i A Continent of People Connected to Birds

Saving Our Shared Birds

Partners in Flight Tri-National
Vision for Landbird Conservation
Table of Contents
Foreword ..................................................................... 1
Overview .................................................................. 23
A Continent of Birds ............................................... 45
A Continent of People Connected to Birds ........ 67
Assessing Tri-National Conservation Priorities .. 89
Loss of Bird Diversity ..........................................1015
Loss of Bird Abundance ....................................1617
Shared Birds, Shared Responsibility ...............1821
A Call to Tri-National Action .............................. 22-35
Appendices .........................................................3648
Acknowledgements ................................................. 49
Te tiny Rufous Hummingbird (front cover and above) connects some of
the most extreme environments of Canada, Mexico, and the United States
twice each year. Its 8,000-km round-trip migration, through alpine mead-
ows, forests, and deserts, from Alaska to Mexico, is the longest of any bird
for its size. It is a critical continental pollinator, following waves of owering
plants during migration. Transporting pollen over huge distances helps resi-
dent plant species by increasing genetic mixing. Although still abundant,
Rufous Hummingbirds are experiencing signicant population declines.
Fvo1 coviv: Ruious Hurriovivi vv Cii Tivii (vvsi.corio1ivii)
)

r
i
s

L
i
v

u
i

i
s
Contributors
Project Leads
Judith A. Kennedy, (Canada), Environment Canada
Humberto Berlanga, (Mexico), Comisin Nacional para el
Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad [CONABIO]
Terrell D. Rich, (United States), United States Fish and Wildlife Service
Managing Editors
Ashley A. Dayer, Cornell Lab of Ornithology
Kenneth V. Rosenberg, Cornell Lab of Ornithology
Lead Analysts
Peter J. Blancher, Environment Canada
Arvind O. Panjabi, Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory
Vicente Rodriguez Contreras, CONABIO
Kenneth V. Rosenberg, Cornell Lab of Ornithology
Gregory S. Butcher, National Audubon Society
Spatial Analysis and Maps
Andrew R. Couturier, Bird Studies Canada
Authors
Maria del Coro Arizmendi, Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico
Carol J. Beardmore, Sonoran Joint Venture,
United States Fish and Wildlife Service
Humberto Berlanga, CONABIO
Peter J. Blancher, Environment Canada
Gregory S. Butcher, National Audubon Society
Andrew R. Couturier, Bird Studies Canada
Ashley A. Dayer, Cornell Lab of Ornithology
Dean W. Demarest, United States Fish and Wildlife Service
Wendy E. Easton, Environment Canada
Mary Gustafson, Rio Grande Joint Venture, American Bird Conservancy
Eduardo E. Iigo-Elias, Cornell Lab of Ornithology
Judith A. Kennedy, Environment Canada
Elizabeth A. Krebs, Environment Canada
Arvind O. Panjabi, Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory
Terrell D. Rich, United States Fish and Wildlife Service
Vicente Rodriguez Contreras, CONABIO
Kenneth V. Rosenberg, Cornell Lab of Ornithology
Janet M. Ruth, United States Geological Survey
Eduardo Santana Castellon, Universidad de Guadalajara
Rosa Ma. Vidal, ProNatura Sur
Tom Will, United States Fish and Wildlife Service
Designers
Susan Steiner Spear, Cornell Lab of Ornithology
Joanne Uy Avila, Cornell Lab of Ornithology
Recommended Citation
H. Berlanga, J. A. Kennedy, T. D. Rich, M. C. Arizmendi, C. J. Beardmore, P. J. Blancher,
G. S. Butcher, A. R. Couturier, A. A. Dayer, D. W. Demarest, W. E. Easton, M. Gustafson,
E. Iigo-Elias, E. A. Krebs, A. O. Panjabi, V. Rodriguez Contreras, K. V. Rosenberg,
J. M. Ruth, E. Santana Castelln, R. Ma. Vidal, and T. Will. 2010. Saving Our Shared
Birds: Partners in Flight Tri-National Vision for Landbird Conservation. Cornell Lab of
Ornithology: Ithaca, NY
www.savingoursharedbirds.org
Foreword
Lnos:uos are the most abundant and diverse group of birds in
North America, with nearly 900 species distributed across every ma-
jor terrestrial habitat. Birds are indicators of environmental health;
their populations track changes in habitat, water, disease, and climate.
Tey are providers of invaluable ecosystem services, such as pest con-
trol, seed dispersal, and pollination. As the focus of bird watching,
they help generate billions of dollars for national economies. Yet, we
are in danger of losing this spectacular and irreplaceable bird diver-
sity: landbirds are experiencing signicant declines, ominous threats,
and shrinking habitats across a continent with growing human popu-
lations, increasing resource consumption, and changing climate.
Saving Our Shared Birds presents for the rst time a comprehensive
conservation assessment of landbirds in Canada, Mexico, and the
continental United States. Tis new tri-national vision encompasses
the complete range of many migratory species and highlights the vital links among migrants and highly threat-
ened resident species in Mexico. It points to a set of continent-scale actions necessary to maintain the landbird
diversity and abundance that are our shared responsibility.
Tis collaborative eort of Partners in Flight (PIF) is the next step in linking the countries of the Western Hemi-
sphere to help species at risk and keep common birds common through voluntary partnershipsour mission
since 1990. Saving Our Shared Birds builds upon PIFs 2004 North American Landbird Conservation Plan, which
presented science-based priorities for the conservation of 448 landbird species in Canada and the United States.
Our three nations have expressed their commitment to cooperative conservation through numerous inter-
national treaties, agreements, and programs, including formation of the North American Bird Conservation
Initiative (NABCI) a decade ago. Te NABCI partnership recognizes that eective conservation requires a
concerted eort within each country, as well as a tri-national strategy to address issues throughout the full life
cycles of our birds.
Today more than ever, it is urgent for the people of Canada, Mexico, and the United States to work together to
keep common birds common, prevent extinction of our bird species at greatest risk, and ensure the diversity
and abundance of birdlife across North America and throughout the hemisphere, far into the future. Saving
Our Shared Birds shows the way forward.
Signed and approved by
Canada: Cynthia Wright, NABCI Canada Chair
Mexico: Dr. Jos Sarukhn Kermez, Comisin Nacional para el
Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO)
y Presidente del Comit Mexicano de la Iniciativa para Conservacin
de las Aves de Amrica del Norte (ICAAN-NABCI)
United States: Paul Schmidt, Partners in Flight Council Chair
and John Hoskins, NABCI United States Chair
1
Te American Redstart, incorporated in the Partners
in Flight logo below, represents the international
connections of migratory landbirds described and
embodied in this report.
C
v
i
o

L

v
2 Overview
Partners in Flight Tri-National Vision: Overview
A Continent of Birds and People
C
anada, Mexico, and the continental United States are
home to 882 native landbird species, more than one-
third of which depend substantially on habitats in more than
one country. Our abundant and diverse birdlife enriches the
cultures of all three countries, provides immeasurable eco-
system services that benet our economies, and serves as
a sensitive barometer of changes to our environments. We
now face unprecedented loss of bird populations and the im-
minent threat of extinction of many species. Conserving our
shared North American birds will require a continental, and
ultimately hemispheric, perspective and a commitment to
international cooperation.
Loss of Bird Diversity
P
artners in Flights rst tri-national assessment identied
148 bird species in need of immediate conservation at-
tention because of their highly threatened and declining pop-
ulations. Te most imperiled species include:
44 species with very limited distributions, mostly in
Mexico, that are at greatest risk of extinction;
80 tropical residents dependent on deciduous, high-
land, and evergreen forests in Mexico;
24 species that breed in temperate-zone forests,
grasslands, and aridland habitats.
Action is needed in each country, but the most urgent needs
are in Mexico, where tropical forests important to many
high-concern landbirds are threatened by continued clear-
ing for agriculture, livestock production, timber, and urban
development. Many species are also threatened by unsus-
tainable hunting or trapping for the cage-bird trade. Urban
sprawl, intensied agriculture and grazing, and energy devel-
opment threaten high-concern species in temperate forests,
grasslands, and aridlands.
Loss of Bird Abundance
S
teep declines in 42 common bird species over the past
40 years have resulted in the loss of 800 million birds
from nearly all terrestrial habitats, with resulting eects on
ecosystem services. Te majority of steeply declining species
breed in the northern United States and southern Canada; in
winter these species are concentrated in the southern United
States and Mexico. Because we lack long-term monitoring
data to fully assess many tropical-forest, boreal-forest, and
arctic-tundra birds, the number of steeply declining species
is probably much higher. Declining birds face a diversity of
threats on their breeding grounds from land-use policies and
practices relating to agriculture, livestock grazing, urbaniza-
tion, energy development, and logging. Migratory species
also are highly threatened on their wintering grounds by
loss of grasslands in northern Mexico and tropical forests in
southern Mexico.
Shared Birds, Shared Responsibility
M
ore than 200 species comprising 83% of individual
landbirds rely on habitats in all three countries. Tropi-
cal forests in Mexico provide critical nonbreeding habitat for
close to 100 substantially shared migratory species. Tese
same forests provide year-round habitats for 70% of species
that are of high tri-national concern. Migrating birds depend
on high-quality habitat for safe travel and refuelling stop-
overs between distant breeding and wintering homes. Te
clear linkages among birds and habitats compel us to work
internationally, to reinforce partnerships, and to develop new
mechanisms for conserving both migrants and residents.
Landbirds depend on terrestrial habitats throughout their life cycles. Te landbirds of Canada, Mexico, and the United States encompass 58
taxonomic families (see Appendix A); 17 are primarily Neotropical families that reach their northern limit of distribution in Mexico. Left to right:
Maroon-fronted Parrot, Golden-winged Warbler, Ocellated Turkey, Tufted Jay, Tody Motmot, Harpy Eagle.
Pno1os, 1nis voi, iii1 1o vion1: Rii ViiiZ, Civvv Dioni (z),
Eiuvio E. Iioo-Eiis, Civvv Dioni, Kii1n V. Rosivivo.
Pno1os, ovvosi1i voi, iii1 1o vion1: Fvci Dioni, Bvi Suiiiv (z), Dvii
Cvii, Fuivio Eccvii
3 Overview
Engage People in Conservation Action 5.
A more engaged human society will be necessary to conserve
habitats and reverse bird population declines. Shared prod-
ucts and programs can increase participation by bird enthusi-
asts in citizen science and promote economic gain for people
who rely on birds or bird habitats for their livelihoods.
Increase the Power of International 6.
Partnerships
Regional Alliances, international Joint Ventures, and commu-
nity-based partnerships represent successful models for com-
munication, international collaboration, and expanded funding
for conservation of shared species. New mechanisms for en-
gaging business, industry, and nongovernmental sectors will be
necessary to nd economically viable conservation solutions.
A Call to Tri-National Action
W
e can achieve our goals to protect, restore, and en-
hance populations and habitats of North America's
birds, but the window of opportunity is rapidly closing. We
recommend six primary actions:
Protect and Recover Species at Greatest Risk 1.
A strong network of protected areas, especially in tropical
and pine-oak forests in Mexico is necessary to support land-
birds of high tri-national concern. Full implementation of na-
tional endangered species laws must ensure sucient critical
habitat for recovery of listed species.
Conserve Habitats and Ecosystem Functions 2.
Relatively small policy changes can have dramatic cumulative
benets to birds in many habitats. Sustainable agriculture,
forestry, and urban planning can protect core areas of habitat
in working landscapes. Innovative incentives to communities
and businesses are essential to support the transition to more
sustainable economies.
Reduce Bird Mortality 3.
Providing alternative livelihoods can reduce unsustainable
hunting and trapping for the cage-bird trade. Simple mea-
sures can eectively reduce other sources of mortality, such
as collisions with windows and tall structures, pesticide poi-
soning, and predation by domestic cats.
Expand Our Knowledge Base for 4.
Conservation
Eective conservation programs require an increased un-
derstanding of distribution patterns, seasonal connectivity
between locations, factors limiting bird survival and produc-
tivity throughout the year, and the human dimensions of bird
conservation. We also need to better understand the response
of populations to management practices and the cumulative
eects of human-caused mortality.
Conserving migrants while conserving residents
Many migrants from Canada and the United States depend on the same tropical highland forests in southern Mexico as highly threatened resi-
dents. Left to right: Pink-headed Warbler, Hermit Warbler, Townsend's Warbler, Golden-cheeked Warbler, Horned Guan.
High risk of extinction (26 species)
Shared migrants (3040 species)
Overlap
Te winter ranges of shared migrants show a striking geographic overlap
with the ranges of species at greatest risk of extinction. More than 100 of
the migrants shared substantially among our three countries depend on
the same tropical and pine-oak forests that support highly threatened
tropical residents.
4 A Continent of Birds
A Continent of Birds
Ouu :uuvv n::os of Canada, Mexico, and the continental United States are home to more
than 1,150 species of birds, including 882 native landbird species. Abundant and diverse, landbirds
are important to every terrestrial ecosystem and are woven into the economic and social fabric of
the human communities that share these ecosystems.
Shaped by Geography
T
he unique triangular geography of North America shapes the birdlife in our three nations. Te vast expanses of north-
ern Canada and Alaska support relatively few breeding landbird species added up over such a large area; however, their
total numbers are enormous. In contrast, a tremendous diversity of bird species, many with very small global populations,
thrives in the narrow region of southern Mexico, where temperate and tropical systems meet. Tese disparate regions of
great abundance and diversity are joined through the annual migrations of billions of birds, funneling southward across the
continent each fall and expanding back into the northern latitudes each spring. Preserving this spectacle of birdlife requires
a tri-national vision for conservation action.
Number of
Species
144
4594
95137
138176
177233
234355
Landbird species richness is strongly associated with
latitude. Over the course of the year, more than 350
landbird species may be found in southern Mexico,
whereas a similar-sized area in the high arctic will
host fewer than 45 landbird species.
Pno1os, ovvosi1i voi, 1ov 1o vo11or, iii1 1o vion1: Yiiio-vurvii Wvviiv i Svo11ii Oi vv )ris Livuiis, Bovoiii vv Civvv Dioni, So Bu1ios vv
Eiuvio E. Iioo-Eiis, Hivri1 Tnvusn vv )ris Livuiis, Pi1ii Bu1io vv Cvio Lv1v, Siso's Hi vv Civvv Dioni, Riviv oi Rv1ovs vv Kii1n V. Rosivivo,
Rii-icii Wvviiv i Biui-cvoii Mo1ro1 vv Cvio Lv1v, Do1-ioii A1vi vv Civvv Dioni, Vioicious Tvooo vv Cvio Lv1v, Miii1vv Mc vv Cvio Lv1v
Abundance
Linkage
Diversity
5 A Continent of Birds
Among North Americas most abundant birds,
the Yellow-rumped Warbler is a continental
ambassador. Each summer, well over 100 million
breeders ll the expansive northern forests, while
each fall and winter, throngs of yellow-rumps
pour into the southern United States, Mexico, the
Caribbean, and Central America.
Spectacular
Abundance
Te total number of North American
landbirds is staggering. PIF estimates
that more than 10 billion birds are pres-
ent at the end of each breeding season,
with numbers receding as many die
during migration and winter. Tis great
abundance of birds is critical to the on-
going provision of fundamental ecosys-
tem services, such as pollination, seed
dispersal, and pest control, that sup-
port productive and resilient habitats
throughout the continent.
Spectacular Linkage
Billions of birdsand almost 40% of all
landbird speciestraverse the continent
twice a year in spectacular migrations.
Many of these birds move from breed-
ing grounds in the vast boreal nursery
to wintering grounds in the tropics, fol-
lowing seasonal peaks of food availabil-
ity. Tis migration, which links habitats
throughout the hemisphere, has persist-
ed for millennia and is one of the most
complex and dynamic natural phenom-
ena on the planet.
Spectacular Diversity
North American landbirds of our three
nations are incredibly diverse, repre-
senting 58 taxonomic families and 75%
of the global landbird orders. Spar-
rows (78 species), ycatchers (76 spe-
cies), wood warblers (64 species) and
hummingbirds (57 species) are
especially well repre-
sented.
Each fall, more than
5 million raptors fun-
nel through a narrow
geographic bottleneck
in Veracruz, Mexico.
Te monitoring of this
River of Raptors is
directly supported by
an ecotourism pro-
gram that contributes
to the local economy.
Te extremely high
diversity in Mexico
includes numerous
representatives of
primarily Neotropi-
cal families such as
motmots, trogons,
woodcreepers, parrots,
and antbirds.
6
A Continent of People Connected to Birds
Birds Signal Environmental Health
B
ecause of their great abundance and conspicuous habits,
birds act as the canary in the coal mine in every terres-
trial ecosystem. Birds respond quickly, not only to negative
changes, but also to positive human actions, helping us to
devise and monitor solutions to environmental problems. In
State of the Birds reports around the world, birds have gained
acceptance as important indicators of environmental health.
Te recovery of the Bald Eagleafter the ban on the pesticide DDTis a
testament to the power of conservation actions.
Birds are Essential to Ecosystems
Birds keep our ecosystems healthy, controlling pests and
disease vectors by consuming immense quantities of insects
and rodents, facilitating decomposition and nutrient cycling
through the consumption of carrion, pollinating owers, and
dispersing seeds. Tey also excavate cavities and burrows
essential for other wildlife. As birds migrate across the con-
tinent, they carry these services with them. Te enormous
number of shared landbirds can consume at least 100,000
metric tons of invertebrates daily (equivalent in weight to
more than 20,000 African elephants!). Birds in Canadas bo-
real forest alone are estimated to provide $5.4 billion in pest-
control services each year.
Birds Fuel Economies
Millions of birders, photographers, and hunters travel widely
and buy equipment for their hobbies, fueling a growing por-
tion of our nations economies. In the United States, approxi-
mately 48 million birders generated $82 billion USD and
671,000 jobs in 2006. In Canada, an estimated 10.3 million
people (one-third of the population) spent C$1.3 billion on
wildlife viewing in 1996. Bird tourism is growing in popular-
ity in Mexico, through birding festivals and specialized tour
packages and training of local guides.
A Continent of People Connected to Birds
B:uos v:ouuv vuom:v::v in human cultures throughout North America. Tey provide
food in subsistence cultures. Teir feathers are used as adornments and in religious ceremonies, and
they serve as icons and omens. As namesakes of places and sports teams, and as national symbols
on our ags and currency, birds represent strength and determination. Our languages and literature
teem with references to birds, and our recreational pastimes, from birding to art, center on these amazing
animals.
Landbirds, such as this
Olive-Sided Flycatcher,
consume vast numbers
of insects, reducing the
need for pest-control.
W
i
i
v
i
v

S
u
i
1
i
v
Mesoamerican pre-
Columbian cultures
held strong social and
economic ties to wild
birds. Tey represented
birds in many forms,
such as this Mayan
lintel, depicting a
forest eagle, possibly
a Harpy Eagle. Eagles
were considered by
the Maya to be a link
between earth and
heaven.
B
v
i

S
u
i
i
i
v

R
o
s

.

V
i
i

i
Legally protecting birds
Canada, Mexico, and the United States have pursued environmental
conservation individually and collectively since the late 1800s. The
international migratory bird conventions signed by our three nations in
the early 20th century, and their implementing laws in each nation, have
regulated the take of migratory birds in North America and made the
protection of migratory birds a responsibility of national governments.
In 1995, our three countries established the Trilateral Committee for
Wildlife and Ecosystem Conservation and Management to advance
an integrated approach for cooperative conservation, including the
reduction and mitigation of threats to shared species and ecosystems.
Despite these safeguards, many native birds need further protection to
prevent extinction. The Canadian Species at Risk Act (2002), the Ofcial
Mexican Standard NOM-059-SEMARNAT (2001), and the United States
Endangered Species Act (1973) provide federal protection in each nation.
Although this is an important and successful safety net, implementing
endangered species laws is an expensive last resort. A central goal of
Partners in Flight is to manage our ecosystems and proactively conserve
species before they become endangered.
7 A Continent of People Connected to Birds
A Future, Coexisting with Birds
North America is home to more than 450 million people, with
almost half living in cities with populations of at least 750,000.
With a projected continental population of more than 600
million people by 2050, sustainable resource use will be a dif-
cult, but vital, goal. Widespread poverty, increased demand
for resources, regional disparities in wealth, and economic
hardships are among the many challenges we face when try-
ing to maintain functioning ecosystems for birds and people.
To be successful, conservation solutions for birds must also
address these societal challenges.
Golden Eagle feathers are handed to the Huichol ethnic group leaders
in San Luis Potosi, Mexico, to be used in a cultural ceremony. As part of
the Golden Eagle Recovery program in Mexico, these feathers are now
provided from captive birds that cannot be released due to injuries, rather
than taken from hunted eagles.
Socorro Dove (top), Kirtland's Warbler (center), and Henslow's
Sparrow (bottom) are examples of federally endangered species in
Mexico, the United States, and Canada, respectively.
Pno1os, ivor 1ov: Ai R. Tnorvso, Civvv Dioni, Cvio Lv1v
H
u
r
v
i
v
1
o

F
i
v

i
i
Z
A Mexican child uses
a eld guide to learn
about birds. Fostering
a connection to birds,
habitats, and conser-
vation at a young age
will ensure that future
generations continue to
be connected to birds.
E
i
u

v
i
o

E
.

