1.

Frequency division duplex (FDD) scheme Use two separate frequency bands for forward (from base station to mobile) and reverse (from mobile to base station) links. 2. Frequency division duplex (FDD) the channel spacing or bandwidth allocated to each user was either 30 kHz or 25 kHz or a fraction of either of them. 3. The transmission power requirement depends on the transmission bandwidth and the coverage and size of the radios. 4. The 2G systems supported a complete set of standards for all four sectors of the wireless network industry. 5. IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications-2000) Fulfill one's dream of anywhere, anytime communications a reality. 6. Important Component of IMT-2000 is ability to provide high bearer rate capabilities. 7. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) Any peer-to-peer connection, likes airports, warehouses (about 30 meters). 8. Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) Covers smaller areas with low power transmission, likes Offices. 9. The degree of mobility depends on the type of mobile radio network. 10. Mobility is to be supported across the whole network (or country) or even beyond the network (or national) boundaries. 11. In the digital mobile communication system GSM, mobility is the predominant issue. 12. GSM technology contains the essential "intelligent" functions for the support of personal mobility, user identification and authentication, and for the localization and administration of mobile users. 13. GSM is used mainly for speech communication, but its use for mobile data communication is growing steadily. 14. Ground Surface Waves High power transmission station, Limited B.W available, Large dimension Antenna (low frequency), It doesnt affect by weather condition. 15. Sky Waves it doesnt affect by ground surface, Low power transmission station, it depends on ionosphere (affect by weather) 16. Space waves direct wave (transmission antenna to receiving antenna), Reflected wave (reflected from ground to receiver), Line of sight (LOS), High B.W, Affected by weather (rain, snow).

17. Reflection Propagation wave impinges on an object which is larger as compared to wavelength e.g., the surface of the Earth, buildings, walls, etc. 18. Diffraction Radio path between transmitter and receiver obstructed by surface with sharp irregular edges Waves bend around the obstacle, even when LOS (line of sight) does not exist. 19. Scattering Objects smaller than the wavelength of the propagation wave- e.g. foliage, street signs, lamp posts, rain, snow. 20. A unique channel model cannot describe radio propagation between the transmitter and the receiver. 21. The core of the signal coverage calculations for any environment is a path-loss model. 22. The two-path or two-ray model is used for modeling the land mobile radio. 23. Using the transmitter power, the path-loss model, and the sensitivity of the receiver, one can calculate the coverage. 24. Macro-cellular areas span a few kilometers to tens of kilometers, depending on the location. 25. There have been extensive measurements in a number of cities and locations of the received signal strength in macro-cellular areas. 26. As the mobile moves over small distances, the instantaneous received signal will fluctuate rapidly giving rise to small-scale fading. 27. As the mobile moves away from the transmitter over larger distances, the local average received signal will gradually decrease. This is called large-scale path loss. 28. The models that predict the mean signal strength for an arbitrary-receiver transmitter (T-R) separation distance are called large-scale propagation models. 29. The term fading is used to describe rapid fluctuation of the amplitude of a radio signal over a short period of time or travel distance. 30. Fading is caused by interference between two or more versions of the transmitted signal being slightly out of phase due to the different propagation time. 31. The multipath waves combined at the receivers antenna produce a resultant signal varying widely in amplitude and phase. 32. Multipath propagation create small-scale fading effects.

33. Multipath propagation the presence of reflecting objects and scatterers in the space between BS and the mobile creates a constantly changing environment. 34. Speed of mobile terminal the relative motion between the mobile and the BS results in a random frequency modulation due to different Doppler shifts on each of the multipath signals. 35. The transmission bandwidth Depending on the relation between the signal bandwidth and the coherence bandwidth. 36. If the bandwidth of transmitted signal is lower than the channel coherent bandwidth, only gain and phase of the signal are changed, if larger, part of the transmitted signal is truncated. 37. One of the significant problems caused by this phenomenon along with fading is inter symbol interference (ISI). 38. If the multipath delay spread is comparable to or larger than the symbol duration, the received waveform spread into neighboring symbols and produces ISI. 39. Inter symbol interference (ISI) is a form of distortion of a signal in which one symbol interferes with subsequent symbols. 40. Equalization is a method that tries to cancel the effects of multipath delay spread in the receiver. 41. Direct sequence spread spectrum enables resolving the multipath components and using them to improve performance. 42. OFDM uses multiple carriers, spaced closely in frequency, each carrying low data rates to avoid ISI. 43. Directional antennas reduce the number of multipath components, thereby reducing the total delay spread itself. 44. Shadow fading mitigated by Fade margin, Increase transmit power or decrease cell size. 45. Fast fading mitigated by Error control coding, Interleaving, Frequency hopping. 46. Multipath delay spread mitigated by Equalization, DS-spread spectrum, OFDM and Directional antennas. 47. The cellular concept was a major breakthrough in solving the problem of spectral congestion and user capacity.

