Brand Equity Measurement: Happydent
Brand Equity Measurement: Happydent
Brand Equity Measurement: Happydent
Brand Equity Measurement of
Happydent
ANTON BABU (U108009)
AYAN DASGUPTA (U108014)
GAURAV KAYAL (U108019)
ISHITA GOEL (U108020)
CONTENTS
Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................. 3
Brand Equity Measurement .................................................................................................................... 5
Brand Equity Model ............................................................................................................................ 6
Three Pillar Model ............................................................................................................................... 7
Stochastic Share .................................................................................................................................. 8
Analysis ................................................................................................................................................... 9
Brand Loyalty (An off shoot of the Preference‐Behaviour Model and Measures) .............................. 9
Brand Adhesion ................................................................................................................................. 11
Price Sensitivity ................................................................................................................................. 14
Stochastic Share ................................................................................................................................ 16
Brand Gravity and Brand Focus......................................................................................................... 21
Brand Elasticity .................................................................................................................................. 23
Conclusion ................................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
References ............................................................................................................................................ 26
Brand Equity Measurement Page 2
Executive Summary
In the Phase – I of our project, we measured the brand image of the brand Happydent, in the candy
mouth freshener category, using a combination of the BAV model and laddering method. Our last
finding indicated that Happydent was a leader in its category, beating off competition from the rival
brands.
In Phase – II, we work towards measuring the ‘equity’ of brand Happydent using a model which is a
modification to existing models available for calculating brand equity. We use a “Three Pillar” model
factoring in the components – Price Premium, Brand Loyalty and Market Share – to arrive at a
definitive measure of brand equity.
While evaluating the Brand Loyalty component, the results showed that in the case of Happydent
(and the category in general), the customer attitude could be best described as belonging to the low
involvement hierarchy (actÆfeelÆthink). The study reflected the brand’s reliance on highly loyal
customers to drive its fortunes.
To determine the Market Share we based our findings on a combination of ‘Stochastic share’ and
‘operational share’ to arrive at a suggestive figure. We determined the stochastic share to figure out
the probability of the brand being selected on the next purchase decision. Being a determinant of
the ‘mind‐share’, the stochastic preference share of the different brands was a clear pointer to the
fact that Happydent had the highest share of the consumer’s mind.
We also calculated the ‘Operational share’ of the different brands, an indicator of the market share
of these products in the candy mouth freshener category. Happydent yet again scored over its
competitors like Chloromint and Mentos.
Price Premium being very important to measuring the brand equity, we relied on the Price and
quality matrix which will check the premium that the brand can charge from its consumers for the
quality that they provide. Through this model we inferred that a significant number of respondents
viewed Happydent as good or superior quality, while a similar percentage of respondents considered
the price to be not a barrier or at best a minor barrier; implying that for a superior or good quality
product (even for a low involvement product category as this) the customer was willing to pay a
higher price.
We also tried to figure out the “brand gravity” and “brand focus” of Happydent with the results
implying that the brand has a huge potential market waiting to be tapped and increasing its
marketing efforts would be worthwhile. The results also confirmed an earlier inference that
Happydent relied heavily on sales to its loyal customers.
Brand Equity Measurement Page 3
In terms of brand adhesion Happydent is perceived less as a commodity as compared to the "mouth
freshener category". There are strong loyalists to the brand, despite the category being a low
involvement one. Consumers have strong attitudes towards the brand "Happydent" and they can
identify with it.
To sum it up, the brand Happydent scored high on all three parameters – price premium, brand
loyalty, and market share (the market share was determined as a function of the ‘operational
share’). However we also found out that most of its sales were derived from its (highly) loyal
customers, and efforts were needed to be directed towards increasing its customer base since there
was a potential market to be tapped. The overall Brand Equity of Happydent was on the higher side.
Brand Equity Measurement Page 4
Brand Equity Measurement
The concept of Brand Equity began to be widely used in the 1980’s by advertising practitioners and
was then popularised by Aaker through his bestselling book on the subject. Advertising agencies
such as Leo Burnett, DDB Needham and Young & Rubicam have continued to champion the cause
and developed their own definitions and measurement systems.
