L_-.-.-.

..........

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...........

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__ _.__._.....

NRC F O R M 426A (2-79)

NCRM 3201

US.NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMtSSIOH

1. REPORT NUMBER (Itany)

NURF31;/CR-4785

1 4.

AUTHORS (M mwe rhsn i h m a neme / m i aurhor foliowed by end oihersy

S . E.

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

6. D A T E MANUSCRIPT COMPLETED

S. E.

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Moore and others

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MONITOR

. 0.

MAILING ADDRESS

( N u m b n a n d street cirv. stste and

rw codel

TELEPHONE NO.

624-07 15
TELEPHONE NO.

Decemkr 1987
a.
CONTRACT D A T A

D. J. Guzv
BO474
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e. CONTRACT O R F I N N U M B E R (00 nor Iisr DOE conlracr numbed

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e. N A M E O F A U T H O R I Z E D CONTRACTOR O F F I C I A L OR N R C MONITOR

I
I

Forwsrd COmDIBted r , ~ n e d N R C Form 426A t o ~ f h ~ w l t h the d a t e d documsntr for T d Y I W f . TO App,oprlate Patent Counurl
I _

trvP*orPnnv

1 b.
c.

a.

PATENT CLEARANCE N O T AEOUlRED PATENT CLEARANCE G R A N T E D PATENT CLEARANCE DENIED

b . OFFICIALS O R G A N I Z A T I O N A L U N I T

J. L. Lanqford, laboratow Records Deoartment Head I DATE:

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I d . PATENT COUNSELS S I G N A T U R E

DATE

c.

onk Ridqe National laboratory

S I G N A T U R E fAufhsnzsd conrr#cmr o f i c i d or HRC MMRoil

J. D. G r i f f i n

12-17-87

NUREG/CR-4785 ORNL-6339 D i s t . C a t e g o r y RN

E n g i n e e r i n g Technology D i v - i s i o n

WVIEW AND EVALUATION OF DESIGN ANALYSIS METHODS FOR CALCULATING F1,EICIBILITY OF NOZZLES AND BRANCH CONNECTIONS
S. E. E. C.

ZyIoore Kodabaugh

K. R.

Mokhtarian C. Gwaltney

M a n u s c r i p t Completed - December 1987 Date P u b l i s h e d - December 1987

Prepared for the U. S . N u c l e a r R e g u l a t o r y Cornmission O f f ice of N u c l e a r R e a c t o r R e g u l a t i o n Under 1n t e ta gency Ag reeme n t N 0. 0 550-0 5 5 0- A1

NRC FLN No.

BO474

P r e p a r e d by t h e OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY Oak R i d g e , T e n n e s s e e 37831 ope r a t e d by MAKTIN MARLET'CA ENERGY SYSTEMS, LNC. for the U.S. DEPAKTMENT OF ENERGY u n d e r C o n t r a c t No. DOE-AC05-840R21400

3 4456 0 2 6 8 7 1 0 I3

iii
CONTENTS

PREFACE

T,T.S'r OF FZGULUCS

.......................................................... .................................................. vii

Page
V

................................................. 2. ................................................... 2.1 OF ................ ...................... ...................... 2.3 . METHODS ............ 3.1 ..................................... 3.2 ....................................... 3.2.1 Sun Design ................ 3.2.2 ............................ 3.3 ......................................... 3.3.1 Computer ........................... 3.3.2 Bulletin No . ............................. 4. ............................................... 4.1 ........................ DATA ...................... 4.2. I for i h d e l s < .................. 4.2.2 for with > .................. 5. .................................................... 5.1 0.5 .......... 5. 2 < 0.52 ..............................................
1

INTRODUCTION

1
3

BACKGROUND
2.2

DEFINITION

NOZZLE F L E X I B I L I T Y FACTORS

3
7

S I G N I F I C A N C E OF NOZZLE F L E X I B I L T T Y

D I M E N S I O N A L PARAMETERS OF I N T E R E S T CODE E Q U A T I O N S

FOR E S T I M A T I N G NOZZLE F L E X T H I L I T Y FACTClRS

9 14
14

ASMb .

BIJLAAIID'S T d E O R Y

14
16 19

Murad and (M&S) LUGS C o m p u t e r P r o g r a m

Charts

STI3ELES' THEORY

21
22

FAST2 WKC

Program 297

22
27

BENCHMARK DATA

E X P E R I M E N T A L AND ANALY'CTCAL DATA F L R X I K I L C T Y FACTORS FROM TKST Tests

Tests

27

4.2

27

Models

w i t h I>/T D/T

100 990

27 31 41
41

BRANCH MOMENT F L E X I B Z L I T Y FACTORS COMPARED WlTd TEST DATA

UNRfiINFORCEl) BRANCH C O N N E C T I O N S W I T H d/D G

5.3

5 4 5.5
5.6

.......... N O Z Z L E - R E I N F O R C E D BRANCH C O N N E C T I O N S WITH d/D i 0.5 ............................................... SADl3LE-. PAD-. AND LPlEVE-REINFORCED BRANCH C O N N E C T I O N S .............................................
U N R E I N F O R C E D BPANCH CONNECTLONS W I T H d / D
>>

NOZZLE-REINFORCED d/D

BRrZNCH CONNECTZONS W I T H

46
49
50
51

0.5

A N S I 516.9 TEES ANI) SWEEPOLdTS

..........................

55

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PREFACE
T h i s r e p o r t began as one of several s c o p i n g s t u d i e s on v a r i o u s a s p e c t s of n u c l e a r power p l a n t p i p i n g s y s t e m d e s i g n . The o b j e c t i v e s of t h o s e s t u d i e s , which were i n f o r m a l l y i d e n t i f i e d as s t a t u s r e p o r t s , were t o i d e n t i f y and c o l l e c t t h e p e r t i n e n t l i t e r a t u r e on t h e s u b j e c t and t o i d e n t i f y needed improvements i n t h e d e s i g n methods and c r i t e r i a . This p a r t i c u l a r s t u d y of f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s , however, q u i c k l y o u t g r e w i t s o r i g i n a l p u r p o s e and h a s become a c o m p r e h e n s i v e d i s c o u r s e on t h e s t a t e of t h e a r t w i t h speciEic recornmendations f o r d e v e l o p i n g needed i m p r o v e ments. Even though t h i s r e p o r t d o e s not recommend f o r m a l i s t i c changes i n t h e f l e x i b i l i t y a n a l y s i s methods a v a i l a b l e t o t h e d e s i g n e r , we f e e l t h a t p u b l i c a t i o n a t t h i s s t a g e of our s t u d y i s t i m e l y because of t h e e r r o r s and m i s c o n c e p t i o n s t h a t we have been a b l e t o i d e n t i f y and document. H o p e f u l l y , t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n w i l l he12 d e s i g n e r s t o a v o i d p o t e n t i a l l y A follow-on r e p o r t , which i s c u r r e n t l y b e i n g w r i t t e n , c o s t l y mistakes. w i l l i n c l u d e s p e c i f i c recommendations f o r t h e d e s i g n of p i p i n g s y s t e m s . U n t i l t h a t r e p o r t i s a v a i l a b l e , w e recommend t h a t d e s i g n e r s e x e r c i s e due c a u t i o n i n t h e u s e of t h e c u r r e n t l y a v a i l a b l e f l e x i b i l i t y a n a l y s i s methods. T h i s r e p o r t was p r e p a r e d f o r t h e O f f i c e of N u c l e a r R e g u l a t o r y R e s e a r c h , U.S. Nuclear R e g u l a t o r y Commission (NKC) under t h e ASME Code S e c t . I11 Technical Assistance Project. D, J,, Guzy was t h e NKC p r o j e c t manager. W e e x t e n d o u r g r a t i t u d e t o him f o r h i s e n t h u s i a s t i c support. W e a l s o t h a n k t h e r e v i e w e r s of t h e r e p o r t , e s p e c i a l l y tiiose who o f f e r e d s u g g e s t i o n s a n d / o r c o n s t r u c t i v e c r i t i c i s m s .

v ii

LIST OF FIGURES
F i g (1re

Page S t r e n g t h - o f -materials models f o r p i p i n g s y s t e m components Definition connections f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s f o r branch

3
4

Nozzle c o n f i g u r a t i o n s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h Code d e f i n i t i o n of t n

............................................. of ............................................ ..................................................

..................................

7
8

Diameter r a t i o s (d/T3) f o r a u x i l i a r y t a n k n o z z l e s i n n u c l e a r power p l a n t a s f u n c t i o n of t a n k d i a m e t e r - t o t h i c k n e s s r a t i o (D/T)

11.

Nozzle d i a m e t e r - t o - t h i c k n e s s r a t i o s (d/t) f o r a u x i l i a r y t a n k n o z z l e s i n a n u c l e a r power p l a n t as f u n c t i o n of tank diameter-to-thickness r a t i o (D/T)

.................

12

Nozzle-to-tank w a l l - t h i c k n e s s r a t i o s (t/T) f o r a u x i l i a r y t a n k n o z z l e s i n a n u c l e a r power p l a n t as f u n c t i o n of tank diameter-to-thickness r a t i o (D/T)

.................

12

Nozzle-to-tank w a l l - t h i c k n e s s r a t i o s ( t / T ) f o r a u x i l i a r y t a n k n o z z l e s i f l n u c l e a r power p l a n t as f u n c t i o n of n o z z l e - t o - t a n k d i a m e t e r r a t i o s (d/D) B i j l a a r d ' s l o a d i n g a s s u m p t i o n s f o r t h r u s t and f o r i n - p l a n e and o u t - o f - p l a n e moments on a n o z z l e

M&S s t i f f n e s s f a c t o r moment l o a d s PIo

...................

13

9
10 11
12
13

II&S s t i f f n e s s f a c t o r moment l o a d s Mi

......... 15 Kc/a3 ........................................ 1 7 KL/a3 ........................................ 18

f o r out-of-plane f o r in-plane

M&S s t i f n e s s f a c t o r KR/C f o r t h r u s t l o a d s W,

r e v i s e d October 1984 Steeles' stiffness

....................................19 f a c t o r a f o r r a d i a l l o a d ............ 23
24
28

S t e e l e s ' s t i f f n e s s f a c t o r M/ET30 f o r moment l o a d s Mo and Mi T y p i c a l f l e x i b i l i t y t e s t a r r a n g e m e n t f o r moment loadings on models w i t h D/T < 100

..............................................
......................

14

vi.ii Figure 15 Khan's WFI t e s t inode1 1, l o a d - d i s p l a c e m e n t f o r i n - p l a n e minerit l o a d Test model CBT-3 plots
Page

_ I ^ . _

16
17

................................. .......................................
........................ t e s t model C B I - 3 .......
..e+L..

30

33

V i e w of l o a d i n g f i x t u r e f o r S c h r o e d e r ' s model LPV2 t e s t

........................................

35
36

18
19
20

V i e w of d i s p l a c e m e n t m e a s u r i n g d e v i c e s u p p o r t f t-ame f o r S c h r o e d e r ' s model LPV2 t e s t

Load-displ-acement p l o t s f o r C B I Load-displacement

37
38

p l o t s f o r C B I t e s t model CBI-4

2 1.

22
23

24
25 26 27

............................. T o r s i o n a l ninnent r o t a t i o n d a t a f o r S c h r o e d e r ' s n o d e l LEV2 ............................................. S p e c i a l t y p e s of b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s .................... Saddle-and pad-reinEot-ced models u s e d f o r a n a l y s i s ............................................... Epoxy model of 126-sched. 40 316.9 t e e , T-8 ............................................... 24- by 24-sched. A N S I 816.9 t e e , T-10, f o l l o w i n g the f a t i g u e - t o - f a i l u r e t e s t ..................
PAST2
a

T y p i c a l out-of - p l a n e moment (M ) d i s p l a c e m e n t d a t a 0 f o r S c h r o e d e r ' s model LPV2

38

40

45
54

ORNL

by

ANSI

56

[to

ORNL

57

S p e c i a l t l y p r o d u c t branch c o n n e c t i o n i n s e r t S w e e p o l e t , made by t h e P r e s s u r e F i t t i n g s D i v . , Gulf and Westt2r-a Maiiiifaeturiog Co. ( f o r i n e r l y Bonney F o r g e , I n c . ) C r a n e h ' s p r e s s u r e v e s s e l n o z z l e t e s t model D a l l y ' s t e s t models f o r n o z z l e s i n v e s s e l heads

28
29

........ ............ .

58 73

...........................................

81

ix LIST OF TABLES
Table

Comparisons of f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s based on B i j l a a r d ' s t h e o r y ( t / T = 1, I,/R = 4 ) I n f l u e n c e of L/R on computed f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s b a s e d on B i j l a a r d ' s t h e o r y and program

2
3

Nominal d i a e n s i o n s f o r n o z z l e s i n v e r y l a r g e d i a m e t e r , thin-walled, c y l i n d r i c a l tanks

4
5

Test d a t a summary f o r n o z z l e rnoment l o a d s on S c h r o e d e r ' s model LPV2

Out-of - p l a n e moment f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s f o r u n r e i n f o r c e d b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s (d/D G 0.5, D/T 100) c o m p a r i s o n s w i t h test d a t a

.............................. LUGS ............ ......................... .................................

20

21

32
39

<

...............

42

I n - p l a n e moment f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s f o r u n r e i n f o r c e d b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s ( d / D C 0.5, d/T 100) comparisons with t e s t d a t a

G

8
9 10
11

< ............................. F l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s f o r urireinf orced branch c o n n e c t i o n s (d/D 0.5, D/T > ................................. F l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s o r nozzle-reinforced branch c o n n e c t i o n s (d/D < 0.52, D/T < .................... Dimensional parameters f o r n o z z l e - r e i n f orced b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s (d/D < 0.52, D/T < .................... F l e x i h i L t t y f a c t o r s for unreinforced branch connections (d/D > 0.5, < ................................. F l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s o r nozale-reinf orced branch connections > 0.5, < 100) .....................
900)

43

44
47

100)

100)

48

l)/T

100)

50

(d/D

D/T

51

12

F l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s o r s a d d l e - , pad-, and s l e e v e r e i n f o r c e d b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s (d/D 0.52, D/T LOO)

< <

< .............................................

52

13

Dimensional parameters f o r s a d d l e - , r e i n f o r c e d b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s (d/D U/T 100)

.............................................
0.52,

<

pad-,

and s l e e v e -

53

Table 14 15 F l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s f o r ANSI B16.9 Sweepolets

Page

.............................................
t e e s ant1

59

Out-of-plane moment E l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s f o r u n r e i n f o r c e d b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s (d/D < 0.5, DIT 100) comparisons w i t h f i n i t e - e l p m e n t d a t a

< ...................

61

16

I n - p l a n e moment f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s f o r u n r e i n f o r c e d b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s (d/D < 0.5, DIT 100) - comparisons with finite-element data

<

...................... ..................
finitefinite-

62

17 18 19
23

F l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s For n o z z l e - r e i n r o r c e d , e l e m e n t models ( d / D < 0.5, DIT < 100)

63

Dimensional p a r a m e t e r s f o r n o z z l e - r e i n f o r c e d , e l e m e n t models

......................................... F l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s f o r nozzles i n very large d i a m e t e r t a n k s - FEA models ...........................

In-plane moment E l e u i b i l i t y f a c t o r s from H a n s b e r r y and Jones t h e o r y f o r u n r e i n f o r c e d b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s (d/D = 0.10; t / T = 1.0; L/U = 10) Thrust-load f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s and a n a l y t i c a l c o m p a r i s o n s

64
65

......................
data

68 72 75

21 22

.............................

- experimental

I n f Luence of i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e o n t h r u s t - l o a d f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s (D/'T =; 77.8) E f f e c t of i n t e r i l a l p r e s s u r e

23
24
25 26

....................... on f l e x i b i l i t y .............
.......................

76
80

Comparison between f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s f o r r a d i a l l o a d s on a n o z z l e i n a s p h e r i c a l s h e l l
Goodness-of -f i t r e l a t i v e t o belichmark d a t a f o r out-of - p l a n e iuornent d e s i g n f l e x i b i l i t y iiiethods

.........

85

Goodness-of-f it: r e l a t i v e t o benchmark d a t a f o r i n - p l a n e moment d e s i g n f l e s i b i l i t y methods

.............

85

R E V L E W AND EVALUATION OF DESIGN ANALYSIS METHODS FOR CALCULATING F L E X I B I L I T Y OF NOZZLES AND BKANCW CONNECT IONS
S. E. iloore E. C. Rodabaugh

KO Mokhtarian
R. C.

