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68 views23 pages

CH 09

,M

Uploaded by

Mohit Varshney
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 9

Relational Database Design by ERand EER-toRelational Mapping

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

Chapter 9 Outline
!! Relational Database Design Using ER-toRelational Mapping !! Mapping EER Model Constructs to Relations

Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

Relational Database Design by ER- and EER-toRelational Mapping


!! Design a relational database schema
!!

Based on a conceptual schema design

!! Seven-step algorithm to convert the basic ER model constructs into relations !! Additional steps for EER model

Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

Relational Database Design Using ER-to-Relational Mapping

Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

ER-to-Relational Mapping Algorithm


!! COMPANY database example
!!

Assume that the mapping will create tables with simple single-valued attributes For each regular entity type, create a relation R that includes all the simple attributes of E Called entity relations
! Each tuple represents an entity instance

!! Step 1: Mapping of Regular Entity Types


!! !!

Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

ER-to-Relational Mapping Algorithm (contd.)


!! Step 2: Mapping of Weak Entity Types
!!

!!

For each weak entity type, create a relation R and include all simple attributes of the entity type as attributes of R Include primary key attribute of owner as foreign key attributes of R

Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

ER-to-Relational Mapping Algorithm (contd.)

Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

ER-to-Relational Mapping Algorithm (contd.)


!! Step 3: Mapping of Binary 1:1 Relationship Types
!!

For each binary 1:1 relationship type


! Identify relations that correspond to entity types participating in R

!!

Possible approaches:
! Foreign key approach ! Merged relationship approach ! Crossreference or relationship relation approach

Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

ER-to-Relational Mapping Algorithm (contd.)


!! Step 4: Mapping of Binary 1:N Relationship Types
!!

For each regular binary 1:N relationship type


! Identify relation that represents participating entity type at N-side of relationship type ! Include primary key of other entity type as foreign key in S ! Include simple attributes of 1:N relationship type as attributes of S

Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

ER-to-Relational Mapping Algorithm (contd.)


!!

Alternative approach
! Use the relationship relation (cross-reference) option as in the third option for binary 1:1 relationships

Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

ER-to-Relational Mapping Algorithm (contd.)


!! Step 5: Mapping of Binary M:N Relationship Types
!!

For each binary M:N relationship type


! Create a new relation S ! Include primary key of participating entity types as foreign key attributes in S ! Include any simple attributes of M:N relationship type

Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

ER-to-Relational Mapping Algorithm (contd.)


!! Step 6: Mapping of Multivalued Attributes
!!

For each multivalued attribute


! Create a new relation ! Primary key of R is the combination of A and K ! If the multivalued attribute is composite, include its simple components

Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

ER-to-Relational Mapping Algorithm (contd.)


!! Step 7: Mapping of N-ary Relationship Types
!!

For each n-ary relationship type R


! Create a new relation S to represent R ! Include primary keys of participating entity types as foreign keys ! Include any simple attributes as attributes

Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

Discussion and Summary of Mapping for ER Model Constructs

Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

Discussion and Summary of Mapping for ER Model Constructs (contd.)


!! In a relational schema relationship, types are not represented explicitly
!!

Represented by having two attributes A and B: one a primary key and the other a foreign key

Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

Mapping EER Model Constructs to Relations


!! Extending ER-to-relational mapping algorithm

Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

Mapping of Specialization or Generalization


!! Step 8: Options for Mapping Specialization or Generalization (see pages 294-295)
!!

Option 8A: Multiple relationssuperclass and subclasses


! For any specialization (total or partial, disjoint or overlapping)

!!

Option 8B: Multiple relationssubclass relations only


! Subclasses are total ! Specialization has disjointedness constraint

Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

Mapping of Specialization or Generalization (contd.)


!!

Option 8C: Single relation with one type attribute


! Type or discriminating attribute indicates subclass of tuple ! Subclasses are disjoint
! Potential for generating many NULL values if many specific attributes exist in the subclasses

!!

Option 8D: Single relation with multiple type attributes


! Subclasses are overlapping ! Will also work for a disjoint specialization

Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

Mapping of Shared Subclasses (Multiple Inheritance)


!! Apply any of the options discussed in step 8 to a shared subclass

Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

Mapping of Categories (Union Types)


!! Step 9: Mapping of Union Types (Categories)
!! !!

Defining superclasses have different keys Specify a new key attribute


! Surrogate key

Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

Summary
!! Map conceptual schema design in the ER model to a relational database schema
!! !!

Algorithm for ER-to-relational mapping Illustrated by examples from the COMPANY database

!! Include additional steps in the algorithm for mapping constructs from EER model into relational model

Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

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