Traditionally marketers have emphasized short‐term measures such as current sales, profitability,
and market share. However, these measures don’t always reflect the real success of marketing,
which is to secure the long‐term preferences of consumers, generate future cash flow, and maximize
returns for shareholders.
There should indeed be a balance between short‐term and long‐term performance measurement. A
brand manager who cuts advertising to meet this year’s profit target may also end up reducing
brand equity (and the likelihood of future purchases) because of lower awareness levels and
weakening brand attitudes. This may not show up in this year’s short‐term performance measures,
such as sales, but may start to impact them next year. By measuring brand equity in addition to the
year’s sales, the long‐term damage to the brand will be evident.
So what is brand equity? It consists of the outcomes that accrue to a need/want satisfier when the
brand name is added on. In case of a commercial brand, these outcomes include the capability to
charge a premium, capability to increase sales, capability to get a discount, capability to withstand
attacks like price cuts, sales promo schemes, margin attacks etc. Sales is not a good measure of
these outcomes because it is not the best indicator of the future as it ignores the impact of the
increased competition, and sales could be ‘bought’ by using short‐term measures like sales
promotion. Key steps to measuring brand equity include ‐ determining which relationships are
important, identifying the major factors that determine the strength of each relationship, developing
reliable indicators of each relationship, and testing the measures to identify those that matter most
and track them regularly.
Thus emphasis should be on brand equity as a key performance priority so that management can be
focussed on the immediate as well as long‐term impacts of their action plans.
Brand Equity Measurement Page 5
Brand Equity Model
Aaker originally outlined five components of brand equity
• Brand loyalty
• Brand awareness
• Perceived quality
• Brand associations in addition to perceived quality
• Intellectual properties such as trademarks etc.
In the model that we have developed for calculating brand equity, we have concentrated on specific
aspects of the brand like availability, functional use, price sensitivity, trust that one associates with
the brand, and whether it is worth recommending to others; besides the perceived quality. These
will encompass all of the components of Brand Equity as defined by Aaker.
For example, brand loyalty is a function of two factors ‐ beliefs and behaviour. Price sensitivity (or
value for money as defined in the questionnaire) constitutes the ‘belief’ which is what drives the
loyal customer to choose one brand over the other. Similarly purchase frequency ‐ number of times
the brand was preferred when purchase was made for the category – is an indicator of ‘behaviour’
because one cannot be loyal to a brand unless it is bought frequently.
We also sought to test the brand’s leveragability, on whether it can be extended to other related, or
unrelated, product categories. Leveragability is the capability of the brand to straddle other need or
want satisfiers.
In order to test the consumer attitude towards the brand, we tried to analyse the attitude shown
while purchasing the brand in terms of the different ‘hierarchies’ possible ‐ the learning hierarchy
(thinkÆfeelÆact), the emotional hierarchy (feelÆactÆthink), and the low involvement hierarchy
(actÆfeelÆthink). This gives further insight into the brand associations, which is an important
component of brand equity. Brand Personality is also tested, as also how differentiated the brand is
with respect to other products in the category.
Brand Equity Measurement Page 6
Three Pillar Model
Price Premium
One way to measure brand equity is to determine the price premium that a brand commands over a
generic product. If consumers are willing to shell out a few rupees more for a branded product over
the same unbranded product, then this premium provides important information about the value of
the brand. However expenses such as promotional costs must be taken into account when using
price premium to measure brand equity.
Brand Loyalty
This represents what portion of a brand’s sales is driven by loyal choice behaviour and what portion
is driven by differently motivated choice behaviour. This metric, called “loyalty contribution” makes
it easier to compare brands. It not only provides insights about the ‘true’ equity component of a
brand’s share, but it is also possible to relate it, to the brand’s overall performance.
Market Share
Yet another metric for calculating brand equity is to find out the effective market share i.e. the sum
of weighted market shares in each market segment that one operates in. However, even if a brand
enjoys the highest market share, another brand may have the highest chunk of loyal customers. This
helps us in understanding the underlying consumer behaviour patterns. The behaviour of the core
group i.e. “loyal” more closely reflects the true equity of the brand, and we know that brands can
benefit from having the core group representing a large share of their total franchise. This illustrates
why market share alone is an inadequate metric for quantifying the quality of brand equity within
the work‐place.