Gwaltney

ABSTRACT
Plodern p i p i n g s y s t e n d e s i g n g e n e r a l l y i n c l u d e s a n anal y t i c a l d e t e r m i n a t i o n of d i s p l a c e n e n t s , r o t a t i o n s , moments, and r e a c t i o n f o r c e s a t v a r i o u s p o s i t i o n s alon,: t h e p i p i n g s y s t e m by means of a f l e x i b i l i t y a n a l y s i s . The a n a l y t i c a l model is n o r m a l l y based on a s t r e n g t h - o f - m a t e r i a l s d e s c r i p tion of t h e p i p i n g s y s t e m as an i n t e r c o n n e c t e d set o f s t r a i g h t and c u r v e d beams, a l o n g w i t h " f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s " t h a t a r e used t o compensate f o r i n a c c u r a c i e s i n t h e rnodel behavior. T h i s r e p o r t g i v e s an i n - d e p t h e v a l u a t i o n of t h e v a r i o u s a n a l y t i c a l d e s c r i p t i o n s of t h e f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h p i p i n g s y s t e m brdtlch c o n n e c t i o n s and i i o z z l e s . Recommendations a r e g i v e n f o r d c v e l o p i ng needed improvements.

yeclr-s i n the a n a l y t i c a l d e t e r m i n a t i o n o d i s p l a c e m e n t s , a o m e n t s , and

Flrxi b i l i t y f a c t o r s have been used i n p i ? i q ;

s y s t e m d e s i j n f o r many

f o r c e s a t v a r i o u s p o s i t i o n s a l 3 n g t h e p i p i n g s y b t e n , as w e l l as t h e d e t e r w i n a t i o n of r e a c t i o n Eorces at t h e s u T p o r t s ,and a n c h o r s . The anal y t i c a l model u s d d i n t h e d e s i g n c a l c i i l 3 t i o n s i s n o r m a l l y based on a s t r e a g t h - o f - m a t ~ r i a l s d e s c r i p t i o n o i the piping s y s t e m ds an interconn e c t e d set of s t r a j g h t and c u r v e d beams w i t h u n i f o r i i i a l l y round cross seci-ions. F l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s n r s i n t r o d u c e d i n t o t h e a n a l y t i c a l laodel t o c o r r e c t , i n a gross s e n s e , f o r the* d i f f e r e n c e s i n s t r u c t u r < i l b e h a v i o r between t h e s t r e u g t h - o f - m a t e r i s l s n o d e l arid t h e p i p i n g s y s t e m components t h a t make up a r e a l p i p i n g sysce1,i. The c u r r e n t i n t e r e s t i n f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s Lor n o z z l e s and b r m c h c o n n e c t i o n s comes most d i r e c t l y f r o m r e c e n t e f f o r t s t o d e v e l o p d e s i g n c r i t e r i n t h a t w i l l . perinit: t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of m o r e - f l e x i b l e n u c l e a r p i p i n g s y s t e m s a n d , t h e r e b y , reverse a d e s i g n p r a c t i c e t h a t i s seen by many as beiiig Less s a f e and c o n s i d e r a b l y laore c o s t l y . F l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s under c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n this r e p o r t are f o r nozz l e s and b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s w i t h i n the pii)ikig systc'm i t s e l f and f o r nozz l e s i n c y l i n d r i c a l v e s s e l s t h a t interzitct w i t h c o n n e c t e d p i p i n g s y s t e m . A n a d e q u a t e c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f t h e f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s Ear b o t h t y p e s of n o z t l e : ; is i m p o r t a n t t o t h e development of improved d e s i z n c r i t e r i a for f l e x i b l e p i p i i i g s y s t e m s , The l a t t e r , however, may have t h e g r e a t e r

i m p a c t on i m p r o v i n g o v e r a l l d e s i g n p r a c t i c e . The t r a d i t i o m d l p r a c t i c e h a s been t o i g n o r e noza1.e f l e x i b i l i t y a t t h e p i p i n g - v e s s e l i n t e r f a c e and t o model. t h e p i p i n g s y s t e m t e r m i n a t i o n as r i g i d . The r e s u l . t i n g c a l c u l a t i o n p r o d u c e s h i g h e r r e a c t i o n l o a d s t h a t must t h e n be s u p p o r t e d by a d d i tional p i p e s u p p o r t s and r e s t r a i n t s o r by s t i f f e n i n g t h e v e s s e l s h e l l . The p r i m a r y o b j e c t i v e s of t h i s r e p o r t a r e t o (1) summarize a v a i l a b l e d a t a on f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s o r n o z z l e s i n c y l i n d r i c a l s h e l l s t r u c tures ( p r e s s u r e v e s s e l s and t a n k s ) and b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s and t e e s i n p i p i n g s y s t e m s a n d ( 2 ) compare t h o s e d a t a w i . t h a n a l y t i c a l methods f o r c a l c u l a t i n g E l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s f o r use i n p i p i n g system d e s i g n analyses. A l a t e r r e p o r t b a s e d on t h e o b s e r v a t i o n s , c o n c l u s i o n s , a n d recomm e n d a t i o n s of t h i s r e p o r t will p r e s e n t d e s i g n p r a c t i c e g u i d a n c e t h a t w i l l p r o v i d e a more a c c u r a t e b a s i s f o r t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f p i p i n g s y s t e m s u n d e r b o t h s t a t i c and dynamic l o a d i n g s .

3
2
2.1
BACKGROUNI)

D E F I N L ' T I O N O F NOZZLE F L E X I B I L I T Y FACTORS

The most commonly a c c e p t e d d e f i n i t i o n of a f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r was e x p r e s s e d by K i r k 1 i n h i s d i s c u s s i o n of p i p i n g f l e x i b i l i t y a n a l y s i s 1 as t h e r a t i o of t h e r o t a t i o n p e r u n i t l e n g t h of t h e p a r t i n q u e s t i o n produced by a moment, t o t h e r o t a t i o n per u n i t l e n g t h of a s t r a i g h t p i p e of t h e same noiainal s i z e and s c h e d u l e o r w e i g h t produced by t h e same moment. F i g u r e l ( a ) shows a s i m p l e o n e - d i m e n s i o n a l model of a p i p i n g s y s t e m t h a t can be used t o i l l u s t r a t e t h e c o n c e p t s and u s e of f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s i n a piping system a n a l y s i s . T h i s p i p i n g s y s t e m c o n s i s t s of t h r e e s t r a i g h t p i p e s (SI?); d n elbow ( C P ) ; a b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n ( B C ) ; and t h r e e a n c h o r s a t p o i n t s A, B, and C. The a n a l y t i c a l model c o n s i s t s of t h r e e round b c a a m s t o r e p r e s e n t t h e s t r a i g h t p i p e s e g m e n t s ; a c u r v e d b a r t o r e p r e s e n t t h e elbow; a r i g i d t e e - j o i n t a t I t o r e p r e s e n t t h e b r a n c h conn e c t i o n ; and f i x e d end c o n d i t i o n s a t A, B, and 2 t o r e p r e s e n t t h e a n c h o r s . F l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s f o r each component i n t h e p i p i n g s y s t e m can be d e v e l o p e d by c o n s i d e r i n g t h e r o t a t i o n s (and d i s p l a c e m e n t s ) of one end of t h e conponent r e l a t i v e t o t h e o t h e r end. For e x a m p l e , Pig. l ( b ) shows t h e a n a l y t i c a l s t r e n g t h - o f - m a t e r i a l s model f o r a segment of s t r a i g h t p i p e o f l e n g t h L f i x e d i n space a t end A ( x = 0) and l o a d e d w i t h o r t h o g o n a l The r o t a t i o n of end B w i t h moments M l ( L ) , M 2 ( L ) , and M3(L) a t end 13. respect t o end A i n t h e d i r e c t i o n of PI1 t h a t would be c a u s e d by t h e moment N1 ( L ) i s g i v e n by t h e s t r e n g t h - o f - n a t e r i a l s forinula

where E and I , a r e t h e e l a s t i c modulus and t h e mornent of i n e r t i a a b o u t t h e x axis, r e s p e c t i v e l y . A E l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r k f o r a diveti p i p i n g component is t h e n d e f i n e d , a c c o r d i n g t o Markl, as

where i s g i v e n by t h e n o r m a l i z e d form of Eq. ( l ) , t h a t i s , L = 1 o r y = x/L e v a l u a t e d a t y = 1, and 8 , i s t h e a c t u a l r o t a t i o n oE t h e coinp o n e n t p e r u n i t l e n g t h caused by t h e moment M l ( L ) . I n g e n e r d l , t h e a c t u a l r o t a t i o n O 1 must be d e t e r i n i n e d by e x p e r i m e n t o r by a r i g o r o u s t h e o r e t i c a l a n a l y s i s . Numerous e x p e r i m e n t a l and theor e t i c a l s t u d i e s of beam b e n d i n g , however, c o n f i r m t h a t t h e a c t u a l r o t a t i o n of t h e end of a c a n t i l e v e r e d beam is a d e q u a t e l y d e s c r i b e d by Eq. ( I ) i f t h e l e n g t h is g r e a t e r t h a n s e v e r a l times t h e d e p t h ( o r d i a m e t e r ) of t h e beam. Thus, t h e f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r kl a s s o c i a t e d w i t h 191 and 01 o r

4
O R N L - D W G 87-4618 E T D

MI1 (d)

RIGID JUNCrURE

( a ) One-dimensional beam m o d e l of pi,ning s y s t e m , ( b ) s t r a i g h t p i p e , ( e ) curved p i p e , ( d ) branch c o n n e c t i o n , ( e ) test o r a n a l y s i s drrangement.

Fig.

1.

Stren;tt-r.-of-materials

models f o r p i p i n g system components.

5
a s t r a i g h t p i p e segment i s

The o t h e r two f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s k2 and k 3 , a s s o c i a t e d w i t h M a , Pi3, I 3 , r e s p e c t i v e l y , are g i v e n by

e2

and

and

where (62)n0m i s g i v e n by Eq. ( 1 ) w i t h E$, Ix r e p l a c e d by M 2 , I and Y for t h e t o r s i o n a l moment Pi3 i s g i v e n by (03)no,

F i g u r e l ( e > shows t h e s t r e n g t h - o f - m a t e r i a l s beam model of an elbow or c u r v e d p i p e a n c h o r e d a t end A arid l o a d e d w i t h a s e t of 0rtho:;onal moments M ( a o ) , ?2 ( a o > ) and 51 ( a o ) a t end 13. Both e x p e r i m e n t a l and 1 2 3 t h e o r e t i c a l s t u d i e s of c u r v e d p i p e o r elbows show t h a t t h e i n - p l a n e r o t a t i o n e 2 a t end B w i t h r e s p e c t t o end A a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a n i n - p l a n e b e n d i n g moment: X 2 ( a o > a t end B i s g i v e n by t h e r a t h e r s i m p l e e x p r e s s i o n

where R i s t h e bend r a d i i l s of t h e elbow c e n t e r l i n e , k2 i s t h e i n - p l a n e b e n d i n g f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r d e f i n e d by k2 = 02/(02)non, and (02)no,,, i s t h e end r o t a t i o n of a s t r e n g t h - o f - m a t r i a l s model. of a c u r v e d b a r . For a n elbaw o r c u r v e d p i p e w i t h z e r o i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e , s u b p a r a g r a p h NB-3686.2 of t h e ASPIE Code* (Ref. 2 ) g i v e s k, = 1 . 6 5 / h , where h = t R / r 2 . Complete e x p r e s s i o n s f o r out-of - p l a n e and t o r s i o n a l r o t a t i o n s f o r elbows i n terms of f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s k, and k, a r e somewhat inure comp l i c a t e d b e c a u s e a n o u t - o f - p l a n e moment M 1 a t t h e l o a d e d end of a 90" e l b o w m u s t be b a l a n c e d by a t o r s i o n a l moment a t t h e r e f e r e n c e e n d , and vice versa. F o r a *ore i n - d e p t h d i s c u s s i o n of f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s f o r elbows arid c u r v e d p i p e , see Kef. 3. For b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s and t e e s , f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s have been pres c r i b e d i n i n d u s t r i a l . p i p i n g codes since 1955; f o r Classes 2 and 3 *The ternis "Code" o r "ASIIE Code," as used h e r e i n , r e f e r t o S e c t . ILL of t h e ASME B o i Z e ~ avd PPC?SGUW Vesset Code, N u c l e a r Power P l a n t

Components. 2

6
n u c l e a r power p l a n t p i p i n g , f l e x i . b i l i t y f a c t o r s have been i n c l u d e d i n t h e ASME Code s i n c e 1971. I n t h o s e documents, t h e f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r i s g i v e n i3s k = 1. However, t h e y do n o t d e f i n e . I streugth-of-materials coriiponent model. f o r which a nominal r o t a t i o n 8 c a n be d e t e r z i n e d .or nom u s e w i t h t h e f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r d e f i n i . t l o n , 'Lq. ( 2 ) . As a consequence t h e i n t e n t oE t h o s e codes has n e v e r been c l e a r . A p p a r e n t l y , most p i p i n g s y s t e m a i n a l y s t s have i n t e r p r e t e d t h e codes t o mean s i m p l y t h a t t h e j u n c ti-on between t h e b r a n c h and r u n c e n t e r l i n e s is t o be modeled as a r i g L d j o i n t , as i n d i c a t e d a t P o i n t I i n Fig. l ( c t ) . T h i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n , howe v e r , i s c o m p l e t e l y i n a d e q u a t e t o d e s c r i b e t h e a c t u a l b e h a v i o r of b r a n c h connecti-ons and tees i n a r e a l p i p i n g s y s t e n . F i g u r e l ( d ) shows a s c h e m a t i c diagrain of a b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n as modeled i n p r e s e n t day nucl.ear Class 1 pipirig s y s t e m a n a l y s e s . T h i s model h a s a r i ~ g i dj u n c t i o n bet:ween t h e b r a n c h and rim c e n t e r l i n e s a t p o i n t P and a r i g i d l i n k a g e between p o i n t s P and S e q u a l i n l e n g t h t o t h e run i i p e r a d i u s . A d d i t i o n a l nozz1.e ' f l e x i b i l i t y can be i n t r o d u c e d i n t o t h e mode1 by i n c l u d i - n g a p o i n t s p r i n g a t S. M a i - k l ' s d e f i n i t i o n of a f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r i s n o t e n t i r e l y a d e q u a t e f o r a b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n modeled l i k e Fiz. l ( d ) because t h e r e i s no w e l l d e f i n e d "l.ccigth of s t r a i g h t p i p e " f o r which enom can be d e t e r m i n e d . To accommodate t h i s model, as well as i h e o t h e r p i p i n g s y s t e m corJponent models, N a r k l ' s d e f i n i t i o n oE a f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r n e e d s t o h e broadened t o sornething li.ke t h e f o l l o w i n g : A f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r f o r p i p i n g s y s t e m a n a l y s i s i s t h e r a t i o of t h e a n g u l a r r o t a t i o n o r l i n e a r d i s p l a c e m e n t of t h e p o i n t i n q u e s t i o n produced by a monent o r t h r u s t l o a d t a t h e a n g u l a r r o t a t i o n o r 1i n e a r d i s 21acelLie n t of Lhe s t r c n g th-of -mat e r i a l s model af t h e p a r t produced by the same moi.ierii o r t h r u s t l o a d .
Wi. t h this d e f i n i t i o n , can b e d<etermined p r e c i s e l y by a n a l y z i n z t h e 'nom one -dime nsi o na 1 s t r e n g t 11-0 f -ma t e r i d I s be am mod e 1 of a branch con ile c t i. 0 i i t h a t i s a c t u a l l y used i.n t h e pipi.ng s y s t e m f l e x i b i l i t y a n a l y s i s ; 3 1 ~ 0 ,

t h e f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r k as d e f i n e d by E q . ( 2 ) can be d e t e r m i n e d f r o n a knowledge of t h e r e a l b e h a v i o r of t h e s t r u c t u r e . T h e o r e t i c a l l y , t h e r e would be a 6 x 6 m a t r i x of moment-rotation f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s a s s o c i a t e d b%th t h e b r a n c h connecti.on m d e 1 shown i n Fig. l ( d ) . Because t h e m a t r i x is s y n ~ a e t r i . ~ t, h e r e would be 21 indepeii--d e n t f l e x i ~ b i l i t yf a c t o r s , 4 id:?iIti<:al L y 0 f r o n symietry arguments, leavi n g 1 7 no.n-;:ero E l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s t o be d e t e r n i r i e d f r o 3 e x p e r i m e n t a l or theoretical studies. T h e l i i n i t e d a v a i l a b l e d a t a , however, i n d i c a t e t h a t o n l y two of t h e s e , k I o r i n - p l a n e and k0 f o r o u t - o f - p l a n e iiioment l o a d s on t h e br<iiii:h, a r e s r g n i f i c a n t . F o r Class 1 n u c l e a r p i p i n g , the ASYE Code now c o n t a i n s a p r e c i s e d e f i n i t i o n of t h e component model, as w e l l as t h e two l . e x i b i l i t : y f a c t o r s The ki and ko t o be used f o r t h e andl.qrsis of branch c o n n e c t i o n s . s t r e n g t h - o f - - m a t e r i a l s model. shown i n Fig. NB-3686.5-1 of t h e Code and i n c l u d e d h e r e as Fig. 2 i n c l u d e s a " p o i n t s p r i i i g " a t S o f n e g l i g i b l e l e n g t h where O1lolil, g i v e n by with a r o t a t i o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c equal t o k 0
1 1 0 1 . 1

'

no 1 1 1

Y(dd/EI )

(7)

Fig. 2. Dc: i n i t i o n of f l r x i b i l i t y facl:ors F o r branch c o n n e c t i o n s , f r o m pi,y- NU-368b.5-1, S e c t . IIT, ASME C o r k (Ref. 2).
i s t.he simple bedin cqiiiil-alent r o t a t i o n o r o w - d i a m e t e r l e n g t h of The% t w o f l e x i b i l i t y factors kc, and k j a r e g i v e n in subpar-a.gr<ilph NK-36136.5 of t h e Code as
bi-aiich p i p e .