48. Cellular topology is a special case of an infrastructure multi-BS network configuration that exploits the frequency reuse concept. 49. The cellular concept is a system-level idea which replacing a single, high power transmitter (large cell), with many low power transmitters (small cells), each providing coverage to only a small portion of the service area. 50. One of the major problem in cellular is to support a large number of users with a limited frequency spectrum. 51. In the 1970s, the Bell mobile system in New York could only support 12 simultaneous calls over a thousand square miles. 52. The cellular concept can solve this problem to increase the system capacity. 53. Frequency Reuse is a major cellular concept. Two fundamental ideas: Cellular Topology, Reuse the frequency spectrum. 54. Cellular Topology: A large region cell is divided into small regions called cells. 55. A large service area is divided into many small regions called cells with hexagonal shape. 56. Each cell is one BS with a low power transmitter instead of high power transmitter. 57. Each cell is assigned a set of frequency channels. Neighboring cells are assigned a different set of channels to avoid co-channel interference. 58. The same set of channels can be assigned to different cells that are separated large enough to limit co-channel interference to a tolerable level. 59. The minimum distance between two co-channel cells (cells using the same channel) is called reuse distance. 60. The fundamental principle of the cellular concept is to divide the coverage area into a number of contiguous smaller areas which are each served by its own radio base station. 61. Each of these smaller areas is called a cell. 62. Cells are grouped into clusters. 63. Each cluster utilizes the entire available radio spectrum. 64. The number of cells in a cluster is called cluster size or frequency reuse factor. 65. Two types of interference are important in such a cellular architecture: Co-channel interference and Adjacent channel interference.

66. Co-channel interference the interference due to using the same frequencies in cells of different clusters. 67. Adjacent channel interference the interference from different frequency channels used within a cluster whose side lobes overlap. 68. The allocation of channels within the cluster and between clusters must be done so as to minimize both of these. 69. The total bandwidth available is 25 MHz, and each user requires 30 KHz of bandwidth for voice communication. 70. If we use omnidirectional antenna to cover the entire town, we can only support 25 MHz/30 KHz = 833 simultaneous users. 71. The signal quality depends on the ratio between signal power and interference power, this is called SIR 72. The received signal power depends on the distance between the transmitter and the receiver. 73. A cellular topology reduces the coverage requirements of both the mobile terminal and the BS. 74. In a modern deployment of a cellular network, a number of cell sizes are used to provide a comprehensive coverage supporting traffic fluctuations in different geographic areas and supporting a variety of applications. 75. Femto-cells: the smallest unit, cover only a few meters 76. Pico-cells: the range of a few tens of meters, e.g. WLAN 77. Micro-cells: cover a range of hundreds of meters 78. Macro-cells: These cells cover areas on the order of several kilometers, e.g. early phases of the cellular system 79. Mega-cells: cover nationwide areas with ranges of hundreds of kilometers and are mainly used with satellites. 80. Channel Assignment Methods a limited frequency spectrum to support a large number of subscribers. 81. The choice of channel assignment strategy impacts the performance of the system, particularly as to how calls are managed when a mobile user is handed off from one cell to another.