Why the Three‐Pillar model?
The “three‐pillar” model is a modification to the Aaker’s model that is generally suggested for
calculating brand equity. It takes into account the fact that Happydent is a high impulse, low
involvement product and thus factors like price premium and brand loyalty contribute heavily to the
brand equity (as does market share, obviously) compared to other components of Brand Equity as
outlined by David Aaker. Strong brand equity based on these, simplifies the decision process for low‐
cost and non‐essential products (like Happydent) and insures that the product is considered by most
buyers.
Brand Equity Measurement Page 7
Stochastic Share
Stochastic share in the simplest of terms can be defined as a “mind share” that reflects the
probability of a brand being selected on the next purchase decision. It’s a probability market share of
the brand based on attitude, and is calculated from
• The proportion of Insisters and Preferrers (the two categories of consumers out of the
brand disposition ladder)
• The sizes of the preferred sets
It is therefore a true measure of brand strength, since it reflects expressed preferences independent
of behaviour. The stochastic share can be used to interpret the following‐
• Share of mind of the brand amongst the consumers
• A measure of the efficacy of the strategic inputs by the company
• A reflection of what the consumers would like to do
The “Operational Share” of a brand is the representation of the Market share of the brand when
appropriate market data is not available. The Operational share data is usually used to determine
the success of the selling efforts and reflects what the consumers are persuaded to do apart from
reflecting the market shares of the brands.
The stochastic share generated is always compared with the “Market share” or “Operational Share”
of the brand to determine the following‐
• Failure or Success in maximizing the market potential of the brand
• Whether the existing brand franchise is vulnerable or not
Brand Equity Measurement Page 8
Anaalysis
Bran
nd Loyalty Stoch
hastic Sharre Majo
or Attributtes Braand Elasticity
Beh
havioral
Attitudinal
Brand Loyalty (An off
f shoot of
o the Preference
P e‐Behavio
our Modeel and
Measuures)
Behaviooural Measu ure – The main
m indicattor of behavioural meaasure is rep
peat purchases. The
advantages of the behavioural measure include the focus on the t most reelevant crite
erion for
managers—purchase, the avoid dance of situ
uational effe
ects by meaasuring over time acrosss several
incidentts, and the reelatively straightforward nature of th he data.
Purchase behaviourr alone is inssufficient. The major dissadvantage tto behaviour‐based meaasures of
loyalty is the inabilitty to identifyy the strengtth or qualitattive nature o
of the consumer’s relatio onship to
the brannd. Multiplee purchases may reflect a weak prefference baseed on limited d knowledge e. Or, no
preferennce but meree habit. Or, no preferencce but limite ed availabilityy of better‐liked alternattives.
Brand E
Equity Measurement Page 9
Centre Frresh
14%
Happydent
Menttos 3
32%
14%
%
Orb
bit
20%
%
Chlo
oromint
2
20%
5 Responden
Base: 35 nts
The advvantages of aattitudinal m
measures mayy include ide of the reasons underlyin
entification o ng loyalty
and greaater protection against tthe effects o
of temporaryy conditions,, such as sto
ock‐outs or sshort‐run
competiitive promotions.
Thus, th
he two imp portant paraameters of the model reflect a brand’s
b reliance on high hly loyal
customeers and its success
s in attracting
a brand switche
ers. The firsst group aree those who
o have a
positive attitude towward the brand (prefer it) and who buy it. The seecond group are those who buy it
on a given purchasee but who may prefer an nother brandd. Happydentt scores high h with the firrst group
while it scores low wwith the seco ond group.
Brand E
Equity Measurement Page 10
Brand Adhesion
Brand Adhesion measures the attitude of the consumers towards a product. It categorizes the
customers in four categories:
Loyalists – Consumers who think that there is a real difference between brands and always buy the
same brand
Habitualists ‐ Consumers who think that there is NO real difference between brands BUT always buy
the same brands
Discriminators ‐ Consumers who think that there is a real difference between brands but DON’T
always buy the same brands
Commodity Buyers ‐ Consumers who think that there is NO real difference between brands and
DON’T always buy the same brands
A category adhesion is measured when the respondents choose for the products in general for that
category. Following which, adhesion for Happydent is measured.
