Getting the current Oracle version (SQL Select)

Queries :
select * from v$version; select * from product_component_version;

SQL SELECT Statement

The SELECT statement is used to select data from a database.

The SQL SELECT Statement

The SELECT statement is used to select data from a database. The result is stored in a result table, called the result-set.

SQL SELECT Syntax

SELECT column_name,column_name FROM table_name;
and

SELECT * FROM table_name;

The SELECT DISTINCT statement is used to return only distinct (different) values.

The SQL SELECT DISTINCT Statement

In a table, a column may contain many duplicate values; and sometimes you only want to list the different (distinct) values. The DISTINCT keyword can be used to return only distinct (different) values.

SQL SELECT DISTINCT Syntax

SELECT DISTINCT column_name,column_name FROM table_name;

SQL WHERE Clause

The WHERE clause is used to filter records.

The SQL WHERE Clause

The WHERE clause is used to extract only those records that fulfill a specified criterion.

SQL WHERE Syntax

SELECT column_name,column_name FROM table_name WHERE column_name operator value;

Operators in The WHERE Clause

The following operators can be used in the WHERE clause: Operator = <> > < >= <= BETWEEN LIKE IN Description Equal Not equal. Note: In some versions of SQL this operator may be written as != Greater than Less than Greater than or equal Less than or equal Between an inclusive range Search for a pattern To specify multiple possible values for a column

SQL AND & OR Operators

The AND & OR operators are used to filter records based on more than one condition.

The SQL AND & OR Operators

The AND operator displays a record if both the first condition AND the second condition are true. The OR operator displays a record if either the first condition OR the second condition is true.

SQL ORDER BY Keyword

The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the result-set.

The SQL ORDER BY Keyword

The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the result-set by one or more columns. The ORDER BY keyword sorts the records in ascending order by default. To sort the records in a descending order, you can use the DESC keyword.

SQL ORDER BY Syntax

SELECT column_name,column_name FROM table_name ORDER BY column_name,column_name ASC|DESC;

SQL INSERT INTO Statement

The INSERT INTO statement is used to insert new records in a table.

The SQL INSERT INTO Statement

The INSERT INTO statement is used to insert new records in a table.

SQL INSERT INTO Syntax

It is possible to write the INSERT INTO statement in two forms. The first form does not specify the column names where the data will be inserted, only their values:

INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (value1,value2,value3,...);

The second form specifies both the column names and the values to be inserted:

INSERT INTO table_name (column1,column2,column3,...) VALUES (value1,value2,value3,...);

SQL UPDATE Statement

The UPDATE statement is used to update records in a table.

The SQL UPDATE Statement

The UPDATE statement is used to update existing records in a table.

SQL UPDATE Syntax

UPDATE table_name SET column1=value1,column2=value2,... WHERE some_column=some_value;
Notice the WHERE clause in the SQL UPDATE statement! The WHERE clause specifies which record or records that should be updated. If you omit the WHERE clause, all records will be updated!

SQL DELETE Statement

The DELETE statement is used to delete records in a table.

The SQL DELETE Statement

The DELETE statement is used to delete rows in a table.

SQL DELETE Syntax

DELETE FROM table_name WHERE some_column=some_value;
Notice the WHERE clause in the SQL DELETE statement! The WHERE clause specifies which record or records that should be deleted. If you omit the WHERE clause, all records will be deleted!

SQL LIKE Operator

The LIKE operator is used in a WHERE clause to search for a specified pattern in a column.

The SQL LIKE Operator

The LIKE operator is used to search for a specified pattern in a column.

SQL LIKE Syntax

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name LIKE pattern;

SQL IN Operator
The IN Operator
The IN operator allows you to specify multiple values in a WHERE clause.

SQL IN Syntax
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name IN (value1,value2,...);

SQL BETWEEN Operator

The BETWEEN operator is used to select values within a range.

The SQL BETWEEN Operator

The BETWEEN operator selects values within a range. The values can be numbers, text, or dates.

SQL BETWEEN Syntax

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value2;

SQL Aliases
SQL aliases are used to temporarily rename a table or a column heading.

SQL Aliases
SQL aliases are used to give a database table, or a column in a table, a temporary name. Basically aliases are created to make column names more readable.

SQL Alias Syntax for Columns

SELECT column_name AS alias_name FROM table_name;

SQL Alias Syntax for Tables

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name AS alias_name;

SQL Joins
SQL joins are used to combine rows from two or more tables.

SQL JOIN
An SQL JOIN clause is used to combine rows from two or more tables, based on a common field between them. The most common type of join is: SQL INNER JOIN (simple join). An SQL INNER JOIN return all rows from multiple tables where the join condition is met.