82. Fixed channel assignment (FCA) Each cell or BS is allocated a predetermined set of frequency channels. Any call within a cell can only be assigned the unused channels from that cell. If all channels in a cell have been used, that call is blocked. 83. Borrowing strategy cell is allowed to borrow channels from a neighboring cell if all of its own channels are already occupied where a channel can be borrowed from its neighboring cell for temporary use as long as it does not violate the interference constraints. 84. The mobile switching center (MSC) supervises such borrowing procedures. 85. Uniform FCA (UFCA): The equal number of channels is allocated to each cell in a cluster to be 1/N of the total channels. 86. Non-uniform FCA: Each cell is allocated different number of channels. The assignment can be based on their traffic load. It means that if a cell has more traffic, then it is assigned more channels. The sum of the channel in each cluster is equal to the total system channels. 87. Dynamic channel assignment Channels are not allocated to cells permanently. When a new call arrives, any channel can be used by any BS based on certain algorithm and rule as long as it does not violate the interference constraints. 88. A cell with higher traffic allows to use more channel to provide higher flexibility. 89. If a channel is used in a particular cell, the same channel cannot be reused in other cell within a reuse distance D. 90. DCA reduce the likelihood of blocking, which increases the trunking capacity of the system, 91. DCA strategies require the MSC to collect real-time data on channel occupancy, traffic distribution, and RSSI of all channels on a continuous basis. 92. Algorithm to assign channel is based on performance on every cell. 93. The choice of channel assignment strategy impacts the performance of the system, particularly as to how calls are managed when a mobile user is handed off from one cell to another. 94. Call handover (handoff in US) is the switching of an on-going call to a different traffic channel frequency time code.

95. Handover inside cell for performance or quality improvement. 96. Handover between cells 2 MS moves from one cell/BS to another cell/BS within the same MSC (or operator) during an existing call. 97. Intersystem handover during the course of a call, a mobile moves from one cellular system to a different cellular system controlled by a different MSC. 98. Roaming: A MS is handed over to a service area (market) other than that from which service has been subscribed. 99. Once a particular signal level is specified as the minimum usable signal for acceptable voice quality at the base station receiver, a slightly stronger signal level is used as a threshold at which a handover is made. 100. In AMPS, handover takes 10 or more seconds, delta is between 6 and 12 dB. 101. In GSM, handover takes 1 to 2 seconds, delta is between 0 and 6 dB. 102. The faster handover process supports a much greater range of options for handling high speed and low speed users and provides the MSC with substantial time to rescue a call that is in need of handover. 103. The base station monitors the signal level for a certain period of time before a handover is initiated. 104. Dwell time the time over which a call may be maintained within a cell, without handover. 105. There is a finite time interval between the time the received signal level drops below the handover threshold and the time the call is terminated due to insufficient signal level. 106. There is a tradeoff between the decrease in probability of forced termination and total carried traffic. 107. Umbrella cell approach by using different antenna heights (often on the same building or tower) and different power levels, to provide large and small cells which are co-located at a single location. 108. Umbrella cell approach provide large area coverage to high speed users while providing small area coverage to users traveling at low speeds. 109. Cell dragging results from pedestrian users that provide a very strong signal to the base station.

110. To solve the cell dragging problem, handover thresholds and radio coverage parameters must be adjusted carefully. 111. A handover is initiated when the power of the neighboring cell BS exceeds that of the current one by a specified amount or time. 112. The MAHO method enables the call to be handed over at a much faster rate than in first generation analog systems. 113. MAHO is particularly suited for microcellular environments where handovers are more frequent. 114. Hard handover Channelized wireless systems that assign different radio channels during a handover. 115. The ability to select between the instantaneous received signals from a variety of base stations is called soft handover. 116. Hard handover Perform break before make. 117. Hard handover Current channel with the Old BS is released before the new channel with the New BS is setup. 118. Hard handover may results in a Ping-Pong effect such that MS switching back and forth between 2 BSs this can cause call dropping. 119. Hard handover Used in FDMA/TDMA based systems, GSM and IS-136, because these systems assign different channels during a handover. 120. Soft handover Perform make before break. 121. Soft handover new channel with the New BS is setup in parallel with the current channel with the Old BS. 122. Soft handover Both New and Old channels are used simultaneously for the communications. By simultaneously receiving several versions of the signal at MS/BS, the MSC/MS can determine the best one. 123. Soft handover Provide diversity to improve boundary conditions. 124. Soft handover Used in CDMA-based systems, IS-95, WCDMA, and cdma2000 because spread spectrum mobiles shares the same channel in every cell. 125. Three basic handover methods: Network Control Handover (NCHO) Mobile Control Handover (MCHO) Mobile Assisted Handover (MAHO). 126. Handover can be initiated by the MS and/or the network.