Following are the questions used to measure adhesion:
Brand Equity Measurement Page 11
Implicaations
• 16 customerrs go for a paarticular brand in the mo outh freshen ner category,, out of these
e only 11
are brand loyal
l ppydent. That is, there is 68.75% of the consumers are loyal to
to Hap
Happydent out of the total consum mers who buyy a particulaar brand in tthe mouth freshener
category. Th hus, it can be inferred th hat consume ers have stro
ong attitudees towards th he brand
"Happydentt" and they id dentify with it.
• 4 consumers go for a paarticular brand in the caategory out o of habit; how wever the nuumber in
case of Happydent is more (5). Thiss can be attrributed to th he fact that there are still strong
loyalists to tthe brand, ddespite the ccategory beinng a low involvement on ne. Thus the
e number
of habitualissts increases.
Brand E
Equity Measurement Page 12
• Happydent is perceived less as a commodity as compared to the "mouth freshener category"
as a whole as the number of consumers in the Commodity Buyer grid falls for the brand
Happydent as compared to the category. Thus Happydent is more of a brand than a
commodity.
Brand Equity Measurement Page 13
Price Sensitivity
The belief that drive behaviour across most categories are “price” and “quality” after considering the
distribution of price sensitivities in the marketplace. These two situations represent scenarios where
consumers make a decision based on either quality/price. At the other end of the price‐sensitivity
spectrum are consumers for whom price, at least in this category, is never a barrier; once they
decide to purchase in the category, only the best will do. Also, loyal customers think their brand is
superior for some reason, and this superiority has the effect of minimizing their price sensitivity.
Non‐loyal or occasional users have differing quality perceptions that result in greater price
sensitivity.
The following questions were asked to measure the relation between Price and quality
Brand Equity Measurement Page 14
Mentos "Superior "Good "Acceptable "Poor” Brand
Total
Price not a barrier 42.86% 20.00% 5.71% 0.00% 68.57%
Price minor 14.29% 5.71% 2.86% 0.00% 22.86%
barrier
Price significant 2.86% 2.86% 2.86% 0.00% 8.57%
barrier
Price absolute 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
barrier
Total 60.00% 28.57% 11.43% 0.00% 100.00%
Implications
Analysing, the above 4 belief grids of the 4 brands we can see that 42.86% of the respondents view
Happydent as good or superior quality, while the figure for the other brands stands at Orbit – 40%
Chloromint – 51.43%, Centre fresh – 37.15% and Mentos‐62.86%. This is backed up by a large
majority of people for whom price is not a barrier or a minor barrier – Happydent‐48.57%, Orbit
Brand Equity Measurement Page 15
(51.43%), Chloromint – 54.29%, Centre fresh (42.86%) and Mentos (57.15) Thus, we can see that for
a superior or good quality product consumers are willing to pay a higher price.
Stochastic Share
A separate questionnaire for stochastic share was used and a sample size of 95 customers
responded to the questions. Two question were asked to the respondents‐
1. The first question asked the respondents to list down the brands in the branded mouth
freshener category that they intend and/or would prefer to purchase. From this we got the
preferred sets of each of the brands.
2. Due to unavailability of Market Share data in the branded mouth freshener category, the
Operational Share of each of the brands was found out. The question asked for this asked
the respondent the brand of mouth freshener purchased by him/her at the time of the last
purchase.
Brand Equity Measurement Page 16
Stochastic Share Analysis
1. The preferred set size for each Brand Preferrers was calculated – i.e. Average preferred set
size. This indicated how many brands were being preferred on an average among the
Happydent preferrers, among Chloromint preferrers and so on.
2. The size of each brand preferrers was calculated next. It indicated the proportion of
Happydent preferrers in the sample proportion of Chloromint preferrers and so on.
3. Then the size of the preferrers was divided by the preferred set size for the respective
brands and the ratio for each brand determined.
4. Summated all the ratios of all the brands
5. The stochastic share of each brand was determined finally, by extrapolating the summated
ratio to 100 and consequently the ratios of each brand also.