T h e d c f inition of f l e x i b i l i t y actors f o r branch c o n n e c t i o n s based on L l w s r i a l y t i e a l node! o i F i q . 2 ,

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N o z z l e conf iguratio n s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h Code d e f i n i t i o n of

9
g i v e s t h e a n g u l a r r o t a t i o n of t h e branch c a u s e d by l o c a l d i s t o r t i o n of t h e i n t e r s e c t i n q she1 1s i n terms of t h e k f a c t o r and t h e nominal r o t a t i o n of CI onc?-diameter l e n g t h of b r a n c h p i p e . The i ~ f l u e n c eOE i n c l t i d i n g b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s i n a p i p i n g s y s t e m a n a l y s i s w i l l be d i f f e r e n t for d i l f e r e n t p i p i n g s y s t e m s . I f k is small ( e . g . 2 o r 3 ) r e l a t i v e t o t h e o v e r a l l f l e x i b i l i t y of t h e krsneb. p i p e or if k is small r e l a t i v e t o t b e f l e x i h i l i t y p r o v i d e d by o t h r nearby p i p i n g components, s u c h as elbows, t h e n i n c l u d i n g k o r t h e b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s P n t h e p i p i n g s y s t e m analysis w i l l have o n l y a minor InPlixerice on t h e c a l c u l a t e d f o r c e s , moments and d i s p l a c e m e n t s . Conv e r s e l y , o f c ~ u r s e , I f k f o r t h e b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n i s Parge r e l a t i v e t o t h e other p i p i n g s y s t e m E l e x i b i l i t i e s , t h e n i t would h a v e a major i n f l u ence. The l a r g e s t i n f l u e n c e would be t o redrice t h e magnitude of t h e c a l c u l a t e d f o r c e s , moments, and r e s u l t i n g stresses a t t h e b r a n c h connection. I f p i p e s u p p o r t s were l o c a t e d n e a r b y o r i f t h e t e r m i n a l end of t h e p i p i n g s y b t e m were a c t u a l l y a n o z z l e i n a v e s s e l i n s t e a d of a r i g i d a n c h o r , t h e n i n c l u d i n g a l a r g e v a l u e f o r k would s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e d u c e t h e c a l c i r l a t e d f o r c e s and moments a c t i n g on t h o s e s u p p o r t s . This, i n t u r n , mighk p e r m i t t h e e l i m i n a t i o n of some dynamic s n u b b e r s , massive p i p e supp o r t s , o r s p e c i a l s h e l l r e i n f o r c e m e n t s , The i n f l u e n c e would be smaller a t more-discant l o c a t . i o n s and would d e p e n d , as w e l l , on how o t h e r f l e x i b i l i ries ( e . g . , from elbows) were d i s t r i b u t e d i n the p i p i n g s y s t e m . A r e c e n t s e n s i t i v i t y s t u d y on the i n f l u e n c e of v a r i o u s f a c t o r s t h a t ruight a f f e c t t h e a c c u r a c y of p i p i n g system a n a l y s e s 4 showed t h a t (1) t h e i n f l u e n c e of including appropriate f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s f o r nozzles i n b n k s and b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s i n run p i p e s w i t h l a r g e D/T r a t i o s can be t o reduce t h e c a l c u l a t e d moments and stresses by s e v e r a l o r d e r s of magnitude and ( 2 ) it i s nor p o s s i b l e t o d e f i n e a E l e x l b i l i t y f a c t o r t h a t i s eon8ePUatiUe Tor e i t h e r s t a t i c o r dynamic i o a d i n g s . The r e a s o n t h a t a c o n s e r v a t i v e E l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r c a n n o t be d e f i n e d is t'nair a change i n t h e f l e x i b i l i t y of some p o r t i o n o f a p i p i n g s y s t e m l e a d s t o a change i n l o a d s on o t h e r p o r t i o n s o f t h e p i p i n g s y s t e m , i n c l u d i n g t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t l o a d s and resid L i n g stresses i n o t h e r port i o n s of the p i p i n g w i l l . a c t u a l l y incPc?i~fi@ with an i n c r e a s e i n a g i v e n f l e x i b i l i t j r f a c t o r r a t h e r t h a n d e c r e a s e as me might e x p e c t . Accordi n g l y , even f o r a s t a t i c loading, one c a n n o t d e f i n e a c o n s e r v a t i v e f l e x i b i l i t y factror. For dynamic l o a d i n g s , a change i n f l e x i b i l i t y w i l l a l s o change t h e r e s p o n s e f r e q u e n c i e s of t h e p i p i n g s y s t e m . I f the forcing Eunccions (e.g. from an e a r t h q u a k e ) vary w i t h frequency, then a n ina c c u r a t e f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r may i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e p i p i n g r e s p o n s e i s o f f the-peak o i the f o r c i n g f u n c t i o n s ; w i t h an ' a c c u r a t e f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r , h o w e v e r , t h e c a l c u l a t e d p i p i n g r e s p o n s e may b e on-the-peak. Accordingly, t h e b e s t t h a t can be hoped f o r i s r e a s o n a b l e a c c u r a c y w i t h a small amount of u n c e r t a i n t y .

2.3

U'LMENSIONAL PARAMETERS OF INTEKEST

V a r i o u s s t u d i e s of n o z z l e f l e x i b i l i t y f n d i c a t e t h a t r e a s o n a b l y a c c u r a t e d e s i g n e q u a t i o n s c a n be d e v e l o p e d i n terms of d i m e n s i o n l e s s r a t i o s of the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c d i m e n s i o n s of the n o z z l e and v e s s e l o r r u n

10
pipe. These i.nc1ude t h e d i a m e t e r and Lria3.1. t h i c k n e s s of t h e v e s s e l o r run p i p e ( D , T ) ; t h e d i a m e t e r and wall t h i c k n e s s of t h e b r a n c h p i p e ( d , t ) ; t h e d i a m e t e r t h i c k n e s s , and l e n g t h of t h e n o z z l e r e i n f o r c e m e n t (dn, t n * Ln); and a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a x i a l l e n g t h L f o r t h e v e s s e l o r r u n p i p e . To g e t a b e t t e r understantli.ng of t h e t y p e s and sizes o f b r a n c h conn c c t i o n s and v e s s e l n o z z l e s t h a t a r e a c t u a l l y used i n n u c l e a r power p l a n t c o n s t r i i c t i o n , w e a s k e d a riumber of u t i l i t i e s , a r c h i t e c t e n g i n e e r s , and n u c l e a r steam system supply (NSSS) vendors t o provide a c t u a l d e s i g n d a t a Seven from orit? o r two t y p i c a l n u c l e a r p l a n t s of t h e i r own c h o o s i n g . o r g a n i z a t i o n s responded w i t h a s u b s t a n t i a l amount of d i m e n s i o n a l and d e s i g n p r a c t i c e d a t a . 5-11 I n a l p h a b e t i c a l . o r d e r , t h e y were Duke Power Company; FMivlATOCIE oE P a r i s , F r a n c e ; G e n e r a l E l e c t r i c Company; S a r g e n t and Lundy E n g i n e e r s ; S t o n e and I J e b s t e r E n g i n e e r i n g C o r p o r a t i o n ; T e n n e s s e e V a l l e y A u t h o r i t y ; and U e s t i n g h o u s e E l e c t r i c Corporati.on. Duke Power Compilny a l s o p r o v i d e d a c o m p l e t e l i s t i l i g of t h e n o z z l e s i n t h e a u x i l i a r y t a n k s and v e s s e l s o r one of t h e i r modern n u c l e n r power p l a n t s . A n a l y s i s of t h e s u r v e y d a t a i n d i c a t e s t h a t b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s a r e u s e d i n s t r a i g h t p i p e t h a t r a n g e s i n d i a m e t e r from 1 t o 42 i n . nominal. p i p e s i z e ( N P S ) and wal.1. t h i c k n e s s e s t h a t range fror,i s c h c d . 40 t o sched. 160. The range of d i a m e t e r - t o - t h i c k n e s s r a t i o s f o r the r u n p i p e s i s -5 < D/T < 115. Branch s i z e s c o v e r t h e c o a p l e t e p a r a m e t e r r a n g e 0.02 < d/D G 1.0 w i t h most of t h e s i n a l l e r - - s i z e branch c o n n e c t i o n s d < 2 in. ma.& froin welded-on American N a t i o n a l S t a n d a r d s I n s t i t u t e ( A N S I ) s t a n d a r d h a l f - c o u p l i n g s o r welding b o s s e s . The w a l l t h i c k n e s s f o r h a l f - c o u p l i n g or welding b o s s e s i.s c o n s i d e r a b l y g r e a t e r t h a n f o r t h e co r re s p o nd i ng no ni uil1 p i p e s i z e. Rt-a~ichc o n n e c t i o n s l a r g e r t h a n 2 i n . i t 1 d i a m e t e r are u s u a l l y made with ANSI s t a n d a r d o r I4anufaci;;icers S t a n d a r d i z a t i o n S o c i e t y (MSS) s t a n - darcl b u t t w e l d i n g t e e s ; s p e c i a l t y prodclct c o n t o u r e d r i t t i n g s , s u c h as W I I n t . e r n a t i o n a 1 V e s s e l e t s o r Gonney F o r g e S v c e p o l e t s ; o r s p e c i a l t y p r o d u c t r e i n f o r c e d f i t t i n g s , s u c h as ' # 1 : P i p e L t e s o r Boiiney Forge lJcldoletri. The ANSI and MSS s t a n d a r d b u t t w e l d i n g t e e s rang;. i n s i z e up t o t h e maximum r a n p i p e s i z e s b u t art: r e s t r i c t e d t o b r a n c h - t o - r c n d i a n e t e r r a t i o s i n t h e range of -113 < d/D < 1.0. The s p e c i a l t y i)rodiict i t t i n g s a r e n o r m a l l y u s e d w i t h run p i p e s i z e s l a r g e r Lhan 4 i n . (NPS) f o r b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s w i t h d / D l e s s t h a n -0.8. DiamFter-to-thickness r a t i o s o r the branch d / t including nozzle r e i n f o r c e n e n t , COV?L- a b o u t t!ie :jalne r a n d e a s f o r t h e r u n p i p e w i t h , howe v e r , more usage i n t h e smaller v a l u e s d / t < 5 b e c a u s e of t h e g r e a t e r w a l l t h i c k n e s s of h a l f - c o u p l i n g s and w e l d i n g bosses ( 2 < d / t < 100). Branch t h i c k n e s s - t o - r u n t h i c k n e s s r a t i o s t / T seem t o be f a i r l y e v e n l y d i s t r i b u t e d o v e r t h e range 0 . 2 < t / T < 2.0. F o r n o z z l e s i n r e a c t o r p r e s s u r e v e s s e l s and steam g e n e r a t o r s , the u t i L i t y d a t a i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e d i m e n s i o n a l r a t i o s f a l l 1Jithi.n t h e s a w p a r a m e t e r r a n g e s as f o r b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s . F o r n o z z l e s i t i l:he n u c l e a r p l a n t a u x i l i a r y t a n k s , !lowever , t h e p a r a m e t e r r a n g e s a r e somewhat d i f ferent. The one n u c l e a r p l a n t f o r which w e have d a t a has ten A W E Code C l a s s 2 o r 3 a u x i l i a r y tank; r a n g i n g i n d i a m e t e r from 2 t o 40 f t ( 2 4 - t o 480-in. O D j wit-il w a l l t.hi-cknesses r a n g i n g from 7/32 t o 5 / 8 i n . The diameter-to-thickness r a t i o s D / T a r e f a i r l y e v e n l y d i s t r i b u t e d beLween -75 and 2 0 0 0 , The riiiiiinum and imaxLmuiir noxz1.e d i a m e t e r s range between 1 1 2 and 30 i n . , e s s e n t i a l l y i n d e p e a d e n t of t h e t a n k d i a m e t e r , so t h a t t h e

11
The r a t i o s ( d / i ) ) r n a x and ( C I / D ) , ~decrease ~~ with i n c r e a s i n g D/T (Fig, 4 ) . ran:;e of n o z z l e d i d m e t e r - t o - t h i c k n e s s r a t i o s d / t i s f a i r l y c v e n l y a i s t r i h u t c d betvJeen -5 and 100 o v e r t h e f u l l raiige of D/T ( F i g . 5 ) . The range of n o z z l e t h i c k n e s s - t o - v e s s e l t h i c k n e s s t / T is shown i n F i g s . 6 and 7 as a f u n c t i o n of D/T and d/D, r e s p e c t i v e l y . I n both f i g u r e r ; , t / T i s sotnewhat randomly d i s t r i b u t e d between 0 , 2 and 1.5, a b o u t t h e same r a n g e as m t e d f o r branch connections i n pipe. F i g u r e 7 a l s o shows that most of t h e n o z z l e s i r i t h e a u x i l i a r y t a n k s are t l i n n e r walled t h a n t h e vessels (i.c.* t / T l . O > , r e f l e c t i n g t h e need f o r s t r t i c t u r a l s t a b i l i t y i n t h e tank w a l l r a t h e r t h a n i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e r e s i s t a n c e <is a major d e s i g n criterion. k n o t l w r dimens i on,il parainetzer i s of p r i m a r y i n t e r e s t t o b o t n branch c o n n e c t i o o s i n p i p i n g arid n o z z l e s i n v e s s e l s ; t h a t i s , t h e a x i a l . d i s t a n c e a l o n g t h e run o r v e s s e l f r o n t h e b r a n c h / n o z t l e t o the f i r s t major d i s c o n tinirity. In p i p i n g , tlis 3iL;tance L / 2 ,night be t h e d i s t a n c e froin t h e branch c e n t e r l i n e t o t h e n e a r e s t s u p p o r t o r the next b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n o r

<

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0 001 10

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100 200

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F i g . 4. D i a m e t e r r d t f o s ( d / l ) ) f o r a u x i l i a r y - Lank n o z z l - e s i n n u c l e a r power p l a n t as f u n c t ion of t a n k d i a n e t e r - t o - t h i c k n c u s r a t i o ( D / T ) .

12
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F i g . 5. Nozzle d i a m e t e r - t o - t h i c k n e s s r a t i o s ( d / t ) f o r auxi l i a r y t a n k n o z z l e s i n a n u c l e a r power p l a n t as f u n c t i o n of t a n k diameter-tot h i c k n e s s r a t i o (D/T).

Fig. 6. Nozzls-to-tank wall tlhickness r a t i o s ( t / T ) f o r a u x i l i a r y t a n k n o z z l e s i n n u c l e a r power p l a n t a s f u n c t i o n of t a n k d i a m e t e r - t o thickness r a t i o (D/T).

13
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Fig. 7. Nozzle-to-tank wall-thickness r a t i o s ( t / T ) f o r a u x i l i a r y t a n k n o z z l e s i n n u c l e a r power p l a n t as f u n c t i o n of n o z z l e - t o - t a n k B i a m e t e r r a t i o s (d/D).

o t h c r p i p i n g couponent. In v e s s e l s , L / 2 m i g h t be the a x i a l d i s t a n c e froin t h e n o z z l e c e n t e r l i n e 1-0 t h e v e s s e l h c a d ( s ) , s h e l l s t i f f n e r , o r major discontiniiity. T h i s d i s t a n c e i s i m p o r t a n t becaiise the amount of coils t r a i r i t p r o v i d e d a t t h e p i p e l v e s s e l "ends" will have sone i n E l u e n c e on t h e l o c a l f l e x i b i l i t y a L t h e b r d n c l l / i ~ o z z l e - p i ~ ! e / v e s s e li n t e r s e c t i o n . If L i s l o n g enough, i t s h o u l d be p o s s i b l e t o separate t h e l o c a l . and g l o b a l b e n d i n g e f f e c t s and, t h u s , t r e a t t h e n o z z l e cis " i s o l a t e d . " Lf L i s n o i l o n g enough, t h e n some c o n s i d e r a t i o n m i i s t be g i v e n t o t h e p i p e / v e s s e l "end" boundary c o n d i t i o n s . F o r example, B i j l a a r d ' s t h e o r y ( d i s c u s s e d l d t e r ) p u t s a p r a c t i c a b l e L i m i t on L/R of 4 . For b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s i n p i p e , t h e axid1 d i s t a n c e t o t h e f i r s t major d i s c o n t i n u i t y w i L l o f t e n be 4ii o r g r e a t e r . F o r n o z z l e s ixi v e s s e l s , however, L/K > 4 w i l l be t h e e x c e p t i o n r a t h e r t h a n t h e g e n e r a l rule. The l d r g e r - d i a m e t e r d u x i l i d r y t a n k s d i s c u s s e d a b o v e , for e x a m p l e , were g e n e r a l l y l e s s than twice as t a l l as t h e i r diameter. Lri many c a s e s , t h e n o z z l e s are l o c a t e d v e r y cl:,se t o e i t h e r t h e t o p o r b o t t o m h e a d s . Thus, L / R may n o t be 3 s i z n i f i c a n t p a r a m e t e r f o r p i p i n g ; f o r v e s s e l n o d z l e s , however, i t p r o b a b l y w i l l be.

A n a l - y t i c a l iiiei:hods f o r c a l c u l a t i ng p i p i n g d e s i g n f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s have beer, devtiloped i n t h e p a s t froin t h r e s b a s i c S O U L C ~ S ; thin-shell t h e o r y , f i n i t e - e l e m e n t a n a l y s i s , and e x p e r i m e n t a l l.oad--displacement d a t a . The p u r p o s e of tli;.s s e c t i o n i s t o i - n t r o d u c e t h o s e mneiiiods t h a t , i n t h e auilhors' o p i n i o n , are most useful. f o r d e s i g n p u r p o s e s . T..ater i n t h i s r e p o r t w e w i l l compare t h e v a r i o u s methods w i t h a v a i l a b l ? benchmark d a t a as a b a s i s o r f u r t h e r development work. The methods d i - s c u s s e d h e r e a r e ( 1 ) he ASME Code e q u a t i o n s , 2 ( 2 ) a i j l a a r d ' s t h e o r y , 1 2 and ( 3 ) S t e e l e s ' t h e o r y . l 3 l 4 Two s t u d i e s O R t h e f l e x i b i - l . i t y of inszzles i n s p h e r i c a l s h e l l s a r e also di-scussed b r i n f l y . 3.1
ASME CODE EQUATIONS

As n o t e d e a i l . l e s , s u b s u b p a r a g r a p h NB-3686.5 of t h e , G H E Code g i v e s e q u a t i o n s o r c a l c u l a t i n g branch c o n n e c t i o n f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s f o r i n p l a n e and out-of--plane moment l o a d s . The h a s i s f o r t h o s e e q u a t i o n s [ E q s . ( 8 ) and ( 9 ) i n Sec.r.. 2 1 was g i v e n by Rodabaugh and ? l ~ o r i e n~ ~ 1979. B r i e f l y , t h e y a r e '%est-Ei.t" e q u a t i o n s based on f i n i t e - e l e i a e n t a n a l y s e s of 25 n o z z l e - r e i n f o r c e d models ( s e e TaS1.e 12 of R e f , 1 5 ) . The t y p e s of r e i n f orceiaent c o n s i d e r e d were t h o s e shown e a r l i e r i n F i g . 3. The Code e q u a t i o n s a r e l i m i t e d i o i s o l a t e d r a d i a l nozz1.w w i t h D/T < 100 a n d d/D < 0.5. They wetye v a l i d a t e d by comparison w i t h i n d e pendent f i - n i t e - e l e m e n t a n a l y s e s of f i v e o t h e r models arid w i t h experi-ment a l d a t a from t e n t e s t n o d e l s w i t h d i m e n s i o n a l r a t . i o s U/T < 100 and d/D < 0.64 ( s e e T a b l e 15 of Ref. 1 5 ) . Because t h e e q u a t i o n s were e m p i r i c a l l y d e v e l o p e d from a l i m i t e d d a t a base e x t r a p o l a t i o n t o n o z z l - e s w i t h d/D > 0.5 o r D/T > 100 i s p r o h i b i t e d by t h e Code (NB-3685.5). [Note: The p a r a g r a p h r e f e r e n c e g i v e n i.n NY-3686.5 s h o u l d be NB-3683.8(a) r a t h e r t h a n NB-3338.1

3.2

BIJLAARD' S TdEORY

C n t h e m i d - l 9 5 0 s , P r o f . B i j l a a i d of C o r n r l 1 U n i v e r s i t y p u b l i s h e d a s e r i e s of p a p e r s on t h e s t r e s s e s and d i s p l a c e m e n t s i n a t h i n - x a l l e d c y l i n d r i c a l s h e l l , s i m p l y s u p p o r t e d a t t h e ends and Loaded w i t h e i t h c r a r a d i a l p o i n t l o a d o r a d i s t r i b u t e d Load on a s i n d l l , r e c t a n g u l a r r e g i o n c e n t e r e d midway between t h e ends. The l o a d i n g on t h e r e c t a n g u L a r r e g i o n c o u l d be d i s t r i b u t e d i n an a r b i t r a r y manner, but he d i s c u s s e d i n d e t a i l o n l y thosca t h r e e cascs. t h a t rrpre';ent a t h r i i s t l o a d and i n - p l a n e and o u t o f - p l a n e moment l o a d i n g s on the r c c L a n g l e ( F i g . 8 ) . % i s t h e o r e t i c a l s o l u t i o n , 1 2 b a s e d on t h e e q u a t i o n s of shallow-shPlL t h e o r y , was g i v e n i n t('rli1s of i n f i n i t e d o u b l e F o u r i e r sc'ries t h a t a r e c o n d i t i o n a l l y c o n v e r g e n t w i t h t h e rminber of terms r e q u i r e d f o r a s t d b l c s o L u t i o n d e p e n d e n t mainly on t h c l e n g t h - t o - r a d i u s r a t i o u = L/K and tne d i a m r t e r -to-t_hi c k n e s s r a t i o D / T of t h e c y l i n d r i c a l s h e l l . H i j l a a r i was aware nf tine l i i n i t a t i o a s of

->
Bijlaard's l o a d i n g dssuifipLioiis f o r t h r u s t and f o r i n - p l a n e and o u t - o f - p l a n e iaonents on a n o z z l e . ( a ) IJnifcirm r a d i a l loading, ( h ) l o n g i t u d i n a l m i J e n t l o a d i n g , ( e > c i r c u u f e u e o t i s l moment l o a d i n g .
7 .

rig.