I

i
o
o
-
E
i
i

s
8
Assessing Tri-National Conservation Priorities
Tri-National Species Assessment
The following examples illustrate how we used the species
assessment database to answer the three fundamental questions:
B
uilding on the assessments from the 2004 PIF North
American Landbird Conservation Plan, hundreds of
PIF partners completed new or updated assessments for
the 882 native landbird species in Canada, Mexico, and the
United States. Te rst ever assessment of Mexican birds
was coordinated by the Comisin Nacional para el Cono-
cimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO) and the
Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory, and engaged more
than 100 Mexican ornithologists and conservation leaders
(http:}}avesmx.conabio.gob.mx). In this report, we pres-
ent the results of this process to aid tri-national eorts to
conserve North American landbirds. In keeping with PIFs
mission of helping species at risk, keeping common birds
common, and engaging in voluntary partnerships, we asked
three fundamental questions using the species assessment
database:
Which species are at greatest risk of extinction?
Which common species are experiencing steep popu-
lation declines?
Which species share substantial populations across
countries and would benet most from cooperative
international conservation?
By identifying the species most in need of conservation
action, as well as those most amenable to tri-national
actions, we can identify the habitats and geographic ar-
eas where actions are most urgent. We assigned species of
conservation interest to one of 12 primary habitat types
and identied primary wintering habitats for migrants (see
photos at right and Appendices B, C, and D). We overlayed
digital range maps (www.natureserve.org}explorer) of spe-
cies in each group to identify regions of highest conservation
importance, as well as linkages among regions and countries.
Finally, by identifying the major threats aecting high-prior-
ity species and habitats, we were able to point to specic ac-
tions to address these conservation needs.
Tis tri-national assessment builds upon the priorities iden-
tied for the United States and Canada in the 2004 PIF Land-
bird Conservation Plan (www.partnersinight.org}cont_
plan}default.htm). Te new assessment spotlights species
W::u Nvnu:v poo :nos:uo svvc:vs occurring in Canada, Mexico, and the United States,
focusing conservation actions on the highest priority species, habitats, and geographic areas is of
critical importance. PIF has developed a species assessment process that provides scientic evalua-
tions of conservation vulnerability for birds. Tis process generates scores that rank the vulnerability
of each species based on factors such as population size, distribution, population trend, and threats. Te results
are used to assign regional and continental landbird conservation priorities. For technical details, see the Ap-
pendices and visit the PIF Species Assessment website (www.rmbo.org}pif}pifdb.html).
Assessing Tri-National Conservation Priorities
that warrant conservation attention at global and continental
scales and highlights the critical importance of Mexico for
resident and migratory birds.
Species such as the Tick-
billed Parrot are considered
to be at greatest risk of
extinction, due to their very
small breeding range and the
severe threats faced by their
small and steeply declining
populations.
With distinctive populations
breeding in dierent parts of
Canada, Mexico, and the United
States, the Northern Flicker is a
common bird. Yet its populations
have declined by more than 50%
in the past 40 years. Common spe-
cies in steep decline are sensitive
indicators of the deteriorating
health of their habitats.
By examining seasonal range
maps, we identied species,
such as the Hermit Trush,
that have substantial por-
tions of their distribution
in all three of our countries,
compelling us to internation-
al conservation action.
Pno1os, 1nis voi, 1ov 1o vo11or: Mv1i Lrriv1ii, Wiiiir )ovis, Cvio Lv1v.
Pno1os, ovvosi1i voi, 1ov 1o vo11or, iii1 1o vion1: Kii1n V. Rosivivo, Iu
N1io, Kii1n V. Rosivivo, Tivvv Ricn, )i1 Ru1n, Kii1n V. Rosivivo, Tivvv
Ricn, Asniiv Dviv, Ros M. Viii (z), Mv1i Lrriv1ii, Miouii A. Siciii
9 Assessing Tri-National Conservation Priorities
Arctic and Alpine Tundra Boreal Forests Temperate Eastern Forests
Temperate Western Forests
Mexican Pine-Oak Forests Tropical Highland Forests
Aridlands Freshwater Marsh
Coasts
Tropical Deciduous Forests
Tropical Evergreen Forests
Grasslands
10 Loss of Bird Diversity
S
pecies of high tri-national concern can be categorized
into three sub-groups based on patterns of distribution,
abundance, and risk (see Appendix B for a full list of species
in each group). Dierent conservation strategies are required
for each group (44 species at greatest risk of extinction; 80
tropical residents of high tri-national concern; and 24 tem-
perate breeders of high tri-national concern).
Species at Greatest Risk of Extinction
44 species at greatest risk
5 species already possibly extinct in the wild
91% listed under endangered species laws in at least
one country
73% listed by the IUCN as globally critically endan-
gered, endangered, or vulnerable
Tis group includes North American species at greatest risk
because of severe threats, distributions of less than 80,000
km
2
, and small, declining global populations. Tese species
occur from the northern United States to southern Mexico,
with the greatest number in the highland and Pacic coast
regions of Mexico (for details, see Appendix B).
Species at Greatest Risk of Extinction
Number of
Species
1
23
46
Overlay of year-round distributions for 44 landbird species at greatest risk
of extinction.
Pno1os, iii1 1o vion1, 1ov 1o vo11or: Cnvis Wooi, Luv Eviciso, Cnvis Wooi,
Cvio Lv1v (z), Rr Pvisn, Kvi Fuvoso, Muii Cvossiii1
Loss of Bird Diversity
Groups of birds in which all species are of high
tri-national conservation concern (see Appendix B)
Both sage-grouse, all four Cyanolyca jays, both macaws
(8 svvc:vs (17% of native landbirds) face high or severe threats and have declining populations ac-
cording to the PIF tri-national assessment. All of these species warrant the highest levels of tri-nation-
al conservation concern and are in danger of disappearing without immediate conservation action.
Because many of these species are members of bird families found primarily in the Neotropics
(Appendix A), this unique, tropical bird diversity is most in danger of being lost.
All three hawk-eagles, both prairie-chickens
All three guans, all three wood-partridges, both quetzals
Species of High Tri-National Concern
Habitats: Species at Greatest Risk of Extinction
Percentage of Species
Tropical deciduous forests
Tropical highland forests
Tropical evergreen forests
Temperate eastern forests
Mexican pine-oak forests
Freshwater marsh
Temperate western forests
Grasslands
Aridlands
Coasts
Arctic and alpine tundra
primary breeding habitat
primary winter habitat (if different)
0% 10% 20% 30%
Most of these species face heightened risk because of their
specialization on threatened tropical forest habitats: 25% re-
quire tropical deciduous forests; 23% are found in tropical
highland forests; and 23% are in tropical evergreen or pine-
oak forests of Mexico. Te remaining species are dependent
on specialized conditions in temperate forests (e.g., Kirtlands
Warbler), grasslands (e.g., Sierra Madre Sparrow), aridlands
(e.g., Gunnison Sage-Grouse), alpine tundra (Brown-capped
Rosy-Finch), coastal saltmarsh (Saltmarsh Sparrow), and
freshwater marshes (several endemic yellowthroats).
11 Loss of Bird Diversity
Threats: Species at Greatest Risk of Extinction
Agriculture
Logging and wood harvest
Livestock
Urbanization
Energy and transportation
Climate change
Ecosystem modications
Contaminants and exotic species
Trapping and shooting
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Percentage of Species
Te primary threat to most of these species is loss of tropi-
cal forests in Mexico from unsustainable logging, wood har-
vesting, clearing for agriculture, and livestock grazing. Tese
threats are particularly severe within high-elevation cloud
forests, which support nine of Mexicos most endangered
birds. Te primary threat to birds in Mexican pine-oak for-
ests, including Tick-billed and Maroon-fronted parrots, is
continued logging of large-diameter trees and catastrophic
wildre. We cannot resolve these threats to habitat unless we
address the socio-economic needs in human communities
with limited resources.
Urbanization is a threat to at-risk species in a wide range
of habitats, from coastal saltmarsh and Texas Hill-country
woodlands to high-elevation cloud forests and grasslands
in Mexico. Large-scale development of vacation properties
threatens to destroy and fragment remaining tropical decid-
uous forests along Mexicos Pacic Coast and Yucatan Pen-
insula. In addition, natural systems modications, including
disruption of natural re regimes and draining of wetlands,
directly threaten nearly one-third of the species most at risk
of extinction (see Appendix B for listing of primary threats
by species).
Climate change predictions
More than 40% of the most at-risk species are vulnerable to habitat
changes predicted to occur due to climate change. This is especially true
for birds of alpine tundra on mountaintops, such as the Brown-capped
Rosy-Finch, and birds restricted to high-elevation cloud forests, such as
the Horned Guan. Effects on other species are poorly understood and
require further study.
L
i
i
1
:

D

v
i

K
v
u
i
v
i
v
,

R
i
o
n
1
:

F
u
i
v
i
o

E
c
c

v
i
i
W
i
i
i
i

r

L
.

R
n
i
i

,

C
o
v

i
i
i

L

v
,

M

u
i

v

L
i
v
v

v
v
E
i
u

v
i
o

E
.

I

i
o
o
-
E
i
i

s
Te Imperial Woodpecker was the
largest woodpecker species in the
world. It lived in the old-growth pine
forests of northwestern Mexico, virtu-
ally all of which were heavily logged
during the mid 20th century, before
Mexico enacted endangered species
legislation. Tis magnicent bird
may have persisted into the early
1990s, but hope has dimmed that
any remain today.
Due to decades of trapping for
the cage-bird trade, many of
North Americas parrots, such
as this Yellow-headed Parrot,
have disappeared from large
parts of their ranges. Although
Mexican laws now prohibit
the capture of wild parrots,
continued illegal capture is still
a serious concern for remaining
populations.
12 Loss of Bird Diversity
northerly distribution in southern Mexico (right map below).
Species in this latter group, such as the Harpy Eagle, Orange-
breasted Falcon, and Scarlet Macaw, are agship species for
rainforest conservation throughout their ranges.
Te Resplendent Quetzal (far left) is one of the most beautiful birds in the
world. It was considered divine and was associated with the "snake god"
Quetzalcoatl by Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican civilizations. It is one of
80 tropical residents of high tri-national concern. Red-breasted Chat (top)
and Purplish-backed Jay (bottom) are endemic to western Mexico.
Tropical Residents
of High Tri-National
Concern
80 nonmigratory species
83% listed under Mexicos en-
dangered species legislation
Tis group includes primarily tropi-
cal species with broad geographic
distributions that are highly threat-
ened in their tri-national range. Be-
cause nearly half are members of
bird families characteristic of the
New World tropics (e.g., trogons,
motmots, woodcreepers, antbirds,
cotingas), this signicant tropical
avifauna is in danger of disappearing
from North America (for details, see
Appendix B).
Of these 80 species, 12 have distri-
butions primarily within Mexico
(left map below), including Ocel-
lated Turkey, Eared Quetzal, and
Red-breasted Chat. An additional 42
species have moderate-sized distri-
butions that extend through Meso-
america into northern South Ameri-
ca (center map below). Tese include
such spectacular birds as the Re-
splendent Quetzal, Great Curassow,
and Lovely Cotinga. Te remaining
26 species are widely distributed in
South America and reach their most
C
i
o
c
i

i
s
i

i
v
o
r

i
i
i
1
:

F
u
i
v
i
o

E
c
c

v
i
i
,

M

u
i
i

C
v
o
s
s
i
i
i
1
,

M

v
c
o

C
o

i
i
Z
Patterns of geographic distributions among 80 tropical residents of high tri-national concern. Left: 12 species with primarily Mexican distributions;
center: 42 species with primarily Mesoamerican distributions; right: 26 species with primarily South American distributions (see Appendix B for listings
of species in each group).
Number of
Species
12
35
68
Number of
Species
19
1016
1724
2531
3239
Number of
Species
16
710
1115
1619
2024
Tropical Residents of High Tri-National Concern
13 Loss of Bird Diversity
Habitats: Tropical Residents
Tropical evergreen forests
Tropical highland forests
Tropical deciduous forests
Mexican pine-oak forests
Aridlands
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Percentage of Species
More than half of these species are dependent on tropical
evergreen forest. Tese include typical members of insec-
tivorous ocks such as antbirds, woodcreepers, and shrike-
tanagers, as well as specialized fruit-eaters such as the Rufous
Piha and Red-capped Manakin, and ve species of tropical
eagles. Another 23% of species are restricted to tropical high-
land forest, including cloud-forest specialists such as Fulvous
Owl, Resplendent Quetzal, and Azure-hooded Jay. Te re-
maining species, including several Mexican endemics such
as Purplish-backed Jay and Eared Quetzal, are dependent on
tropical deciduous and Mexican pine-oak forests.
Once covering 9.8 million hectares from southern Tamaulipas through
the Yucatan Peninsula and Chiapas, only 14% of the primary tropical
evergreen forest remains today.
Threats: Tropical Residents
Agriculture
Logging and wood harvest
Livestock
Trapping and shooting
Climate change
Ecosystem modications
Urbanization
Energy and transportation
Contaminants and exotic species
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Percentage of Species
Te primary threats to these tropical forest birds are log-
ging of mature forest and habitat conversion for agriculture
and livestock production. Plantations, such as sun coee
and bananas that remove a high proportion of native for-
est cover, signicantly reduce the value of these habitats to
high-concern tropical forest birds. Although many of these
species extend southward into Central America, populations
in those areas face similar habitat loss. Because agriculture
and livestock production in these regions are often tied to
subsistence living, we cannot resolve these threats to habitats
unless we address the socio-economic need to support local
human communities with limited resources.
In addition to the primary threat of habitat loss, nearly a third
of these high-concern tropical forest species are threatened
by unsustainable hunting, shooting, or trapping for the bird
trade. Tis is especially detrimental for wood-partridges,
guans, parrots, and large raptors, including eagles.
L
i
i
1
:

)
o
n

D
i
c
u
s
,

v
i
o
n
1
:

C
i
v
v
v

D
i

o
n
i
C
n
v
i
s

W
o
o
i
M
i
o
u
i
i

A
.

S
i
c
i
i
i

C
n
v
i
s

W
o
o
i
Lovely Cotinga (left) and Red-capped Manakin (right) are specialized fruit-
eaters distributed through the tropical evergreen forests of Mesoamerica.
Orange-breasted Falcon (above) and
Scarlet Macaw (right) reach the north-
ern end of their distribution in south-
ern Mexico and are agship species
for rainforest conservation throughout
their range.
14 Loss of Bird Diversity
Temperate Breeders
of High Tri-National Concern
24 species breeding primarily in the United States
and Canada
67% have special protection by at least one nations
endangered species laws, but only three species are
protected throughout their entire range
71% are migratory
Tis group includes temperate-zone species with moderate
or large breeding distributions in the United States and Can-
ada. PIF identied these species as high priorities in the 2004
Landbird Conservation Plan, and they all continue to war-
rant immediate tri-national conservation action to prevent
further declines (for details, see Appendix B).
Collectively, the breeding ranges of these species cover most
of the United States and Canada, and three species (Spotted
Owl, Black Swift, and Olive-sided Flycatcher) have breeding
populations in all three countries. More than 70% are migra-
tory, most with populations wintering in or passing through
Mexico; all but four species depend on habitats in at least two
of our countries.
Overlay of breeding (top), in-transit (center), and winter (bottom) ranges of
temperate-zone breeders of high tri-national concern.
Cerulean Warbler (top),
Black Swift (center), and
Canada Warbler (bottom)
are among the 24 temper-
ate-breeding species of high
tri-national concern.
Pno1os, 1ov 1o vo11or: Cvio
Lv1v, Cii Tivii, Civvv
Dioni
Number of
Species
Breeding
1
23
46
Number of
Species
In Transit
13
45
67
Number of
Species
In Winter
1
23
46
Temperate Breeders of High Tri-National Concern
15 Loss of Bird Diversity
Habitats: Temperate Breeders
Grasslands
Tropical highland forests
Temperate eastern forests
Aridlands
Temperate western forests
Boreal forests
Tropical evergreen forests
Tropical deciduous forests
Freshwater marsh
Coasts
Arctic and alpine tundra
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%
primary breeding habitat
primary winter habitat (if different)
Percentage of Species
Tese high-concern species breed in all major temperate-
zone habitats (see Appendix B), but nearly half are primar-
ily associated with either grasslands or temperate eastern
forests. Cerulean Warbler requires large tracts of mature
deciduous forest for breeding, whereas Golden-winged
Warbler requires disturbed or early successional forests in
the same regions. Both of these warblers, along with boreal
forest breeders such as Olive-sided Flycatcher and Canada
Warbler, winter in tropical highland forests of Central and
northern South America.
High-concern grassland birds include migrants, such as
Spragues Pipit, Bairds Sparrow, and Chestnut-collared Long-
spur, that winter primarily in northern Mexico, as well as resi-
dent Greater and Lesser prairie-chickens. Both Black-capped
and Bells vireos breed in aridland habitats of the southwestern
United States and winter in tropical deciduous forests of Mex-
ico. Other species highlight the need to conserve sagebrush
(Greater Sage-Grouse), pinyon-juniper woodland (Pinyon
Jay), old-growth coniferous forest (Spotted Owl), and Sonoran
desert scrub (Bendires Trasher) in the western United States.
Threats: Temperate Breeders
Agriculture
Livestock
Contaminants and exotic species
Ecosystem modications
Climate change
Energy and transportation
Urbanization
Logging and wood harvest
Trapping and shooting
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%
Percentage of Species
Because these high-concern species occur in every major
habitat, they face a diversity of threats from land-use policies
and practices in Canada and the United States for agriculture,
livestock grazing, ecosystem modication, contaminants and
exotic species, urbanization, energy development, and log-
ging (see Appendix B). Agricultural practices in particular
aect not only specialized grassland birds, but also migra-
tory species that winter in the same tropical forest habitats as
high-concern resident species. More than 40% of these spe-
cies are predicted to be adversely aected by climate change,
due to a range of factors such as loss of alpine tundra (Black
Rosy-Finch) and high-elevation forests (Bicknells Trush),
increased drought in grassland habitats, drying of ephemeral
waterfalls (Black Swift), and loss of coastal habitats as sea lev-
els rise (White-crowned Pigeon).
Migratory species also face high threats on their wintering
grounds, especially loss of grasslands in northern Mexico
and threats to tropical forests in southern Mexico and else-
where in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Clockwise from bottom left, these species demonstrate the
need to conserve important temperate habitats: Greater
Sage-Grouse (sagebrush); Black-capped Vireo (arid-
lands); Pinyon Jay (pinyon-juniper woodlands); Bendire's
Trasher (Sonoran desert scrub); and Baird's Sparrow
(mixed and shortgrass prairie).
Pno1os, ciociisi ivor vo11or iii1: Rr Pvisn, Cnvis
Tissoii-Hvris, )ris Livuiis, Civvv Dioni, Dvii Cvii
16 Loss of Bird Abundance
Habitats: Common Birds in Steep Decline
Tropical evergreen forests
Temperate eastern forests
Grasslands
Boreal forests
Aridlands
Temperate western forests
Generalist
Arctic and alpine tundra
Tropical deciduous forests
Mexican pine-oak forests
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%
primary breeding habitat
primary winter habitat (if different)
Percentage of Species
Common Birds in Steep Decline
T
he combined loss of 42 steeply declining species is con-
servatively estimated at a staggering 800 million breed-
ing birds, about two-thirds of those present 40 years ago. In
total, more than half of the 882 landbird species show evi-
dence of declines of at least 15%. Tis loss of bird abundance
is especially troubling in light of the vital ecosystem services
that these birds provide. To reverse population declines, we
need to address the underlying causes of declines in every
habitat, rather than manage for each species.
Declining species are found in every terrestrial habitat. Many
of these species are migrants and depend on a variety of habi-
tats throughout their lives. For example, tropical evergreen
forests are important for residents as well as wintering popu-
lations of migrants.
Loss of Bird Abundance
Number of
Species
Breeding
15
69
1012
1316
1720
Number of
Species in
Winter
14
57
811
1214
1517
I noo:::o to species of high tri-national concern due to high or severe threats, the PIF assess-
ment identied 42 other common bird species whose populations have declined by 50% or more
in the past 40 years (Appendix C). Tese species are found in nearly every habitat type, breeding
primarily in Canada and the United States. It is likely that many common Mexican birds are steeply
declining as well, but we lack long-term monitoring data for most Mexican species. Population declines of
common species are an important indicator of deteriorating environmental health.
Common birds are declining by 50% or more over much of the North American continent, with the largest number of species breeding in the northern
United States and southern Canada (left). In winter, these species are concentrated in the southern United States and Mexico (right).
Common Birds in Steep Decline
17 Loss of Bird Abundance
Aridlands
Many common aridland
birds, such as Logger-
head Shrike (left), Verdin,
Rock Wren, and Brewers
Sparrow, have lost more
than half of their breed-
ing populations over the
past 40 years. Sagebrush,
chaparral, and desert
shrublands have been
severely degraded and
are threatened by the
spread of exotic plants,
energy development, and
urban sprawl.
Boreal forests
Steep declines are
occurring in permanent
residents such as Boreal
Chickadee, temperate
migrants such as Rusty
Blackbird (left), and long-
distance migrants such
as Wilson's Warbler. Te
current rate and extent
of industrial resource
extraction threatens the
integrity of our continents
boreal nursery. Yet vast
areas of remaining boreal
forest present large-scale
opportunities for conser-
vation.
Tropical
evergreen forests
Several widespread spe-
cies of tropical evergreen
forest, including Black-
faced Antthrush (left),
Gray-headed Kite, and
Plain Xenops, are esti-
mated to have declined
by more than 50% in
Mexico, based on the re-
duction of their primary
habitat over the last half-
century. Tropical habitats
are also probably home
to other common species
in steep decline, but we
lack long-term monitor-
ing data to identify these
species in Mexico.
Urban areas
Among the common spe-
cies in steep decline are
several urban-adapted
generalists, such as Com-
mon Nighthawk (left),
Chimney Swift, and
Northern Flicker. Provid-
ing urban greenspace
and reducing bird mor-
tality from manmade
structures and pesticides
will benet generalist
breeders and migrants.
Temperate forests
Among the most steeply
declining species in tem-
perate forests are birds
dependent on disturbed
and early successional
habitat, including Rued
Grouse (left), Whip-poor-
will, Rufous Humming-
bird, and Prairie War-
bler. Managing a mosaic
of age classes of forests,
as well as maintaining
natural disturbance
regimes such as re, will
be necessary to reverse
declines of many forest
birds.
Temperate
grasslands
Grassland birds in this
habitat have suered
among the steepest
declines of any North
American landbirds.
Tese include many
familiar birds of rural
landscapes including
Grasshopper Sparrow
(left), Eastern Meadow-
lark, Bobolink, Lark Bun-
ting, and Horned Lark.
Incentives for bird-friend-
ly agricultural practices
and protection of native
prairie are essential
for reversing declines of
grassland birds.
Pno1os, 1ov 1o vo11or, iii1 1o vion1: Muii Cvossiii1, )ris Livuiis (z),
Cvio Lv1v, Dv Biis, Cvio Lv1v
18 Shared Birds, Shared Responsibility
Birds Without Borders
N
early half of the native landbirds (418 species) in Can-
ada, Mexico, and the United States depend on habitats
in at least two of the three countries. More than 200 species,
which include more than 80% of all individual landbirds, in-
habit all three countries in at least one season. Tese abun-
dant species, most of them cross-border travelers, provide
critical ecosystem services, such as pollination and insect
control, which contribute signicantly to our nations eco-
nomic health. Tey require strong international coordination
to monitor and protect them throughout their life cycle.
Species Depending on Habitats in at Least Two Countries
Percentage of landbird species
Percentage of individuals
0% 100% 75% 50% 25%
Shared 2 countries
Shared 3 countries
Not shared
Our PIF assessment identied 272 species with at least one-
quarter of their range or population in at least two of our
three countries, including 61 species with at least one-quar-
ter of their population in each of the three countries (Figure
below; Appendix D). Tese substantially shared species in-
clude 63% of the temperate-breeding species of highest tri-
national concern, as well as 64% of the common species in
steep decline.
Number of Landbird Species Shared Substantially Among Countries
CanadaMexicoUSA
CanadaUSA
MexicoUSA
0 30 60 90 120 150
Residents
Migrants
Shared Birds, Shared Responsibility
Boreal nursery
An estimated 30% of North Americas landbirds (such as the Wilson's
Warbler below) breed in the boreal forests of Canada and Alaska. Most
depend on the tremendous seasonal surge of insects in summer,
before leaving to winter in warmer regions. The boreal is one of the last
and largest tracts of intact forest in the world. Recognizing the global
signicance of the boreal, Canadian federal, provincial, territorial, and
aboriginal governments have established 50 million hectares of new
parks and refuges in Canadas boreal forests since 2000. Many of these
protected areas use innovative new co-management models like that
between Parks Canada and the Sahtu Dene community of Deline for
management of 400,000 hectares near Great Bear Lake, Northwest
Territories. The most productive and ecologically diverse parts of the boreal
are under intense pressure for resource extraction, and any effects on bird
numbers here are felt on wintering grounds in the United States, Mexico,
and as far away as South America (www.borealbirds.org and www.
borealcanada.ca).
Ov ov :uv mos: s:u::o uvsu::s from the PIF conservation assessment was the large
number of species that have a substantial proportion of their distribution and populations shared
across national borders. Tese results underscore the complexity of the linkages among birds and
habitats throughout their life cycle, across borders, and along migratory routes. With mounting
threats, only increased and strategic tri-national cooperation can maintain this vital connectivity and protect
sucient high-quality habitats to ensure safe migrations for birds across the continent. For strategic coopera-
tion, we need to understand how and where our birds are connected.
K
i

i
1
n

V
.