Implications
The “Stochastic preference share” of the different brands was calculated. The findings are as follows‐
Stochastic Share Market
Happydent 30.327
Chloromint 20.819
Mentos 12.232
Orbit 16.845
Centre Fresh 19.777
It can be clearly seen that the stochastic share of Happydent is the highest, followed by Chloromint,
Orbit, Mentos and Centre Fresh. It thus indicates that Happydent has the highest share of mind
amongst the consumers. The strategic inputs of the company have been very effective. In other
words, Happydent has the highest share of the consumer’s mind which can be attributed to all the
marketing activities undertaken by the company till date. Thus the consumer’s would like to buy the
brand Happydent more, or conversely, every one out of three consumers on an average would want
to buy a Happydent mouth freshener.
Brand Equity Measurement Page 17
Stochastic Share
Centrefres
h Happydent
20% 30%
Orbit
17%
Mentos Chloromint
12% 21%
Out of the 95 consumers who responded, 24 consumers had bought a Happydent mouth freshener
at their last purchase. Similarly, 22 consumers had bought a Chloromint mouth freshener at their last
purchase, and so on.
The Operational Share represented below, can be taken as a proxy for the Market share of brands in
the branded mouth freshener category. It can be seen that Happydent has the highest market share
(25%), closely followed by Chloromint (23%) and Mentos (19%). Thus it can be predicted that the
selling efforts of the brand “Happydent” and “Chloromint” have paid off, as can be seen by
operational shares of more than 20% in a highly cluttered category. An interesting thing to note is,
that the others category (including brands like Pass Pass, Big Babol, etc.) occupies an operational
share of 10%.
Brand Equity Measurement Page 18
Operational share
Others
10%
Happydent
centrefresh 25%
8%
Orbit
15%
Chloromint
Mentos 23%
19%
On comparison of the stochastic share and operational share obtained, there are three possibilities
that can exist‐
1. If Operational Share > Stochastic Share, the brand is performing above potential
2. If Operational Share < Stochastic Share, the brand is performing below potential
3. If Operational Share = Stochastic Share, the brand is performing as per potential
For example, if the operational share of a brand is above the stochastic share, the short term
vulnerability of the brand is high, and the operational share is likely to fall over time or can be
artificially maintained by marketing activities. However, if the operational share of the brand is
below the stochastic share, the long term prospects of the brand are very positive, and it is a matter
of time, till the operational share catches on with the stochastic share.
The performance of the brands can be seen from the table given above, and inferences made as
mentioned before‐
• Happydent ‐ The Operational Share < Stochastic Share, therefore the brand has potential to
perform better
• Chloromint ‐ The Operational Share > Stochastic Share, therefore the brand is performing
above potential.
Brand Equity Measurement Page 19
• Mentos ‐ The Operational Share > Stochastic Share, therefore the brand is performing above
potential.
• Orbit ‐ The Operational Share < Stochastic Share, therefore the brand is performing below
potential.
• Centre Fresh ‐ The Operational Share < Stochastic Share, therefore the brand is performing
below potential.
Brand Equity Measurement Page 20
Brand Gravity and Brand Focus
Brand Gravity: It is the power of the brand to maintain consumers who prefer it. It is measured as
sales (last purchase) divided by the number of people who had Happydent in their preferred set. A
high gravity ratio, however, indicates that consumers regard the brand as desirable, available, and a
good value, a brand that is relatively resistant to competitive prices or promotions.
Brand Focus represents the proportion of sales that come from consumers who identify the brand as
most preferred the brand. It is measured as the ratio between sales (last purchase) and the most
preferred brand. A brand with high focus gets sales mostly from consumers who prefer it. Brands
with low focus “steal” customers from other brands. Firms can succeed with either high or low
focus.