8.

16
h i s t h e o r y b u t e s s e n t i a l l y d i s m i s s e d t h e m a t t e r by pointing o u t ( c o r r e c t l y ) t h a t f o r e n g i n e e r i n g struc1:ures of co:iitiion i n t e r e s t , his s o l u t i o n was r e l n t i . v e l y e a s y t o u s e and gave resuLts of a c c e p t a b l e a c c u r a c y . (See t h e di.scussi.on i n Ref. 1 2 . ) I n l a t e r p ~ h l i c a t i o n s ~ ~B-i 'j ~ l a a r d gave e x t e n s i v e n u m e r i c a l r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d u s i n g L/R = 4 and D / T < 100. Although R i j l a a r d ' s t h e o r e t i c a l model^ d o e s no11 i n c l u d e e i t h e r a n opening ( h o l e ) i n t h e c y l i n d r i c a l . s h e l l o r an attachment t o t h e c y l i n d r i c a l s h e l l , h i s s o l u t i o n has been u s e d e x t e n s i v e l y d u r i n g t h e p a s t 30 year.; a s tlie t h e o r e t i.cal b a s i s f o r c a l c u l a t i n g b o t h f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s and maximm s t r e s s e s i n n o z z l e - c y l i n d r i c a l v e s s e l s t r u c t u r e s . I n 1967 Rodabaugh and A t t e r b u r y (R&!I)*~ u s e d B i j l a a r d ' s t h e o r y , a l o n g w i t h o t h e r t h i n - s h e l l t h e o r y s o l u t i o n s and a v a i l a b l e e x p e r i m e n t a l . d a t a , a s reEerenct3 m a t e r i a l f o r devel.oping f l e x i b i l i t y d e s i g n g u i d a n c e o r t h e ASSFIC Code. That g u i d a n c e vJas e x t e n d e d i.n 1977 (Ref. 2 1 ) and a g a i n i n 1979 (Ref. 15) to tlie p r e s e n t Code e q u a t i o n s . In 1965 t h e Welding Kesearch C o u n c i l (WKC) publi-shed B u l l e t i n ?io. 107 ( K e f . ZL), which i n c l u d e s a d e t a i - l e d methodology f o r c a l . c u l a t i n g s t r e s s e s caused by out-of - p l a n e moments, i n - p l a n e m o i x n t s , and r a d i - a 1 l o a d s on nozzl-e; i n c y l i n d r i c a l s h e l l s . The d e s i g n d a t a g i v e n i n WRC-107 are based i n l a r g e p a r t on B i j l a a r d ' s t h e o r y b u t i n c l u d e l a r g e e m p i r i c a l a d j u s t n e n t s t o a c c o u n t f o r t h e s h e l l o p e n i n g and t h e d i s c o n t i n u i t y s t r e s s e s a l t h e n o z z l e - s h e l l j u n c t i o n , as i n d i c a t e d by t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l data available at that tine. It i s , therefore, not c o r r e c t t o state or t o i n p l y tliat R i j L a a r d ' s t h e o r y arid WKC-107 a r e e q u i v a l e n t . It i s o n l y c o r r e c t t o s t a t e t h a t B i j l a a r d ' s t h e o r y was used a s a g u i d e i n d e v s l o 2 i n g t h e d e s i g n method. A s a d d i t i o n a l e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a have become a v a i l a S l e , WXC-101 h a s Seen r e v i s e d s e v e r a l times q i n c z 1905 w i t h t h e 1 - a t e s t revisiqii p t i b l i s h e d i n 1979. It i s s t i l l l i m i t e d , however, t o p a r d m e t e r v a l u e s of d/D < 0 . 5 and DiT < 600. 3.2, I Murad and Sun . . . . (\l&S)
~

Design C h a r t s

Although Si; l d a r . 1 ' ~ t h e o r y g i v e s di.;placenents t h a t a r e r i i i d i l y t r a n s l a t e d i n t o f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s , WRC-197 d o c s n o t g i v e ariy ElexI n 1984 X&SZ3 e v a l u a t e d i b i l i t y data o r f l e x i b i l i t y d t t s i s n guidance, S i j l a a r d ' s displ.ace,aent e q u a t i o n s t o obt.?in desigii c u r v e s iot- radial. t h r u s t and f o r i n - g l a n e and o u t - o f - p l a n e micients o v e r t h e r a n g e of diameter-to-thickness r a t i o s 20 < D/'T < 3!)0 and d/D r a t i o s from 0.05 t o 0.55. They a l s o incliided t h e i n f l i i e i i c e of i n t e r r i a l ,3ressure. In a l l c a s e s , t h e y used an a x i a l 1eng;th p a r a m e t e r o f I,/R = 4. T h e i r cclrves f o r la1 p r e s s u r e cas:? a r e i J c l u d e d h e r e a s F i A s . 9-11. The i)ardilneters us4.2d by ?Z&S i n $ids. 9 anti 10 ~ O K tile moment l o a d i i l g s can be c o n v e r t e d t o f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s c o n s i s t e i l r w i t h t h e Code d e f i n i t i o n by t h e f o l lowing :

17

ORNL-DWG

8 7 - 4626 E T 0
/ =

0 1

106

RJT

0 1

105

a . .
e
I 1

P o 1 x 104
m

. . 0
Y

0 1

103

0 1 x10:

0 5 x 10

I
005

01

I
02

I
C

03

04

05

I
06

diD

1 1 .,

Fig. 9 .

P1&SZ3 s t i f f n e s s f a c t o r Kc/a3 f o r o u t - o f - > l a n e

moment l o a d s

18

0 1

10'

- .

l " " " " , . ' . ' .

......

r _____

ORNL

.,

'."""."

DWG

8 7

4 6 2 7 ETD

0 1 x1of

0 1 x 105

2
11

.
lI T

-.

.
6

_1

0 1 x 10'

4.0
~

0 psi

01x10:

01

10;

I 005

I
01

I 02

1
6)

. .. I ...... 0 3
dlD

u ........I
04

J--J I . . 0 5

06

Fig.

10.

WiS23 s t i f f n e s s factor KL/a3

f o r in-plane innnent l o a d s > I j .

19
OHNL.-DWG

87--4628 E - I D

0 1

x IO

\\

100

y - 150

0 1 x lo4

005

01

02

03

04

05

06

d/D

O C t: o b e r

Fig. 11. 1984.

M & S 2 3 s t i f f n e s s f a c t o r K K / C f o r thrust 103ds

W, r e v i s e d

3.2.2

LUGS Con;)uter

Program

Because i r i j l a a r d s t h e o r y d o c s not c o n s i d e r t h e e x i s t e n c e of a n o p e n i n g i n t h e c y l i i i t l r i c a l s h e l l , i t i s nore a p p r o p r i a t e Eor t h e d e s i g n o f s o l i d attachnents t h a n f o r t h e d e s i d n O S n o z z l e s . I n 1 9 7 4 Dodge24 and Rodabaugh, Dodge, and P l ~ o r e ev ~a ~ luated B ij l a a r d s equations, inc. Liudhg c e r t a i n m o d i f i c a t i o n s s u g g e s t e d by the r e v i e w e r s of B i j laards u r i g i n a l p a p e r , and d e v e l o p e d guidance f o r t h e d e s i g n o f l u g a t t a c h m e n t s

2G
t o s t r a i g h t pipe. The coiaputer program TLKGS, 2 5 57ritt:en by Dodge , c a l c u l a t e s t h e d i s p l a c e m e n t s , as we1.l a s "Lie s t r e s s e s , i n cfie c y l i n d r i c a l s h e l l so t h a t f l - e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s , c o n p a r a b l e t o t h o s e obtai.ned f r o m t4hS's d e s i g n c h a r t s , can bc o b t a i n e d . The computer progi-am LUGS a l s o c o n s i d e r s t h e lcngttn p a r a m e t e r L / R a s an i.ndependenL v a r i a b l e so t h a t i t s i n f l u e n c e on t h e f l e x i b i l i t y can be s t u d i e d . The f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r 9* = e/(!4/EK3) g i v e n i n t h e prograin output. can be c o n v e r t e d t o the Code d e f ini.ri.ori by

F l e x i b i l i t y i d l r t o r s based on a i J i a a r . 1 ' ~ t i i e o r y a r e rompared i n T a 3 l e 1 as c.alcul.3ted by each UT t h e t h r c e methods - K h , l , M & S , and

Table 1. Comparisons of f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s based on B i j l a a r d ' s t h e z r y ( t / T = 1 , L / R = 4 )

Out-of -?lane iao:ncnt

DIT

d/D

__

__

..._

In-2 l a n e i:ror,ient
___ ................
IC
~

. _ I -

20

0 . 0 5 0. li) 0.20 0.30 0.50

0.13

20.0
16.0

l4*0

1.1 3.3 8 . 5

2 . 6 7.5 1 1 . 8 17.8
13.9 33 45 57
3 94 120 130
't

0.9

3. 0 8 . 1 13.6 23.4
4.9 14 e 0

1.0

<1.0

2.n 1 4 . 0 5.0
4.9

0.62 3 . 8 5 . 0 5 . 4 7.0 12
1 0
2.9

1.9

0.67 1 . 8 3 . 8 5.1 5.7

3.2 7.6

50

0.05

5.7

4. I

3.4 13 13
3.4

0.20 9.30 0.50

100

36 50 57

34 52
74

13

12.7

11.7

1 3 . 8

0.05 0.30 0.SO

17.10 0 . 20

20 50 190 135 130

1 6

39 137
1SF3

17 45

11 23 27 22

9.53 20

27 23

20.6
25.3
17.4

10.2

27.4

15

"From dcsi.gil eharrs, R&A2' with B i j l a a r d ' s parameters = 7 / 8 d/D, Q = L/R = 4.

'From d e s i g n c h a r t s , N S : ' , ~w ~ j t h Eq. ( 1 1 ) o f t e x t , B i j l a a r d ' s parainetecs 6 = 7 1 8 d / D , a = L / R = 4 .

c ~ r ~ LTJGS , l ~ c o n p u t e r p r o g r a m , 2 6 w i t 1 1 ~ q .( 1 2 ) of t e x t , B i j l a a r d ' s parameter 6 = 718 d / D , a = i / R = 4 ,

21
LUGS - f o r t h e p a r a m e t e r r d n g e s 20 < D/T <1U0 arid 0.05 < d / i , < 0.5 f o r t / T = 1 and L/K = 4. Each of the methods g i v e s e s s e n t i a l l y t h e same res u l t s f o r d/D < 0 . 3 ; t h e d i f E e r e n c e s or d/D = 0.5 a r e a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e number oE terms e v a l u a t e d i n t h e s o l u t i o n series. To s t u d y t h e i n f l u e n c e of t h e l e n g t h p a r a m e t e r a = L/K on k , w e p e r m i t t e d t h e LlJGS program t o compute a v a l u e a * , u s i n g a c o n v e r g e n c e a l g o r i t h m b u i l t i n t o t h e program. The r e s u l t s , o v e r t h e same range of parameters as T d b l e 1, are g i v e n i n T a b l e 2. The c a l c u l a t e d f l e x i b i l i t i e s a r e o b v i o u s l y i n f l u e n c e d by L/R, a p p a r e n t l y much more f o r ko t h a n k and o r t h e larger v a l u e s of D/T and d/D. T h i s s u g g e s t s t h a t a n y dei s Lgn method b a s e d on 3 i j l a a r d ' s t h e o r y s h o u l d be tempered by c o m p a r i s o n w i t h e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a o v e r t h e f u l l r a n g e caf i n t e n d e d a p p l i c a t i o n .

T a b l e 2.
__

I n f l u e n c e of L/K on computed f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s based on Bijlaard's t h e o r y and LUGS program

C I I I _ -

---__

D/T

d/D
__-

Out -of-planct

momen t
L/R
kO

I n - p l a n e moment
~

_ l _ l l l l _ _ _ I _ _ _ _ _ I _ -

l _ _ _ _ _ _ _ l _

L/K
4

ko
3.0 8.1 13.6 23.4

LIK
4

_ I _ _ I

- --

ki

T J R

ki

20

0.05 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.50 0.05 0.10 0.20 I ) . 30 0.50

1.0

7.4

1.1 3.3 9.4 16. G 31.2

0 . 67
1.78 3.8 ti, 1

7.4

0.67 1.79
3.

5.7

5.1 5.8

5 1 0 1

4.9 14.0 34.2 52 74

10.4

5.5
16.3 43.3 72

127
13.4

12.7 13.8
11.7

3.2 7. 6

10.4

12.9 14.0

3.2 7.6

12.2
9.9

1130

0.c35 0.10
0.20 i ) . 30

17
45 99 137 168

___l-_.___-_l_

0. 50

19 53 131 209 355

1'3.2 20.6 27.4 25.3 17.4

13.4

20.7

27.8 25.5 IS. 6

---1111----^

_ i l _ _ _ _ _ I _ _ _

3.3

STEELES'

'THEORY
t h e o r y arid t h e

a n d e x p e r i m e n t a l VJT)T~I 011 t h e problera for d nurnber of y e a r s - One of t h o s e e f f o r t s r e s u L t e d i n t h e d e v e l o p r m r i t by S t e e l e and Steelei39 l4 of

design tools f o r cylinder-cylinder ilitersections, specially f o r l a r g e - d i a m e t e r , t h i n - w a l l e d v e s s e l ; , t h e IJKC P r e s s u r e Vessel Resedt-ch Cummictee ( P V K C ) has b e e n s p o n s o r i n g b o t h t h e o r e t i c a l

need f o r nore-dcctirate

Bec;lu:;e of t h e i n h e r - n t l i m i t a t i o n s n i B i j l a a r d ' s

S t a n f o r d U n i v e r s i t y and S h e l l t e c h A s s o c i a t e s of a new and n o v e l s o l u t i o n t o t h e t h i n - s h e l l t h e o r y e q u a t i o n s f o r i n t e r s e c t i n g r i g h t c i r c u l a r cy].inders ( n o z z l e s i n c y l i n d r i c a l v e s s e l s Although t h e i r t h e c r e t i c a l s o l u t i o n i s c u r r e n t l y l i m i t e d t o d/D r a t i o s of 0.5 or l e s s , i t O V ~ K C O ~ E many of t h e s h o r t c m i n g s of B i j l a a r d ' s t h e o r y . Whereas B i j l a a r d ' s t h e o r y i s f o r a r e c t a n g u l a r s u r f a c e a r e a l o a d i n g on t h e c y l i n d e r , S t e e l e s ' t h e o r y i s f o r two i n t e r s e c t i n g c y l i n d r i c a l s h e l l s , which i.s i n o ~ ea p p r o p r i . a t c f o r t h e s t u d y of n o z z l e s i n c y l i n d r i c a l v e s s e l s and s t r a i g h t pipe. S t e e l e a l s o used a d i f f e r e n t and more compact foriuu1.at i o n of t h e t h i n - s h e l l t h e o r y and a b e t t e r - b e h a v e d s e r i e s r e p r e s e n t a t i o n f o r the solution.

>.

3.3.1

FAST2 Computer Prosram .-..I ___ _. ..---_

S t e e l e and S t e e l e w r o t e a coinpul.or program f o r c a l c u l a t i n g t h e s t r e s s e s and d e f o r m a t i o n s i n t h e n o z z l e and i n t h e v e s s e l f o r i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e and f o r f o r c e s and moments appli-ed t o t h e n o z z l e . The axi.al l e n g t h of the v e s s e l and a number of d i f f e r e n t boundary c o n d i t i o n s a t t h e v e s s e l ends a r e i n p u t paraineters. The coiilputer program i s mrkt.ited t h r o u g h S h e l l t e c h A s s o c i a t e s u n d e r t h e acronym FRS'T. The program i s e x t r e m e l y f a s t (2- t o 3-CPU s p e r cas;(? on a n TBPl 4381 Xodel 7, c o m p u t e r ) a n d i s well s u i t e d f o r c o n d u c t i n g p a r a m e t e r s t u d i e s , as we11 as i n d i v i d u a l analyses. The FAST2 computer program used ill t h i s s t u d y and owned by C B I Na-Con, Xnc., is RII improved and p r o p r i e t a r y v e r s i o n of S h e l l t e c h ' s pcogram. A l l of t h e FAST:! d a t a g i v e n i n t h i s report: were o b t a i n e d by CBI u n d e r s u b c o n t r a c t t o Oak Ridge NationaL L a b o r a t o r y

(ORNL).