R
o
s
i

v
i
v
o
)

r
i
s

L
i
v

u
i

i
s
19 Shared Birds, Shared Responsibility
Full Life-Cycle Stewardship
Conservation of migratory birds requires actions that pro-
vide habitat and reduce mortality throughout the year. Habi-
tat conditions in one season can aect the reproduction
and survival of migratory birds in subsequent seasons. Te
quality of winter habitat can aect the timing of migration,
leading to decreased survival or reproductive success. Tere-
fore, actions to improve conditions in the tropics can have
far-reaching positive eects on birds breeding in the Unit-
ed States and Canada. Conversely, because many northern
breeding migrants spend up to eight months each year in
tropical habitats, the health of these ecosystems depends on
productivity of birds far to the north.
Mortality during migration may be 15 times higher for some
species than during the relatively stable breeding or win-
ter periods. Habitat loss at critical stopover sites is a major
source of mortality. Troughout the annual cycle, anthropo-
genic threats, such as windows, tall lighted structures, wind
turbines, indiscriminate pesticide use, and unrestrained cats
can contribute to population declines. Protection of stop-
over habitats, especially along coastlines, mountain ridges,
riparian corridors, and other migration pathways, is a high
tri-national priority. Tis is especially true where the unique
geography at the Cardel-Veracruz City corridor and the Isth-
mus of Tehuantepec in southern Mexico funnels billions of
migrating birds through narrow corridors on their journeys
north and south across the Western Hemisphere.
Tis radar image from May 16, 1999, depicts a massive takeo of birds
from stopover habitat at the onset of nocturnal migration along the shores
of Lake Erie (lower left) and Lake Ontario (upper right). Te highest densi-
ties of birds are depicted in purple and red. Radar is a powerful tool for
tracking bird migration and identifying important stopover habitats used
during migration (www.fort.usgs.gov/radar/).
I
r

o
i

v
v
o
v
i
i
i
i

v
v

R
o
v
v

D
i
i
n
i
Full Life-cycle Stewardship
May July
April
March September
October
January
Quality of wintering habitat inuences winter survival
and number of birds heading north to breed.
Treats during migration can limit how many
birds reach their breeding grounds.
Breeding habitat quality inuences
reproductive success.
Seasonal Connections for a Migratory Bird, the American Redstart
Migration stopover sites ensure
adequate energy on the way to
wintering grounds.
June
August
December
February
November
Breeding
Wintering
Iiius1v1io vv Mio Ciio
20 Shared Birds, Shared Responsibility
Linkages Among Habitats and Regions
Assemblages among the 272 substantially shared species from
each major breeding habitat tend to winter in distinct regions
of the continent. Tese strong linkages among adjacent and dis-
junct regions illustrate how the conservation of our shared birds
depends on increased international cooperation. See Appendix
D for breeding and wintering habitats of shared species.
Shared arctic-breeding landbirds,
such as Rough-legged Hawk (left)
and Northern Shrike (right),
mostly winter across the northern
United States.
Number of
Species
Breeding
78
912
In Transit
46
In Winter
67
810
Shared birds breeding in temperate western forests, including Black-
headed Grosbeak (left) and Western Tanager (right), winter predomi-
nantly in forests of western Mexico.
ArcticBreeding Species
Shared prairie birds, such as Chestnut-collared Longspur (top) and Spragues
Pipit (bottom), typically winter in grasslands of southwestern United States
and northern Mexico.
GrasslandBreeding Species
Number of
Species
Breeding
1216
1719
2023
In Winter
912
1315
1618
Temperate Western Forest-Breeding Species
Number of
Species
Breeding
2027
2833
3440
In Winter
2027
2834
3541
Pno1os, 1nis voi, 1ov 1o vo11or,
iii1 1o vion1: )ris Livuiis,
Tor )onso, Cnvis Wooi,
Biii Scnroiiv, Cvio Lv1v,
)ris Livuiis
21 Shared Birds, Shared Responsibility
Boreal ForestBreeding Species
Number of
Species
Breeding
1827
2836
In Transit
1924
2529
In Winter
910
1115
Shared birds breeding in temperate eastern forests, such as the Prothonotary
Warbler (top) and Summer Tanager (bottom), winter in tropical forests
from southern Mexico and the Caribbean southward, with areas along the
Gulf of Mexico being important during migration.
Temperate Eastern ForestBreeding Species
AridlandBreeding Species
Number of
Species
Any Season
2128
2935
3642
Forty-six shared aridland birds, including the Verdin (left) and Vermil-
ion Flycatcher (right), tend to be year-round residents or short-distance
migrants whose distributions span the southwestern United States and
northern Mexico.
Shared breeders from the boreal forests, such as the Blackburnian Warbler (left)
and Swainsons Trush (right), winter primarily in tropical highland and ever-
green forests from southern Mexico to northern South America.
Civvv Dioni, Cvio Lv1v
Number of
Species
Breeding
1925
2631
3237
In Transit
1421
2227
In Winter
1520
2124
2529
Pno1os, 1nis voi, 1ov 1o vo11or,
iii1 1o vion1: Civvv Dioni,
Cvio Lv1v, Civvv Dioni,
Cvio Lv1v, Civvv Dioni,
Kii1n V. Rosivivo
22 A Call to Tri-National Action
A
lthough we have common commitments to protect
birds through legislation and policies, our concerns
have changed little over the last 20 years. Te international
bird conservation community has grown, but loss of habitat
still remains the most serious threat to birds throughout the
continent. Declining bird populations are a clear indicator of
ecosystem degradation, which is linked to reduced quality of
life and the persistence of poverty in all three countries. We
must nd new means to integrate conservation into the fab-
ric of our society via sustainable land- and resource-use poli-
cies. New approaches will necessitate increased cooperation,
new partnerships, and new information.
We can still achieve our goals to protect and restore bird
populations and habitats, but the window of opportunity
is rapidly closing. One in six landbird species warrants the
highest tri-national concern, including many widespread
species. Immediate measures are needed to protect habitats
and preserve functioning ecosystems. Although conservation
actions will occur at dierent scales, they must be enacted as
part of a coordinated strategy. Each of us has an important
role to play in bringing our shared vision to fruition.
To prevent further loss of bird diversity and
abundance, we recommend six primary
actions:
Protect and recover species at greatest risk 1.
Conserve habitats and ecosystem functions 2.
Reduce bird mortality 3.
Expand our knowledge base for conservation 4.
Engage people in conservation action 5.
Increase the power of international 6.
partnerships
A Call to Tri-National Action
Ouu :uuvv n::os are connected by birds but also by the ow of trade and people across
borders. PIF harnesses this connectivity by enabling communication, supporting science, and facili-
tating conservation among tri-national partners to save birds at risk and keep common birds com-
mon. Building on our recommendations from 2004 for landbirds breeding in Canada and the United
States, this rst tri-national assessment shows the need for international collaboration to reverse steep declines
of common birds in every terrestrial habitat of the continent and prevent the loss of 148 species in immediate
danger.
Conserving migrants, conserving tropical residents
The endangered Golden-cheeked Warbler migrates from
breeding habitats in Texas to winter in the same high-elevation
pine-oak forest in southern Mexico and Guatemala that support
the entire global population of the endangered Pink-headed
Warbler. High densities of other migrants, such as Hermit and
Townsend's warblers, join these endangered species in large
mixed-species ocks living in the same tropical forests for up to
eight months each year.
Top to bottom:
Pink-headed Warbler,
Golden-cheeked Warbler,
Hermit Warbler,
Townsends Warbler
Pno1os, 1ov 1o vo11or:
Fvci Dioni,
Cvio Lv1v
Bvi Suiiiv (z)
23 A Call to Tri-National Action
High risk of extinction (26 species)
Shared migrants (3040 species)
Overlap
M
any of the species at greatest risk have very limited
distributions in highly threatened habitats. Te most
eective conservation measures, therefore, will often be site-
specic, and in some cases species-specic. A network of
protected areas in the most critical habitats and sites, and
implementation of endangered species laws, will help pre-
vent the immediate loss of these species. Tese measures
must take into account cultural, social, and economic issues
that inuence land uses and integrate bird conservation with
sustainable land management. Commitment from land-
owners, investors, scientic institutions, and governments is
essential.
Build Networks of
Protected Areas in Tropical Forests
Most landbird species of highest tri-national conservation
concern depend on tropical highland and pine-oak forests
of the Mexican mountains, tropical deciduous forests on the
Pacic slope of Mexico, and tropical evergreen forests from
southern Mexico through Central America. Despite the ac-
celerating degradation and loss of habitats, these regions still
support high tropical diversity and a high abundance of tem-
perate migrants. Te striking overlap in distribution among
high-concern residents and shared migrants highlights the
need for a strong network of protected areas along Mexico's
Pacic Coast and in narrow highland regions from Tamau-
lipas and Chihuahua south to Chiapas. Financial support by
our three national governments, in partnership with local
communities, governments, and non-government organiza-
tions, will be critical for protecting these forests.
Protect and Recover Species at Greatest Risk 1.
Te winter ranges of shared migrants show a striking geographic overlap
with the ranges of species at greatest risk of extinction. More than 100 of
the migrants shared substantially among our three countries depend on
the same tropical and pine-oak forests that support highly threatened
tropical residents.
Overlap of At-Risk Residents and Shared Migrants
Protecting and managing critical habitats
Natural Protected Areas in Mexico have varying levels of protection and
sustainability (www.conanp.gob.mx/), supporting some habitat needs for
almost all of the most at-risk bird species. Nevertheless, important gaps must be
addressed, mainly for species with very limited distributions listed as endangered
under Mexican law. Reserves can be owned and protected at many levels by all
governments, as well as communal, indigenous, private, and non-government
groups.
The Sierra de Manantln, pictured at left, is one of 37 Biosphere Reserves in Mexico,
protecting 139,577 hectares of terrestrial and aquatic habitats (www.conanp.gob.
mx/que_hacemos/reservas_biosfera.php).
Important Bird Area programs in all three countries have identied the most critical
sites for bird conservation, based on a set of globally accepted criteria; many
of these sites remain unprotected, however. These include nearly 600 globally
signicant IBAs in Canada, 383 IBAs in the United States, and 230 AICAs in Mexico.
IBA databases are a critical resource for identifying gaps in protection and for
recommending protected areas for species of high continental concern.
K
i

i
1
n

V
.

R
o
s
i

v
i
v
o
24 A Call to Tri-National Action
Protect and Recover (continued)
Te ranges of 37 shared migrants that winter in tropical ev-
ergreen forests overlap completely with the ranges of many
high-concern tropical residents. Tese migrants predomi-
nantly breed in eastern temperate and boreal forests. For
example, Wood Trush and Kentucky Warbler winter in
the same tracts of lowland forest in southeastern Mexico as
the resident and highly threatened Slaty-tailed Trogon and
Lovely Cotinga. Protecting these habitats therefore sup-
ports birds in all three countries.
Number of
Species
Breeding
1218
1924
In Transit
1622
2328
In Winter
1117
1823
Number of
Species
Any Season
2063
Te Wood Trush (left) is a migrant that winters in tropical evergreen forests of southern Mexico, overlapping completely with the range of the Slaty-
tailed Trogon (right), a high-concern tropical resident.
High-Concern Tropical Residents Species Wintering in Tropical Evergreen Forest
Overlaid year-round distributions of high-concern tropical resident species (left) compared with ranges of migrants that winter in tropical evergreen
forests (right).
R
o
o
i
v

E
v
i
c
i
s
s
o

C
i
v
v
v

D
i

o
n
i
25 A Call to Tri-National Action
Treasure of the Sierra Madre
One of North America's most endangered birds, the Sierra Madre
Sparrow clings to existence in isolated remnants of high-elevation native
grasslands near Mexico City and in Durango. Because these rare habitats
are on community-owned lands outside of national protected areas,
conservation is only possible through a voluntary coalition of community
leaders, university and government scientists, and international
conservation organizations. They collectively support sustainable
agriculture, habitat protection, and re management.
Fully Implement National
Endangered Species Laws
Te number of species in danger of extinction is growing at
an alarming rate: 80% of the species of highest tri-national
concern identied by the PIF assessment are federally listed
under species at risk legislation in at least one of the three
countries and 32% are considered globally endangered or
vulnerable by the International Union for the Conservation
of Nature (see Appendix B). We can reduce the conservation
risk for listed species by implementing the recovery compo-
nents of national endangered species laws and other related
wildlife conservation legislation. Each country should ensure
that sucient amounts of critical habitat are protected for all
endangered species throughout their life cycles.
Species at risk can make remarkable recoveries if listed with
ample time for recovery activities to have an impact. Tis will
require that nations ensure timely assessment of species that
addresses knowledge gaps. Although proactive conservation
is more cost-eective, recovery is the last chance for land-
birds on the verge of extinction.
Coordinating conservation measures for endangered spe-
cies across countries and species can leverage funds and
amplify successes. For example, the Mesoamerican Pine-
oak Conservation Alliance (http:}}my.nature.org}birds}
about}centralamerica.html) protects critical habitat for
the Golden-cheeked Warbler and other migratory and
resident birds in threatened pine-oak habitats throughout
Central America. Partners such as Pronatura Sur and Te
Nature Conservancy add signicantly to government-led
endangered species recovery.
M

u
i
i

C
v
o
s
s
i
i
i
1
C
i

i

Y
i
n
D

v
i

K
v
u
i
v
i
v
A
i

O
i
i
v
i
v

s
Top: Native
bunchgrass habitat
required by Sierra
Madre Sparrow.
Center: Don Julio
Castro, a resident of
Ejido Ojo de Agua El
Cazador and part of a
working group formed
by the community,
Cornell Lab of
Ornithology, UNAM,
and CONABIO for
the conservation of the
species.
Bottom: Sierra Madre
Sparrow
Te Peregrine Falcon represents
a dramatic success story in en-
dangered species recovery. Te
banning of harmful pesticides,
such as DDT, coupled with
intensive recovery eorts in the
United States and Canada,
resulted in a steady increase in
peregrine populations nearly
throughout their original range.
In 1999, the peregrine was re-
moved from the United States
Endangered Species list, and
in 2007, Canadian peregrine
populations were downlisted to
Special Concern by the Com-
mittee on the Status of Endan-
gered Wildlife in Canada.
26 A Call to Tri-National Action
Core areas of habitat need to be buered by sustainable land-
scapes, especially in open, dry habitats where location, cli-
mate, temperature, and open habitat structure make them
susceptible to further degradation. Fire suppression and
habitat fragmentation invite the spread of exotic species.
Restoration should promote the use of native plant species,
control invasive species, minimize the use of chemicals, and,
where appropriate, use re to emulate natural disturbance
patterns.
Adopt Sustainable
Grazing and Food Production
Shade-grown coee is an extremely important crop that provides income
to local people while preserving much of the native vegetation.
Most grassland and open woodland birds have always lived
with herbivores. North American grasslands support a ranch-
ing culture that is equally dependent upon the survival of this
vanishing ecosystem. Sustainable grazing of native grasses,
combined with appropriate stocking rates, can be compatible
with the needs of many grassland breeding species of conti-
nental concern.
Birds of high conservation concern can co-exist with many
other types of sustainable food production. In tropical for-
ests, shade-grown products like coee and cocoa help retain
native forest cover for birds while providing more diverse
economic opportunities for local farmers. Improving the
matrix of agricultural lands in Mexico by increasing natural
vegetation cover will have far-reaching eects on continental
bird populations.
T
he PIF assessment highlighted key habitats and geo-
graphic areas in Canada, Mexico, and the United States
that are critical for the survival of continental landbird
populations, for both species at greatest risk and millions of
shared migrants. Conserving healthy habitats and address-
ing threats to bird populations remains the primary action
necessary to reverse population declines and keep common
birds common. Habitat conservation must occur at all scales,
from protection of specic sites for the most at-risk species,
to management of large core habitats for species of high tri-
national concern, to improving the matrix of working land-
scapes for all birds.
Restore and Retain Core Habitats
Today, the expansion of agriculture continues to be the ma-
jor driver of biodiversity loss. Agriculture aects every type
of habitat and impacts 76% of the landbird species of high-
est conservation concern; 65% are threatened by unsustain-
able livestock grazing. Preventing the conversion of large
areas of habitat, whether grassland, forest, or aridlands, in
the core distribution of species of concern will be necessary
to stem the rapid decline of many landbirds. Policies and
management practices are tools that can support the needs
of high-priority birds on vast public lands in Canada and the
United States. Large areas of representative habitats can be
preserved in Mexico through a mixture of government, com-
munity, and private lands.
Te Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve protects critical tropical de-
ciduous forest on the Pacic slope of Mexico.
F
u
i
v
i
o

E
c
c

v
i
i
A
i
i
i

i
v
o

S

i
i

s
Conserve Habitats and Ecosystem Functions 2.
27 A Call to Tri-National Action
Implement Sustainable
Forestry Practices and Policies
Tree quarters of the worlds forests, including more than
half of the temperate broadleaf forest and tropical dry for-
ests, have been replaced by cultivated land and plantations.
Whereas much of the temperate forest was converted de-
cades ago, deforestation in the tropics and the boreal forest
is accelerating. More than 65% of our continental landbirds
of high tri-national concern are threatened by unsustainable
timber harvest.
To maintain the abundance of landbirds produced in the
boreal forest nursery and other forested habitats, we need
to manage forests to maintain structural complexity and
a diversity of age classes. Many international certication
programs support sustainable forestry practices that
emulate natural disturbances and result in greater forest
complexity that supports biodiversity. Natural processes,
such as re, also are important for maintaining forest health,
and retention of large trees and snags is critical for cavity-
nesting birds and other wildlife.

Natural protected areas in tropical and pine-oak forests must not only
protect, but also maintain, natural disturbance regimes, such as forest
res, on which many migratory and resident bird species depend.
Improve working landscapes for birds
Relatively small policy changes can have dramatic cumulative benets
on habitat for birds, especially related to industrial-scale agriculture,
forestry, and energy. Governments and industries have a key role in
developing and adhering to sustainable standards. In Canada, a new
regulatory strategy to manage the incidental take of birds will be one
tool to support sustainable working landscape conditions. Project
proponents would obtain permits that prescribe mandatory practices to
support bird populations and habitats. Industries will benet from new
options to comply with existing regulations, and birds will benet by
having signicant conservation issues addressed.
Grasslands: A vanishing biome
Loss and degradation of both breeding and wintering habitat has
led to an overall decline of 45% for 33 grassland species, a combined
loss of 500 million birds over the past 40 years. The Chihuahuan and
Sonoran grasslands of northern Mexico are important to grassland
birds breeding in the Great Plains of the United States and Canada
because these areas support the majority of the population in winter.
Chihuahuan Desert Grasslands are being converted at an alarming
rate for short-term farming practices that leave the land unsuitable
for grassland birds (see photo below). The U.S. governments
Natural Resources Conservation Service identied wildlife habitat
enhancement as a priority for implementing the 2008 Farm Bill, which
represents the most important tool for conservation of grassland
birds on private lands. In order to protect shrinking native Canadian
grasslands, we need changes in policy and and extensive education
to promote expansive native prairie and minimize degradation due
to energy development, urbanization, or conversion to intensive
agriculture.
Native grasslands are being plowed at an alarming rate in
Chihuahua, Mexico.
A

o
i
i

B
.

M
o

1
o
v

v
i
Q
u
i

)

v
i
i
i

P
i
i

i
Z
K
i

i
1
n

V
.