The Model Used
Preferred Brand
Last Purchase Happydent Orbit Centre Chloromint Mentos
Fresh
Happydent X
Orbit X
Centre Fresh Y X
Chloromint X
Mentos X
X: Hard core loyalist who bought the brand they preferred the most
Y: Switcher
Following is the question that has been used to measure brand focus and brand gravity:
Brand Equity Measurement Page 21
Responses: Brand Focus
Most Preferred Brand
Last Purchase Happydent Orbit Centre Chloromint Mentos
Fresh
Happydent 9 2 1 1
Orbit 3 1 1 1
Centre Fresh 1 1 2
Chloromint 1 5 1
Mentos 1 1 3
Brand Focus 81.82% 42.86% 40.00% 71.43% 60.00%
Base: 35 Respondents
Brand Gravity
All the 35 respondents had Happydent in their preferred set. However 13 of them actually bought
Happydent.
Thus the Brand Gravity of Happydent: 13/35 = 0.371
The Brand Focus score for Happydent = 0.8182
Implications
According to the Preference‐Behaviour Model Gravity can be thought of as a measure of general
marketing efficiency. Here Happydent has a score of 0.37 which means that it has a very huge
potential market waiting to be captured and increasing its marketing efforts would be worthwhile.
This could also mean that there is a wide preference for Happydent as witnesses here and hence the
gravity ratio is low.
The high Focus score of Happydent indicates a firm that is relying on sales to customers who prefer
it. It results from a successful targeting strategy that produces a group of loyal consumers who buy
what they most want.
Brand Equity Measurement Page 22
Brand Elasticity
Brand elasticity measures the ability of the brand to be extended to a different product category. A
brand can be extended to a different category if it is strong on certain attributes which are
characteristic of the other category. For instance, a shoes brand A can be extended to apparels if it is
strong on the attribute of styling.
For the brand under consideration, Happydent, a possibility of a brand extension was checked for
different product categories. The premise for doing a brand elasticity check is that if a brand can be
leveraged in some other category, it contributes to a higher brand equity although vice versa is not
true. Example Coca Cola
The following is the question that was asked from the respondents for checking the brand elasticity:
The following is the result:
Brand Equity Measurement Page 23
Happyydent
Pan
Masala, 14
Toothpaste,
Toothbruush 3
30
, 8
To
offees, 10
0
Ciggarettes,
Soaps, 10
0 13
Base: 35
5 Responden
nts, more thaan one exten
nsion for eacch product aallowed
Brand E
Equity Measurement Page 24
Recommendations
As we have seen that the brand Happydent is leader in the market and also have the highest brand
equity so we can say that the recommendation for the brand. The recommendations are not
anything drastic because the brand is pretty much in the right path now.
So the recommendations for the brand Happydent are:
¾ From Stochastic Analysis we found that Operational Share < Stochastic Share, therefore the
brand has potential to perform better. This finding was further re‐strengthened by the fact
that the Brand gravity score was 0.371 which suggests that greater marketing will be
succeed in attracting a large number of customers.
¾ Even though it is a low involvement product there is more functional attitude towards it and
also the high brand focus score suggests that the targeting has been very successful and also
that the positioning and advertising are in the right direction.
¾ The loyalists are found to be very strongly attached to the brand and maybe free sampling
will attract more customers and eventually loyalists for the brand
¾ Explore the opportunity of doing a line extension into categories like toothpaste and
toothbrush because it can leverage on its identity as a freshener with dental care.
Brand Equity Measurement Page 25
References
[1] http://books.google.co.in/books?id=FP3‐
lKskU5YC&pg=PA537&lpg=PA537&dq=stochastic+share++‐
+market+research&source=bl&ots=dSNjJ5gIRo&sig=13JDDJdEPeEsZXiZT5FZnBCLNSg&hl=en
&ei=laybSqmQBpbbjQeCgb3ABQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5#v=onepage&
q=stochastic%20share%20%20‐%20market%20research&f=false
[2] http://books.google.co.in/books?id=9KYOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA258&lpg=PA258&dq=stochastic
+share+analysis+‐
+market+research&source=bl&ots=YKuPCvDrtL&sig=Nz8BHRSr1SSEbkG39_fxv_Ogx6c&hl=e
n&ei=‐
qqbSrO9NZ27jAfCvbG8BQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4#v=onepage&q=&f=f
alse
[3] http://smib.vuw.ac.nz:8081/www/Styles.pdf
[4] Brand Gravity and Brand Focus Model has been taken from Carl Obermiller Brand
Loyalty Measurement
Brand Equity Measurement Page 26