3.3.2

\KC B u l l e t i i l lie. 297

VRC Bu7,Zet;in No. 29'7 (Ref. 27), p u b l i s h e d i n August 1984, i s a a e x t e n s i o n of WKC-107, d e v c l o p e d by t h e Pvizc Subcommittee on R e i n f o r c e d Openings and E x t e r n a l Openings ( S I C K O E L ) t o c o v e r l a r g e - d i a m e t e r t.hi.n-" w a l l e d vessels, D/T 2500, as w e l l as t h e v e s s e l s c o v e r e d i n WKC-107, D/T 600. T h i s new b u l l e t i n (XRC-237) i n c o r p o r a t e s t h e d e s i g n method-o l o g y of !.JRC-1(37 i n a more colilpact f o r m a t and i n c l u d e s n e t h o d s L C o r calc u l a t i n g s t r e s s e s i n t h e n o z z l e , as w e l l 3s i n t h e v e s s e l . The desi.gn s t r e s s c u r v e s g i v e n i n WKC-297 a r e a p p l i c a b l e t o nniforril w a l l - t h i c k n e s s n o z z l e s l i k e t h o s e shown e a r l i e r i n Fig. 3 ( d ) o r F i g . 3 ( b ) i f L.. i s suf11 E i c i e n t l y long. WKC-297 i s b a s e d on S t e e l e s ' t h e o r y arid n u m e r i c a l v a l u e s c a l c u l a t e d w i t h t h e FAST computer program, as well as on a iiit3a::er amount of e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a f o r l a r g e DIT vessels. Although the h u l k of WC-237 i s conceriied w i t h calculating s t r e s s e s f o r n o z z l e i n t e r s e c t i o n s ( 5 5 d e s i g n c h a r t s ) , a l i m i t e d amount of f l e x i b i l - i t y d e s i g n g u i d a n c e i s g i v e n i a Fi,<s. 59 and 6 0 , i n c l u d e d here as F i g s . 1 2 and 13. Both f i g u r e s g i v e s t i f f n e s s v a l u e s as a function - of t h r e e d i ; i i e n s i o n l c s s parameters: X (d /D) A = ( L / l j ) d U / T , and 0 T/t. The s t i f f n e s s parameters g i v e n i n t h e s e f i g u r e s , "a" f o r rddial t h r u s t l o a d (Fiz. 1 2 ) and [M/(ET3S>] f o r moment l o a d i n g s ( F i g . 131, can be c o n v e r t e d t o ASME Code c o m p a t i b l e f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s ( a s d i s c u s s e d i n S e c t . 2 . 1 ) i n t h e f o l l o w i n g manner. F o r r a d i a l l o a d Fa, w e define the

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25
flexibility factor by

k (Wd/EAn)
W

where 6 i s t h e r a d i a l s h e l L d i s p l a c e m e n t i n t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l p l a n e a t t h e n o z z l e i n t e r s e c t i o n arid A i s t h e c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l a r e a of t h e n o z z l e , g i v e n by PaI1 = a d t . Then f o r r a d i a l l o a d s i s g i v e n by

gw

d h e r e a i s o b t a i n e d from F i g . 12. For i n - p l a n e and o u t - o f - p l a n e l o a d i n g s , t h e f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s , as d e f i n e d by Eq. ( 1 0 ) ( S e c t . w i t h X b = IT/^) D3T, are g i v e n by

moment 2.2) and

where (ET38/PI) i s o b t a i n e d froin Fig. 13 f o r e i t h e r i n - p l a n e moment.; X = ?lL o r o u t - o f - p l a n e moments M = MC. F i g u r e 1 2 , o r r a d i a l t h r t i s t l o a d i n g , S i v e s s t i f f n e s s v a l u e s as a f u n c t i o n o f t h e two d i m e n s i o n l e s s p a r a m e t e r s X and A , s a i d t o be v a l i d f o r " s t j E " n o z z l e s w i t h t h i c k n e s s r a t i o s t / T 2 1.0. A c c o r d i n g l y , no d e s i z n guidance i s given f o r nozLles with t / T 1, which is p r o b a b l y mure co.araon i n d e s i g n ( s e e Fig. 7 ) . I n d e e d , Fig. 12 is based on t h e r e s u l t s , r i v e n by S t e e l e f o r a r i g i d n o z z l e ( i . e . , s o l i d r o d ) i n an e a r l y p r o g r e s s report2* t o PVRC S/C ROEL ( s e e Fig. 5 oT t h a t r e p o r t ) . Unfortunately, VKC-297 d o e s :lot d i s c u s s t h e s i ; < n i f i c a n c e of the p a r a m e t e r T / t on t h e r a d i a l s t i f f n e s s . We, t h e r e f o r e , q u e s t i o n w h e t h e r i t s s i g n i f i c a n c e h a s been adequate1.y i i i v e s t i g a t e d , F i g u r e 1 3 g i v e s s t i f f n e s s c u r v e s f o r b o t h i n - p l a n e moinent (M ) and L o u t - o f - p l a n e moment ( Mcc> l o a d i n g s . F o r i n - p l a n e moment, t h e g u i d a n c e i s f a i r l y b r o a d , p r o v i d e d , of c o u r s e , t h a t t h e u s e r i s s a t i s f i e d t h a t A 3 2 0 i s appropriate for hi; application. The t r e n d of d e c r e a s i n g f l e x i b i l i t y with i n c r e a s i n g branch wall t h i c k n e s s t appears reasonable. There is a p r o b l e m , however, w i t h t h i s f i g u r e . Because i t g i s e s o n l y tvJo c u r v e s , f u r T / t = 0.2 and f o r T / t = 10, i t i s d i f f i c u l t t o i n t e r p o l a t e w i t h a n y ~ i s s u r a n c eof a c c u r a c y . For example, i f X = 1.0 and T / t = 1.0, t h e s t i E f n e s s v a l u e o b t a i n e d from t h e f i g u r e p r o b a b l y l i e s i n t h e r a n g e of 2 & 0.5; t h a t , however, is an u n c e r t a i n t y of 50%. In s u b s e q u e n t c o m p a r i s o n s w i t h t e s t d a t a , i t will be n e c e s s a r y t o i n t e r p o l a t e between t h e s e l i n e s , arid i t s h o u l d be u n d e r s t o o d t h a t such c o m p a r i s o n s i-nvolva l d r g e u n c e r t a i n t i e s i n t h e XCC-297 d a t a . F o r out-of-pl,ine mm-.nts, F i g . 13 g i v e s t h e choice of e i t h e r m i n g t h e two 1 2 > 100 l i n e s w i t h i n t e r p a l a t i o n on T / t between 0.2 and 10 o r u s i n g t h e s i n g l e l i n e f o r A = l!+, p r o v i d e d t h a t t Ir T. For A > 100,

<

26

F i g . 13 i n d i c a t e s t h a t d e c r e a s i n g v a l u e s of t g i v e s d e c r e a s i n g f l e x i b i l i t y f o r o u t - o f - p l a n e moments (Mc). T h i s t r e n d is o p p o s i - t e t o t h a t f 011 i n - p l a n e moments and i n t u i t i v e l y a p p e a r s q u e s t Lonable. T h e r e i s a n o t h e r problem t h a t is p o t e n t i a l 1 . y mgre s e r i o u s w i t h b o t h E i g u r e s : t h e number of i n d e p e n d e n t p a r a m e t e r s a p p e a r s t o be d e f i c i e n t . I n t h e s e f i g u r e s , t h e s t i f f n e s s v a l u e s a r e givcki as a f u n c t i o n of t h r e e independent dimensionless parameters: A = (3. /D) A = (i/D) m F , 0 and T i t ) i n v o l v i n g t h e f i v e d i m e n s i o n a l v a r i a b l e s D , T , d , t , and 1 , . An i m p o r t a n t theorem i n d i m e n s i o n a l a n a l y s i s 2 9 s t a t e s t h a t t h e number of d i m e n s i o n l e s s p a r a m e t e r s i n a c o m p l e t e s e t i s e q u a l t o t h e t o t a l number of v a r i a b l e s minus t h e rank of t h e i r d i m e n s i o n a l m a t r i x . Because a l l f i v e v a r i a b 1 . e ~ i n v o l v e o n l y t h e d i m e n s i o n of l e n g t h (mass and t i m e a r e n o t inc.1-uded), t h e r a n k of t h e i r d i m e n s i o n a l m a t r i x e q u a l s one. Hence, f o r e v e r y s e t of vessel. end boundary c o n d i t i o n s , f o u r i n d e p e n d e n t paramet e r s are needed t o compose a c o m p l e t c s e t . In t h e i r 1983 p a p e r p S t e e l e arid S t e e l e 1 4 s t a t e d t h a t f o u r p a r a m e t e r s a r e s i g n i f i c a n t : A , T / t , d / t , and A . O n l y i n t h e e x t r e m e cases when T / t >> 1 o r T / t << 1 will t h e s p e c i f i c v a l u e of d / t becoue i . n s i g n i f i c a n t . However? b e c a u s e b o t h F i g s . 1 2 and 13 c l a i m t o be v a l i d f u r T / t = 1 , t h e c u r v e s a r e n o t iinique f o r dirferent v a l u e s of d / i . Because WRC-297 d o e s n o t r e c o g n i z e t h i s p r o b l e m , i t might be unwise t o u s e t h e s t i f f n e s s c u r v e s f o r d e s i g n u n t i l t h e q u e s t i o n i,s resolved.

f i n ,

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Sect.

12. I .

27

4.
4.1

BENCHHARK DA.TA

EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL DATA

Benchmark d a t a , c o n s i d e r e d a p p r o p r i a t e f o r development of n o z z l e - t o c y l i n d e r f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s , are n o t v e r y p l e n t i f u l . In a few cases, d i s p l a c e m e n t o r r o t a t i o n d a t a have b e e n o b t a i n e d s p e c i f i c a l l y f o r d e t e r mining f l F x i b i L i t y o r s t i f f n e s s . But i n most cases, t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l and a n a l y t i c a L s t u d i e s of b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s o r v e s s e l n o z z l e s have been D i s p l a c e m e n t d a t a e i t h e r were n o t d i r e c t e d ac d e t e r m i n i n g t h e stresses. o b t a i n e d o r were o b t a i n e d o n l y as a u x i l i a r y i n f o r m a t i o n . E x i s t i n g e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a t h a t we c o n s i d e r a p p r o p r i a t e f o r Elexi b i l i t y s t u d i e s are c o n t a i n e d in Refs. 30-47. These 18 r e p o c t s s p a n the t i m e from 1953 t o 1986 and i n c l u d e s t u d i e s on t h e b e h a v i o r o f u n r e i n f o r c e d b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s , b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s w i t h v a r i o u s t y p e s of rei n f o r c e r n e n t s , s o l i d a t t a c h m e n t s , f o r g e d p i p i n g tees and drawn o u t l e t s , and s p e c i a l t y p r o d u c t n o z z l e o r b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n E i t t i n g s . The d a t a t h a t were a v a i l a b l e b e f o r e 1978 (Refs. 30-39) were u s e d by Rodabaugh and i n t h e development of t h e p r e s e n t (1986) ASME Code f l e x i b i l i t y e q u a t i o n s f o r Class 1 b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s . Most r e c e n t l y , Mof f a t and Kirkwood4 p r o v i d e d e x p e r i i n e n t a l f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s f o r each o f t h e t h r e e b r a n c h noment l o a d i n g s Mib, blob, and Mtb and f o r e a c h of: t h e three run moment l o a d i n g s Mir, M o r , and M t r f o r f o u u r i r e i n f o r c e d f u l l o u t l e t models ( d / A = 1.fI; t / T = 1.0) w i t h 11.4 < D/T 6 41.4. T h r e e of t h e m o d e l s , r e p o r t e d i n Refs. 41-44, w i t h f i v e d i f f e r e n t n o z z l e s had d i a m e t e r - t o - t h i c k n e s s r a t i o s (D/T) l a r y c enough t o be c l a s s e d as t h i n - w a l l e d t a n k s . S t e e l e and S t e e l e l ( used d a t a from Ref. 41 i n t h e i r e x p e r i m e n t a l v a l i d a t i o n of t h e FAST computer program. F i n i t e - e l e m e n t d i s p l a c e m e n t d a t a t h a t have b e e n a d e q u a t e l y benchmarked a g a i n s t e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a are g i v e n iii Ref. 15. W e have a l s o used t h e f i n i t e - e l - e n e n t d i s , > l a c e r a e n t d a t a g i v e n i n 1JKC-297 (Ref. 2 7 ) , e v e n though t h e y were n o t p r o p e r l y benchmarked, b e c a u s e t h e y p r o v i d e t h e o n l y r e f e r e n c e i n f o r m a t i o n ? o r vessels w i t h U/T > 2500.

4.2
4.2.1

F L E X L K Z L I T Y FACTORS FROM TEST

twrA
100

T e s t s Eor Models w i t h D/T

<

Figure 1 ! t shows a s c h e m a t i c a r r a n & e m e n t t h a t is r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of a l l of t h e t e s t n o d e l s w i t h DIT < 100 c o n s i d e r e d i n t h i s r e p o r t . Figure 1 4 ( a ) i n d i c a t e s by sca.Le t h a t t h e l e n g t h of t h e run p i p e is a b o u t f o u r diameters long with the nozzle at midlength. The b r a n c h p i p e i s -4tl long. These L e n g t h s are i n t e n d e d t o be l o n g enough t h a t t h e i n f l u e n c e s oE t h e end r e s t r a i n t s on t h e l o c a l d e f o r m a t i o n s a t and n e a r t h e b r a n c h i n t e r s e c t i o n are n e g l i g i b l e ( i . e . , i n f i n i t e e f f e c t i v e l e n g t h ) . I n some of t h e t e s t s on smaLl d/D b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s , b o t h e n d s of t h e r u n p i p e were r e s t r a i n e d . However, f o r d/D < 1 / 3 , it p r o b a b l y i s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t

28

ORNL

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MOMENT TEST, Mo

F i g . 14. T y p i c a l f l e x i b i l i t y t e s t a r r d n g e n e n t f o r moment l o a d i n g s on m o d e l s w i t h D/T < 100. (a> E l e v a t i o n , ( b ) plan.

29

w h e t h e r one mid o r b o t h e n d s were r e s t r a i n e d . The l o a d i n g i n Fig. 1 4 ( a ) i.s l o t - a n i n - p l a n e moment; the l o a d i n g i n F i g , 14Cb) is f o r a n out-oEp l a n e ii~mthnt t e s t , I f praper1.y d e t e r i n i n e d , the d e f l e c t i o n a t p o i n t P i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o t Llie l o a d w t l l p r o v i d e t h e d a t a needed t o d e t e r m i n e t h e f l e x i b i l i t y factor, One m a j o r problem i n o b t i i i x i n g f l e x i b i l i t y d i s p l a c e m e r i t d a t a is t o e n s u r e t h a t the measured model. d i s p l a c e u e n t s a r e i s o l a t e d Erorn t h e cli.splacemi-rnts o f the l o a d i n g frarile because t h e y are v e r y l i k e l y t o be of the same o r d e r of magnitude. If t h e l o a d i n g frame i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y n o r e r i g i d t h a n t h e t e s t assembl.y, t h e d i s p l a c e m e n t m e a s u r i n g d e v i c e [ d i a l gage o r 1.iaear v,ir:iable d i f f e r e n t i a l t r a n s f o r m e r (LVD'T) ] c a n be s u p p o r t e d from t h e 1.oading frame. F o r t i l e out-of - p l a n e tesl: i l l u s t r a t e d i n Fig. 1 4 ( b ) , I ~ o w ~ v e t .where , a v e r t i c a l post- is used t o s u p p o r t t h e l o a d i n g devi.ce, t h e l o a d i n g Frame ( p o s t ) may be n e a r l y a s f l e x i b l e as t h e t e s t assembly. In t:hat case, i f t h e d i a l gage is s u p p o r t e d from t h e l o a d i n g frame, i t w i . 1 1 n o t be p o s s i b l e t o o b t a i n ail a c c u r a t e d i s p l a c e m e n t measurement f u r t h e t e s t a s w m b l y . A s u i t a l A t ? a l t e r n a t i v e i.s t o support the dial. gage froi.1 a n approprtizte reEerence p o i n t on t h e t e s t p i e c e i t s e l f , such as p o i n t G o r Go i i n the f i g u r e . The reference p o i n t s h o u l d be s u f f i c i e n t l y f a r from the n o z z l e L n t e r s e c t i o n t h a t t h e l o c a l e f f e c t s have d a q c d o u t . The d i a l . gage supporl: frame i.tseLf oriPy needs t o be s u f f i c i e n t l y r i g i d t o res i.st the small f o r c e s , on t h e o r d e r of an ounce, needed t o a c t u a t e t h e d i a l
irinvi~ . g ; q ~ rpo p r i a t e l y i n s tal. 1.ed de f 1.ec t i.0 n o r .rut a t i o n mea s u r : ii i g d e v i c e s , the n e x t s t e p is t o l o a d tiie n o d e l o v e r a r a n g e where t h e l o a d s a n d displ:acr-:inents are l i n e a r Ly r s l a t e d . F i g u r e 1 5 s?iows t h e load--clis;)Lacement data o b t a i n e d by Khan45 from one of t h e WFT. t e s t models. Those d a t a IILIY t i w n be iised i n c o n j u n c t io11 with the norninal d i s p I . s c e n e n t / v o t a t i on c a l c u l . a t e d from ttie " p o i n t spr.i ng" s t r e n ~ t h - o f - m a t ~ r i a l smodel I : , ) d e t e r n i i n e :i i i i i i n e c i c a l v d u e f o r t h e iies~: s p e c i m n f l . e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r . F o r the in-plarie b e n d i n s t e s t . i L L u s t r a t e d i n F i g e 1 4 ( a ) , t h e nominal d e f l . e c t Lon of t h e s t r s n g t h - o f -material:; inodel ;3itiiout a p o i n t s p r i n g i s gi vcii by
2

gage.

15' Ir :.ire t h e moiaciits o f i n e r t i a of the b r a n c h , and run and L1-Rs &i!iieiisi~~iis shown i n the f i g u r e . The d i f f e r e n c e bet.geen the measiircrid defl.ec:tfori. 6 arid tPte nct,ninal d e E l e c t i o n 6 r n n' which w e wi.1-l c a l l the e?).:cessd e f l e c t ion
WllC?Tt?