R
o
s
i

v
i
v
o
Industrial-scale forestry in Canada's boreal forest
28 A Call to Tri-National Action
Conserve Habitats (continued)
Foster Community-Based
Conservation Initiatives
Sustainable resource management is only possible when in-
tegrated into the regional economy. Working with local com-
munities and landowners to protect, restore, and manage
habitats is essential. Innovative approaches such as scal and
economic incentives will be instrumental in promoting habi-
tat conservation (e.g. Appalachian Regional Reforestation
Initiative at http:}}arri.osmre.gov}Default.shtm) or the
UN economic incentive programs for developing countries
to maintain forests and minimize carbon emissions (www.
un-redd.org). Taxation systems, market incentives, and
conservation easements can also be structured to promote
conservation in priority landscapes and help landowners and
local governments in the process. Ecotourism and other hab-
itat-friendly economic opportunities can provide employ-
Economic incentives for conservation
Several successful models for community-based conservation exist
in Mexico that conserve some of the continents most endangered
species. Communal landowners in "El Palmito" forestal ejido in la
Concordia, Sinaloa, signed a new conservation easement in 2008 to
suspend logging practices in 1,150,000 hectares of prime Tufted Jay
habitat for a period of 30 years. Through economic incentives for the
development of low-impact tourism activities, habitat conservation of
this endemic bird strengthens rural and economic development for
the community in El Palmito.
ment and economic return to local communities when they
are developed collaboratively with local people. Community-
based conservation can provide alternative livelihoods that
support both economic development and sustainable re-
source use.
Implement Sustainable Urban and Land-
Use Planning at the Landscape Level
Urbanization throughout the continent continues to deplete
habitat and erect hazards to migration such as buildings and
towers. Habitat loss from residential and commercial devel-
opment is both a result of expanding cities and large-scale
resorts and vacation properties. Smart-growth initiatives
are needed that limit urban and suburban sprawl and can
incorporate green infrastructure such as large, functional,
connected habitats. Because landbirds often congregate in
large numbers during migration, it is critical we identify,
manage, and conserve vital stopover habitats and migratory
bottlenecks, especially along coastlines and in urban envi-
ronments. Municipalities can work with neighboring juris-
dictions to achieve common objectives for greenspace and
to monitor change in urban ecosystems. Cost-share funding
opportunities can support planning and implementation to
ensure that development retains the natural values that rst
attracted people to the area.
New York Citys Central Park provides vital stopover habitat for thousands
of migrants that need to navigate through the urban metropolis along the
United States Atlantic coast each spring and fall.
Rancho Liebre Barranca,
Sinaloa (left); Tufted Jay
(upper right); recently cut
pine (lower right)
C
i
o
c
i

i
s
i

i
v
o
r

v
i
o
n
1
:

E
i
u

v
i
o

E
.

I

i
o
o
-
E
i
i

s
,

K
i

i
1
n

V
.

R
o
s
i

v
i
v
o

(
z
)
i
S
1
o
c
i
P
n
o
1
o
.
c
o
r
29 A Call to Tri-National Action
A
lthough habitat loss is a primary factor in the decline of
landbirds, other threats exacerbate the challenges birds
face. Reducing human-caused sources of mortality is a criti-
cal step in restoring bird populations and ensuring that the
spectacle of migration continues across the hemisphere.
Encourage Alternatives
to the Cage-Bird Trade
All Mexican parrot species have suered population declines
from decades of trapping for the cage-bird trade. Many
other species are legally trapped in Mexico for the songbird
and cage-bird trade, including the three species of toucans,
many orioles, and buntings. Creating alternative careers for
trappers as local birding guides can have an important posi-
tive impact for people whose livelihood depends on these
birds, as well as for the birds themselves (www.birdlife.
org}news}news}2005}03}bird_guide_manual_es.pdf). In
addition, we need to work with communities and landown-
ers to achieve a sustainable harvest of songbirds in Mexico
and assess the impact on wild bird populations in light of
other threats such as habitat loss. An adaptive harvest mod-
el needs to be implemented, with regulated trapping quotas
tied to eective monitoring of wild bird populations build-
ing on the successful model of waterfowl harvesting under
the North American Waterfowl Management Plan.
Orange-chinned and Orange-fronted parakeet chicks conscated by
PROFEPA, in Oaxaca, in 2002. Te capture of parrots for the cage-bird
trade has led to nearly all of the Mexican parrot species being of high
tri-national concern.
Reduce Collisions with
Windows and Structures
Turkey Vulture soaring over wind turbines in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec,
Oaxaca, Mexico. Wind turbines, while providing green energy, could cause
signicant bird mortality if located in the wrong places.
Manmade structures are estimated to kill millions of birds,
predominately Neotropical migrating songbirds, each year.
Municipal planners, regulators, owners, and citizens can
measurably reduce bird deaths by minimizing window kills
(www.ap.org), implementing bird-friendly lighting of
towers and buildings, and protecting birds on power lines
(www.aplic.org).
Wind turbines, transmission lines, and other infrastructure
should be sited to minimize impacts to migratory and resi-
dent birds, especially avoiding migration corridors and con-
centration areas. In particular, wind-power development in
migration hot-spots, such as the Isthmus of Tehuantepec
in Mexico, needs to be accompanied by rigorous assessment
and monitoring that considers the cumulative population
impacts to migratory birds.
Minimize Deaths from Pesticides and Cats
Pesticides that result in bird mortality are widely used in ag-
ricultural and landscaping applications. We can minimize
the use of pesticides by supporting organic agriculture,
developing reduced use or lower toxicity alternatives, and
developing shared standards for licensed pesticides and ap-
plication techniques.
Free-ranging, domestic cats kill millions of birds annually;
this mortality can be greatly reduced by keeping pet cats in-
doors and removing feral cats and colonies. Find guidelines at
www.abcbirds.org}abcprograms}policy}cats}index.html.
M

i
i
i
i

O
i
i
v
i
v

E
i
u

v
i
o

E
.

I

i
o
o
-
E
i
i

s
Reduce Bird Mortality 3.
30 A Call to Tri-National Action
help provide these data, and advances in modeling complex
associations and interactions will help us design conserva-
tion landscapes at appropriate scales.
Full Life-Cycle Connectivity
and Limiting Factors
Conservation of migratory birds requires coordinated ac-
tions throughout their life cycle. Research should focus on:
(1) distribution patterns of migrants throughout the annual
cycle; (2) seasonal connectivity between specic breeding
and nonbreeding locations, and (3) important factors limit-
ing survival and productivity during the life cycle (e.g., does a
bird face its greatest limiting factor during breeding, migra-
tion, or winter?). Knowing more about connectivity and lim-
iting factors will enable us to predict consequences of habitat
loss and environmental change and target eective conserva-
tion actions to benet migrants and residents.
E
ective bird conservation must be based on scientic
research and strategic monitoring, with timely results
provided to managers and policy-makers in a usable format
to inform actions. Despite decades of landbird research and
monitoring, we still know astonishingly little about the popu-
lation status and trends, habitats, limiting factors, and causes
of population declines for many species of high tri-national
concern. Te following sections highlight the most important
research areas for scientists to focus on in the next decade.
Habitat Requirements for Priority Species
Loss and degradation of habitat is still the most imminent
threat to landbirds. Yet, we still need basic information about
the habitat and ecological requirements (e.g. food, vegeta-
tion, patch size) critical for priority species in all habitats,
especially in rapidly diminishing tropical forest. Tese re-
sources should be available at scales appropriate for manage-
ment. Improvements in remote sensing and GIS tools can
Expand Our Knowledge Base for Conservation 4.
Modeling habitat relationships
The Boreal Avian Modelling Project partnership is using bird and habitat
data from across Canada's boreal forest to assess the habitat needs
of boreal birds and to anticipate the impact of rapid environmental
change. This work supports the conservation of boreal birds and informs
future science efforts. The results will be used to predict avian response
to environmental change and habitat loss and to support effective
management and monitoring of boreal bird populations (www.
borealbirds.ca).
Black-throated Green Warbler
Dendroica virens
Boreal region Canada
Outside sampled area
0.00
0.938
Predicted Mean
(# males per station)
Relative abundance estimates for Black-throated Green Warbler
across Canadas boreal forest region.
B
o
v
i

i

A
v
i

M
o
i
i
i
i
i

o

P
v
o
i
i
c
1
Tracking connectivity
Technological advances allow us to track migration routes, document
connectivity, and understand migration patterns. A recent study that
used geolocators to study Purple Martins and Wood Thrushes identied
the connection between specic breeding and wintering populations
and the pace of spring migration. A recent analysis of stable isotopes in
Wilson's Warbler feathers documented leap frog migration patterns,
with those breeding farthest north migrating earliest in fall and
wintering farthest south in Central America.
40N
30N
20N
7 Nov-12 Apr
10-12 Oct
16-28 Oct
> 5 Sept
17Apr
19-21 Apr
26 Apr
100W 90W
Migration tracks of an individual Wood Trush on its journeys be-
tween upstate New York and Nicaragua, based on geolocator data.
Reprinted from Stutchbury et al. 2009, Science 323: 896.
31 A Call to Tri-National Action
Population Status, Trends,
Distribution, and Abundance
Te population status of many species of highest conserva-
tion concern remain poorly known, especially in areas where
monitoring has been limited because it is dicult, remote,
or expensive. Improving monitoring programs and increas-
ing our understanding of the factors impacting productivity
(e.g. breeding success) and survival will assist in identifying
key limiting factors. Much new information can be gained
by expanding existing, long-term monitoring programs into
regions where there are none, notably in Mexico, most of the
boreal forest, and the arctic. In other cases new or targeted or
non-traditional monitoring programs will be required.
Las Joyas Research Station (foreground) in the Sierra de Manantln Bio-
sphere Reserve and the Nevado de Colima National Park (background) are
Important Bird Areas (IBAs) in western Mexico that over the past 20 years
have hosted long-term landbird banding and monitoring training programs.
International collaborative eorts have allowed hundreds of students,
ornithologists, and land managers from Mexico, the United States, and
Canada to participate in eld courses that have generated new information
on breeding seasons, habitat selection, site delity, migration schedules, and
molt patterns of endemic and long-distance migratory landbirds.
Response to Management Actions,
Development, and Environmental Change
Understanding the response of priority birds to human man-
agement practices (forestry, agriculture, grazing), development
(energy, resorts, urban), and indirect environmental eects
(habitat fragmentation, climate change, contaminants) will
be a key component in designing and evaluating conservation
and mitigation programs. Studying and monitoring priority
species population and ecological responses to these human-
related actions and changes, documenting how they function
as part of the aected ecosystems, and identifying key mecha-
nisms driving the systems also will be crucial to understanding
limiting factors and causes of population declines.
Human-Caused Sources of Mortality
Although trapping wild parrots is now illegal, we must as-
sess whether the new bans are sucient for recovering pop-
ulations without supplementary measures. In addition, reg-
ulated trapping of other wild birds for the cage-bird trade
needs to be tied to eective bird-population monitoring
programs. Understanding the population eects of mortal-
ity caused by collisions with tall structures (e.g., wind tur-
bines, telecommunication towers, power lines, buildings)
and vehicles, as well as predation by cats and other nonna-
tive predators, is essential for changing policy and develop-
ing guidelines based on relative risks to priority species. Re-
search also should focus on cumulative and compensatory
eects of multiple mortality factors.
Human Dimensions of Bird Conservation
Although social science has broadly explored peoples rela-
tionship to the environment and response to specic issues
(e.g., hunting, climate change), we know very little about how
and why people relate to birds and bird conservation issues.
By understanding the attitudes, knowledge, skills, motiva-
tion, and behaviors of existing and potential audiences (e.g.,
bird watchers, as well as private landowners and policy-
makers), we can better target conservation solutions that
are acceptable to society. We also need to better understand
(1) conservation outcomes achieved from birding tourism;
(2) societal valuation of ecosystem services; (3) costs and ben-
ets of conservation-oriented management practices; and (4)
outcomes of conservation education programs. Integration
of social and ecological science in studying bird conservation
issues, such as including human population modeling and
prediction into bird conservation modeling projects, has yet
to be undertaken.
Private woodland owners can take important actions on their properties to
create or maintain bird habitat. A social scientist interviews a woodland
owner to understand his motivations.
C
n

i

)
o
n

s
o

v
i
Q
u
i

)

v
i
i
i

P
i
i

i
Z
32 A Call to Tri-National Action
A
lthough people in all three of our countries value our
shared birds and environment, in many cases the con-
nections between people and birds could be better harnessed
for bird conservation. We must motivate people to recognize
the costs and benets of alternate futures, make behavioral
changes, and take conservation actions at every geographic
and political scale. Trough their actions, humans continue
to threaten birds, often unknowingly. Conservation strate-
gies to meet the goals of our tri-national vision must include
mechanisms to involve people in creating and implementing
solutions, and must include direct benets to society.
Strategic Education
Education, outreach, and communication are vital tools for
achieving bird conservation goals. Collaboration between
educators and conservationists will enhance strategies to
focus on critical conservation actions through appropriate
messages and delivery mechanisms. Education objectives
need to be tied specically to conservation objectives, focus-
ing on the highest priority species and habitats.
Outreach should take advantage of innovative technologies,
such as podcasts and blogs, and advances in social marketing
to sell bird-related ideas in a way that focuses on what the
consumer wants. We will need to work more closely with a
variety of stakeholders, such as producers, industry, policy-
makers, business communities, and First Nations, Native
American, and indigenous peoples to implement bird-friend-
ly agriculture and forestry practices. Articulating measurable
outcomes and evaluating the impact of outreach programs
will allow us to continually improve.
Kicking the dirt, bird conservationists share information about birds and
learn about landowners needs as part of the community-driven Sierra
Madre Sparrow conservation project near Mexico City.
Students from an inner city outings club learn from a researcher about
grassland birds and ecosystems as she bands a wintering sparrow in south-
eastern Arizona.
International Capacity
With limited resources devoted to education and outreach,
sharing products and programs increases the capacity of
providers, shifting resource expenditure from program
development to implementation. Consistent messaging
among groups and countries will yield greater impact. Shar-
ing existing resources allows education programs on lim-
ited budgets to be far more strategic in meeting conserva-
tion education goals. We encourage broader use of resource
directories, such as the Avian Index (www.birdday.org}
resources}), by educators in all three countries, providing
a new inux of ideas and encouraging full stewardship of
shared birds. Translation of education and outreach materi-
als into appropriate languages allows for greater impact.
Social networking sites connect people interested in bird conservation as
a community. Te Partners in Flight Facebook page recruited over 600
members within two weeks of its creation.
E
i
u

v
i
o

I

i
o
o
-
E
i
i

s
N

v
c

M
o
o
v
i
-
C
v

i
o
Engage People in Conservation Action 5.
33 A Call to Tri-National Action
Ornithological research and bird-based environmental education programs
in the Ayuquila River, Jalisco, sparked a river and riparian conservation
program that transformed into Mexicos rst inter-municipal watershed
conservation agency. Te migratory Belted Kingsher has been an eective
symbol for the citizen volunteer program and local government alliance.
Engage More People in Citizen Science
Citizen science oers cost-eective tools for bird monitoring,
education, and outreach among scientists, policy-makers,
and birders. Besides providing valuable data for bird conser-
vation, volunteer citizen scientists enhance their knowledge
of birds, as well as their conservation involvement. Te
North American Breeding Bird Survey and the Christmas
Bird Count, which rely entirely on volunteer birders, provide
some of our best knowledge of long-term bird population
trends. Te online program eBird (www.ebird.org) is rap-
idly improving knowledge of seasonal bird distribution, with
more than 100,000 checklists submitted per month in 2010.
All of these projects need expanded coverage throughout our
three nations, particularly in Mexico (averaves.org) and less-
populated areas of Canada and Alaska.
Tousands of volunteers throughout the Americas add their yearly counts
to the Christmas Bird Count, one of the longest-running citizen science
datasetsnow spanning more than 100 years. Te long-term perspective
on bird population trends helps inform strategies to protect birds and their
habitatsincluding this report.
Promote the Economic Benets
of Bird Conservation
Conservation solutions that ensure long-term protection of
birds and their habitats must also provide economically via-
ble options for people, communities, and industry. Successful
models in all three countries illustrate the economic benets
of sustainable land-use practices that allow birds to co-exist
with people. Providing bird-friendly economic opportunities
for local people is particularly critical for reducing threats in
and around protected areas for species at greatest risk of ex-
tinction. For example, tourism and bird-guide training can
help link ecotourism providers with local guides and provide
alternate livelihoods. At larger scales birding festivals, such
as International Migratory Bird Day (www.birdday.org), and
birding trails (e.g., www.coloradobirdingtrail.com) allow
rural communities to realize income by attracting tourists.
Coffee supports birds, habitat, and people
Many people in the tropics rely on coffee crops for their livelihood.
Whereas modernized coffee growing has become more intensive on
the land and detrimental to birds, shade grown coffee certication has
encouraged a return to the traditional agroforestry system. Fair trade
certication supports local communities and discourages conversion
of tropical forest. Coffee drinkers can buy certied coffees with the
assurance that these forested farms provide habitat to not only migratory
birds, but also resident species. For example, through partnerships with
organizations and local people and export to international markets at
fair trade prices, there are now 1,800 producers of certied coffee in the
Biosphere Reserve at El Triunfo (www.fondoeltriunfo.org).
C

v
v
i
i
i

P
i
v
i
Z

C

v
v
i
i
i
o
)
o
s
i

C
u

i
u
v
i

P
i
v
i
Z

C

r
i
Z
A
s
n
i
i
v

D

v
i
v
and pine-oak forests of the southwestern United States and
northern Mexico. Increased support is needed for these, and
other new cross-border partnerships, to expand their capacity
and incentives for habitat conservation, community involve-
ment and capacity building, conservation and ecotourism
training, outreach materials, and monitoring and research.
Similarly, the Pacic Coast Joint Venture spans the border
of Canada and the United States, providing opportunities to
protect high-priority landbirds of western temperate forests.
Sonoran and Rio Grande Joint Ventures
Te Sonoran and Rio Grande Joint Ventures operate in the area with the
highest number of species whose responsibility is substantially shared by
Mexico and the United States.
Strengthen and Expand Funding Programs
for International Bird Conservation
Substantially increased funding to enhance international
conservation capacity is necessary to meet the goals of PIFs
tri-national vision. Conservation eorts will benet from
expansion of funds allocated to existing programs, such as
the U.S. Forest Services International Programs, U.S. Na-
tional Park Service Park Flight Migratory Bird Program, the
Southern Wings Program of the Association of Fish and
Wildlife Agencies, and Canadas Latin America Program.
Tese government-led programs would have far more posi-
tive impact if they were matched or supplemented by in-
vestment from private foundations, international aid orga-
nizations, and industry partners.
In particular, we recommend increasing the funds allocated to
O
ur three countries share bird species, and our birds
share habitats and face common threats. Existing pro-
grams and funds that support a coordinated international
approach to conservation have achieved great results. How-
ever, the continued decline of continental landbirds and the
widespread deterioration of habitats indicate that much
more needs to be done. We need to expand the capacity of
international partnerships and develop new mechanisms for
achieving conservation.
Fully Implement
NABCI Tri-National Projects
Te North American Bird Conservation Initiative (NABCI)
promotes a strategic approach to conserving birds through
the identication of continentally important areas. Since
NABCIs inception in 1999, four Joint Venture-like Regional
Alliances have been established in Mexico to facilitate and
promote communication, international collaboration, and
conservation action: Yucatan, Marismas Nacionales, el Tri-
unfo, and Grasslands of the Chihuahuan Desert. Increased
international support to fully implement these alliances will
help conserve a large proportion of species of high tri-na-
tional concern.
Increase Support for
Cross-border Joint Ventures
Educators from Mexicos National Commission for Natural Protected Ar-
eas discuss plans for environmental education that supports conservation
objectives within the Sonoran Joint Venture.
Two international Joint Ventures (Sonoran JV, Rio Grande
JV) focus on protecting more than 100 species of high con-
servation priority in the aridlands, tropical deciduous forests,
Increase the Power of International Partnerships 6.
34 A Call to Tri-National Action
Number of
Species
Any Season
5168
6985
86102
Sonoran Joint Venture
Rio Grande Joint Venture
)
i

i
i

D
u
v
i
v
s
1
i
i

vides an ideal forum for collaborative exploration of new

policies that support the goals of PIF and a more sustain-
able trading relationship throughout the continent. Policy
decisions that will help achieve our tri-national vision for
bird conservation must be addressed at existing govern-
ment tables, such as the Trilateral Committee for Wildlife
and Ecosystem Conservation and Management. Te non-
government (NGO) sector can be inuential in establishing
new partnerships with the private sector for nancial sup-
port of bird conservation. NGOs are ideal to develop and
promote certication programs for tourism, business, and
land-use practices that support conservation. Businesses
can thrive without depleting our natural capital or the eco-
logical services upon which we depend.
Create Data-Driven Partnerships
to Support Decision-Makers
Recent advances in Internet-based technology have spawned
new partnerships centered around information-sharing to ad-
vance bird conservation. Communities of data providers and
users can help disseminate conservation and decision support
tools. Tey oer a hub for results of research on best manage-
ment practices for landbirds, ranging from guidelines to alle-
viate direct mortalities and economic incentives for commu-
nities to endangered species recovery strategies. For example,
the Avian Knowledge Alliance (http:}}klamathbird.org}
partnerships}networkandcollaborations}60-aka.html)
recently formed to promote the use of standard protocols and
centralized access to bird-monitoring data through the Avi-
an Knowledge Network (www.avianknowledge.net), which
houses more than 70 million observations of birds from
throughout the Western Hemisphere. Other partner-driven in-
formation systems such as Avesmx (http:}}avesmx.conabio.
gob.mx) and Neotropical Birds (www.neotropical.birds.
cornell.edu) can support policy planners, managers, and
other decision-makers.
Gateway to the Hemisphere
Although this tri-national eort is a major step forward for
Western Hemisphere bird conservation, two-thirds of our
landbird species are shared with other Western Hemisphere
countries, and well over one billion birds migrate beyond
our borders to the West Indies, Central America, or South
America each year. Only through greatly increased collabo-
ration with other countries will we ensure a future for all of
our hemispheres 4,200 bird species and the ecosystems on
which they depend. Building on existing partnerships, such
as the PIF Mesoamerican Working Group, and developing
and strengthening partnerships in the Caribbean and South
America, we can address the highest-priority conservation
actions for our hemispheres birds.
the Neotropical Migratory Bird Conservation Act (NMBCA),
enacted by the United States Congress in 2000 to establish a
grant program for conserving migratory birds. Between 2002
and 2008, NMBCA supported 260 projects coordinated by
partners in 48 states/territories and 36 countries. Te more
than $25.5 million awarded in grants over seven years has lev-
eraged $116.5 million in matching funds and $6.1 million in
additional funds. Tese projects positively impacted 1.9 mil-
lion acres of bird habitat. Yet, many quality projects that could
greatly impact conservation go unfunded. Doubling the fund-
ing appropriated to $10,000,000 (currently $4,500,000) would
considerably enhance the impact of the program.
Adopt Green Policies and Business
Practices at the Continental Scale
Te 1994 North American Agreement on Environmental
Cooperation set a precedent as a formal environmental
agreement adopted in parallel with an international trade
agreement. Te Commission for Environmental Coopera-
tion, an early leader in tri-national bird conservation, pro-
35 A Call to Tri-National Action
Voluntary partnerships for high-concern species
It is expensive to recover species from the edge of extinction. For
high-concern species not federally listed in all or part of their range,
international working groups serve as an excellent model for proactively
addressing threats to habitats and reversing population declines.
These partnerships, representing government, academic, conservation
advocacy, and private industry sectors, can leverage signicant funding
for land acquisition and management, as well as important research
aimed at nding economically viable conservation solutions.
The Cerulean Warbler Technical Group/El Grupo Cerleo (www.srs.
fs.usda.gov/egc/) brings together partners from the forest-products,
coal-mining, and coffee-production industries, multiple resource
agencies, conservation NGOs, and university scientists from countries
throughout the species' breeding and winter range. Other examples are
the Golden-winged Warbler working group/Alianza Alas Doradas (www.
alasdoradas.org), International Rusty Blackbird Technical Working
Group (http://nationalzoo.si.edu/ConservationAndScience/
MigratoryBirds/Research/Rusty_Blackbird/twg.cfm), and the
Bicknells Thrush Working Group (www.bicknellsthrush.org).
Cerulean Warbler
C
v
i
o