Different SQL JOINs

Before we continue with examples, we will list the types the different SQL JOINs you can use: INNER JOIN: Returns all rows when there is at least one match in BOTH tables LEFT JOIN: Return all rows from the left table, and the matched rows from the right table RIGHT JOIN: Return all rows from the right table, and the matched rows from the left table FULL JOIN: Return all rows when there is a match in ONE of the tables

SQL INNER JOIN Keyword

SQL INNER JOIN Keyword
The INNER JOIN keyword selects all rows from both tables as long as there is a match between the columns in both tables.

SQL INNER JOIN Syntax

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1 INNER JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;

or:

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1 JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;

PS! INNER JOIN is the same as JOIN.

SQL LEFT JOIN Keyword

SQL LEFT JOIN Keyword
The LEFT JOIN keyword returns all rows from the left table (table1), with the matching rows in the right table (table2). The result is NULL in the right side when there is no match.

SQL LEFT JOIN Syntax

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1 LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;
or:

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1 LEFT OUTER JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;

PS! In some databases LEFT JOIN is called LEFT OUTER JOIN.

SQL RIGHT JOIN Keyword

SQL RIGHT JOIN Keyword
The RIGHT JOIN keyword returns all rows from the right table (table2), with the matching rows in the left table (table1). The result is NULL in the left side when there is no match.

SQL RIGHT JOIN Syntax

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1 RIGHT JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;
or:

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1 RIGHT OUTER JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;

PS! In some databases RIGHT JOIN is called RIGHT OUTER JOIN.

SQL FULL OUTER JOIN Keyword

SQL FULL OUTER JOIN Keyword

The FULL OUTER JOIN keyword returns all rows from the left table (table1) and from the right table (table2). The FULL OUTER JOIN keyword combines the result of both LEFT and RIGHT joins.

SQL FULL OUTER JOIN Syntax

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1 FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;

SQL UNION Operator

The SQL UNION operator combines the result of two or more SELECT statements.

The SQL UNION Operator

The UNION operator is used to combine the result-set of two or more SELECT statements. Notice that each SELECT statement within the UNION must have the same number of columns. The columns must also have similar data types. Also, the columns in each SELECT statement must be in the same order.

SQL UNION Syntax

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1 UNION SELECT column_name(s) FROM table2;
Note: The UNION operator selects only distinct values by default. To allow duplicate values, use the ALL keyword with UNION.

SQL UNION ALL Syntax

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1 UNION ALL SELECT column_name(s) FROM table2;
PS: The column names in the result-set of a UNION are usually equal to the column names in the first SELECT statement in the UNION.

SQL SELECT INTO Statement

With SQL, you can copy information from one table into another. The SELECT INTO statement copies data from one table and inserts it into a new table.

The SQL SELECT INTO Statement

The SELECT INTO statement selects data from one table and inserts it into a new table.

SQL SELECT INTO Syntax

We can copy all columns into the new table:

SELECT * INTO newtable [IN externaldb] FROM table1;

Or we can copy only the columns we want into the new table:

SELECT column_name(s) INTO newtable [IN externaldb] FROM table1;

SQL INSERT INTO SELECT Statement

With SQL, you can copy information from one table into another. The INSERT INTO SELECT statement copies data from one table and inserts it into an existing table.

The SQL INSERT INTO SELECT Statement

The INSERT INTO SELECT statement selects data from one table and inserts it into an existing table. Any existing rows in the target table are unaffected.

SQL INSERT INTO SELECT Syntax

We can copy all columns from one table to another, existing table:

INSERT INTO table2 SELECT * FROM table1;

Or we can copy only the columns we want to into another, existing table:

INSERT INTO table2 (column_name(s)) SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1;

SQL CREATE TABLE Statement

The SQL CREATE TABLE Statement
The CREATE TABLE statement is used to create a table in a database. Tables are organized into rows and columns; and each table must have a name.

SQL CREATE TABLE Syntax

CREATE TABLE ( column_name1 column_name2 column_name3 .... ); table_name data_type(size), data_type(size), data_type(size),

The column_name parameters specify the names of the columns of the table. The data_type parameter specifies what type of data the column can hold (e.g. varchar, integer, decimal, date, etc.). The size parameter specifies the maximum length of the column of the table. Tip: For an overview of the data types available in MS Access, MySQL, and SQL Server, go to our complete Data Types Reference.

SQL Constraints
SQL Constraints
SQL constraints are used to specify rules for the data in a table.

If there is any violation between the constraint and the data action, the action is aborted by the constraint. Constraints can be specified when the table is created (inside the CREATE TABLE statement) or after the table is created (inside the ALTER TABLE statement).

SQL CREATE TABLE + CONSTRAINT Syntax

CREATE TABLE ( column_name1 column_name2 column_name3 .... ); table_name data_type(size) constraint_name, data_type(size) constraint_name, data_type(size) constraint_name,

In SQL, we have the following constraints: NOT NULL - Indicates that a column cannot store NULL value UNIQUE - Ensures that each row for a column must have a unique value PRIMARY KEY - A combination of a NOT NULL and UNIQUE. Ensures that a column (or combination of two or more columns) have an unique identity which helps to find a particular record in a table more easily and quickly FOREIGN KEY - Ensure the referential integrity of the data in one table to match values in another table CHECK - Ensures that the value in a column meets a specific condition DEFAULT - Specifies a default value when specified none for this column

SQL NOT NULL Constraint

By default, a table column can hold NULL values.