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i s t h e d e f l e c t i o n due to t h e p o i n t s p r i n g .
the11

The p o i n t s p r i n g r o t a t i o n i s

30

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Fig. 15. Khan'sb5 WFI t e s t model 1 , l o a d - d i s p l a c e n e n t p l o t s f o r i n - p l a n e moment l o a d .

31
9/F = ( 6 m For bending moinent e v a l u a t i o n , t h e r o t a t i o n w i t h respect t o t h e moment a c t i n g on t h e p o i n t s p r i n g $/Pi, i s needed t o be c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e ASPE Code ( s e e Fig. 2 ) . I n t h i s c a s e , Ms = FR6. Accordingly,

and As i s t h e v a l u e of t h e b r a n c h moment a t t h e o u t s i d e s u r f a c e of t h e run 2 i p e . The F i n a l s t e p i n d e t e r m i n i n g the f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r i s t o n o r m a l i z e Eq. ( 1 9 ) w i t h r e s p e c t t o a one-diameter l e n g t h of b r a n c h p i p e , a s d e f i n e d e a r l i e r by Eq. ( 1 0 ) i n S e c t . 9. Thus,

(20)

To go t h r o u g h t h i s p r o c e s s , t h e t e s t r e p o r t m u s t e i t h e r s t a t e t h e modulus of e l a s t i c i t y of t h e test specimen m a t e r i a l O K , g e n e r i c a l l y , the m a t e r i a l 30 t h a t i.; can be e s t i m a t e d (2.9.) f o r c a r b o n s t e e l , E = 3 x 107 psi). Ln a d d i t i o n , of course!, the t e s t d a t a r e p o r t must d e s c r i b e t h e t e s t specimen i n s u f f i c i e n t d e t a i l so t h a t t h e l e n g t h s R1-R6 c a n be d e t e r r a i ned If k is a l,3rgca value!, t h e measured d i s p l a c e m e n t 6m w i l l . be s i g i i i F i - . t z a n t l y 1arg:tzr t h a n 6 n , and a c c u r a t e t e s t v a l u e s of k cail be e s t a b l i s h e d . C o n v e r s e l y , of c o u r s e , f o r small k e x t r e m e l y a c c u r a t e e x p e r i m e n t a l techn i q u e s must be used t o e s t a b l i s h e v e n an appr0ximat.e v a l u e of k. Roughly, a t b e s t , e x p e r i m e n t a l k ' s s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d as k f 1 . For example, an e x p e r i m e n t a l l y d e t e r m i n e d k of 1 might Lie between 2 and 0 , but a c a r e f u l l y d e t e r m i n e d k oE 40 s h o u l d lie between 4 1 and 39. For l a r g e r k ' s , p e r h a p s a nore r e a l i s t i c estimate of the a c c u r a c y woald be &IO% (e.g., 40 f 4 ) .

4.2.2

T e s t s f o r Models w i t h D/T

>

900

To o u r knowledge t h e r e have o n l y been f i v e n o 7 z l e f l e x i b i l i t y t e s t s i n v e r y l a r g e D/T t h i n - w a l l e d c y l i n d r i c a l v e s s e l s . Four of t h e s e , i d e n t ; i f i e d as CBL-1, - 2 , - 3 , arid - 4 , were t e s t e d by Chicago B r i d g e and I r o n ~ 0 . ~ l - 4T~ h e f i f t h rnodeL, i d e n t i f i e d as L P V 2 , was t e s t e d a r t h e UniThe vers i t y of W a t e r l o o by S c h r o e d ~ r . ~ ~ noclinal d i m e n s i o n s and dimens i o n l e s s p a r a m e t e r s of t h e s e m d e l s a r e g i v e n i n T a b l e 3. The t e s t model f o r C B I - 3 ( F i g . 16) c o n s i s t s O E a 60- by 63-in. c u r v e d p a n e l w i t h t h e edges a t t a c h e d t o c h a n n e l s . The t e s t nodel f o r C B l - 4 used the same c u r v e d p a n e l b u t w i t h a l s r g e r nozllle. The p a n e l f o r m o d e l s C B I - 1 and -2 was 1 3 4 by 134 i n . The LPV2 t e s t modt.1 a l s o used a c u r v e d p a n e l , 80 i n . i n t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l d i r e c t i o n and s e m i c i r c u l a r (12071 = 3 7 7 i n . ) i n t h e c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l d i r e c t i o n .

Table 3 .

Nominal. d i ; n e n s i o a s for n o z z l e s i n v e r y l a r g e d i a m e t e r , thin-walled, c y l i n d r i c a l tanks

CBI-1
CBI-2

41
41

310.5 310.5 251

C5I-3

CBI-4

42
43

0.296

0.296

LQV2

44

251

0.0993 0.0993 0.25

8.63 12.55
2.00

3 . 5

0.187

2.51

0.322

134

240
A
=

0.0523 0.25

0.0523

134
58 63

0.346

0.867
2.503

13.99

0.492 0.097

13.99

l2.02

0.919

1.583
1.899

25.80
238.96

17.72

80

12.02

10.33

1.899

46.49
3.00

1.000

aX

= il,/DWf,

L / D m .

33

R e f e r e n c e 4 2 s t a t e s : "The entirt:! ( p a n e l ) assembly was t h e i r a n c h o r e d s e c u r e l y i n a v e r t i c a l p o s i t i o n t o a 1.arge f o u r - p o s t e r j a c k i n g f r a m e , r o u g h l y 89 i n . h i g h by 85 i n . wtde and 68 i n . deep S t r a i n gages and def l e c t i o l i s e n s o r s were t h e n p l a c e d oil t h e shel.1.." The d e Iection m o n i t o r s , as judged by Fig. 9 of Kef. 4 2 , a p p e a r t o bc p l a c e d on t h e inside of t h e s h e l l , a d j a c e n t t o t h e i n w a r d l y p r o t r u d i n g n o z z l e . The p o i n t of s u p p o r t of t h e d e f l e c t i o n m o n i t o r s ( t r a n s d u c e r s ) i s n o t a p p a r e n t , b u t c o n s i d e r i n g t h e seeming r i g i d i t y of t h e Erane r e l a t i - v e t o t h e c e n t e r of t h e p a n e l , d e f l c c t i o n s of the s u p p o r t p o i n t s o r t h e d e f l e c t i o n t r a n s d u c e r s a r e p r o b a b l y not. s i g n i f i c a n t . Presumably, si.railar t e s t appar a t u s was used f o r CHI.-1 arid -2, F i g u r e s 1 7 and 18 show t h e t e s t a r r a n g e r x n t used f o r T,PV2. The d i a l gages were s u p p o r t e d f r o m t h e c o n c r e t e f l o o r ( F i g . 18). F i g u r e 19 shows measured d e f l e c t i o n s and r o t a t i o n s f o r C K I - 3 from Ref. 4 2 . The d i s p l a c e m e n t / l o a d r e l a t i o n s h i p s a r e r e a s o n a b l y l i n e a r i o c No and M i b u t not f o r r a d i a l l o a d . Xc:3111.ts f o r C8T.-4 from Ref. 43 a r e similar. F i g u r e 20 shows t h e radi.al. l o a d , > l o t . S t c e l e 1 3 i n c l u d e s a t a b u l a t i o n of t h e d i s p l a c e m e n t - - . r o t a ti o n pardme t e r s f o r a l l f o u r CXL models. We have checked t h e o r i g i n a l r e f e r e n c e s , and a p p r o x i m a t e l y a g r e e w i t h S t e e l e ' s moinent p a r a w t e r s . W e w i l l d i s c u s s t h e n o n l i n e a r a s p e c t of r a d i a l loading l a t e r i n t h i s report. Fi.gure 2 1 i s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of t:iw d i s p l a c e m e n t l o a d d a t a p r o v i d e d by S ~ h r o e d e r fo ~r~ LPV2. T h e d a t a are suinmarized i n T a b l e 6. No m e n t i o n i.s made of l i n e a r i t y of d i s p l a c e i n e n t / l o a d s , brit, as cain be s e e n i n T a b l e 4 , b o t h p o s i t i v e and n e g a t i v e loads w e r e a p p l i e d , and t h e y dre i n r e a s o n a b l e agreement w i t i i e a c h o t h e r . Because t h e di.splaceiaents wermeasured a t t h e end of an 11.5-in. l e n g t h of I ~ o z z ~ t.h~ e , noiuirial. d i s p l a c e m e n t s must be s u b t r a c t e d from t h e im;i:sured d i s p l a c e i a e n t s t o o b t a i n tlie e f f e c t of l o c a l d i s p l a c e m e n t s ; t h i s , a l o n g \ , d i t 1 1 a r e d u c t i o n t o S t e e l e s ' s t i f f n e s s pardineters and t o k - f a c t o r s , has been done i n T a b l e 4 . For r a d i a l l o a d s , S c h r o e d e r ' s l o a d - d i s p l a c e m e n t c u r v e s f o r outward l o a d i n g and inward l o a d i n g , r e s p e c t i v e l y , b o t h g i v e a d i s p l a c e m e n t of 6 = 0.106 i n . f o r a f o r c e of 1330 7.b. S t e e l c s ' parameters are then

...

F i g u r e 2 2 shows d a t a f o r a t o r s i o n a l inorwnf f r o m Kef. 4 4 . However, t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e of t h e s e d a t a d r e riot appareiit b e c d u s e t h e ainthor s t a t e s : For t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e t w i s t i n g c o u p l e a n atLachment was screwed t o t h e t h r e a d e d end oE t l i e : i l a z z l e and t h e t w i s t i n g c o u p l e was a p p l i e d a t a d i s t a n c e of 22 i n c h e s from tile vess e l . Thus, t h e r o t a t i o n g i v e n i n [ F i a . 22 h e r e i n ] h a s s i g n i f i c a n c e o n l y f o r t h e r o t a t i o n of t h e t . r i s t i n g c o u p l e , and i s n o t d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o t h e a n ~ 1 - eo f t w i s t a t the end of t h e n o z z l e , w h i c h i s o n l y 11.5 i n c h e s long.

35

u
rn
U

PI

h l

7
J
tr w
f

a
PI

v)

L l

0
a, L4
U W
*ri

h0
4

36
ORNL PHOTO 6627-87

Fig. 18. V i e w of displacement measuring device support frame for S ~ h r o e d e r ' smodel ~~ LPV2 t e s t .

37

O R N L - D W G 87-4634 E T D

.-

z
w

0
_J

L.100-

z t : >
;,200
0
-

STEELES' INTERPRETATION 13 a = 1.36, E=3x 1 0 '

0.02

--

LOAD (Ib)

---.loo

-- -0.01 -.

MOMENT (in.-lb)

(a)

t-.zoo

-0.02

Fig. 19. Load-displacement plots f o r CBI t e s t model C B I - 3 . (a) R a d i a l l o a d , ( b ) l o n g i t u d i n a l moinent, (c) c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l moment.

38
O R N L - D W G 87-4635
ETD

0
0
W W

C .-

I-0
1 U

-0

-0

-50

0
LOAD/IO ( I b )

50

100

Fig. 20. Whipple. 4 3

Load-displacement plots o r C B I test model CBI-4 from

O R N L - D W G 8 7 -4636 E T D

Fig. 21. Typical out-of -plane mornent (?lo) displacement d a t a for Schroeders model LPV2 from Fig. 20, Ref. 44.

39

Table 4 . Test d a t a summary f o r n o z z l e mo~nent l o a d s on S c h r o e d e r s model LPV2

Fig.

Load
_ I

( i n . -Lh) 1880
1850 2 100
2060

( rad. )

enia

n (rad. ) 0.0157 0.0154 0.0175 0.0172

0 h

(rad. )

ee@

d
0.169

ke
17.5 19.0
12.1

24

+ ! l o
-I{,

0.0395
0.0409 0.0359

0.0238
0.0255
0.0184

25
32
33

0.157
0.243

+Il

% ,

*i
.= measured

0.0360

0.0188

0.234

12.6

rotation.

n = nominal r o t a t i o n ML/EII, w i t h L = 11.5 i t - i . , E = 3 x IO7 p s i , In = ( a / 6 4 ) ( 1 . 0 4 - 0.54) = 0.04502 i n .

d S t e e l s s stiffness p a r a m e t e r , M/(ET3ee), with T

=

5 3 ,=

0m

- on.

0.25

in.

O,/(Ndo/EI,).

40

tx

ORNL - D h G 87

4638 E T D

J/

7
ARE

A - 9
DISPLACEMENT AND ROTATIOW OF NOZZLE EHQ
T

1720 Ln-lbr

Fig. from Fig.

22.

13, Ref.

T o r s i o n a l moiarnt r u t a t i o n d a t a f o r Schroeder's

modcL LPV2

44.

41

5.

BRANCH NOMENT FLEXIBILITY FACTORS COMPARED WITH TEST DATA

The v a r i o u s methods d i s c u s s e d e a r l i e r i n S e c t . 3 f o r c a l c u l a t i n g p i p i n g d e s i g n f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s are compared w i t h t h e a v a i l a b l e d a t a b a s e i n t h i s s e c t i o n and i n t h e f o l l o w i n g f o u r s e c t i o n s . The c o m p a r i s o n s d i s c u s s e d i n this s e c t i o n are f o r b o t h i n - p l a n e and o u t - o f - p l a n e moment loadings: on t h e b r a n c h , f o r u n r e i n f orced and r e i n f o r c e d b r a n c h connect i o i r s , f o r h r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s w i t h d/D 0.5 and t h o s e w i t h d/D > 0.5, and f o r b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s made w i t h ANST s t a n d a r d t e e s and t h o s e made w i t h s p e c i a l t y f a b r i c a t e d reinforcements, T h i s breakdown of b r a n c h connection types corresponds roughly with the design p r a c t i c e discussed i n S e r t . 2 . 3 , as w e l l as w i t h t h e a v a i l a b l e t e s t d a t a .

<

5.1

UNRELNFOKCED BRANCH CONNECTCONS WITH d/D

< 0.5

The a v a i l a b l e t e s t d a t a , a l o n g w i t h d i m e n s i o n a l p a r a m e t e r s and f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s c a l c u l a t e d by t h e v a r i o u s methods, are sunirnarized i n T a b l e s 4-7. W e have a l s o i n c l u d e d d a t a from t h r e e drawn o u t l e t models b e c a u s e t h e i i o z z l e s are e s s e n t i a l l y u n r e i n f o r c e d [see Fig. 2 3 ( a ) ] . S u p e r s c r i p t s 1 or 2 on t h e v a l u e s g i v e t i . f o r L/D i n d i c a t e w h e t h e r one o r b o t h ends of t h e r u n were r e s t r a i n e d ( f i x e d ) d u r i n g t h e t e s t . I f both e n d s were r e s t r a i n e d , a s i n d i c a t e d by a s u p e r s c r i p t 2 , t h e FAST':! a n a l y s i s iised L/D as g i v e n , I f , however, o n l y one end was r e s t r a i n e d d u r i n g t h e t e s t , L / D f o r t h e FAST2 a n a l y s i s was based 011 assuming t h a t t h e d i s t a n c e from t h e n o z z l e t o t h e f r e e end was f o u r tihies t h e d i s t a n c e ram t h e n o z z l e t o t h e f i x e d end. Both e n d s were t h e n r e s t r a i n e d i n t h e a n a l y s i s . The d a t a i n T a b l e s 5 and 6 were from model t e s t s with D/T 100 f o r which t h e ASME: Code e q u a t i - o n s were d e v e l o p e d . The d a t a i n T a b l e 7 on models w i t h D/T > 900 a r e o u t s i d e t h e i n t e n d e d range of t h e Code e q u a t i o n s . Both B i j l a a r d ' s basFc t h e o r y and S t e e l e s ' t h e o r y a r e app.I.icable t o a l l of the t e s t models. T h e d e s i g n methods based on t h e s e t h e o r i e s (M&S and LUGS) and (WRC-297 and FAST?), however, have c e r t a i n l i m i t a t i o n s , as d i s cussed e a r l i e r . T h i s f a c t is r e f l e c t e d by t h e a b s e n c e of an e n t r y i n t h e t a b l e s ; t h e r e a r e no e n t r i e s o r ~ & S i n Table 7 because t h e d e s i g n c h a r t s a r e l i m i t s 4 t o b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s w i t h D/T < 300. A t f i r s t g l a n c e i t i s a p p a r e n t t h a t a l l f i v e d e s i g n methods g i v e f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s t h a t d i f f e r from t h e t e s t d a t a by v a r i o u s and seemi n g l y random amounts. Because t h e amount of d a t a i s c l e a r l y i n s u f f i c i e n t t o do a m e a n i n g f u l s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s , we have llsed a "ratio-of-sums" method t o c a l c a l a t e a g o o d n e s s - o f - f i t v a l u e i o r comparison. The c a l c u l a t e d - t o - r e s t r a t i o s ( C T K s ) of t h e sums are deemed t o be more i n f o r m a t i v e t h a n t h e i n d i v i d u a l r a t i o s b e c a u s e t h e y w e i g h t t h e measure i.n p r o p o r t i o n t o t h e m a g n i t a d e of t h e k f a c t o r s . We c o n s i d e r CTR v a l u e s between 0.5 and 2.0 a? i n d i c a t i n g r e a s o n a b l y good c o r r e l a t L o n . V..ilues >2.0 o r <0.5 c l e a r l y i n d i c a t e poor c o r r e l a t i o n , The C T K v a l u e s s h a m i n T a b l e s 5 and 6 f o r i m d e l s w i t h D/T < 100 show t h a t t h e Code e q u a t i o n s a r e i n r e a s o n a b l y good agreement w i t h t h e t e s t d a t a f o r b o t h o u t - o f - p l a n e moment ( k o , T a b l e 5) and in-plane rnonent In fact, all five ( k i , T a b l e 6 ) ; CTF, = 1.04 and 0.71, r e s p e c t i v e l y .

<

42

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ORNL-DWG

a7 --4fi37 ETD

-?-

$
a
m

SADDLE REINFORCED

I
PAD REINFORCED

Fig.

23.

Special. t y p e s of b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s .