L

1
v
Appendices 36
Appendices
T
hese appendices present data selected to support key messages in the body of the report. Much more information relevant
to the assessment of all 882 native landbirds of Canada, Mexico, and the United States is provided online through the
PIF species assessment database housed at the Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory in Colorado. Interested readers are encour-
aged to visit (www.rmbo.org}pif}pifdb.html) as well as the conservation assessment of all Mexican birds (http:}}avesmx.
conabio.gob.mx).
Te results of this new tri-national species assessment do not replace the priorities and objectives identied previously in the
2004 PIF Landbird Conservation Plan (Rich et al. 2004) or regional priorities in the PIF species assessment database. Te mes-
sages in this report are highly relevant to successful conservation of all North American landbirds.
AvvvoIx A: FnmIIIvs ov Nn:Ivv LnosIuos
Provides a snapshot of the broad diversity of landbirds in this continent by summarizing the number of species across 58
taxonomic families, together with a summary of the numbers of species listed in the following appendices. Taxonomy follows
the 50th supplement to the American Ornithologists Union Check-list of North American Birds (Chesser et al. 2009, Auk
126(3):705714).
AvvvoIx B: SvvtIvs ov HIou TuI-Nn:IonI Cotvu
Lists 148 species highlighted in the Loss of Bird Diversity section of the report, identifying those within each of ve sub-
groups mentioned in the text, and providing species-specic information that is summarized in graphs and maps in that sec-
tion. Habitat denitions are provided at the end of Appendix B.
AvvvoIx C: Commo BIuos I S:vvv DvtIIv
Lists 42 species in the "Loss of Bird Abundance" section of the re-
port, with additional data most relevant to key messages provided
in that section.
AvvvoIx D: SvvtIvs Suss:n:InIIv Sunuvo Amoo
Nn:Ios
Lists 272 species highlighted in the Shared Birds, Shared Re-
sponsibility section of the reportthose for which responsibil-
ity is substantially shared by at least two countries within the tri-
national area. Countries with high responsibility for these species
are identied by season with additional information relevant to
messages provided in the text.
No:v: Species may appear in multiple Appendices if they meet
criteria for more than one group of birds.
K