127. Location registration: MS periodically informs the network of its new access point, allowing the network to authenticate the MS and update its location profile. 128. Call delivery: the network obtains the MS location profile and its current location. 129. Handover initialization: monitor the current connection to decide and trigger the handover. 130. Handover execution: allocation of new channel is done by BS. 131. To track the location of the MSs, a cellular service area is partitioned into several location areas (LAs) or registration areas. 132. Location Area Hierarchy one or more MSCs connected to a VLR to exchange location info using SS7. 133. The VLR exchanges location info with HLR using SS7. 134. Call Handoff (or handover) is the switching of an on-going call to a different traffic channel. 135. Handoff inside cell for performance or quality improvement. 136. Handoff between cells MS moves from one cell/BS to another cell/BS within the same MSC (or operator) during an existing call. 137. Roaming: A MS is handed over to a service area (market) other than that from which service has been subscribed. 138. Traditional handoff algorithms are all based on RSS (Received Signal Strength) or received power p. 139. The base station monitors the signal level for a certain period of time before a handoff is initiated. 140. Word error indicator (WEI): indicating the current burst was demodulated properly in the MS. 141. Received signal strength indicator (RSSI): measurement of RSS including the carrier (C) and interference (I) power to the channel: RSS = C + I. 142. Quality indicator (QI): estimate the carrier to interference and noise ratio: CIR = C/I RSS / I. 143. The faster handoff process supports a much greater range of options for handling high speed and low speed users and provides the MSC with substantial time to rescue a call that is in need of handoff.

144. The probability that a handoff request will not be served by a new base station is equal to the blocking probability of incoming calls. 145. There is a tradeoff between the decrease in probability of forced termination and total carried traffic. 146. Umbrella cell approach provide large area coverage to high speed users while providing small area coverage to users traveling at low speeds. 147. Cell dragging in Threshold Handoff algorithm, if the MS has a good propagation with the current BS, it may stay with the current one and pass the cell boundary to extend the cell boundary intentionally. 148. To solve the cell dragging problem, handoff thresholds and radio coverage parameters must be adjusted carefully. 149. Handoff can be initiated by the MS and/or the network. 150. Network Control Handoff (NCHO) Signal strength measurements are made by the base stations and supervised by the MSC. 151. Network Control Handoff (NCHO) Based on the locator receiver signal strength information from each base station, the MSC decides if a handoff is necessary or not. 152. Mobile Control Handoff (MCHO) New visiting database communicates with home database to obtain mobiles profile and authentication after mobiles decision. 153. The MAHO method enables the call to be handed over at a much faster rate than in first generation analog systems. 154. MAHO is particularly suited for microcellular environments where handoffs are more frequent. 155. Cell dragging will result in excessive interference by that MS to other cells to avoid this, a mobile assisted Handoff algorithm is used. 156. Mobility management performs Location Management and Handoff Management that enable mobile networks to locate roaming MS for call delivery and to maintain the connects as it moves around. 157. Interference has been recognized as a major bottleneck in increasing capacity and is often responsible for dropped calls. 158. Interference is more severe in urban areas, due to the greater RF noise floor and the large number of base stations and mobiles.

159. The interference between signals from co-channel cells is called co-channel interference. 160. Co-channel cells must be physically separated by a minimum distance to provide sufficient isolation due to propagation. 161. Adjacent channel interference Interference resulting from signals which are adjacent in frequency to the desired signal, It can be minimized through careful filtering and channel assignments. 162. Set-up Time: The time required to allocate a trunked radio channel to a requesting user. 163. Blocked Call: Call which cannot be completed at time of request, due to congestion. Also referred to as a lost call. 164. Holding Time: Average duration of a typical call. Denoted by H (in seconds). 165. Traffic Intensity: Measure of channel time utilization, which is the average channel occupancy measured in Erlangs This is a dimensionless quantity and may be used to measure the time utilization of single or multiple channels. Denoted by A. 166. One Erlang represents the amount of traffic intensity carried by a channel that is completely occupied. 167. Load: Traffic intensity across the entire trunked radio system, measured in Erlangs. 168. Grade of Service (GOS): A measure of congestion which is specified as the probability of a call being blocked (for Erlang B), or the probability of a call being delayed beyond a certain amount of time (for Erlang C). 169. Request Rate: The average number of call requests per unit time. Denoted by per seconds. 170. GOS is a measure of the ability of a user to access a trunked system during the busiest hour. 171. The AMPS cellular system is designed for a GOS of 2% blocking. 172. Trunking efficiency it is a measure of the number of users which can be offered a particular GOS with a particular configuration of fixed channels. 173. The likelihood of a call not having immediate access to a channel is determined by the Erlang C formula.