46

methods appear t o g i v e r e a s o n a b l e agreement w i t h t h e t e s t d a t a f o r i n p l a n e moment k i , and o n l y t h e WRC-297 method a p p e a r s n o t t o c o r r e l a t e w i t h t h e t e s t d a t a f o r o u t - o f - p l a n e mcjment ko. The LUGS 2rograr.i c o n s i s t e n t l y gave h i g h e r l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s t h a n t h e X&S d e s i g n ch-arts b e c a u s e of t h e i n f l u e n c e of t h e l e n g t h parameter. L / R , d i s c u s s e d e a r l i e r i n S e c t . 3.2. The M&S c h a r t s were a l l d e v e l o p e d f o r L / R =: 4 , wherezs t h e LUGS r e s u l t s were c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g L/K frorii t h e t e s t specimens. The data i n T a b l e 7 f o r models w i t h D/T > 900 i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e Code e q u a t i o n s do a r a t h e r poor j o b o f r e p r e s e n t i n g the t e s t r e s u l t s ( C T R = 3.08 f o r ko and 0.39 f o r k i ) . T h i s i.s n o t s u r p r i s i n g , however, b e c a u s e t h e Code e q u a t i o n s were d e v e l o p e d empiri-calLy from D / T < 1051 d a t a ; t h e D / T > 900 d a t a d i d n o t e x i s t a t t h a t t i m e . R i j l a a r d ' s t h e o r y (LUGS p r s gram) a l s o d o e s a poor j o b b e c a n s e of c o n v e r g e n c e p r o b l e m f o r 1.arge 9/T inodels and b e c a u s e t h e ?I&S c h a r t s are l i m i t e d t o D/T 'E 300. T a b l e 7 does n o t i n c l u d e r e s u l t s froiz B i j l a a r d ' s t h e o r y . T h e !RC--Z97 method f a i l s t o c o r r e l a t e w i t h t h e t e s t d a t a o r ko (CTR = 2.37) a l t h o u g h t h e v a l u e s c a l c u l a t e d d i r e c t l y fro13 S t e e l e s ' t h e o r y (PAST:?) appear t o g i v e e x c e l l e n t r e s u l t s ( C ' R = 0.94).

5.2

NOZLLE-KELNFOKCEO

KRANCH CONNECTLONS WJ'E'1 d / D

<

0.52

The a v a i l a b l e t e s t d a t a , a l o n g w i t h f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s c a l c u l a t e d by the v a r i o u s d e s i g n methods, are s u m ~ ~ i a r i z e d i n T a b l s 8. The model p a r a m e t e r s a r e summarized i n T a b l e 9. Note t h a t a l l of the b r a n c h conn e c t i o n s f o r which w e hav- d a t a a r e s p e c ; - a l t y p r o d u c t items so1.d conact:c i a l l y by e i t h e r Ronney Forge or WFX Tntei-nat.Lonal. The WFI d a t a o n l y became a v a i l a b l e r e c e n t l y . A l l o t h e 1 1 l i > i $ . ~ 1 were ~ f u l l y r e i n f otrced by i n c r e a s e d nozz1.e wall t h i c k n e s s t o n e e t t h e ASME Code r e q u i r e m e n t s ( N B - 3 6 4 3 ) , e x c e p t f o r t h e t h r e e items 45-15, -23, atid - 2 4 , which veri< e x p e r i m e n t a l models w i t h o n l y 50% r e i n f o r c e m e n t . Table 8 includes three p a i r s of nomirially i d e n t i c a l t e s t mode1.s: 45-5 and -6, 45-7 and - 8 , and 45-17 and -18. For e a c h p a i . r , t h e k o v a l u e s a r e r e a s o n a b l y c l o s e , i n d i c a t i i ~ g the r e p r o d u c i b i L i t y of t h e t e s t r e s u l t s . Because of t h e n o z z l e w a l l r - ? i n f o r c e m r n L , many of t h e t e s t models had icean d i a m e t e r r a t i o s d/D arid o u t s i d e nozz1.e d i a m e t e r r a t i o s dn/D t h a t a r e g r e a t e r t h a n t h e s t a t e d a p p l i c a b i l i t y oE t h e Code eqiuations [ E q s . ( 8 ) and ( 9 ) 1. ? l e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e Code e q u a t i o n s gave r e a s o n a b l y good agroclilent w.itli t h e t e s t d a t a ( i . e . , CTR -- Q.94 f u r k 0 arid 1.07 f o r Xi). The v a l u e s of ko i3lld lc. g i v e n i n Tabl~e 8 f o r B i j l a a r d ' s t h e o r y (416s; LUGS) a r e based on u s i n g dn)D r a t h e r t h a n do/D t o c a l . c u l a t e t h e p a r a m e t e r f3, a l t h o u g h e x t r a p o l a t i o n of t h e X&S d e s i g n c u r v e s was n e c e s s a r y f o r some of the models; M&S ciirves e x t e n d t o ,B = 3.55. Using d /U redclccd t h e t> c a l c u l a t e d v a l u e s f o r k s i g n i f i c a n t l y and b r i n g s theiil rnEn b e t t e r a%:ree.ment w i t 1 1 t h e t e s t d a t a , a l t h o u g h o r t h i s ' l i m i t e d s e t of d a t a , t h e Code e q u a t i o n s s t i l l s e e n t o c o r r e l a t e somcLdhat b e t t e r . The v a l u e s of k, g i v e n i n T a b l e 8 iiiider WKC-297 obviously do n o t c o r r e l a t e w e l l w i t h t h e test d a t a ( C T R = 5.58). T h i s may be because t h e c u r v e s i n t h e b u l l e t i n were not i n t e n d e d t o a p g l y t o n o z ~ l f - . . * r a l . l - r c i i ~ . - f o r c e d branch c o n n e c t i o n s . The bul.Letin c u r v e s a r e based on u n i f o r i u w a l l t h i c k n e s s b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s t h a t are e f f e c t i v e l y i - n f i n i t e i n l e n g t h .

Table 8.

Flexi b i l k t y f a c t o r s f o r nozzle-reinforced (d/E < 0 . 5 2 , D/T < 109)

ic0

branch c o n n e c t i o n s

Ref. No.

Branch type
Test

f o r out-of-plane
Y& S

iilomei?t
WRC-297 42 44 21 21 32 32 34 47 47 50
16 FAST2
Test

ki f o r in-plane moment
Code
2.0 2.6
:!&S LUGS

Code
5.9 8.1 4.3 4.3 5.3 5.3 6.0 7.2 7.2 8. i

LUGS

FAST2

39 40 45-5 45-6 45-7 45-8 45-15 45-17 45-18 45-23 45-24 37

CTR
SilIilS

7.9 10.2
8X3PC 3X3P 8x4P 5.6 4.3 5.9 6.5 6.1 5.5 4.9 6.2
5.6

11 15 13 13
10

17.6 12.2 4.2 7.5 4.2 8.8 4.G 2.i 6.9 8.1 12. I

9.6 14.4
7.5 7.5 8.2 8.2 8.9 7.6 7.8

1.2 2.5

1.6 2.8

5.2 3.9

2.2 3.0

8X4P
8X4P

50X

10 11 14 14 16 6.2 133.2 1.92

12X6kd 12X6-V 12X6V - 5016 12X6V - 502 12X4W

2.0 9.2 8.3 97.4 1.41 2.4

2.8 1.3 8.7 1.07

2.7
1.3

2.1

2.4 2.0 9.6 1.19

3.5
65.2 0.94

2.1

69.2

8 8 . 1 l.27

386 5.58

8.1

8.4 1.04

13.3 1.64

ad i n d i c a t e s i3onney Forge Weldolet; see Fig.

3 ( c ) f o r g e n e r i c shape. 3:a) f o r g e n e r i c shape.

1 ,
V

i n d i c a t e s Bonney Forge delded i n s e r t ; see F i g .

P indicates GdFI P i p e t t e , f i l l e t welded i n p l a c e ; see F i g . 3(aj f o r g e n e r i c shape.

i n d i c a t e s kJFI V e s s e l o t , i n s s r t welded i n p l a c e ; see Fig. 3 ( n ) f o r geiierkc shape.

T a b l e 9.

Dime ns i o n a i p a r a m e t e r s f o r noz zl e-re i n f o r c e d b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s (d/D < 0.52, I)/T < 100)

39 40 45-5 45-6 45-7 45-5 45-15 45-17 45-18 45-23 45-24 37

12X6W 14X6IW 8X3P 8X?? 8X4P 8X4J 8X4P

12.75 14.00 8.625 8.625 8.625 8.625 8.625 12.75 12.75 12. ? 5 i2.75 12.75

6.625 7.625 4.250 4.250 5.250 5.250 5.000 7.750 7.750 7.37s 7.375 6.51L

0.375 0.375 0.322 0.322 0.322 0.322 0.322 0.375 0.375 0.375 0.375 0.375

0.280 0.280 0.216 0.216 0.237 3.237 0.237 0.280 0.280 0.280 0. 280 0.207

1.19 0.78 0.591 3.591 3.612 0.6!2 0.487 0.825 0.825 0.638 0.638 0.862

2.375 1.73 1.75 1.75 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.69 2.69 2.69 2.69

40 44.5 18.75 18.75 18.75 18.75 18.75 18.75 18.75 18.75 18.75 58

96 48 31.25 31.25 31.25 31.25 31.25 32. 1 . 32.1 32.1 32. i 58

33.0 36.3 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.E 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 28.7

0.513 0.466 0.396 0.396 0.513 0.513 0.513 0.513 0.513 0.513 0. 513 0.346

0.747 0.747 0.671 0.671 0.736 0.736 0.736 0.747 0.747 0.747 0.747 0.552

3.173 2.080 1.835 1.835 1.901 1.512

1.901

0.683 0.560 0.513 0.513 0.632 0.632 0.602 0.624 0.624 0.593 0.593 0.487

SO%

' 4

12X6V 12X6V 12X6V - 50% 12X6V - 50% 12X4W

2.200 2.200 1.701 1.701 2.301

2. 1 2 5

%ee T a b l e 8 f o r noroenclature.

' L i and L2 a r e t h e d i s t a n c e s from t h e b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n c e n t e r l i n e t o t h e e n d s of t h e r u n d u r i n g t h e t e s t . t h e s e t e s t s were conducted with end 1 r e s t r a i n e d and e n d 2 u n r e s t r a i n e d .

'dn/D
=

All

d/3 + (2tn/T - t/T)/(D/T).

The v a l u e s g i v e n i n t h e t a b l e are based on u s i n g d,/D r a t h e r t h a n do/D t o __ c a l c u l a t e t h e p a r a m e t e r A ; t h a t i s , A n = (d,/D) J D / T , and T / t n r a t h e r t.hnn T / t t o i n t e r p o l a t e between t h e B u l l e t i n c u r v e s ( s e e F i g . 13). Using dn/D r a t h e r t h a n d o / U r e d u c e s t h e c a l c u l a t e d k o ' s s i g n i f i c a n t l y and b r i n g s t h e n i n t o b e t t e r agreement w i t h t h e t e s t d a t a , b u t u s i n g a n i n c r e a s e d nozz1.e wal.1 t h i c k n e s s t, d e c r e a s e s t h e s t i f f n e s s p a r a m e t e r M/E'r3B a n d , t h u s , i n c r e a s e s k 0 . Thi.s i s o p p o s i t e t o what one would e x p e c t . " On t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s ko and ki o b t a i n e d d i r e c t l y from S t e e l e s ' t h e o r y (FAST2) agree r e m a r k a b l y well w i t h t h e t e s t d a t a (CTR = 1.41 f o r ko and 1.19 f o r k i ) . These r e s u l t s were o b t a i n e d by i n c l u d i n g t h e l e n g t h of t h e n o z z l e w a l l r e i n f o r c e m e n t Tali, as we1.L as t h e o t h e r model di-mensions i n t h e a n a l y s e s . From t h i s , w e c o n c l u d e t h a t Ln may a l s o be an i i o p o r t a n t model p a r d m e t e r , acid i t s i n f l u e n c e :should be s t u c l i ed f u r t h e r

5.3

UNKEZNFURCKU BRANCH CONNECTIONS WITH d/D

>

0.5

T a b l e 10 s u m n a r i z e s t h e a v a i l a b l e t:e.st d a t a for u n r e i n f o r c e d b r a n c h c o n a e c t i o n s w i t h l a r g e - d i a m e t e r b r a n c h e s (d/D > 0.5). None of t h e anal y t i c a l d e s i g n methods f o r c a l c u l a t i n g f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s i s a p p l i c a b l e f o r t h e s e models i n c l u d i l ? g t h e Code cqua1:ions. N e v e r t h e l e s s , we have used t h e Code eqiuat i o n s arid somewhat s u r p r i s i n g l y f ouiid r e a s o n a b l y good agreemeiits w i t h t h e t e s t d a t a . The one e x c e p t i o n i s t h e E u l l o u t l e t (d/D = l.O), 24- hy 24-411. model (No. 3 3 - 2 ) where t h e t e s t d a t a gave a s i g n i E i c a n t l y smaller o u t - o f - p l a n e f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r t h a n t h e Code equations. i f t h i s one d a t a poi-nt i s n e g l e c t e d , CTR = 1.08 f o r ko. The e x p e r i m e n t a l o u t - o f - p l a n e f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r ko f o r t h e two o t h e r : f u l l o u t l e t models, 47-1 and 4 7 - 2 , a g r e e d v e r y w e l l w i t h t h e Code equation. F o r i n - p l a n e h e n d i n g , t h e Code e q u a t i o n a g r e e d r e a s o n a b l y w e l l w i t h t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a o v e r t h e f u l l r a n g e of d/D; CKT = 1.00 f o r ki. Although thet-e are on1.y t e n d a t a p o i n t s , t h e g e n e r a l t r e n d i s f o r k, t o i n c r e a s e w i t h i n c r e a s i n g d/D arid then t o d e c r e a s e a t o r near d/D = 1.0. Although t h i s may r e f l e c t a t e s t i n g o r t e s t e v a l u a t i o n e r r o r , w e t h i n k i t may be a r e a l phenonenon. I f one c o n s i d e r s a t r a n s v e r s e s e c t i o n of a braiich c o n n e c t i o n w i t h d/D = 1.0, t h e b r a n c h p i p e is t a n g e n t t o t h e r u n p i p e , g i v i n g a membrane-like t r a n s f e r of braiich l o a d t o t h e run p i p e i n t h e tralisversc g l a n e . When d/D is <1.0, however, t h e b r a n c h i s n o t t a n g e n t t o t h e run p i p e , and mure s h e l l bendi-ng i s i n v o l v e d . it i s p o s s i b l e that:. X i n c r e a s e s up t o soisle v a l u e of d/D around 0.8 and t h e n d e c r e a s e s 9 signifi c a n t l y b e t w e e n d/D = 0.8 a n d d/D = 1.0. An a n a l o g o u s phenomenon a p p e a r s t o e x i s t f o r s t r e s s e s c a u s e d by o u t - o f - p l a n e moments.

* s e e d i s c u s s i o n i n s'Summary," S e c t .

12.1.

50
T a b l e 10. F l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s f o r u n r e i riforced b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s (d/D > 0 . 5 , D/T loo)

<

Ref. No.
30-1 30-2 45-1 45-2 45-3 45-4 36-1 36-2 47-1 47-2

Nominal size
24 x 12 24 x 24 8 x 6 8 x 6 12 x 10 12 x 10
20 x 12 20 x 12"

Model p a r a m e t e r s
~ _ I

ko
I _

ki
Test 8.4 17 3.5

DIT
76 76
26 26 33 33
19

d/D
0.53 1.00 0.76 0.76, 0.84 0.84 0.64 0.64

t/T

Test
44

Code
44.0 67.6

Code
10.0 15.4 4*4

0.80

1.00

16
11.2 13.1 12.8

0.87 0.87 0.97 0.97

11.4 17.9 17 .? 5.9 26*6 12.3 203.6 1.44 1.2 1.8

8.25
2.5 2.5

19 41.4 24.7

0.69 0.69

3.5 23.0 13.1 141.7

10

10 10 x 10
x

1.00
1.00

1.00
1.00

7.67

8.28 4.94 43.0 1.00

Sums CTK

49.8

(1.08)b

a?40del 36-2 was a drawn o u t l e t ; see Fig.

bCTR i f model 30-2

23,

is n e g l e c t e d .

T a b l e 11 summarizes t h e a v a i l a b l e t e s t d a t a f o r n o z z l e - r e i n f o r c e d b r a n c h c o n n e c t i . o n s w i t h large-di.aineter b r a n c h e s (d/D > 0.5). A11 of ther,cz d a t a a r e Eor s p e c i a l t y p r o d u c t i terns s o l d by W F I 15 P i p e t t e s i n d i c a t e d by a "P" i n t h e second column and Vessclets indicated by a "V." F o u r of t h e items, 45-16, - 2 2 , - 2 5 , and - 2 6 , were e x p e c i r n e n t a l models i n t e n d e d t o t e s t t h e i n f l u e n c e of n o z z l e wall r e i n f o r c r n e r l t ; 50% i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e n o z z l e w a l l provi-des only 50% of the Code-required r e i n forcement. Most O F the f l e x i b i l i t y d a t a are f o r o u t - o f - p l a n e m o m e n t s w i t h o n l y two d a t a p o i n t s f o r i n - p l a n e noiaerits. None of the a n a l y t i c a l d e s i g n methods a r e appl.i.cable f o r these models, i n c l u d i n g the Code e q u a t i o n s , b e c a u s e of t h e l a r g e d/D r a t i o s . N e v e r t h e l . e s s , t h e comparisons shown i n T a b l e 11 suggest t h a t t h e Code e q u a t i o n s g i v e r e a s o n a b l y good d e s i g n g x i d a n c e f o r d/D r a t i o s up t o a b o u t 0.75. The t m d a t a p o i n t s , 45-13 atid -14, for d / D = 1.00 from ~ : J D nomin a l l y i d e n t i c a l t e s t models are s o d i f f e r e n t t h a t c o n c l u s i o n s a r e n o t p o s s i b l e f o r d/D > 0.75. T h e o t h e r t h r e e p a i r s of n o m i n a l l y i d e n t i c a l . models ( 4 5 - 9 , -10); ( 4 5 - 1 1 , - 1 2 ) ; and ( 4 5 - 2 0 , - 2 1 ) gave t e s t r e s u l t s t h a t a r e i n r e a s o n a b l y goo3 agreement.

51
T a b l e 11. F l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s f o r n o z z l e - r e i n f o r c e d branch c o n n e c t i o n s (d/D > 0.5, D/T < 100)
Model p a r a m e t e r s
__.............~.I___I -

Ref. No.