u
1

E
i
s
i
v
r

Te Garnet-throated Hummingbird, restricted to tropical highland

forests of Mesoamerica, is a species of high tri-national concern (see
Appendix B).
Appendices 37
Family Birds Included
Number of Species in
Tri-national Area
% Endemic to
Tri-national Area
% High Conservation
Concern
% Common Birds in
Steep Decline
% Shared
Substantially
% Migratory
Species
Tinamidae Tinamous 4 50
Cracidae Chachalacas, Guans 8 25 50
Odontophoridae Quail, Wood-Partridges 15 53 33 7 13
Phasianidae Grouse & allies 14 79 36 14 36 14
Cathartidae Vultures, Condor 5 20 40 40 20
Accipitridae Hawks, Kites, Eagles 39 8 23 3 36 51
Falconidae Falcons, Caracaras 13 8 23 8 46
Columbidae Doves, Pigeons 23 9 17 17 17
Psittacidae Parrots, Parakeets 21 19 48 5
Cuculidae Cuckoos, Anis 11 9 27 27 27
Tytonidae Barn Owls 1
Strigidae Typical Owls 33 27 27 6 33 21
Caprimulgidae Nighthawks, Nightjars 14 21 14 29 64
Nyctibiidae Potoos 2
Apodidae Swifts 10 20 10 10 40 40
Trochilidae Hummingbirds 57 40 14 2 14 30
Trogonidae Trogons 9 22 33 11
Momotidae Motmots 6 50
Alcedinidae Kingshers 5 20 20 20
Bucconidae Puffbirds 2
Galbulidae Jacamars 1
Ramphastidae Toucans 3
Picidae Woodpeckers 35 60 14 6 34 20
Furnariidae Woodcreepers & allies 19 5 32 5
Thamnophilidae Antbirds & allies 7 57
Formicariidae Antthrushes 1 100
Grallariidae Antpittas 1 100
Tyrannidae Tyrant Flycatchers 76 11 12 29 50
Cotingidae Cotingas 1 100
Pipridae Manakins 3 33
Laniidae Shrikes 2 50 50 100 100
Vireonidae Vireos 26 27 8 42 50
Corvidae Jays, Crows & allies 31 71 29 19 13
Alaudidae Larks 2 50 50 50
Hirundinidae Swallows 13 8 8 62 85
Paridae Chickadees, Titmice 12 92 8 25
Remizidae Penduline Tits 1 100 100 100
Aegithalidae Long-tailed Tits 1 100
Sittidae Nuthatches 4 75 25 25
Certhiidae Treecreepers 1 100 100
Troglodytidae Wrens 31 48 10 3 26 23
Cinclidae Dippers 1
Regulidae Kinglets 2 100 100 100
Sylviidae Gnatcatchers & allies 8 38 13 25 25
Turdidae Thrushes 28 25 18 39 54
Timaliidae Wrentit 1 100
Mimidae Thrashers & allies 18 72 17 33 28
Motacillidae Pipits, Wagtails 5 20 20 40 100
Bombycillidae Waxwings 2 100 100
Ptilogonatidae Silky Flycatchers 2 50 50 50
Peucedramidae Olive Warbler 1
Parulidae Wood Warblers 64 14 16 5 67 81
Coeribidae Bananaquit 1
Thraupidae * Tanagers & allies 17 24 12
Emberizidae Sparrows & alllies 78 64 10 10 42 53
Cardinalidae Grosbeaks & allies 30 27 10 3 37 43
Icteridae Blackbirds, Orioles 36 28 3 8 31 56
Fringillidae Finches 25 36 12 8 48 64
Total Species: 882 276 148 42 272 337
Neotropical FamiliesSpecies reside almost entirely in the Neotropics * includes genus Saltator (uncertain family placement)
AvvvoIx A: FnmIIIvs ov Nn:Ivv LnosIuos
Appendices 38
AvvvoIx B: SvvtIvs ov HIou TuI-Nn:IonI Cotvu (For key, see pages 4243)
Legal Lists ^ Primary Threats # Assessment Scores ** Present in:
Common Name Latin Name Migrant Canada Mexico USA
IUCN
09 ~ Primary Habitat Urbanization
Agri-
culture Livestock
Energy and
Transportation
Trapping and
Shooting
Logging/
Wood
Harvest
Ecosystem
Modications
Contaminants
and Exotic
Species
Climate
Change PT TB TN BD ND PS Canada Mexico USA
Species at Greatest Risk of Extinction
Horned Guan Oreophasis derbianus P EN Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y Y 5 5 5 5 5 5 Y
Bearded Wood-Partridge Dendrortyx barbatus P VU Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y Y 5 5 5 5 5 5 Y
Gunnison Sage-Grouse Centrocercus minimus EN Aridlands Y Y Y Y 5 5 5 5 5 5 Y
California Condor Gymnogyps californianus E E CR Temperate Western Forests Y Y Y 5 5 5 5 4 5 Y Y
Socorro Dove Zenaida graysoni E EW Tropical Deciduous Forests Y Y Y Y 5 5 5 5 5 5 Y
Tuxtla Quail-Dove Geotrygon carrikeri P EN Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y Y 5 5 5 5 5 5 Y
Thick-billed Parrot Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha Y P EN Mexican Pine-Oak Forests Y Y Y Y 5 5 4 5 4 5 Y
Maroon-fronted Parrot Rhynchopsitta terrisi A VU Mexican Pine-Oak Forests Y Y 4 5 5 5 5 5 Y
Red-crowned Parrot Amazona viridigenalis P EN Tropical Deciduous Forests Y Y 5 5 5 5 5 5 Y Y
Yellow-headed Parrot Amazona oratrix P EN Tropical Deciduous Forests Y Y Y 5 5 5 5 5 5 Y
Bearded Screech-Owl Megascops barbarus A NT Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y Y 4 5 5 5 5 5 Y
Tamaulipas Pygmy-Owl Glaucidium sanchezi P LC Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y Y 4 4 4 5 5 5 Y
Unspotted Saw-whet Owl Aegolius ridgwayi A LC Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y Y Y 4 5 5 5 5 5 Y
Short-crested Coquette Lophornis brachylophus P CR Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y 4 5 5 5 5 5 Y
Mexican Woodnymph Thalurania ridgwayi Pr VU Tropical Deciduous Forests Y Y Y 4 4 4 5 5 5 Y
Blue-capped Hummingbird Eupherusa cyanophrys A EN Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y Y 4 4 4 5 5 5 Y
White-tailed Hummingbird Eupherusa poliocerca A VU Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y Y Y 4 4 4 5 5 5 Y
Mexican Sheartail Doricha eliza P NT Tropical Deciduous Forests Y Y Y 4 4 4 5 5 5 Y
Ivory-billed Woodpecker Campephilus principalis E CR Temperate Eastern Forests Y Y Y 5 5 5 5 5 5 Ext?
Imperial Woodpecker Campephilus imperialis E CR Mexican Pine-Oak Forests Y Y 5 5 5 5 5 5 Ext?
Belted Flycatcher Xenotriccus callizonus A NT Tropical Deciduous Forests Y Y 5 4 4 5 5 5 Y
Flammulated Flycatcher Deltarhynchus ammulatus Pr LC Tropical Deciduous Forests Y Y Y Y 4 4 4 5 5 5 Y
Tufted Jay Cyanocorax dickeyi P NT Mexican Pine-Oak Forests Y Y 4 4 4 5 5 5 Y
Dwarf Jay Cyanolyca nana P VU Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y Y Y 5 4 4 5 5 5 Y
White-throated Jay Cyanolyca mirabilis P VU Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y Y 4 4 4 5 5 5 Y
Florida Scrub-Jay Aphelocoma coerulescens T VU Temperate Eastern Forests Y Y Y Y 5 5 5 5 5 5 Y
Island Scrub-Jay Aphelocoma insularis NT Aridlands Y 3 4 4 5 5 5 Y
Sumichrasts Wren Hylorchilus sumichrasti A NT Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y Y 4 5 5 5 5 5 Y
Navas Wren Hylorchilus navai P VU Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y Y 5 5 5 5 5 5 Y
Socorro Mockingbird Mimus graysoni P CR Tropical Deciduous Forests Y Y 5 5 5 5 5 5 Y
Cozumel Thrasher Toxostoma guttatum P CR Tropical Deciduous Forests Y Y 5 5 5 5 5 5 Ext?
Bachmans Warbler Vermivora bachmanii Y E CR Temperate Eastern Forests / unknown Y Y 5 5 5 5 5 5 Ext?
Golden-cheeked Warbler Dendroica chrysoparia Y A E EN Temperate Western Forests / Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y Y 5 5 5 5 4 5 Y Y
Kirtlands Warbler Dendroica kirtlandii Y EN E NT Temperate Eastern Forests / Tropical Deciduous Forests Y Y Y 5 4 5 5 5 5 Y Y
Beldings Yellowthroat Geothlypis beldingi P CR Freshwater Marsh Y Y 5 5 5 5 5 5 Y
Altamira Yellowthroat Geothlypis avovelata A VU Freshwater Marsh Y Y Y 5 5 5 5 5 5 Y
Black-polled Yellowthroat Geothlypis speciosa P EN Freshwater Marsh Y Y Y Y 5 5 5 5 5 5 Y
Pink-headed Warbler Ergaticus versicolor P VU Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y Y Y 4 4 4 5 5 5 Y
Azure-rumped Tanager Tangara cabanisi P EN Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y 4 4 4 5 5 5 Y
Worthens Sparrow Spizella wortheni A EN Grasslands Y Y Y 5 5 4 5 5 5 Y
Saltmarsh Sparrow Ammodramus caudacutus Y VU Coasts Y Y Y 4 4 4 5 4 4 Y
Sierra Madre Sparrow Xenospiza baileyi P EN Grasslands Y Y Y Y 5 5 5 5 5 5 Y
Rose-bellied Bunting Passerina rositae A NT Tropical Deciduous Forests Y Y 5 4 4 5 5 5 Y
Brown-capped Rosy-Finch Leucosticte australis Y LC Alpine Tundra Y 3 4 2 5 4 5 Y
Tropical Residents of High Tri-National Concernprimarily Mexican distribution
Long-tailed Wood-Partridge Dendrortyx macroura Pr LC Tropical Highland Forests Y Y 4 4 4 4 4 5 Y
Ocellated Turkey Meleagris ocellata A NT Tropical Deciduous Forests Y Y 5 4 3 4 4 5 Y
Mexican Parrotlet Forpus cyanopygius Pr LC Tropical Deciduous Forests Y Y 4 4 4 4 4 5 Y
Yellow-lored Parrot Amazona xantholora Pr LC Tropical Deciduous Forests Y Y 4 4 3 4 4 5 Y
Lilac-crowned Parrot Amazona nschi A VU Tropical Deciduous Forests Y Y Y 5 5 5 4 4 5 Y
Balsas Screech-Owl Megascops seductus Pr NT Tropical Deciduous Forests Y Y Y 4 4 3 4 4 5 Y
Eared Quetzal Euptilotis neoxenus A NT Mexican Pine-Oak Forests Y 4 4 4 4 4 5 Y
Gray-crowned Woodpecker Colaptes auricularis LC Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y 4 4 4 4 4 5 Y
Purplish-backed Jay Cyanocorax beecheii A LC Tropical Deciduous Forests Y Y Y 4 4 4 4 4 5 Y
Sinaloa Martin Progne sinaloae Y Pr DD Mexican Pine-Oak Forests / unknown Y 4 4 3 4 4 5 Y
Red-breasted Chat Granatellus venustus LC Tropical Deciduous Forests Y Y Y 4 4 4 4 4 5 Y
Hooded Grosbeak Coccothraustes abeillei LC Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y 4 4 4 4 4 5 Y
Appendices 39
Legal Lists ^ Primary Threats # Assessment Scores ** Present in:
Common Name Latin Name Migrant Canada Mexico USA
IUCN
09 ~ Primary Habitat Urbanization
Agri-
culture Livestock
Energy and
Transportation
Trapping and
Shooting
Logging/
Wood
Harvest
Ecosystem
Modications
Contaminants
and Exotic
Species
Climate
Change PT TB TN BD ND PS Canada Mexico USA
Species at Greatest Risk of Extinction
Horned Guan Oreophasis derbianus P EN Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y Y 5 5 5 5 5 5 Y
Bearded Wood-Partridge Dendrortyx barbatus P VU Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y Y 5 5 5 5 5 5 Y
Gunnison Sage-Grouse Centrocercus minimus EN Aridlands Y Y Y Y 5 5 5 5 5 5 Y
California Condor Gymnogyps californianus E E CR Temperate Western Forests Y Y Y 5 5 5 5 4 5 Y Y
Socorro Dove Zenaida graysoni E EW Tropical Deciduous Forests Y Y Y Y 5 5 5 5 5 5 Y
Tuxtla Quail-Dove Geotrygon carrikeri P EN Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y Y 5 5 5 5 5 5 Y
Thick-billed Parrot Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha Y P EN Mexican Pine-Oak Forests Y Y Y Y 5 5 4 5 4 5 Y
Maroon-fronted Parrot Rhynchopsitta terrisi A VU Mexican Pine-Oak Forests Y Y 4 5 5 5 5 5 Y
Red-crowned Parrot Amazona viridigenalis P EN Tropical Deciduous Forests Y Y 5 5 5 5 5 5 Y Y
Yellow-headed Parrot Amazona oratrix P EN Tropical Deciduous Forests Y Y Y 5 5 5 5 5 5 Y
Bearded Screech-Owl Megascops barbarus A NT Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y Y 4 5 5 5 5 5 Y
Tamaulipas Pygmy-Owl Glaucidium sanchezi P LC Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y Y 4 4 4 5 5 5 Y
Unspotted Saw-whet Owl Aegolius ridgwayi A LC Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y Y Y 4 5 5 5 5 5 Y
Short-crested Coquette Lophornis brachylophus P CR Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y 4 5 5 5 5 5 Y
Mexican Woodnymph Thalurania ridgwayi Pr VU Tropical Deciduous Forests Y Y Y 4 4 4 5 5 5 Y
Blue-capped Hummingbird Eupherusa cyanophrys A EN Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y Y 4 4 4 5 5 5 Y
White-tailed Hummingbird Eupherusa poliocerca A VU Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y Y Y 4 4 4 5 5 5 Y
Mexican Sheartail Doricha eliza P NT Tropical Deciduous Forests Y Y Y 4 4 4 5 5 5 Y
Ivory-billed Woodpecker Campephilus principalis E CR Temperate Eastern Forests Y Y Y 5 5 5 5 5 5 Ext?
Imperial Woodpecker Campephilus imperialis E CR Mexican Pine-Oak Forests Y Y 5 5 5 5 5 5 Ext?
Belted Flycatcher Xenotriccus callizonus A NT Tropical Deciduous Forests Y Y 5 4 4 5 5 5 Y
Flammulated Flycatcher Deltarhynchus ammulatus Pr LC Tropical Deciduous Forests Y Y Y Y 4 4 4 5 5 5 Y
Tufted Jay Cyanocorax dickeyi P NT Mexican Pine-Oak Forests Y Y 4 4 4 5 5 5 Y
Dwarf Jay Cyanolyca nana P VU Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y Y Y 5 4 4 5 5 5 Y
White-throated Jay Cyanolyca mirabilis P VU Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y Y 4 4 4 5 5 5 Y
Florida Scrub-Jay Aphelocoma coerulescens T VU Temperate Eastern Forests Y Y Y Y 5 5 5 5 5 5 Y
Island Scrub-Jay Aphelocoma insularis NT Aridlands Y 3 4 4 5 5 5 Y
Sumichrasts Wren Hylorchilus sumichrasti A NT Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y Y 4 5 5 5 5 5 Y
Navas Wren Hylorchilus navai P VU Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y Y 5 5 5 5 5 5 Y
Socorro Mockingbird Mimus graysoni P CR Tropical Deciduous Forests Y Y 5 5 5 5 5 5 Y
Cozumel Thrasher Toxostoma guttatum P CR Tropical Deciduous Forests Y Y 5 5 5 5 5 5 Ext?
Bachmans Warbler Vermivora bachmanii Y E CR Temperate Eastern Forests / unknown Y Y 5 5 5 5 5 5 Ext?
Golden-cheeked Warbler Dendroica chrysoparia Y A E EN Temperate Western Forests / Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y Y 5 5 5 5 4 5 Y Y
Kirtlands Warbler Dendroica kirtlandii Y EN E NT Temperate Eastern Forests / Tropical Deciduous Forests Y Y Y 5 4 5 5 5 5 Y Y
Beldings Yellowthroat Geothlypis beldingi P CR Freshwater Marsh Y Y 5 5 5 5 5 5 Y
Altamira Yellowthroat Geothlypis avovelata A VU Freshwater Marsh Y Y Y 5 5 5 5 5 5 Y
Black-polled Yellowthroat Geothlypis speciosa P EN Freshwater Marsh Y Y Y Y 5 5 5 5 5 5 Y
Pink-headed Warbler Ergaticus versicolor P VU Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y Y Y 4 4 4 5 5 5 Y
Azure-rumped Tanager Tangara cabanisi P EN Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y 4 4 4 5 5 5 Y
Worthens Sparrow Spizella wortheni A EN Grasslands Y Y Y 5 5 4 5 5 5 Y
Saltmarsh Sparrow Ammodramus caudacutus Y VU Coasts Y Y Y 4 4 4 5 4 4 Y
Sierra Madre Sparrow Xenospiza baileyi P EN Grasslands Y Y Y Y 5 5 5 5 5 5 Y
Rose-bellied Bunting Passerina rositae A NT Tropical Deciduous Forests Y Y 5 4 4 5 5 5 Y
Brown-capped Rosy-Finch Leucosticte australis Y LC Alpine Tundra Y 3 4 2 5 4 5 Y
Tropical Residents of High Tri-National Concernprimarily Mexican distribution
Long-tailed Wood-Partridge Dendrortyx macroura Pr LC Tropical Highland Forests Y Y 4 4 4 4 4 5 Y
Ocellated Turkey Meleagris ocellata A NT Tropical Deciduous Forests Y Y 5 4 3 4 4 5 Y
Mexican Parrotlet Forpus cyanopygius Pr LC Tropical Deciduous Forests Y Y 4 4 4 4 4 5 Y
Yellow-lored Parrot Amazona xantholora Pr LC Tropical Deciduous Forests Y Y 4 4 3 4 4 5 Y
Lilac-crowned Parrot Amazona nschi A VU Tropical Deciduous Forests Y Y Y 5 5 5 4 4 5 Y
Balsas Screech-Owl Megascops seductus Pr NT Tropical Deciduous Forests Y Y Y 4 4 3 4 4 5 Y
Eared Quetzal Euptilotis neoxenus A NT Mexican Pine-Oak Forests Y 4 4 4 4 4 5 Y
Gray-crowned Woodpecker Colaptes auricularis LC Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y 4 4 4 4 4 5 Y
Purplish-backed Jay Cyanocorax beecheii A LC Tropical Deciduous Forests Y Y Y 4 4 4 4 4 5 Y
Sinaloa Martin Progne sinaloae Y Pr DD Mexican Pine-Oak Forests / unknown Y 4 4 3 4 4 5 Y
Red-breasted Chat Granatellus venustus LC Tropical Deciduous Forests Y Y Y 4 4 4 4 4 5 Y
Hooded Grosbeak Coccothraustes abeillei LC Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y 4 4 4 4 4 5 Y
Appendices 40
AvvvoIx B: SvvtIvs ov HIou TuI-Nn:IonI Cotvu (continued)
Legal Lists ^ Primary Threats # Assessment Scores ** Present in:
Common Name Latin Name Migrant Canada Mexico USA
IUCN
09 ~ Primary Habitat Urbanization
Agri-
culture Livestock
Energy and
Transportation
Trapping and
Shooting
Logging/
Wood
Harvest
Ecosystem
Modications
Contaminants
and Exotic
Species
Climate
Change PT TB TN BD ND PS Canada Mexico USA
Tropical Residents of High Tri-National Concernprimarily Mesoamerican distribution
Slaty-breasted Tinamou Crypturellus boucardi Pr LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y 5 4 4 3 3 5 Y
Crested Guan Penelope purpurascens A LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y 5 4 4 2 2 5 Y
Highland Guan Penelopina nigra A VU Tropical Highland Forests Y Y 4 5 5 4 4 5 Y
Great Curassow Crax rubra A VU Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y 5 4 4 3 3 5 Y
Buffy-crowned Wood-Partridge Dendrortyx leucophrys A LC Tropical Highland Forests Y Y 5 5 5 4 4 5 Y
Spotted Wood-Quail Odontophorus guttatus Pr LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y 4 4 4 3 3 5 Y
Ocellated Quail Cyrtonyx ocellatus A NT Aridlands Y Y Y Y 4 4 4 4 4 5 Y
Solitary Eagle Harpyhaliaetus solitarius P NT Mexican Pine-Oak Forests Y Y Y 5 4 4 3 3 5 Y
Maroon-chested Ground-Dove Claravis mondetoura A LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y Y 4 4 4 3 3 5 Y
Yellow-naped Parrot Amazona auropalliata P LC Tropical Deciduous Forests Y 5 5 5 4 4 5 Y
Central American Pygmy-Owl Glaucidium griseiceps Pr LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y Y 4 4 4 4 4 5 Y
Black-and-white Owl Ciccaba nigrolineata A LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y 5 4 4 3 3 4 Y
Fulvous Owl Strix fulvescens A LC Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y 4 4 4 4 4 5 Y
Emerald-chinned Hummingbird Abeillia abeillei Pr LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y Y 4 4 4 4 4 5 Y
Garnet-throated Hummingbird Lamprolaima rhami A LC Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y 4 4 4 4 4 5 Y
Wine-throated Hummingbird Atthis ellioti A LC Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y 4 4 4 4 4 5 Y
Slaty-tailed Trogon Trogon massena A LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y 5 4 4 3 3 5 Y
Resplendent Quetzal Pharomachrus mocinno P NT Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y Y 5 4 4 4 4 5 Y
Tody Motmot Hylomanes momotula A LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y 5 4 4 3 3 5 Y
Blue-throated Motmot Aspatha gularis A LC Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y Y 4 4 4 4 4 5 Y
Keel-billed Motmot Electron carinatum P VU Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y 5 4 4 4 4 5 Y
Chestnut-colored Woodpecker Celeus castaneus Pr LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y 5 4 4 3 3 5 Y
Scaly-throated Leaftosser Sclerurus guatemalensis Pr LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y 5 4 4 3 3 5 Y
Tawny-winged Woodcreeper Dendrocincla anabatina Pr LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y 5 4 4 3 3 4 Y
Ruddy Woodcreeper Dendrocincla homochroa LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y 5 3 4 3 3 4 Y
Russet Antshrike Thamnistes anabatinus Pr LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y 5 4 4 3 3 4 Y
Sulphur-rumped Flycatcher Myiobius sulphureipygius LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y 5 4 4 3 3 4 Y
Rufous Mourner Rhytipterna holerythra LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y 5 4 4 3 3 4 Y
Rufous Piha Lipaugus unirufus LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y 5 4 4 3 3 4 Y
Speckled Mourner Laniocera rufescens Pr LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y 5 4 4 3 3 5 Y
Lovely Cotinga Cotinga amabilis A LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y 5 4 4 4 4 5 Y
Red-capped Manakin Pipra mentalis LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y 5 4 4 3 3 4 Y
Azure-hooded Jay Cyanolyca cucullata A LC Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y Y 5 4 4 4 4 5 Y
Black-throated Jay Cyanolyca pumilo A LC Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y Y 5 4 4 4 4 5 Y
Nightingale Wren Microcerculus philomela LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y 5 4 4 4 4 5 Y
Slate-colored Solitaire Myadestes unicolor A LC Tropical Highland Forests Y Y 4 4 3 4 4 5 Y
Black-headed Nightingale-Thrush Catharus mexicanus Pr LC Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y 5 4 4 4 4 4 Y
Black Thrush Turdus infuscatus A LC Tropical Highland Forests Y Y 4 4 4 4 4 5 Y
Rosy Thrush-Tanager Rhodinocichla rosea LC Tropical Deciduous Forests Y Y Y 4 4 4 4 4 5 Y
Black-throated Shrike-Tanager Lanio aurantius Pr LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y Y 5 5 5 4 4 5 Y
Shining Honeycreeper Cyanerpes lucidus Pr LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y 5 4 4 4 4 4 Y
Blue Seedeater Amaurospiza concolor Pr LC Tropical Deciduous Forests Y Y Y 4 4 4 4 4 5 Y
Tropical Residents of High Tri-National Concernprimarily South American distribution
Great Tinamou Tinamus major Pr LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y 5 4 4 1 1 3 Y
King Vulture Sarcoramphus papa P LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y Y 5 4 4 1 1 5 Y
Bicolored Hawk Accipiter bicolor A LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y Y 5 4 4 1 1 5 Y
White Hawk Leucopternis albicollis Pr LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y 5 4 4 1 1 5 Y
Crested Eagle Morphnus guianensis P NT Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y 5 5 5 1 1 5 Y
Harpy Eagle Harpia harpyja P NT Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y Y 5 5 5 1 1 5 Y
Black Hawk-Eagle Spizaetus tyrannus P LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y 4 4 4 1 1 5 Y
Ornate Hawk-Eagle Spizaetus ornatus P LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y 5 4 4 1 1 5 Y
Black-and-white Hawk-Eagle Spizaetus melanoleucus P LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y 5 4 4 1 1 5 Y
Barred Forest-Falcon Micrastur rucollis Pr LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y 5 4 4 1 1 3 Y
Red-throated Caracara Ibycter americanus E LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y 5 5 5 1 1 4 ETP?
Orange-breasted Falcon Falco deiroleucus P LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y Y 5 5 5 2 2 5 Y
Military Macaw Ara militaris P VU Tropical Deciduous Forests Y Y 5 5 4 3 3 5 Y
Scarlet Macaw Ara macao P LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y 5 5 5 1 1 5 Y
Appendices 41
Legal Lists ^ Primary Threats # Assessment Scores ** Present in:
Common Name Latin Name Migrant Canada Mexico USA
IUCN
09 ~ Primary Habitat Urbanization
Agri-
culture Livestock
Energy and
Transportation
Trapping and
Shooting
Logging/
Wood
Harvest
Ecosystem
Modications
Contaminants
and Exotic
Species
Climate
Change PT TB TN BD ND PS Canada Mexico USA
Tropical Residents of High Tri-National Concernprimarily Mesoamerican distribution
Slaty-breasted Tinamou Crypturellus boucardi Pr LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y 5 4 4 3 3 5 Y
Crested Guan Penelope purpurascens A LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y 5 4 4 2 2 5 Y
Highland Guan Penelopina nigra A VU Tropical Highland Forests Y Y 4 5 5 4 4 5 Y
Great Curassow Crax rubra A VU Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y 5 4 4 3 3 5 Y
Buffy-crowned Wood-Partridge Dendrortyx leucophrys A LC Tropical Highland Forests Y Y 5 5 5 4 4 5 Y
Spotted Wood-Quail Odontophorus guttatus Pr LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y 4 4 4 3 3 5 Y
Ocellated Quail Cyrtonyx ocellatus A NT Aridlands Y Y Y Y 4 4 4 4 4 5 Y
Solitary Eagle Harpyhaliaetus solitarius P NT Mexican Pine-Oak Forests Y Y Y 5 4 4 3 3 5 Y
Maroon-chested Ground-Dove Claravis mondetoura A LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y Y 4 4 4 3 3 5 Y
Yellow-naped Parrot Amazona auropalliata P LC Tropical Deciduous Forests Y 5 5 5 4 4 5 Y
Central American Pygmy-Owl Glaucidium griseiceps Pr LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y Y 4 4 4 4 4 5 Y
Black-and-white Owl Ciccaba nigrolineata A LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y 5 4 4 3 3 4 Y
Fulvous Owl Strix fulvescens A LC Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y 4 4 4 4 4 5 Y
Emerald-chinned Hummingbird Abeillia abeillei Pr LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y Y 4 4 4 4 4 5 Y
Garnet-throated Hummingbird Lamprolaima rhami A LC Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y 4 4 4 4 4 5 Y
Wine-throated Hummingbird Atthis ellioti A LC Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y 4 4 4 4 4 5 Y
Slaty-tailed Trogon Trogon massena A LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y 5 4 4 3 3 5 Y
Resplendent Quetzal Pharomachrus mocinno P NT Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y Y 5 4 4 4 4 5 Y