174. Cell splitting is the process of subdividing a congested cell into smaller cells (called microcells). 175. Cell splitting increases the capacity of a cellular system since it increases the number of times that channels are reused. 176. The technique for decreasing co-channel interference and thus increasing system performance by using directional antennas is called sectoring. 177. A Microcell Zone Concept Multiple zones and a single base station make up a cell. 178. A Microcell Zone Concept is particularly useful along highways or along urban traffic corridors. 179. The cell is formed by the radio area coverage of a Base Transceiver Station. 180. Several base stations together are controlled by one Base Station Controller. 181. The combined traffic of the mobile stations in their respective cells is routed through a switch, the Mobile Switching Center. 182. Calls originating from or terminating in the fixed network are handled by a dedicated Gateway Mobile Switching Center. 183. Operation and maintenance are organized from a central place, the Operation and Maintenance Center. 184. For all subscribers registered with a network operator, permanent data (such as the user's service profile) as well as temporary data (such as the user's current location) are stored in the Home Location Register HLR. 185. In case of a call to a user, the Home Location Register HLR is always first queried, to determine the user's current location. 186. A Visited Location Register (VLR) stores the data of subscribers who are currently in its area of responsibility. 187. The Visited Location Register (VLR) may also assign and store local data such as a temporary identification. 188. Authentication Center (AUC) generates and stores security-related data such as keys used for authentication and encryption. 189. Equipment Identity Register (EIR) registers equipment data rather than subscriber data.

190. GSM distinguishes explicitly between user and equipment and deals with them separately. 191. The user identity is associated with a mobile station by means of a personal chip card, the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). 192. GSM distinguishes between subscriber identity and telephone number. 193. Besides the personal identifier, each GSM subscriber is assigned one or several ISDN numbers. 194. The International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI) uniquely identifies mobile stations internationally. 195. When registering for service with a mobile network operator, each subscriber receives a unique identifier, the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI). 196. The "real telephone number" of a mobile station is the Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number (MSISDN). 197. A subscriber can hold several MSISDNs for selection of different services. 198. Each MSISDN of a subscriber is reserved for specific service (voice, data, fax, etc.). 199. The Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN) is a temporary location-dependent ISDN number. 200. Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN) is assigned by the locally responsible VLR to each mobile station in its area. 201. The VLR being responsible for the current location of a subscriber can assign a Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI), which has only local significance in the area handled by the VLR. 202. The Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) is stored on the network side only in the VLR and is not passed to the HLR. 203. Local Mobile Subscriber Identity (LMSI) an additional searching key to each mobile station within its area to accelerate database access. 204. The Local Mobile Subscriber Identity (LMSI) is assigned when the mobile station registers with the VLR and is also sent to the HLR. 205. Within an LA, the individual cells are uniquely identified with a Cell Identifier (CI), maximum 2 X 8 bits.

