raph of xy a ainst x2. xy .ind the !alues of a and b. ,$3 10,13 #1O

x2

.ro* the raph identify the representation of y+a"is and x+a"is Y & xy3 X & x2 Reduce the e%uation i!en to linear for*3 Y & mX ' c by x a b : = + b b b ( ) ( ) ( )x
x a + b bx x ( x) a ( x) x : ( x ) y = + b bx 1 a xy = x 2 + b b (o*pare with Y & mX ' c 1 a Y & xy 3 m & 3 X & "2 3 c & b b 10 #1 m= =1 .ind m fro* the raph ) $ 1 .ind c3 substitute X & 13 Y & #13 m & 1 into the e%uation Y & mX ' c #1 & 1 ,1- ' c c & #0 a = #0 1 b m= =1 a b = #0 .ind the !ariables a and b ) 1 1 b= 1 1 a=/ y=

E"ercise 1. 1

?y & 2" ' $@

?y2 & 1,1A"- ' 2@

y x

8
,23 5-

y2
,$3 10,23 /-

,/3 1-

x 2he !ariables " and y are related by the e%uation y & px2 ' qx. .ind the !alues of p and q.

1 x 2he !ariables " and y are related by the e%uation k y 2 = + c . .ind x ,i- the !alue of k and c ,ii- the !alue of x when y & 2

p & 23 % & 1#

,i- B & 23 c & 2 ,ii- " & 1

y
,#3 /-

1 0

lo y

1 ,13 5-

1 x 2he abo!e fi ure shows part of a strai ht line raph drawn to represent the e%uation of xy & a ' bx. .ind the !alue of a and b.
1

lo x 2he abo!e fi ure shows part of a strai ht line raph drawn to represent the e%uation of y & axb. .ind the !alue of a and b.

a & #3 b & #

a & 113 b & 8

2.2.2b Deter*ine !alues of constants of non+linear relations when i!en data A. Usin a raph paper 1. Identify the raph to be drawn 2. (han e the non+linear function with !ariables x and y to a linear for* Y & mX ' c #. (onstruct a table for X and Y $. (hoose a suitable scale > label both a"es 1. Draw line of best fit /. Deter*ine ) radient 3 m and Y+intercept 3 c fro* the raph to find the !alues of constants in the non+linear e%uation. E"a*ple) 2he table shows the correspondin !alues of two !ariables3 x and y3 obtained fro* an e"peri*ent. k 2he !ariables x and y are related by the e%uation y = hx + 3 where h and k are constants hx x y ab1.0 /.0 2.0 $.7 #.0 1.2 $.0 /.2 1.0 7.1 /.0 7.5

Usin a scale of 2 c* to 10 units on both a"es3 plot a raph of xy a ainst x2. =ence3 draw a line of best fit. Use your raph fro* ,a- to find the !alue of ,ih3 ,ii- k. Drawn raph ) Y & xy and X & x2. (han e non+linear to linear for*. k y = hx + hx k ( x) x: ( x ) y = hx ( x ) + hx k 2 xy = hx + h k 2 Y = xy, X = x , m = h, c = h x y x xy /. 1.0 /.0 1.0 /.0 2.0 $.7 $.0 5.$ #.0 1.2 5.0 11./ $.0 /.2 1/.0 2$.8 1.0 7.1 21.0 #1.1 /.0 7.5 #/.0 $7.$

6olution ) 1. 2.

#.

.ro* the raph3 radient 3 m =

#7 = 1!2## #0 =ence3 h & 1.2##

.ro* the raph3 Y+intercept 3 c & $.1 h = $!1 k k =ence3 = $!1 1!2## k = 1!1$5

xy

10 0
"

$1

$0 0 #1
"

#0 0 21
"

20 0 11 0 10 0
" "

"

10 0

11 0

20 0

21

#0 0

#1 0

$0 0

x2

E"ercise /. 1. 2he table below shows so*e e"peri*ental data of two related !ariable x and y. It is Bnown that x and y are related by an e%uation in the for* y & ax ' bx23 where a and b are constants. x y ab2. 1 7 2 1/ # 2$ $ 2$ 1 1/ / 0 7 2$

y a ainst x. x =ence3 use the raph to find the !alues of a and b. Draw the strai ht line raph of
a & 13 b & 10

2he table below shows so*e e"peri*ental data of two related !ariable x and y. x y 0 1./7 2 1.5 $ 2.21 / 2.$1 8 2./1 10 2.75

It is Bnown that x and y are related by an e%uation in the for* ax b y= + 3 where a and b are constants. y y aDraw the strai ht line raph of y2 a ainst x. b=ence3 use the raph to find the !alues of a and b.
a & 0.13 b & 2.8

#.

2he table below shows two !ariable x and y3 which are obtained fro* an e"peri*ent. 2he r !ariables are related by the e%uation y = px + 3 where p and r are constants. px x y ab0 1./7 2 1.5 $ 2.21 / 2.$1 8 2./1 10 2.75

Clot xy a ainst x2. =ence draw the line of best fit. Dased on the raph3 find the !alues of p and r.
p &1.#83 r & 1.12