Tody Motmot Hylomanes momotula A LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y 5 4 4 3 3 5 Y
Blue-throated Motmot Aspatha gularis A LC Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y Y 4 4 4 4 4 5 Y
Keel-billed Motmot Electron carinatum P VU Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y 5 4 4 4 4 5 Y
Chestnut-colored Woodpecker Celeus castaneus Pr LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y 5 4 4 3 3 5 Y
Scaly-throated Leaftosser Sclerurus guatemalensis Pr LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y 5 4 4 3 3 5 Y
Tawny-winged Woodcreeper Dendrocincla anabatina Pr LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y 5 4 4 3 3 4 Y
Ruddy Woodcreeper Dendrocincla homochroa LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y 5 3 4 3 3 4 Y
Russet Antshrike Thamnistes anabatinus Pr LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y 5 4 4 3 3 4 Y
Sulphur-rumped Flycatcher Myiobius sulphureipygius LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y 5 4 4 3 3 4 Y
Rufous Mourner Rhytipterna holerythra LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y 5 4 4 3 3 4 Y
Rufous Piha Lipaugus unirufus LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y 5 4 4 3 3 4 Y
Speckled Mourner Laniocera rufescens Pr LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y 5 4 4 3 3 5 Y
Lovely Cotinga Cotinga amabilis A LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y 5 4 4 4 4 5 Y
Red-capped Manakin Pipra mentalis LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y 5 4 4 3 3 4 Y
Azure-hooded Jay Cyanolyca cucullata A LC Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y Y 5 4 4 4 4 5 Y
Black-throated Jay Cyanolyca pumilo A LC Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y Y 5 4 4 4 4 5 Y
Nightingale Wren Microcerculus philomela LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y 5 4 4 4 4 5 Y
Slate-colored Solitaire Myadestes unicolor A LC Tropical Highland Forests Y Y 4 4 3 4 4 5 Y
Black-headed Nightingale-Thrush Catharus mexicanus Pr LC Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y 5 4 4 4 4 4 Y
Black Thrush Turdus infuscatus A LC Tropical Highland Forests Y Y 4 4 4 4 4 5 Y
Rosy Thrush-Tanager Rhodinocichla rosea LC Tropical Deciduous Forests Y Y Y 4 4 4 4 4 5 Y
Black-throated Shrike-Tanager Lanio aurantius Pr LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y Y 5 5 5 4 4 5 Y
Shining Honeycreeper Cyanerpes lucidus Pr LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y 5 4 4 4 4 4 Y
Blue Seedeater Amaurospiza concolor Pr LC Tropical Deciduous Forests Y Y Y 4 4 4 4 4 5 Y
Tropical Residents of High Tri-National Concernprimarily South American distribution
Great Tinamou Tinamus major Pr LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y 5 4 4 1 1 3 Y
King Vulture Sarcoramphus papa P LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y Y 5 4 4 1 1 5 Y
Bicolored Hawk Accipiter bicolor A LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y Y 5 4 4 1 1 5 Y
White Hawk Leucopternis albicollis Pr LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y 5 4 4 1 1 5 Y
Crested Eagle Morphnus guianensis P NT Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y 5 5 5 1 1 5 Y
Harpy Eagle Harpia harpyja P NT Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y Y 5 5 5 1 1 5 Y
Black Hawk-Eagle Spizaetus tyrannus P LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y 4 4 4 1 1 5 Y
Ornate Hawk-Eagle Spizaetus ornatus P LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y 5 4 4 1 1 5 Y
Black-and-white Hawk-Eagle Spizaetus melanoleucus P LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y 5 4 4 1 1 5 Y
Barred Forest-Falcon Micrastur rucollis Pr LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y 5 4 4 1 1 3 Y
Red-throated Caracara Ibycter americanus E LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y 5 5 5 1 1 4 ETP?
Orange-breasted Falcon Falco deiroleucus P LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y Y 5 5 5 2 2 5 Y
Military Macaw Ara militaris P VU Tropical Deciduous Forests Y Y 5 5 4 3 3 5 Y
Scarlet Macaw Ara macao P LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y 5 5 5 1 1 5 Y
Appendices 42
AvvvoIx B: SvvtIvs ov HIou TuI-Nn:IonI Cotvu (continued)
Legal Lists ^ Primary Threats # Assessment Scores ** Present in:
Common Name Latin Name Migrant Canada Mexico USA
IUCN
09 ~ Primary Habitat Urbanization
Agri-
culture Livestock
Energy and
Transportation
Trapping and
Shooting
Logging/
Wood
Harvest
Ecosystem
Modications
Contaminants
and Exotic
Species
Climate
Change PT TB TN BD ND PS Canada Mexico USA
Spectacled Owl Pulsatrix perspicillata A LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y Y 5 4 4 1 1 3 Y
Ruddy Foliage-gleaner Automolus rubiginosus A LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y 5 4 4 2 2 3 Y
Strong-billed Woodcreeper
Xiphocolaptes
promeropirhynchus LC Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y Y 5 4 4 1 1 4 Y
Black-banded Woodcreeper Dendrocolaptes picumnus A LC Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y Y 5 4 4 1 1 3 Y
Plain Antvireo Dysithamnus mentalis Pr LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y 5 4 4 1 1 3 Y
Slaty Antwren Myrmotherula schisticolor Pr LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y Y 5 5 5 3 3 4 Y
Dot-winged Antwren Microrhopias quixensis Pr LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y Y 5 4 4 1 1 3 Y
Scaled Antpitta Grallaria guatimalensis A LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y 5 4 4 2 2 4 Y
Sepia-capped Flycatcher Leptopogon amaurocephalus LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y 5 4 4 1 1 3 Y
Thrush-like Schiffornis Schiffornis turdina LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y 5 4 4 1 1 3 Y
Slaty Finch Haplospiza rustica Pr LC Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y 4 4 4 3 3 5 Y
Orange-billed Sparrow Arremon aurantiirostris LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y 5 4 4 3 3 4 Y
Temperate Breeders of High Tri-National Concern
Greater Sage-Grouse Centrocercus urophasianus EN/XT NT Aridlands Y Y Y 5 4 4 2 2 4 Y Y
Greater Prairie-Chicken Tympanuchus cupido XT E* VU Grasslands Y Y 5 4 4 3 3 4 ETP Y
Lesser Prairie-Chicken Tympanuchus pallidicinctus VU Grasslands Y Y Y 5 5 5 4 4 5 Y
Swallow-tailed Kite Elanoides forcatus Y Pr LC Temperate Eastern Forests / Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y Y 5 4 3 1 1 4 Y Y
White-crowned Pigeon Patagioenas leucocephala A NT Coasts Y Y Y 5 4 4 3 3 3 Y Y
Spotted Owl Strix occidentalis EN A T* NT Temperate Western Forests Y 4 4 4 2 2 5 Y Y Y
Black Swift Cypseloides niger Y LC Temperate Western Forests / unknown Y Y 5 4 2 2 2 4 Y Y Y
Red-cockaded Woodpecker Picoides borealis E VU Temperate Eastern Forests Y Y Y 5 5 5 3 3 5 Y
Olive-sided Flycatcher Contopus cooperi Y (TH) NT Temperate Western Forests / Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y Y 5 3 4 1 1 3 Y Y Y
Bells Vireo Vireo bellii Y A* E* NT Aridlands / Tropical Deciduous Forests Y Y Y Y Y 5 4 3 2 4 3 Y Y
Black-capped Vireo Vireo atricapilla Y P E VU Aridlands / Tropical Deciduous Forests Y Y Y 5 4 3 4 4 5 Y Y
Pinyon Jay Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus VU Temperate Western Forests Y Y Y Y Y 5 4 3 2 2 3 Y Y
Bicknells Thrush Catharus bicknelli Y SC(TH) VU Boreal Forests / Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y Y Y Y 4 3 5 4 4 5 Y Y
Wood Thrush Hylocichla mustelina Y LC Temperate Eastern Forests / Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y Y 5 3 4 2 3 2 Y Y Y
Bendires Thrasher Toxostoma bendirei Y VU Aridlands Y Y Y Y 5 4 3 3 4 4 Y Y
Spragues Pipit Anthus spragueii Y TH VU Grasslands Y Y Y Y Y 5 4 4 2 2 3 Y Y Y
Golden-winged Warbler Vermivora chrysoptera Y TH NT Temperate Eastern Forests / Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y Y 5 4 3 2 3 3 Y Y Y
Cerulean Warbler Dendroica cerulea Y SC VU Temperate Eastern Forests / Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y 5 4 4 2 3 3 Y Y Y
Canada Warbler Wilsonia canadensis Y (TH) LC Boreal Forests / Tropical Highland Forests Y Y 5 3 4 2 2 3 Y Y Y
Bairds Sparrow Ammodramus bairdii Y LC Grasslands Y Y Y Y Y Y 5 4 4 3 3 3 Y Y Y
Henslows Sparrow Ammodramus henslowii Y EN NT Grasslands Y Y Y 5 4 4 2 3 4 Y Y
Chestnut-collared Longspur Calcarius ornatus Y (TH) NT Grasslands Y Y Y Y Y 5 3 4 3 2 3 Y Y Y
Tricolored Blackbird Agelaius tricolor Y EN Freshwater Marsh Y Y Y Y 5 4 3 4 4 4 Y Y
Black Rosy-Finch Leucosticte atrata Y LC Alpine Tundra Y 3 4 2 4 3 5 Y
* subspecies listed Breeding / Nonbreeding (otherwise Year-Round) Endemic to 1 Country
( ) scientic list status, not legal list Cloud Forest Specialist Endemic to Tri-national Area
^ Legal Lists: Canada: COSEWIC designations if in parentheses, otherwise from SARA: XT=Extirpated, EN=Endangered, TH=Threatened; SC=Special Concern;
Mexico: NOM-059 SEMARNAT (2001): E=probably extinct in the wild, P=endangered, A=threatened, Pr=special protection; USA: ESA list: E=Endangered,
T=Threatened
# Primary Threats: Threat categories based on Salafsky et al. 2008. A standard lexicon for biodiversity conservation: Unied classications of threats and actions. Conservation Biology
22:897911.
ETPExtirpated
Ext?Possibly Extinct
~ International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) codes: EX=Extinct, EW=Extinct in the Wild, CR=Critically Endangered, EN=Endangered, VU=Vulnerable,
NT=Near Threatened, LC=Least Concern, DD=Data Decient, NE=Not Evaluated
** Assessment Scores: 1=low vulnerability, 5=high vulnerability, TB=Threats Breeding, TN=Threats Nonbreeding, BD=Breeding Distribution, ND=Nonbreeding Distribution,
PS=Population Size, PT=Population Trend; for details go to www.rmbo.org/pubs/downloads/Handbook2005.pdf
YYes
Landbird Habitat Denitions
Aut:It no nIvIv :uoun: regions of far northern Can-
ada and Alaska, as well as areas above tree-line in mountains
of western Canada and the United States.
BouvnI vouvs:s: all coniferous, mixed, and deciduous for-
ests, as well as associated wetlands, in the boreal regions of
Canada and Alaska.
Tvmvvun:v vns:vu vouvs:s: all deciduous, coniferous,
and mixed forests of the eastern United States and southeast-
ern Canada.
Tvmvvun:v vvs:vu vouvs:s: all coniferous forests, pin-
yon-juniper and oak woodlands, and riparian forests of the
western United States and Canada.
GunssInos: all native prairie and other grassland habitats,
including high-elevation grasslands in Mexico.
Cons:s: coastal saltmarsh and mangrove habitats in all
coastal regions.
Fuvsuvn:vu mnusu: all freshwater wetlands with emer-
gent vegetation.
Appendices 43
Legal Lists ^ Primary Threats # Assessment Scores ** Present in:
Common Name Latin Name Migrant Canada Mexico USA
IUCN
09 ~ Primary Habitat Urbanization
Agri-
culture Livestock
Energy and
Transportation
Trapping and
Shooting
Logging/
Wood
Harvest
Ecosystem
Modications
Contaminants
and Exotic
Species
Climate
Change PT TB TN BD ND PS Canada Mexico USA
Spectacled Owl Pulsatrix perspicillata A LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y Y 5 4 4 1 1 3 Y
Ruddy Foliage-gleaner Automolus rubiginosus A LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y 5 4 4 2 2 3 Y
Strong-billed Woodcreeper
Xiphocolaptes
promeropirhynchus LC Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y Y 5 4 4 1 1 4 Y
Black-banded Woodcreeper Dendrocolaptes picumnus A LC Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y Y 5 4 4 1 1 3 Y
Plain Antvireo Dysithamnus mentalis Pr LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y 5 4 4 1 1 3 Y
Slaty Antwren Myrmotherula schisticolor Pr LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y Y 5 5 5 3 3 4 Y
Dot-winged Antwren Microrhopias quixensis Pr LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y Y 5 4 4 1 1 3 Y
Scaled Antpitta Grallaria guatimalensis A LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y 5 4 4 2 2 4 Y
Sepia-capped Flycatcher Leptopogon amaurocephalus LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y 5 4 4 1 1 3 Y
Thrush-like Schiffornis Schiffornis turdina LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y 5 4 4 1 1 3 Y
Slaty Finch Haplospiza rustica Pr LC Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y 4 4 4 3 3 5 Y
Orange-billed Sparrow Arremon aurantiirostris LC Tropical Evergreen Forests Y 5 4 4 3 3 4 Y
Temperate Breeders of High Tri-National Concern
Greater Sage-Grouse Centrocercus urophasianus EN/XT NT Aridlands Y Y Y 5 4 4 2 2 4 Y Y
Greater Prairie-Chicken Tympanuchus cupido XT E* VU Grasslands Y Y 5 4 4 3 3 4 ETP Y
Lesser Prairie-Chicken Tympanuchus pallidicinctus VU Grasslands Y Y Y 5 5 5 4 4 5 Y
Swallow-tailed Kite Elanoides forcatus Y Pr LC Temperate Eastern Forests / Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y Y 5 4 3 1 1 4 Y Y
White-crowned Pigeon Patagioenas leucocephala A NT Coasts Y Y Y 5 4 4 3 3 3 Y Y
Spotted Owl Strix occidentalis EN A T* NT Temperate Western Forests Y 4 4 4 2 2 5 Y Y Y
Black Swift Cypseloides niger Y LC Temperate Western Forests / unknown Y Y 5 4 2 2 2 4 Y Y Y
Red-cockaded Woodpecker Picoides borealis E VU Temperate Eastern Forests Y Y Y 5 5 5 3 3 5 Y
Olive-sided Flycatcher Contopus cooperi Y (TH) NT Temperate Western Forests / Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y Y 5 3 4 1 1 3 Y Y Y
Bells Vireo Vireo bellii Y A* E* NT Aridlands / Tropical Deciduous Forests Y Y Y Y Y 5 4 3 2 4 3 Y Y
Black-capped Vireo Vireo atricapilla Y P E VU Aridlands / Tropical Deciduous Forests Y Y Y 5 4 3 4 4 5 Y Y
Pinyon Jay Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus VU Temperate Western Forests Y Y Y Y Y 5 4 3 2 2 3 Y Y
Bicknells Thrush Catharus bicknelli Y SC(TH) VU Boreal Forests / Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y Y Y Y 4 3 5 4 4 5 Y Y
Wood Thrush Hylocichla mustelina Y LC Temperate Eastern Forests / Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y Y 5 3 4 2 3 2 Y Y Y
Bendires Thrasher Toxostoma bendirei Y VU Aridlands Y Y Y Y 5 4 3 3 4 4 Y Y
Spragues Pipit Anthus spragueii Y TH VU Grasslands Y Y Y Y Y 5 4 4 2 2 3 Y Y Y
Golden-winged Warbler Vermivora chrysoptera Y TH NT Temperate Eastern Forests / Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y Y 5 4 3 2 3 3 Y Y Y
Cerulean Warbler Dendroica cerulea Y SC VU Temperate Eastern Forests / Tropical Highland Forests Y Y Y 5 4 4 2 3 3 Y Y Y
Canada Warbler Wilsonia canadensis Y (TH) LC Boreal Forests / Tropical Highland Forests Y Y 5 3 4 2 2 3 Y Y Y
Bairds Sparrow Ammodramus bairdii Y LC Grasslands Y Y Y Y Y Y 5 4 4 3 3 3 Y Y Y
Henslows Sparrow Ammodramus henslowii Y EN NT Grasslands Y Y Y 5 4 4 2 3 4 Y Y
Chestnut-collared Longspur Calcarius ornatus Y (TH) NT Grasslands Y Y Y Y Y 5 3 4 3 2 3 Y Y Y
Tricolored Blackbird Agelaius tricolor Y EN Freshwater Marsh Y Y Y Y 5 4 3 4 4 4 Y Y
Black Rosy-Finch Leucosticte atrata Y LC Alpine Tundra Y 3 4 2 4 3 5 Y
* subspecies listed Breeding / Nonbreeding (otherwise Year-Round) Endemic to 1 Country
( ) scientic list status, not legal list Cloud Forest Specialist Endemic to Tri-national Area
^ Legal Lists: Canada: COSEWIC designations if in parentheses, otherwise from SARA: XT=Extirpated, EN=Endangered, TH=Threatened; SC=Special Concern;
Mexico: NOM-059 SEMARNAT (2001): E=probably extinct in the wild, P=endangered, A=threatened, Pr=special protection; USA: ESA list: E=Endangered,
T=Threatened
# Primary Threats: Threat categories based on Salafsky et al. 2008. A standard lexicon for biodiversity conservation: Unied classications of threats and actions. Conservation Biology
22:897911.
ETPExtirpated
Ext?Possibly Extinct
~ International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) codes: EX=Extinct, EW=Extinct in the Wild, CR=Critically Endangered, EN=Endangered, VU=Vulnerable,
NT=Near Threatened, LC=Least Concern, DD=Data Decient, NE=Not Evaluated
** Assessment Scores: 1=low vulnerability, 5=high vulnerability, TB=Threats Breeding, TN=Threats Nonbreeding, BD=Breeding Distribution, ND=Nonbreeding Distribution,
PS=Population Size, PT=Population Trend; for details go to www.rmbo.org/pubs/downloads/Handbook2005.pdf
YYes
AuIoInos: all xeric native shrubland habitats of the west-
ern United States and Mexico, such as sagebrush, chaparral,
and desert scrub.
TuovItnI ovtIouous vouvs:s: lowland deciduous, semi-
deciduous, and thorn forests from southern Texas through
Mexico.
TuovItnI uIouIno vouvs:s: cloud forests, evergreen
forests at high elevations, and humid pine-broadleaf forests
of southern Mexico.
MvxItn vIv-on vouvs:s: montane pine and pine-oak
forests, as well as oak woodlands, from southern Arizona
and New Mexico south through the Sierra Madre ranges and
trans-volcanic belt of Mexico.
TuovItnI vvvuouvv vouvs:s: all lowland tropical rain-
forests, primarily on the Caribbean slope of Mexico.
Appendices 44
AvvvoIx C: Commo BIuos I S:vvv DvtIIv
Present in:
Common Name Latin Name Migrant % Popn Lost * Primary Habitat Canada Mexico USA
Northern Bobwhite Colinus virginianus 72% Temperate Eastern Forests Y Y Y
Ruffed Grouse Bonasa umbellus 61% Boreal Forests Y Y
Sooty Grouse Dendragapus fuliginosus 50% Temperate Western Forests Y Y
Gray-headed Kite Leptodon cayanensis 50% Tropical Evergreen Forests Y
Yellow-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus americanus Y 51% Temperate Eastern Forests / Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y
Black-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus erythropthalmus Y 53% Temperate Eastern Forests / Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y
Smooth-billed Ani Crotophaga ani 50% Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y
Snowy Owl Bubo scandiacus Y 52% Arctic Tundra / Grasslands Y Y
Short-eared Owl Asio ammeus Y 71% Arctic Tundra / Grasslands Y Y Y
Common Nighthawk Chordeiles minor Y 51% Generalist Y Y Y
Whip-poor-will Caprimulgus vociferus Y 58% Temperate Eastern Forests / Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y Y
Chimney Swift Chaetura pelagica Y 54% Temperate Eastern Forests / Generalist Y Y Y
Rufous Hummingbird Selasphorus rufus Y 63% Temperate Western Forests / Mexican Pine-Oak Forests Y Y Y
Belted Kingsher Megaceryle alcyon Y 53% Generalist Y Y Y
Red-headed Woodpecker Melanerpes erythrocephalus Y 67% Temperate Eastern Forests Y Y
Northern Flicker Colaptes auratus Y 52% Generalist Y Y Y
Plain Xenops Xenops minutus 50% Tropical Evergreen Forests Y
Black-faced Antthrush Formicarius analis 50% Tropical Evergreen Forests Y
Loggerhead Shrike Lanius ludovicianus Y 79% Aridlands Y Y Y
Horned Lark Eremophila alpestris Y 56% Grasslands Y Y Y
Bank Swallow Riparia riparia Y 56% Generalist Y Y Y
Boreal Chickadee Poecile hudsonicus 50% Boreal Forests Y Y
Verdin Auriparus aviceps 89% Aridlands Y Y
Rock Wren Salpinctes obsoletus Y 51% Aridlands Y Y Y
Tropical Gnatcatcher Polioptila plumbea 50% Tropical Evergreen Forests Y
Prairie Warbler Dendroica discolor Y 57% Temperate Eastern Forests / Generalist Y Y Y
Connecticut Warbler Oporornis agilis Y 70% Boreal Forests / Tropical Evergreen Forests Y Y
Wilsons Warbler Wilsonia pusilla Y 50% Boreal Forests / Generalist Y Y Y
Cinnamon-tailed Sparrow Aimophila sumichrasti 50% Tropical Deciduous Forests Y
Brewers Sparrow Spizella breweri Y 58% Aridlands Y Y Y
Field Sparrow Spizella pusilla Y 68% Temperate Eastern Forests Y Y Y
Black-chinned Sparrow Spizella atrogularis Y 90% Aridlands Y Y
Lark Bunting Calamospiza melanocorys Y 50% Grasslands Y Y Y
Grasshopper Sparrow Ammodramus savannarum Y 78% Grasslands Y Y Y
Harriss Sparrow Zonotrichia querula Y 57% Boreal Forests / Temperate Eastern Forests Y Y Y
Snow Bunting Plectrophenax nivalis Y 64% Arctic Tundra / Grasslands Y Y
Black-faced Grosbeak Caryothraustes poliogaster 50% Tropical Evergreen Forests Y
Bobolink Dolichonyx oryzivorus Y 52% Grasslands Y Y Y
Eastern Meadowlark Sturnella magna Y 69% Grasslands Y Y Y
Rusty Blackbird Euphagus carolinus Y 84% Boreal Forests / Temperate Eastern Forests Y Y
Cassins Finch Carpodacus cassinii Y 61% Temperate Western Forests Y Y Y
Pine Siskin Spinus pinus Y 71% Temperate Western Forests / Generalist Y Y Y
* % Population Lost based on BBS or CBC trend since mid-1960s, or on PT score ( 50%) if no
reliable survey trend
Breeding / Nonbreeding (otherwise Year-Round) Endemic to Mexico
Endemic to Tri-national Area
YYes
Appendices 45
AvvvoIx D: SvvtIvs Suss:n:InIIv Sunuvo Amoo Nn:Ios (For key, see page 48)
Common Name Latin Name Migrant Breeding Habitats* Wintering Habitats*
Present
in
Canada
Present
in Mexico
Present
in USA
Endemic to
Tri-national
Area
Osprey Pandion haliaetus Y Generalist Marsh Yes Yes Yes
Broad-winged Hawk Buteo platypterus Y Temperate Eastern Forests Tropical Evergreen Forests Yes Yes Yes
Merlin Falco columbarius Y Generalist Generalist Yes Yes Yes
Black-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus erythropthalmus Y Temperate Eastern Forests Tropical Evergreen Forests Yes Yes Yes
Black Swift Cypseloides niger Y Temperate Western Forests Unknown Yes Yes Yes
Calliope Hummingbird Stellula calliope Y Temperate Western Forests Mexican Pine-Oak Forests Yes Yes Yes Y
Rufous Hummingbird Selasphorus rufus Y Temperate Western Forests Mexican Pine-Oak Forests Yes Yes Yes Y
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Sphyrapicus varius Y Boreal Forests Temperate Eastern Forests Yes Yes Yes
Red-naped Sapsucker Sphyrapicus nuchalis Y Temperate Western Forests Temperate Western Forests Yes Yes Yes Y
Olive-sided Flycatcher Contopus cooperi Y Temperate Western Forests Tropical Highland Forests Yes Yes Yes
Western Wood-Pewee Contopus sordidulus Y Temperate Western Forests Tropical Highland Forests Yes Yes Yes
Yellow-bellied Flycatcher Empidonax aviventris Y Boreal Forests Tropical Evergreen Forests Yes Yes Yes
Alder Flycatcher Empidonax alnorum Y Boreal Forests Tropical Evergreen Forests Yes Yes Yes
Willow Flycatcher Empidonax traillii Y Temperate Western Forests Tropical Deciduous Forests Yes Yes Yes
Least Flycatcher Empidonax minimus Y Boreal Forests Tropical Deciduous Forests Yes Yes Yes
Hammonds Flycatcher Empidonax hammondii Y Temperate Western Forests Mexican Pine-Oak Forests Yes Yes Yes
Dusky Flycatcher Empidonax oberholseri Y Temperate Western Forests Mexican Pine-Oak Forests Yes Yes Yes
Pacic-slope Flycatcher Empidonax difcilis Y Temperate Western Forests Tropical Deciduous Forests Yes Yes Yes Y
Cassins Vireo Vireo cassinii Y Temperate Western Forests Mexican Pine-Oak Forests Yes Yes Yes Y
Blue-headed Vireo Vireo solitarius Y Boreal Forests Temperate Eastern Forests Yes Yes Yes
Warbling Vireo Vireo gilvus Y Temperate Western Forests Tropical Deciduous Forests Yes Yes Yes
Philadelphia Vireo Vireo philadelphicus Y Boreal Forests Tropical Evergreen Forests Yes Yes Yes
Red-eyed Vireo Vireo olivaceus Y Temperate Eastern Forests Tropical Evergreen Forests Yes Yes Yes
Tree Swallow Tachycineta bicolor Y Generalist Marsh Yes Yes Yes
Bank Swallow Riparia riparia Y Generalist Generalist Yes Yes Yes
House Wren Troglodytes aedon Y Generalist Generalist Yes Yes Yes
Sedge Wren Cistothorus platensis Y Grasslands Grasslands Yes Yes Yes
Ruby-crowned Kinglet Regulus calendula Y Boreal Forests Generalist Yes Yes Yes Y
Veery Catharus fuscescens Y Boreal Forests Tropical Evergreen Forests Yes Yes Yes
Swainsons Thrush Catharus ustulatus Y Boreal Forests Tropical Evergreen Forests Yes Yes Yes
Hermit Thrush Catharus guttatus Y Generalist Temperate Eastern Forests Yes Yes Yes
American Pipit Anthus rubescens Y Arctic Tundra Grasslands Yes Yes Yes
Spragues Pipit Anthus spragueii Y Grasslands Grasslands Yes Yes Yes Y
Tennessee Warbler Vermivora peregrina Y Boreal Forests Tropical Evergreen Forests Yes Yes Yes