206. The Base Transceiver Station Identity Code (BSIC) is broadcast periodically by the base station on a Broadcast Channel, the Synchronization Channel. 207. MSCs and location registers (HLR, VLR) are addressed with ISDN numbers. 208. Base Station Subsystem (BSS) is responsible for handling traffic and signaling between a mobile phone and the network switching subsystem. 209. A GSM cell is expanded around the radio area of a Base Transceiver Station (BTS). 210. The BTS provides the radio channels for signaling and user data traffic in this cell. 211. BTS contains the equipment for transmitting and receiving of radio signals (transceivers), antennas, and equipment for encrypting and decrypting communications with the BSC. 212. Frequency hopping is often used to increase overall BTS performance. 213. Switch Matrix act as a concentrator where many different low capacity connections to BTSs become reduced to a smaller number of connections towards the MSC. 214. When the traffic is not voice but data such as fax or email, the Transcoding Rate and Adaptation Unit (TRAU) enables its rate adaptation unit function to give compatibility between the BSS and MSC data rates. 215. The transcoder is responsible for transcoding the voice channel coding between the coding used in the different network. (PLMN, PSTN, Internet). 216. Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH) It is a downlink-only control channel in the GSM Um radio interface. 217. Synchronization Channel (SCH) it is a downlink only control channel its purpose is to allow the mobile station to quickly identify a nearby cell (or BTS) and synchronize to that BTS's TDMA structures. 218. Random Access Channel (RACH) it is used in mobile phones or other wireless device on a TDMA-based network when it needs to synchronize its transmission with the base station. 219. Random Access Channel (RACH) is a shared channel that is used by wireless access terminals to access the access network, especially for initial access and bursty data transmission.

220. A key feature of a Random Access Channel (RACH) Random Access Channel (RACH) is that messages are not scheduled. There is no certainty that only a single device makes a connection attempt at one time, and collisions can result. 221. The available forward and reverse frequency bands are divided into 200 kHz wide channels called ARFCNs Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number. 222. Physical channel is a combination of a TS number and an ARFCN constitutes a physical channel for both the forward and reverse link. 223. Each physical channel in a GSM system can be mapped into different logical channels at different times. 224. Traffic channels (TCHs) carry digitally encoded user speech or user data and have identical functions and formats on both the forward and reverse link. 225. Control channels (CCHs) carry signaling and synchronizing commands between the base station and the mobile station. 226. Full-Rate TCH with additional forward error correction coding applied by the GSM standard, the data is sent at 22.8 kbps. 227. Half-Rate TCH with additional forward error correction coding applied by the GSM standard, the data is sent at 11.4 kbps. 228. The broadcast channel (BCHs) operates on the forward link of a specific ARFCN within each cell, and transmits data only in the first time slot (TS0) of certain GSM frames. 229. The BCH is defined by three separate channels which are given access to TS0 during various frames of the 51 frame sequence. 230. The Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) is a forward control channel that is used to broadcast information such as cell and network identity, and operating characteristics of the cell. 231. The Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH) is a special data burst which occupies TS0 for the very first GSM frame (frame 0) and is repeated every ten frames within a control channel multi-frame. 232. The Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH) allows each subscriber unit to synchronize its internal frequency standard (local oscillator) to the exact frequency of the base station.

233. Synchronization Channel (SCH) is broadcast in TS 0 of the frame immediately following the FCCH frame and is used to identify the serving base station while allowing each mobile to frame synchronize with the base station. 234. The Paging Channel (PCH) provides paging signals from the base station to all mobiles in the cell, and notifies a specific mobile of an incoming call which originates from the PSTN. 235. The Paging Channel (PCH) transmits the IMSI of the target subscriber, along with a request for acknowledgment from the mobile unit on the RACH. 236. Paging Channel (PCH) may be used to provide cell broadcast ASCII text messages to all subscribers, as part of the SMS feature of GSM. 237. The Random Access Channel (RACH) is a reverse link channel used by a subscriber unit to acknowledge a page from the PCH, and is also used by mobiles to originate a call. 238. In establishing service, the GSM base station must respond to the Random Access Channel (RACH) transmission. 239. The Access Grant Channel (AGCH) is used by the base station to provide forward link communication to the mobile. 240. The Access Grant Channel (AGCH) is the final CCCH message sent by the base station before a subscriber is moved off the control channel. 241. The Access Grant Channel (AGCH) is used by the base station to respond to a RACH sent by a mobile station in a previous CCCH frame. 242. Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channels (SDCCHs) used for providing signaling services required by the users 243. Fast Associated Control Channels (FACCHs) used for supervisory data transmissions between the mobile station and the base station during a call. 244. The Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channels (SDCCHs) ensures that the mobile station and the base station remain connected. 245. The Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH) carries general information between the MS and BTS. 246. On the forward link, the Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH) is used to send slow but regularly changing control information to the mobile.