SQL NOT NULL Constraint

The NOT NULL constraint enforces a column to NOT accept NULL values. The NOT NULL constraint enforces a field to always contain a value. This means that you cannot insert a new record, or update a record without adding a value to this field. The following SQL enforces the "P_Id" column and the "LastName" column to not accept NULL values:

Example CREATE TABLE PersonsNotNull ( P_Id int NOT NULL,

LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL, FirstName varchar(255), Address varchar(255), City varchar(255) )

SQL UNIQUE Constraint

SQL UNIQUE Constraint
The UNIQUE constraint uniquely identifies each record in a database table. The UNIQUE and PRIMARY KEY constraints both provide a guarantee for uniqueness for a column or set of columns. A PRIMARY KEY constraint automatically has a UNIQUE constraint defined on it. Note that you can have many UNIQUE constraints per table, but only one PRIMARY KEY constraint per table.

SQL PRIMARY KEY Constraint

SQL PRIMARY KEY Constraint
The PRIMARY KEY constraint uniquely identifies each record in a database table. Primary keys must contain unique values. A primary key column cannot contain NULL values. Each table should have a primary key, and each table can have only ONE primary key.

SQL CHECK Constraint

SQL CHECK Constraint
The CHECK constraint is used to limit the value range that can be placed in a column. If you define a CHECK constraint on a single column it allows only certain values for this column. If you define a CHECK constraint on a table it can limit the values in certain columns based on values in other columns in the row.

SQL DEFAULT Constraint

SQL DEFAULT Constraint
The DEFAULT constraint is used to insert a default value into a column. The default value will be added to all new records, if no other value is specified.

SQL CREATE INDEX Statement

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The CREATE INDEX statement is used to create indexes in tables. Indexes allow the database application to find data fast; without reading the whole table.

Indexes
An index can be created in a table to find data more quickly and efficiently. The users cannot see the indexes, they are just used to speed up searches/queries. Note: Updating a table with indexes takes more time than updating a table without (because the indexes also need an update). So you should only create indexes on columns (and tables) that will be frequently searched against.

SQL CREATE INDEX Syntax

Creates an index on a table. Duplicate values are allowed:

CREATE INDEX index_name ON table_name (column_name)

SQL CREATE UNIQUE INDEX Syntax

Creates a unique index on a table. Duplicate values are not allowed:

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_name ON table_name (column_name)

Note: The syntax for creating indexes varies amongst different databases. Therefore: Check the syntax for creating indexes in your database.

SQL NULL Values

NULL values represent missing unknown data. By default, a table column can hold NULL values. This chapter will explain the IS NULL and IS NOT NULL operators.

SQL NULL Values

If a column in a table is optional, we can insert a new record or update an existing record without adding a value to this column. This means that the field will be saved with a NULL value. NULL values are treated differently from other values. NULL is used as a placeholder for unknown or inapplicable values. Note: It is not possible to compare NULL and 0; they are not equivalent

SQL Functions
SQL has many built-in functions for performing calculations on data.

SQL Aggregate Functions

SQL aggregate functions return a single value, calculated from values in a column. Useful aggregate functions: AVG() - Returns the average value COUNT() - Returns the number of rows FIRST() - Returns the first value LAST() - Returns the last value MAX() - Returns the largest value MIN() - Returns the smallest value SUM() - Returns the sum

SQL AVG() Function

The AVG() Function
The AVG() function returns the average value of a numeric column.

SQL AVG() Syntax

SELECT AVG(column_name) FROM table_name

SQL COUNT() Function

The COUNT() function returns the number of rows that matches a specified criteria.

SQL COUNT(column_name) Syntax

The COUNT(column_name) function returns the number of values (NULL values will not be counted) of the specified column:

SELECT COUNT(column_name) FROM table_name;

SQL COUNT(*) Syntax

The COUNT(*) function returns the number of records in a table:

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table_name;

SQL COUNT(DISTINCT column_name) Syntax

The COUNT(DISTINCT column_name) function returns the number of distinct values of the specified column:

SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT column_name) FROM table_name;

Note: COUNT(DISTINCT) works with ORACLE and Microsoft SQL Server, but not with Microsoft Access.

SQL MAX() Function

The MAX() Function
The MAX() function returns the largest value of the selected column.

SQL MAX() Syntax

SELECT MAX(column_name) FROM table_name;

SQL MIN() Function

The MIN() Function
The MIN() function returns the smallest value of the selected column.

SQL MIN() Syntax

SELECT MIN(column_name) FROM table_name;