Orange-crowned Warbler Vermivora celata Y Temperate Western Forests Generalist Yes Yes Yes
Nashville Warbler Vermivora rucapilla Y Boreal Forests Tropical Deciduous Forests Yes Yes Yes
Northern Parula Parula americana Y Temperate Eastern Forests Tropical Deciduous Forests Yes Yes Yes
Yellow Warbler Dendroica petechia Y Generalist Generalist Yes Yes Yes
Chestnut-sided Warbler Dendroica pensylvanica Y Temperate Eastern Forests Tropical Evergreen Forests Yes Yes Yes
Magnolia Warbler Dendroica magnolia Y Boreal Forests Tropical Evergreen Forests Yes Yes Yes
Yellow-rumped Warbler Dendroica coronata Y Generalist Generalist Yes Yes Yes
Black-throated Green Warbler Dendroica virens Y Temperate Eastern Forests Tropical Evergreen Forests Yes Yes Yes
Townsends Warbler Dendroica townsendi Y Temperate Western Forests Mexican Pine-Oak Forests Yes Yes Yes
Blackburnian Warbler Dendroica fusca Y Boreal Forests Tropical Highland Forests Yes Yes Yes
Bay-breasted Warbler Dendroica castanea Y Boreal Forests Tropical Evergreen Forests Yes Yes Yes
Black-and-white Warbler Mniotilta varia Y Boreal Forests Tropical Evergreen Forests Yes Yes Yes
American Redstart Setophaga ruticilla Y Temperate Eastern Forests Tropical Evergreen Forests Yes Yes Yes
Ovenbird Seiurus aurocapilla Y Temperate Eastern Forests Tropical Evergreen Forests Yes Yes Yes
Northern Waterthrush Seiurus noveboracensis Y Boreal Forests Tropical Evergreen Forests Yes Yes Yes
MacGillivrays Warbler Oporornis tolmiei Y Temperate Western Forests Tropical Deciduous Forests Yes Yes Yes
Common Yellowthroat Geothlypis trichas Y Generalist Marsh Yes Yes Yes
Wilsons Warbler Wilsonia pusilla Y Boreal Forests Generalist Yes Yes Yes
Canada Warbler Wilsonia canadensis Y Boreal Forests Tropical Highland Forests Yes Yes Yes
Chipping Sparrow Spizella passerina Y Generalist Generalist Yes Yes Yes
Clay-colored Sparrow Spizella pallida Y Grasslands Grasslands Yes Yes Yes Y
Vesper Sparrow Pooecetes gramineus Y Grasslands Grasslands Yes Yes Yes Y
Savannah Sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis Y Grasslands Grasslands Yes Yes Yes
Bairds Sparrow Ammodramus bairdii Y Grasslands Grasslands Yes Yes Yes Y
Lincolns Sparrow Melospiza lincolnii Y Boreal Forests Generalist Yes Yes Yes
Western Tanager Piranga ludoviciana Y Temperate Western Forests Mexican Pine-Oak Forests Yes Yes Yes
Brewers Blackbird Euphagus cyanocephalus Y Generalist Generalist Yes Yes Yes Y
Willow Ptarmigan Lagopus lagopus Y Arctic Tundra Arctic Tundra Yes Yes
White-tailed Ptarmigan Lagopus leucura Alpine Tundra Alpine Tundra Yes Yes Y
Dusky Grouse Dendragapus obscurus Temperate Western Forests Temperate Western Forests Yes Yes Y
Sooty Grouse Dendragapus fuliginosus Temperate Western Forests Temperate Western Forests Yes Yes Y
Sharp-tailed Grouse Tympanuchus phasianellus Grasslands Grasslands Yes Yes Y
Bald Eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus Y Generalist Wetlands Yes Yes Yes Y
Northern Harrier Circus cyaneus Y Grasslands Grasslands Yes Yes Yes
Sharp-shinned Hawk Accipiter striatus Y Generalist Generalist Yes Yes Yes
Northern Goshawk Accipiter gentilis Y Boreal Forests Boreal Forests Yes Yes Yes
Rough-legged Hawk Buteo lagopus Y Arctic Tundra Grasslands Yes Yes Yes
Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos Y Grasslands Grasslands Yes Yes Yes
Snowy Owl Bubo scandiacus Y Arctic Tundra Grasslands Yes Yes
Appendices 46
AvvvoIx D: SvvtIvs Suss:n:InIIv Sunuvo Amoo Nn:Ios (continued)
Common Name Latin Name Migrant Breeding Habitats* Wintering Habitats*
Present
in
Canada
Present
in Mexico
Present
in USA
Endemic to
Tri-national
Area
Northern Hawk Owl Surnia ulula Boreal Forests Boreal Forests Yes Yes
Long-eared Owl Asio otus Y Generalist Generalist Yes Yes Yes
Short-eared Owl Asio ammeus Y Arctic Tundra Grasslands Yes Yes Yes
Northern Saw-whet Owl Aegolius acadicus Y Generalist Temperate Eastern Forests Yes Yes Yes Y
Belted Kingsher Megaceryle alcyon Y Generalist Generalist Yes Yes Yes
Red-breasted Sapsucker Sphyrapicus ruber Y Temperate Western Forests Temperate Western Forests Yes Yes Yes Y
Hairy Woodpecker Picoides villosus Generalist Generalist Yes Yes Yes
Northern Flicker Colaptes auratus Y Generalist Generalist Yes Yes Yes
Pileated Woodpecker Dryocopus pileatus Temperate Eastern Forests Temperate Eastern Forests Yes Yes Y
Northern Shrike Lanius excubitor Y Arctic Tundra Generalist Yes Yes
Black-billed Magpie Pica hudsonia Y Generalist Generalist Yes Yes Y
American Crow Corvus brachyrhynchos Y Generalist Generalist Yes Yes Yes Y
Northwestern Crow Corvus caurinus Temperate Western Forests Temperate Western Forests Yes Yes Y
Common Raven Corvus corax Generalist Generalist Yes Yes Yes
Horned Lark Eremophila alpestris Y Grasslands Grasslands Yes Yes Yes
Black-capped Chickadee Poecile atricapillus Generalist Temperate Eastern Forests Yes Yes Y
Chestnut-backed Chickadee Poecile rufescens Temperate Western Forests Temperate Western Forests Yes Yes Y
Red-breasted Nuthatch Sitta canadensis Y Generalist Generalist Yes Yes Y
Brown Creeper Certhia americana Y Generalist Generalist Yes Yes Yes
Winter Wren Troglodytes troglodytes Y Boreal Forests Temperate Eastern Forests Yes Yes
Golden-crowned Kinglet Regulus satrapa Y Boreal Forests Generalist Yes Yes Yes Y
Townsends Solitaire Myadestes townsendi Y Temperate Western Forests Temperate Western Forests Yes Yes Yes Y
Gray-cheeked Thrush Catharus minimus Y Boreal Forests Tropical Evergreen Forests Yes Yes Yes
Bicknells Thrush Catharus bicknelli Y Boreal Forests Tropical Highland Forests Yes Yes
American Robin Turdus migratorius Y Generalist Generalist Yes Yes Yes
Varied Thrush Ixoreus naevius Y Temperate Western Forests Temperate Western Forests Yes Yes Yes Y
Bohemian Waxwing Bombycilla garrulus Y Boreal Forests Boreal Forests Yes Yes
Cedar Waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum Y Temperate Eastern Forests Generalist Yes Yes Yes
Cape May Warbler Dendroica tigrina Y Boreal Forests Tropical Deciduous Forests Yes Yes Yes
Black-throated Blue Warbler Dendroica caerulescens Y Temperate Eastern Forests Tropical Deciduous Forests Yes Yes Yes
Palm Warbler Dendroica palmarum Y Boreal Forests Generalist Yes Yes Yes
Blackpoll Warbler Dendroica striata Y Boreal Forests Tropical Evergreen Forests Yes Yes Yes
Connecticut Warbler Oporornis agilis Y Boreal Forests Tropical Evergreen Forests Yes Yes
Mourning Warbler Oporornis philadelphia Y Boreal Forests Tropical Highland Forests Yes Yes Yes
American Tree Sparrow Spizella arborea Y Arctic Tundra Generalist Yes Yes Y
Le Contes Sparrow Ammodramus leconteii Y Grasslands Grasslands Yes Yes Y
Nelsons Sparrow Ammodramus nelsoni Y Grasslands Coasts Yes Yes Y
Fox Sparrow Passerella iliaca Y Boreal Forests Generalist Yes Yes Yes Y
Song Sparrow Melospiza melodia Y Generalist Generalist Yes Yes Yes Y
Swamp Sparrow Melospiza georgiana Y Freshwater Marsh Generalist Yes Yes Yes Y
White-throated Sparrow Zonotrichia albicollis Y Boreal Forests Temperate Eastern Forests Yes Yes Yes Y
Harriss Sparrow Zonotrichia querula Y Boreal Forests Temperate Eastern Forests Yes Yes Yes Y
White-crowned Sparrow Zonotrichia leucophrys Y Generalist Generalist Yes Yes Yes Y
Dark-eyed Junco Junco hyemalis Y Boreal Forests Generalist Yes Yes Yes Y
Lapland Longspur Calcarius lapponicus Y Arctic Tundra Grasslands Yes Yes
Smiths Longspur Calcarius pictus Y Arctic Tundra Grasslands Yes Yes Y
Snow Bunting Plectrophenax nivalis Y Arctic Tundra Grasslands Yes Yes
Rose-breasted Grosbeak Pheucticus ludovicianus Y Temperate Eastern Forests Tropical Deciduous Forests Yes Yes Yes
Bobolink Dolichonyx oryzivorus Y Grasslands Grasslands Yes Yes Yes
Rusty Blackbird Euphagus carolinus Y Boreal Forests Temperate Eastern Forests Yes Yes Y
Gray-crowned Rosy-Finch Leucosticte tephrocotis Y Alpine Tundra Alpine Tundra Yes Yes Y
Pine Grosbeak Pinicola enucleator Y Boreal Forests Boreal Forests Yes Yes
Purple Finch Carpodacus purpureus Y Boreal Forests Temperate Eastern Forests Yes Yes Yes Y
Red Crossbill Loxia curvirostra Y Temperate Western Forests Temperate Western Forests Yes Yes Yes
White-winged Crossbill Loxia leucoptera Y Boreal Forests Boreal Forests Yes Yes
Common Redpoll Acanthis ammea Y Arctic Tundra Generalist Yes Yes
Hoary Redpoll Acanthis hornemanni Y Arctic Tundra Generalist Yes Yes
Pine Siskin Spinus pinus Y Temperate Western Forests Generalist Yes Yes Yes
American Goldnch Spinus tristis Y Generalist Generalist Yes Yes Yes Y
Evening Grosbeak Coccothraustes vespertinus Y Boreal Forests Boreal Forests Yes Yes Yes Y
Scaled Quail Callipepla squamata Aridlands Aridlands Yes Yes Y
Gambels Quail Callipepla gambelii Aridlands Aridlands Yes Yes Y
Black Vulture Coragyps atratus Generalist Generalist Yes Yes
Turkey Vulture Cathartes aura Y Generalist Generalist Yes Yes Yes
Swallow-tailed Kite Elanoides forcatus Y Temperate Eastern Forests Tropical Evergreen Forests Yes Yes
White-tailed Kite Elanus leucurus Grasslands Grasslands Yes Yes
Mississippi Kite Ictinia mississippiensis Y Temperate Eastern Forests Tropical Evergreen Forests Yes Yes
Swainsons Hawk Buteo swainsoni Y Grasslands Grasslands Yes Yes Yes
Zone-tailed Hawk Buteo albonotatus Y Temperate Western Forests Tropical Evergreen Forests Yes Yes
Ferruginous Hawk Buteo regalis Y Grasslands Grasslands Yes Yes Yes Y
Band-tailed Pigeon Patagioenas fasciata Y Temperate Western Forests Mexican Pine-Oak Forests Yes Yes Yes
White-winged Dove Zenaida asiatica Y Aridlands Aridlands Yes Yes
Inca Dove Columbina inca Aridlands Aridlands Yes Yes
Appendices 47
AvvvoIx D: SvvtIvs Suss:n:InIIv Sunuvo Amoo Nn:Ios (continued)
Common Name Latin Name Migrant Breeding Habitats* Wintering Habitats*
Present
in
Canada
Present
in Mexico
Present
in USA
Endemic to
Tri-national
Area
Common Ground-Dove Columbina passerina Tropical Deciduous Forests Tropical Deciduous Forests Yes Yes
Yellow-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus americanus Y Temperate Eastern Forests Tropical Evergreen Forests Yes Yes Yes
Greater Roadrunner Geococcyx californianus Aridlands Aridlands Yes Yes Y
Flammulated Owl Otus ammeolus Y Temperate Western Forests Mexican Pine-Oak Forests Yes Yes Yes
Western Screech-Owl Megascops kennicottii Temperate Western Forests Temperate Western Forests Yes Yes Yes Y
Northern Pygmy-Owl Glaucidium gnoma Temperate Western Forests Temperate Western Forests Yes Yes Yes
Elf Owl Micrathene whitneyi Y Aridlands Aridlands Yes Yes Y
Burrowing Owl Athene cunicularia Y Grasslands Grasslands Yes Yes Yes
Spotted Owl Strix occidentalis Temperate Western Forests Temperate Western Forests Yes Yes Yes Y
Lesser Nighthawk Chordeiles acutipennis Y Aridlands Generalist Yes Yes
Common Nighthawk Chordeiles minor Y Generalist Generalist Yes Yes Yes
Common Poorwill Phalaenoptilus nuttallii Y Aridlands Aridlands Yes Yes Yes Y
Whip-poor-will Caprimulgus vociferus Y Temperate Eastern Forests Tropical Evergreen Forests Yes Yes Yes
Chimney Swift Chaetura pelagica Y Temperate Eastern Forests Generalist Yes Yes Yes
Vauxs Swift Chaetura vauxi Y Temperate Western Forests Tropical Highland Forests Yes Yes Yes
White-throated Swift Aeronautes saxatalis Y Aridlands Generalist Yes Yes Yes
Buff-bellied Hummingbird Amazilia yucatanensis Y Tropical Deciduous Forests Tropical Deciduous Forests Yes Yes
Ruby-throated Hummingbird Archilochus colubris Y Temperate Eastern Forests Tropical Deciduous Forests Yes Yes Yes
Black-chinned Hummingbird Archilochus alexandri Y Aridlands Tropical Deciduous Forests Yes Yes Yes Y
Costas Hummingbird Calypte costae Y Aridlands Aridlands Yes Yes Y
Broad-tailed Hummingbird Selasphorus platycercus Y Temperate Western Forests Mexican Pine-Oak Forests Yes Yes
Allens Hummingbird Selasphorus sasin Y Aridlands Tropical Highland Forests Yes Yes Y
Acorn Woodpecker Melanerpes formicivorus Temperate Western Forests Temperate Western Forests Yes Yes
Gila Woodpecker Melanerpes uropygialis Aridlands Aridlands Yes Yes Y
Golden-fronted Woodpecker Melanerpes aurifrons Tropical Deciduous Forests Tropical Deciduous Forests Yes Yes
Williamsons Sapsucker Sphyrapicus thyroideus Y Temperate Western Forests Mexican Pine-Oak Forests Yes Yes Yes Y
Ladder-backed Woodpecker Picoides scalaris Aridlands Aridlands Yes Yes
Gilded Flicker Colaptes chrysoides Aridlands Aridlands Yes Yes Y
Eastern Wood-Pewee Contopus virens Y Temperate Eastern Forests Tropical Evergreen Forests Yes Yes Yes
Acadian Flycatcher Empidonax virescens Y Temperate Eastern Forests Tropical Evergreen Forests Yes Yes Yes
Gray Flycatcher Empidonax wrightii Y Temperate Western Forests Tropical Deciduous Forests Yes Yes Yes Y
Cordilleran Flycatcher Empidonax occidentalis Y Temperate Western Forests Mexican Pine-Oak Forests Yes Yes Yes Y
Black Phoebe Sayornis nigricans Y Generalist Generalist Yes Yes
Eastern Phoebe Sayornis phoebe Y Temperate Eastern Forests Temperate Eastern Forests Yes Yes Yes Y
Says Phoebe Sayornis saya Y Generalist Generalist Yes Yes Yes Y
Vermilion Flycatcher Pyrocephalus rubinus Y Aridlands Tropical Deciduous Forests Yes Yes
Ash-throated Flycatcher Myiarchus cinerascens Y Aridlands Tropical Deciduous Forests Yes Yes
Cassins Kingbird Tyrannus vociferans Y Aridlands Mexican Pine-Oak Forests Yes Yes
Western Kingbird Tyrannus verticalis Y Grasslands Tropical Deciduous Forests Yes Yes Yes
Eastern Kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus Y Grasslands Tropical Evergreen Forests Yes Yes Yes
Scissor-tailed Flycatcher Tyrannus forcatus Y Grasslands Tropical Deciduous Forests Yes Yes
Loggerhead Shrike Lanius ludovicianus Y Aridlands Aridlands Yes Yes Yes Y
White-eyed Vireo Vireo griseus Y Temperate Eastern Forests Tropical Deciduous Forests Yes Yes Yes
Bells Vireo Vireo bellii Y Aridlands Tropical Deciduous Forests Yes Yes
Black-capped Vireo Vireo atricapilla Y Aridlands Tropical Deciduous Forests Yes Yes Y
Gray Vireo Vireo vicinior Y Temperate Western Forests Tropical Deciduous Forests Yes Yes Y
Plumbeous Vireo Vireo plumbeus Y Temperate Western Forests Mexican Pine-Oak Forests Yes Yes
Huttons Vireo Vireo huttoni Temperate Western Forests Mexican Pine-Oak Forests Yes Yes Yes
Western Scrub-Jay Aphelocoma californica Temperate Western Forests Temperate Western Forests Yes Yes Y
Chihuahuan Raven Corvus cryptoleucus Y Aridlands Aridlands Yes Yes Y
Purple Martin Progne subis Y Generalist Generalist Yes Yes Yes
Violet-green Swallow Tachycineta thalassina Y Temperate Western Forests Mexican Pine-Oak Forests Yes Yes Yes
Northern Rough-winged Swallow Stelgidopteryx serripennis Y Generalist Generalist Yes Yes Yes
Cliff Swallow Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Y Generalist Generalist Yes Yes Yes
Cave Swallow Petrochelidon fulva Y Aridlands Generalist Yes Yes
Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica Y Generalist Generalist Yes Yes Yes
Black-crested Titmouse Baeolophus atricristatus Tropical Deciduous Forests Tropical Deciduous Forests Yes Yes Y
Verdin Auriparus aviceps Aridlands Aridlands Yes Yes Y
Bushtit Psaltriparus minimus Temperate Western Forests Temperate Western Forests Yes Yes Yes
Cactus Wren Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus Aridlands Aridlands Yes Yes Y
Rock Wren Salpinctes obsoletus Y Aridlands Aridlands Yes Yes Yes
Canyon Wren Catherpes mexicanus Aridlands Aridlands Yes Yes Yes Y
Bewicks Wren Thryomanes bewickii Y Aridlands Aridlands Yes Yes Yes Y
Marsh Wren Cistothorus palustris Y Freshwater Marsh Freshwater Marsh Yes Yes Yes Y
Appendices 48
AvvvoIx D: SvvtIvs Suss:n:InIIv Sunuvo Amoo Nn:Ios (continued)
Common Name Latin Name Migrant Breeding Habitats* Wintering Habitats*
Present
in
Canada
Present
in Mexico
Present
in USA
Endemic to
Tri-national
Area
Blue-gray Gnatcatcher Polioptila caerulea Y Temperate Eastern Forests Tropical Deciduous Forests Yes Yes Yes
Black-tailed Gnatcatcher Polioptila melanura Aridlands Aridlands Yes Yes Y
Western Bluebird Sialia mexicana Y Temperate Western Forests Temperate Western Forests Yes Yes Yes Y
Mountain Bluebird Sialia currucoides Y Temperate Western Forests Temperate Western Forests Yes Yes Yes Y
Wood Thrush Hylocichla mustelina Y Temperate Eastern Forests Tropical Evergreen Forests Yes Yes Yes
Gray Catbird Dumetella carolinensis Y Temperate Eastern Forests Generalist Yes Yes Yes
Sage Thrasher Oreoscoptes montanus Y Aridlands Aridlands Yes Yes Yes Y
Long-billed Thrasher Toxostoma longirostre Tropical Deciduous Forests Tropical Deciduous Forests Yes Yes Y
Bendires Thrasher Toxostoma bendirei Y Aridlands Aridlands Yes Yes Y
Curve-billed Thrasher Toxostoma curvirostre Aridlands Aridlands Yes Yes Y
Crissal Thrasher Toxostoma crissale Aridlands Aridlands Yes Yes Y
Phainopepla Phainopepla nitens Y Aridlands Aridlands Yes Yes Y
Blue-winged Warbler Vermivora pinus Y Temperate Eastern Forests Tropical Evergreen Forests Yes Yes Yes
Golden-winged Warbler Vermivora chrysoptera Y Temperate Eastern Forests Tropical Highland Forests Yes Yes Yes
Virginias Warbler Vermivora virginiae Y Temperate Western Forests Tropical Deciduous Forests Yes Yes Y
Lucys Warbler Vermivora luciae Y Aridlands Tropical Deciduous Forests Yes Yes Y
Black-throated Gray Warbler Dendroica nigrescens Y Temperate Western Forests Tropical Deciduous Forests Yes Yes Yes Y
Golden-cheeked Warbler Dendroica chrysoparia Y Temperate Western Forests Tropical Highland Forests Yes Yes
Hermit Warbler Dendroica occidentalis Y Temperate Western Forests Mexican Pine-Oak Forests Yes Yes
Yellow-throated Warbler Dendroica dominica Y Temperate Eastern Forests Tropical Evergreen Forests Yes Yes
Graces Warbler Dendroica graciae Y Temperate Western Forests Mexican Pine-Oak Forests Yes Yes
Cerulean Warbler Dendroica cerulea Y Temperate Eastern Forests Tropical Highland Forests Yes Yes Yes
Prothonotary Warbler Protonotaria citrea Y Temperate Eastern Forests Tropical Evergreen Forests Yes Yes Yes
Worm-eating Warbler Helmitheros vermivorum Y Temperate Eastern Forests Tropical Evergreen Forests Yes Yes Yes
Swainsons Warbler Limnothlypis swainsonii Y Temperate Eastern Forests Tropical Evergreen Forests Yes Yes
Louisiana Waterthrush Seiurus motacilla Y Temperate Eastern Forests Tropical Evergreen Forests Yes Yes Yes
Hooded Warbler Wilsonia citrina Y Temperate Eastern Forests Tropical Evergreen Forests Yes Yes Yes
Red-faced Warbler Cardellina rubrifrons Y Temperate Western Forests Mexican Pine-Oak Forests Yes Yes
Yellow-breasted Chat Icteria virens Y Temperate Eastern Forests Tropical Deciduous Forests Yes Yes Yes
Green-tailed Towhee Pipilo chlorurus Y Aridlands Aridlands Yes Yes Y
Canyon Towhee Pipilo fuscus Aridlands Aridlands Yes Yes Y
California Towhee Pipilo crissalis Aridlands Aridlands Yes Yes Y
Cassins Sparrow Aimophila cassinii Y Grasslands Grasslands Yes Yes Y
Rufous-crowned Sparrow Aimophila ruceps Aridlands Aridlands Yes Yes Y
Brewers Sparrow Spizella breweri Y Aridlands Aridlands Yes Yes Yes Y
Black-chinned Sparrow Spizella atrogularis Y Aridlands Aridlands Yes Yes Y
Lark Sparrow Chondestes grammacus Y Aridlands Aridlands Yes Yes Yes Y
Black-throated Sparrow Amphispiza bilineata Y Aridlands Aridlands Yes Yes Y
Sage Sparrow Amphispiza belli Y Aridlands Aridlands Yes Yes Y
Lark Bunting Calamospiza melanocorys Y Grasslands Grasslands Yes Yes Yes Y
Grasshopper Sparrow Ammodramus savannarum Y Grasslands Grasslands Yes Yes Yes
McCowns Longspur Calcarius mccownii Y Grasslands Grasslands Yes Yes Yes Y
Chestnut-collared Longspur Calcarius ornatus Y Grasslands Grasslands Yes Yes Yes Y
Hepatic Tanager Piranga ava Y Temperate Western Forests Mexican Pine-Oak Forests Yes Yes
Summer Tanager Piranga rubra Y Temperate Eastern Forests Tropical Evergreen Forests Yes Yes
Pyrrhuloxia Cardinalis sinuatus Aridlands Aridlands Yes Yes Y
Black-headed Grosbeak Pheucticus melanocephalus Y Temperate Western Forests Tropical Deciduous Forests Yes Yes Yes Y
Blue Grosbeak Passerina caerulea Y Temperate Eastern Forests Tropical Deciduous Forests Yes Yes
Lazuli Bunting Passerina amoena Y Temperate Western Forests Tropical Deciduous Forests Yes Yes Yes Y
Indigo Bunting Passerina cyanea Y Temperate Eastern Forests Tropical Deciduous Forests Yes Yes Yes
Painted Bunting Passerina ciris Y Temperate Eastern Forests Tropical Deciduous Forests Yes Yes
Dickcissel Spiza americana Y Grasslands Grasslands Yes Yes Yes
Western Meadowlark Sturnella neglecta Y Grasslands Grasslands Yes Yes Yes Y
Yellow-headed Blackbird Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus Y Freshwater Marsh Generalist Yes Yes Yes Y
Great-tailed Grackle Quiscalus mexicanus Generalist Generalist Yes Yes
Brown-headed Cowbird Molothrus ater Y Generalist Generalist Yes Yes Yes
Orchard Oriole Icterus spurius Y Temperate Eastern Forests Tropical Deciduous Forests Yes Yes Yes
Hooded Oriole Icterus cucullatus Y Temperate Western Forests Tropical Deciduous Forests Yes Yes
Bullocks Oriole Icterus bullockii Y Temperate Western Forests Tropical Deciduous Forests Yes Yes Yes
Scotts Oriole Icterus parisorum Y Temperate Western Forests Tropical Deciduous Forests Yes Yes Y
Lesser Goldnch Spinus psaltria Y Temperate Western Forests Generalist Yes Yes
Lawrences Goldnch Spinus lawrencei Y Aridlands Aridlands Yes Yes Y
Tri-national Population Shared Substantially by all 3 Countries YYes YYes
Tri-national Population Shared Substantially by Canada and USA Yes present, < 25% of tri-national population
Tri-national Population Shared Substantially by Mexico and USA Yes 25% year-round
Yes 25% breeding
* Species with 3 major habitat associations per season were considered Generalists, and not included in habitat maps Yes 25% winter
Yes 250,000 km
2
migrant range
49
Te Rose-bellied Bunting (above) is among 44 species at greatest
risk of extinction; its tiny world population is threatened by loss and
fragmentation of tropical deciduous forests in southern Mexico, as
well as by trapping for the cage-bird trade. Te Military Macaw
(back cover) is one of 80 tropical resident birds that are of high tri-
national concern because of threats to their populations or habitats
in Mexico.
Universidad Nacional
Autnoma de Mxico
We thank the following people for reviewing or contributing to the development
of this report and its communication:
John Alexander, Miyoko Chu, Krista De Groot, Ian Davidson, Randy Dettmers, Jennie
Duberstein, Dave Duncan, Kacie Ehrenberger, John Faaborg, Christian Friis, Deb Hahn,
Alicia King, Dana Kinsman, Nathalie LEcuyer, Ed Laurent, Carol Lively, Claudia Macias
Caballero, Craig Machtans, Art Martel, Adolfo Navarro, David Pashley, Melissa Pitkin,
Deborah Reynolds, Christopher Rustay, Samantha Song, Diane Tessaglia-Hymes, Len
Ugarenko, Jorge Vega, Jos Fernando Villaseor Gmez, Jeff Wells, and Stephen Wendt
We also thank the over 100 Mexican ornithologists who contributed to the Mexican
assessment of landbirds.
Maps were based on NatureServe's Digital Distribution Maps of the Birds of the Western
Hemisphere, version 3.0 (Ridgely et al. 2007. NatureServe, Arlington, VA). Map data
were provided by NatureServe in collaboration with Robert Ridgely, James Zook, The
Nature Conservancy - Migratory Bird Program, Conservation International - Center for
Applied Biodiversity Science, World Wildlife Fund - US, and Environment Canada -
WILDSPACE.
We appreciate the kind donations by many talented photographers. All photographs in
this report are owned and copyrighted by the photographers, who are credited next to
their image(s).
Te Partners in Flight Science Committee meets at the Chamela-Cuixma-
la Biosphere Reserve to work on "Saving Our Shared Birds" in July 2008.
Universidad de
Guadalajara
K
i

i
1
n

V
.

R
o
s
i

v
i
v
o
M

u
i
i

C
v
o
s
s
i
i
i
1
Bci coviv: Miii1vv Mc vv Cvio Lv1v
Bird Education Alliance
for Conservation