247. A Fast Associated Control Channels (FACCHs) is assigned whenever a SDCCH has not been dedicated for a particular user and there is an urgent message (such as a handoff request). 248. The Fast Associated Control Channels (FACCHs) gains access to a time slot by "stealing frames from the traffic channel to which it is assigned. 249. Ciphering the techniques known only to the particular mobile station and base transceiver station. 250. Security is further enhanced by the fact that the encryption algorithm is changed from call to call. 251. The modulation scheme used by GSM is 0.3 GMSK. 252. The channel data rate of GSM is 270.833333 kbps, which is exactly four times the RF frequency shift. 253. The MSK modulated signal is passed through a Gaussian filter to smooth the rapid frequency transitions which would otherwise spread energy into adjacent channels. 254. Slow frequency hopping may be implemented to combat the multipath or interference effects. 255. Equalization is performed at the receiver with the help of the training sequences transmitted in the mid-amble of every time slot. 256. After demodulation, the binary information is deciphered, de-interleaved, channel decoded, and speech decoded. 257. Home Location Registers (HLR) it stores all permanent subscriber data and the relevant temporary data of all subscribers permanently registered in the HLR 258. A Visitor Location Registers (VLR) stores the data of subscribers who are currently in its area of responsibility. 259. The Visitor Location Registers (VLR) may also assign and store local data such as a temporary identification. 260. The SIM is one of the most interesting features for a user of GSM, because it permits separation of GSM telephone equipment and the related database. 261. Packet data services allow several users to use the same channel simultaneously. 262. Message can be typed directly using cellular phone or other interfaces, laptop and desktop computer downloaded into cellular phone.

263. Messages are stored and routed in SMSMC. Then, forward to destination. 264. Due to high data rate provided by 2.5G and cellular systems, Multimedia Message Service (MMS) is a nature continuation of SMS. 265. Multimedia Message Service (MMS) is based on wireless application protocol (WAP). 266. Circuit switched data (CSD) with various channel types and throughput rates ranging from 300 bps to 14.4 Kbps. 267. HSCSD (High Speed Circuit Switched Data) uses connection-oriented technique for data transmission. (Not good for bursty traffic, like Internet). 268. HSCSD (High Speed Circuit Switched Data) allow individual data users to access multiple consecutive or non-consecutive time slots depending on the MSs multi-slot classes in GSM TDMA standard. 269. HSCSD (High Speed Circuit Switched Data) inexpensive to implement due to small modifications. But, terminals need to be upgraded to support multi-slot. 270. Original GSM data rate is 9.6 kbps. HSCSD data rate can reach 14.4 kbps. 271. Circuit switched (CS) networks used in GSM are not well suited for packet data due to bursty nature of the data traffic. 272. Packet switched (PS) network is good for bursty transmission due to its short access time and charging based on amount of transmitted data. 273. (General Packet Radio Service) GPRS is a packet-data service for TDMA based cellular systems, originally for GSM and IS-136. 274. Objective of GSM offers mainly voice service, while GPRS accesses to standard data networks IP and X.25. 275. GPRS is always-on characteristic no connection has to be set up prior to data transfer. 276. In GPRS Resource allocation is dynamic and dependent on demand and resource availability. 277. GPRS requires very short access time to the network and charged based on amount of data sent. 278. GPRS registers GR A database stores the information and (IP) addresses of the subscribers who sign up for GPRS.

279. Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN) Connected to the external networks like the Internet and X.25. 280. Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN) act as a router to route the packets to the SGSN serving the MS if MS is active. Otherwise, it is discarded. 281. Serving GPRS support node (SGSN) Connected to BSC and acts as a service point to the GPRS network for GPRS MS. 282. The purpose of new logical channel for GPRS is to flexibly allocate more signaling capacity for packet data traffic without affecting the quality of speech traffic. 283. All GPRS logical channels are mapped into dedicated physical channels, packet data channel (PDCH). 284. Gb the interface between the BSS (PCU) and the SGSN 285. Gn is the interface between two GSNs within the same (intra-) public land mobile network (PLMN IP based) to provide a data and signaling. 286. Gi is the interface between a GGSN and an external network for GPRS to connect to external variety of data networks via this interface. 287. Gi is the interface from the GGSN to a public data network. 288. GPRS cell may allocate multi-physical channels (PDCHs) for a single GPRS user. 289. The MS is allocated a temporary logical link identity (TLLI) by the SGSN and a PDP (packet data protocol) context is created for the MS. 290. The ciphering algorithm is used to provide confidentiality and integrity protection of GPRS user data. 291. (Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution) EDGE provides a much higher data rate for TDMA cellular systems, GSM or IS-136. 292. The improvement of HSCSD is called enhanced circuit switched data (ECSD). 293. The improvement of GPRS is called enhanced general packet radio service (EGPRS). 294. Enhanced general packet radio service (EGPRS) provide up to 384 kbps (theoretically provide 470 kbps with all 8 TSs). 295. EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution) requires users not too far. High bit rates are available for stationary and walking users.

296. In EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution), data rate is increased by triple due to the introduction of 8-PSK. 297. In enhanced circuit switched data (ECSD) the maximum data rate is not increased from 64 kbps due to the restrictions in the A-interface. 298. Enhanced general packet radio service (EGPRS) Build on top of GPRS to provide packet switched data service of GSM. 299. UMTS based on complete new Network (UTRAN) UMTS Terrestrial Radio

Access Network 300. The Radio Network Controller (RNC) is the heart of the new access network, all decisions of the network operation are made here, and at its center is a high-speed packet switch to support a reasonable throughput of traffic. 301. An Radio Network Controller (RNC) is responsible for control of all the BTSs that are connected to it, and maintains the link to the packet and circuit core network 302. A 4G system will provide an end-to-end IP solution where voice, data and streamed multimedia can be served to users on an "Anytime, Anywhere" basis at higher data rates than previous generations. 303. 4G will be a fully IP-based integrated system of systems and network of networks wired and wireless networks (e.g.: computer, consumer electronics, communication technology). 304. Providing 100Mbit/s and 1Gbit/s, respectively, in outdoor and indoor environments. 305. Location Update The mobile terminal informs the system its current location. 306. Paging the system sends messages (from one or more base stations) to find a particular user. 307. The basic issue in location management is the trade-off between the cost of the nature, number and frequency of location updates, and the cost of paging. 308. In static location updates, the topology of the cellular network decides when the location update needs to be initiated.

309. In dynamic location updates, the mobility of the user, as well as the call patterns, is used in initiating location updates. 310. In GSM, a Location Area (LA) identity also called a paging area, is used for location updates. 311. A Location Area (LA) usually consists of a group of cells controlled by a base station controller (BSC). 312. The primary problem with the static LA identifier approach is Ping-Pong effect. 313. A solution to Ping-Pong effect is to employ a dwell timer that persists without a location update for some time to ensure that the location update is worthwhile. 314. Time Based Each user periodically updates his location (e.g. every hour) 315. Movement Based Each user counts the number of boundary crossings between cells. 316. Distance Based each user tracks the distance he has moved (in number of cells) since the last update. 317. Location Update involves the updating of location databases. 318. Call Delivery involves the querying of location databases. 319. The Mobility Management layer (MM) is built on top of the RR (Radio Resources Management) layer. 320. Mobility Management layer (MM) handles the functions that arise from the mobility of the subscriber, as well as the authentication and security aspects. 321. The notion of a Call-to-mobility ratio (CMR) of a user is often used for identifying the classes of users for which the caching strategy. 322. Eager Caching whenever a user moves to a new LA, all cache entries for this users location are updated.

323. Lazy Caching Cache update is not performed. 324. Observation each user usually communicates frequently with a small number of sources. 325. In 3G networks, Gateway Location Register (GLR) is introduced to solve the roaming problem. 326. The fluid flow model considers traffic flow as the flow of a fluid, modeling macroscopic movement behavior. 327. The random-walk model also known as Markovian model. 328. The gravity model human movement behavior. 329. LTE is a data focused technology, 3GPP never specified voice 330. WiMAX Goal Provide high-speed Internet access to home and business subscribers, without wires. 331. WiMAX is a subset of IEEE 802.16 standard.