Branch
tY P "

__

ko

ki
Codeb
Test

D/T

d/D

t/T

t,/T

'Test

Code@

4 5 -9

h5-10 45-1 1

8X5P 8X5P

45-1 2
45-1.3

8X6P
8XhP 8X8P
8X8P 8XSP

26 26
26

45-14 45-16 45-19 45-20 4 5-2 1

45-22 4 5-2 5

- 50%

26 26 26 26 33 33 33 33 33 33

0.64 0.54 0. 76 0.76 1.00 0.76 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67
1.00

0.80 0.80 0.87 0.87 0.87

2.45 2.45
2.62 2.42

1.00 1.00

2.75 2.75 1.94 2.86 2.86 2.86 3.19 2.03 2.03

6.3 8.2 7.4 14.3 5.3 6.1

5.3 6.0 4.8

7.2

5.1 5.1 6.8 6.8 8.5 8.5 7.6 8.3 8.3

7.8
2.2 2.8

12X8V
12X8V

45-26
Sums

12X8V 12X8V 12X8V 12X8V

---

100% 50% 50%

0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86

6.0 76.9

9.8 82.6 1.07

2.6

3.4 6.2 1.29

C TR

4.8

P ' s t a n d s f o r WFI P i p e t t e , V s t a n d s f o r W I V e s s o l e t , and p e r c e n t a g e v a l u e s r e f e r t o Code-required r e i n f o r c e m e n t .

'Equaiion

(8) of t e s t .
( 9 ) of t e x t .

'Equation

5.5

SADDLE-,

PAD-,

AND SLECVE-KEiNFOKCKI)

HKANCH C O N N E C ' U O N S

t h a t were o b t a i n e d p r i o r t o 1962. P e r h a p s t h i s r e f l e c t s a l a c k of i n t e r e s t i n t h e s e t y p e s of b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s , arid i n d e e d o u r s u r v e y of d e s i g n p r a c t i c e i n the nimcl.ear i n d u s t r y i n d i c a t e d t h a t the s p e c i a l t y p r o d u c t r e i n f n c c e d b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s were p r e f e r r e d . However, the p o t e n t i a l i x i s t s f o r u s i n g p a d - r e i L i f o r c e d v e s s e l . n o z z l e s a t t h e vesselp i p e i n t e r f a c e o r t h e de.si.gn of m o r e - f l e x i b l e n u c l e a r p i p i n g . 4 8 None of t h e a n a l y t i . c a 1 d e s i g n methods c o n s i d e r i d i n t h i s r e p o r t are a p p l i c a b l e t o n o n i n t e g r a l reinforced brdnch connections. The two t h a t gave t h e h e s t c o r r e l a t i o n s art? shown i;l 'Tnh1.c 12. 'The FAST? a n a l - y s e s w O r e made 011 ? h i k g ~ c dr e i n f o r c e d mode1.s as shown in F i g . 2 4 . T h e res u l t s , shown i n T a b l e 1 2 , t e n d t o agree q u i t e well w i t h t h e t e s t d a t a .

f ,,reed braiich c o n n e c t i o n s a r e suinlnarized i n 'Table 1 2 ; t h e d i m e n s i o n a l p a r a i n e t e r s a r i g i v e n i n T a b l e 13. F i g u r e 2 3 shows t h e major d e s i g n f e n c u r e r . N o t e t h a t a l l t h e d a t a a r e f u r b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s w i t h d / i ~ 100

The avai.l.able cxpe.ri.,nent:il. d a t a f o r s a d d l e - ,

pad-,

and s l e e v e - r e i n -

<

52
T a b l e 1 2 . F l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s f o r s a d d l e - , pad-, and s l e e v e r e i n f o r c e d b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s " (d/D < 0.52, D/T < 100)
k o f o r out-of--plane
___I________._.._____

Ref. No.

Nominal size

ki f o r i n - p l a n e
_.I____Ic_.........

Test

Code

FAST2

Test

Code

_FAST2

saciate
31 32 32 37. 35
CTR
Suas

12 x 4 24 x 4 24 x 8 24 x 12 16 x 6

18 15 22

31.8

25.C

12 3

35.8 44.0

8.7

6.0 12.5 11. 5 16,5 2.4

4. 5 1.5 2.1 2.8

1.3 12.2

10.00 3.07
34. 58 2.83

7.66 5.70 8.15

2.13 2-58

0.99
12.59 1.03

3.50

3.29

145.3 2.08

48.9

0.70

.Pads
32 32 32 35 34
Sums CTR
24 x 4 24 x 8 24 x 1 2 15 x 6 48 x 6

20 28 18 8.4 10

25.0 35.8 44.0 8.7 17.0 130.5

14.9 22.8 18.1 3.7

8.0

4. 7 3.6 5.6 1.5 1.6

17.0

8.15 10.00 3.07

5.70

4.23

3.82

5.12 1.66 3.11

19.12 1.12

5.00

84.4

1.55

63.5

0.80

30.74 1.81

32

24 x 12

22 176.4

44
319.8 1.81
116.4 0.75

5.6 34.8

10.00
75.32 2.16
31.71 1.09

O v e r a l l sums O v e r a l l CTR

"See F i g . 23 and Table 13 o r d i m e n s i o n a l p a r a m e t e r s .

The Code e q u a t i o n s tended t o o v e r e s t i m a t e t h e f l e x i b i l i t y by a b o u t a f a c t o r of 2. 4 f r e q u e n t c o n c e r n .is how t o adjusL d e s i g n gui.dalice f o r i t i t e g r a l rei nE o r ced b r a n ch c onne c t i o n s t o a p p 1y t o no n i nt eg I : a 1 re i n f o r cene i l t s Some s p e c u l a t i o n i s t h e r e f o r e a p p r o p r i a t e . W e m i g h t , or example, a t t e m p t t o f i n d an e q u i v a l e n t p i p e wa1.l t h i c k n e s s , Te, t h a t c o u l d h e u s e d i n the Code e q u a t i o n s t o g i v e a b e t t e r esti.mate of t h e f l e x i b i l i t y factors. F i r s t , n o t e from T a b l e 1 2 t h a t t h e overal.1. CTRs g i v e t!ie r a t i o s k /koe = 1.31 and k i c / k i e = 2.16 o r o u t - o f - p l a n e and in-p'lanc? n o m e n t s , wi%r, t h e added s u b s c r i p t s i n d i c a t e " C ~ d e ' l and "experi:,ient , ' I respectively. Then n o t e t h a t t h e Code e q u a t i o n s [ h e r e i n , E q s . ( 8 ) and ( 9 ) ] ,

T a b l e 13.

D i m e n s i o n a l p a r a m e t e r s f o r s a d d l e - , pad-, a n d s l e e v e - r e i n f o r c e d b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s " (d/D < 0 . 5 2 , DIT < 1 0 0 )

saJd 7,e fi
31 32 32 32 35 12 24 24 24 i6
x x

4 4 x 8 x 12 x 6

12.75 24.00 24.00 24.00

15.00

0.1875 0.312 0.312 0.312 0.500

4.500 4.500 8.625 12.750 6.625

0.165 0.237 0.250 0.250 0. 280

109.5 21

24 75 180

24 150 48 109.5 21

7.313 9.625 17.250 23.750 l1.525

0.368 0.344 0.438 0.438 0.500

67.0

75.9 75.9 75.9 31.0

0.345 0.180 0.354 0.526 0.409

0.88 0.76 0.80

0.80
0.56

1.625 2.139 2.000 1.863 1.755

1.96

1.10
1.40 1.40 1.00

Pad6
32 32 32 35 34 24 x 4 24 x 8 24 x 1 2 i6 x 6 48 x 5 24.00 24.00 24.00 16.00 49.25 0.312 0.312 0.312 0.500 0.625 8.625 12.750 6.625 6.625

yl

L a

4.500

0.237 0.250 0.250 0.280 0.289

36 78 109.5 21

4:

192 150 109.5 21 73

7.750 15.750 25.000 12.125 i0.500

0.375 0.375 0.375 0.500 0.625

75.9 75.9 75.9 31.0 77.8

0.180 0.354 0.528 0.409 0.130

0.76 0.80 0.80

0.56

0.45

1.722 1.826 1.960 1.830 1.535

1.20 1.20 1.20 1.00 1.00

Sleeve
32 24 x 12 24.00 0.312 12.750 0.250 109.5 109.5
C

0.375

75.9

0.528

0.80

1.20

aSse F i g . 23 f o r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of d i m e n s i o n s .
b A l l of t h e s e t e s t s were f o r n o z z l e s i n h e a d e r s w i t h b o t h e n d s more o r l e s s r e s t r a i n e d . t a n c e s f r o 3 t h e n o z z l e c e n t e r l i n e t o t h e e n d s of t h e h e a d e r ,

L1 a n d

L2 a r e t h e d i s -

'The

a x i a l l e n g t h of r e i n f o r c e m e n t f o r t h i s m o d e l , Ln = 25.0 I n . ;

L n / d o = 1.46.

54
ORNL-DWG 07-4639 ETD DLE E

n n n

BOTH ENDS HELD

Fig.

24.

Saddle- and p a d - r e i n f o r c e d

models used o r FAST2 a n a l y s i s .

c a n be w r i t t e n as

. Similar e x p r e s s i o n s can where G0 and Gi c o n t a i n a l l the terms e x c e p t T be written f o r koe and kie i n terms of the e q u i v a l e n t p i p e wall Te:

so t h a t t i l e CLK r a t i o s g i v e

(koc/koe)
and

(Te/T)2

1.81

(kic/kie)

(T,/T)3/2

2.16

55
The e q u i v a l e n t w a l l t h i c k n e s s e s are t h e n

T,
and

( l . 8 1 > 1 / 2 T = 1.35 T

f o r ko

,
(25)

Te

= ( 2 , 1 6 ) 2 / 3 T = 1.67

f o r ki

Note t h a t T i s c o n s i d e r a b l y l e s s t h a n ( t + T I , which r a n g e s from 2T t o P 2.961: f o r t&e models i n T a b l e 13. I t i s a l s o i n f o r i n a t i v e t o l o o k a t t h e s a d d l e d a t a and t h e pad d a t a s e p a r a t e l y b e c a u s e t h e y are q u i t e d i f f e r e n t t y p e s of r e i n f o r c e m e n t . F o r ko

Type reinforcing Saddles Pads

of

F o r ki

CT K

T,/T

CT R

T,/T
2.00
1.49

2.08 1.55

1.44
1.24

2.83
1.81

As might be e x p e c t e d , t h e s e data i n d i c a t e t h a t s a d d l e s are inore e f f e c t i v e t h a n pads i n r e d u c i n g f l e x i b i l i t y . C o n v e r s e l y , i f one were i n t e r e s t e d i n r e t a i n i n g f l e x i b i l i t y w h i l e i n c r e a s i n g the bending s t r e n g t h of t h e b r a n c h The r e l a t i v e c o n n e c t i o n , t h e n pads would be more e f f e c t i v e t h a n s a d d l e s . v a l u e s of t h e p a r a m e t e r s tl /T and D / d o shown i n T a b l e 13 p r o b a b l y b o t h i n f l u e n c e t h i s saddle-vs-pgd r e l a t i g n s h i p as w e l l . I f one were t o s e r i o u s l y c o n s i d e r modifying t h e Code f l e x i b i l i t y e q u a t i o n s t o a l s o c o v e r n o n i n t e g r a l r e i n f o r c e m e n t s , a much l a r g e r d a t a b a s e would be needed* Because the FAST2 computer program a p p e a r s t o f i t t h e e x i s t i n g d a t a , a n e x p l o r a t o r y p a r a m e t e r s t u d y s h o u l d be done t o prov i d e t h e needed a d d i t i o n a l d a t a .
5.6
ANSI B16.9
TEES AND SWEEPOLETS

m a n u f a c t u r i n g s t a n d a r d . 49 9 These s t a n d a r d s i n c l u d e o v e r a l l d i m e n s i o n a l and b a s i c p r e s s u r e s t r e n g t h r e q u i r e m e n t s , as w e l l a s c o n t r o l s f o r c e r t a i n manufacturing v a r i a b l e s . I n t h e d e s i g n r u l e s f o r n u c l e a r p i p i n g , ANSI B16.9 tees are r e c o g n i z e d as a class of p i p i n g p r o d u c t s d i s t i n c t from o t h e r t y p e s of b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s . By common u s a g e , t h e term i n c l u d e s o n l y t h o s e tees t h a t are c h a r a c t e r i z e d by a smooth t r a n s i t i o n r e g i o n between t h e b r a n c h and run o u t l e t s and are f o r g e d from a segment of s t r a i g h t p i p e u s i n g a n e x t e r n a l - s u r f a c e d i e and some means f o r e x t r u d i n g

ANSL B16.9 tees are a c l a s s of c o m m e r c i a l l y a v a i l a b l e , b u t t - w e l d i n g tees f a b r i c a t e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h e i t h e r t h e ANSI B16.9 o r MSS-SP48

56
the b r a n c h o u t l e t . Machined tees and welded t e e j o i n t s , as w e l l as s p e c i a l t y p r o d u c t s t h a t are welded t o t h e run p i p e , are n o t i n c l u d e d . The m a n u f a c t u r i n g s t a n d a r d s i n c l u d e d i m e n s i o n a l c o n t r o l s f o r t e e s w i t h d/D r a t i o s between a b o u t 1/3 and 1.0. F i g u r e s 25 and 26 are p h o t o g r a p h s of two of t h e t e e s t h a t were t e s t e d u n d e r t h e ORNL P i p i n g Program.S1 F i g u r e 25 i s d cut-away model of a 12 x 6 sched. 40 s t a i n l e s s s t e e l tee (ORNL T-8) showing t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c o n t o u r and wall t h i c k n e s s v a r i a t i o n t h a t i s t y p i c a l of r e d u c i n g tees. F i g u r e 26 i s a n e x t e r n a l v i e w of a 24 x 24 s c h e d . 40 c a r b o n s t e e l tee (ORNL T-10) t h a t shows t h e smooth t r a n s i t i o n and t a n g e n t i n t e r s e c t i o n a t t h e s i d e t h a t is c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of f u l l o u t l e t tees. S w e e p o l s t s are f o r g e d , smooth t r a n s i t i o n , s p e c i a l t y p r o d u c t i t e m s , t r a d e m a r k e d and s o l d by t h e P r e s s u r e F i t t i n g s D i v i s i o n of Gulf and W e s t e r n M a n u f a c t u r i n g Company, t h a t are i n s e r t - w e l d e d t o s t r a i g h t p i p e t o

ORNL PHOTO 78304

ORNL T-8.

Fig.

25.

Epoxy model of a 12- by 6-sched.

40 ANSI B16.9 t e e ,

57
ORNL PHOTO 7887-79

Fig. 26. A 24- by 24-sched. the fatigue-to-failure test.

40 ANSI B16.9

t e e , ORNL T-10,

following

form a b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n . The c o n t o u r geometry i s similar t o t h a t of ANSI B16.9 tees as shown i n Fig. 27. The a v a i l a b l e f l e x i b i l i t y d a t a are summarized i n T a b l e 14. A l l the tests were c o n d u c t e d w i t h one end of t h e r u n p i p e f i x e d ; t h e f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s d i s c u s s e d h e r e were d e t e r m i n e d from t h e d i s p l a c e m e n t d a t a u s i n g t h e " p o i n t s p r i n g " b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n model d i s c u s s e d i n S e c t . 4.1. These "k"s are d i f f e r e n t from t h e f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s g i v e n i n Ref. 46 b e c a u s e of t h e d i f f e r e n t s t r e n g t h - o f - m a t e r i a l s models used i n a n a l y z i n g t h e d a t a . The n e g a t i v e t e s t v a l u e f o r t h e sched. 160 tee T11 s i m p l y r e f l e c t s t h e f a c t t h a t t h e tee w a s h e a v i e r and c o n s e q u e n t l y s t i f f e r t h a n t h e " p o i n t s p r i n g ' ' model used i n a n a l y z i n g t h e d a t a . T a b l e 14 c o n t a i n s two e v a l u a t i o n s for ORNL T-1646 t h a t w a s o r d e r e d as sched. 10 w i t h a nominal w a l l t h i c k n e s s of 0.250 i n . Because of manuf a c t u r i n g p r a c t i c e s ( m a t e r i a l s a v a i l a b i l i t y , s c h e d u l i n g , e t c . ) , however, t h e tee was a c t u a l l y formed as sched. 20, w i t h a nominal w a l l t h i c k n e s s

58

...

ORNL PHOTO 6628-87

Fig. 27. Specialty p by the P r e s s u r e F i t t i n g s D (formerly e y F o r g e , Inc.

>.

nch c o n n e c t i o n i n s e r t S w e e p o l e t , made and Western M a n u f a c t u r i n g Co.

of 0.375 i n . T h i s p r o c e d u r e i s p e r m i t t e d under t h e ANSI B16.9 S t a n d a r d as l o n g a s t h e w e l d i n g e n d s a r e machined t o match t h e smaller s c h e d u l e p i p e t h a t w i l l be welded t o t h e tee. T h i s was done f o r ORNL T-16, b u t i n a d d i t i o n t h e w a l l t h i c k n e s s of t h e body of t h e tee w a s a l s o reduced by t h r o u g h - b o r i n g t h e r u n t o match t h e nominal i n s i d e d i a m e t e r of sched. 10 pipe. T h i s produced a v a r i a b l e w a l l t h i c k n e s s tee t h a t i s n o t t y p i c a l of e i t h e r sched. 10 o r sched. 20 ANSI B16.9 tees. The t e s t model was f a b r i c a t e d u s i n g s c h e d . 10 p i p e welded t o t h e tee. Comparisons of t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s w i t h t h e Code b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n f o r m u l a s g i v e n i n T a b l e 14 show t h a t t h o s e f o r m u l a s o v e r p r e d i c t t h e f l e x i b i l i t i e s by wide margins (CTR = 6.94 f o r ko and 2.14 f o r k. ). The t e s t v a l u e s are r e l a t i v e l y low, however, and t h e main mess a g e 1s t h a t t h e f l e x i b i l i t y of B16.9 tees i s n o t l i k e l y t o be s i g n i f i c a n t i n t h e d e s i g n of t y p i c a l p i p i n g systems.

T a b l e 14.

F l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s f o r ANSI H16.9

tees and S w e e p o l e t s

Ref.
NO

No m i n a 1 size NP S

thickness Run (in.) Branch (in.)

Model p a r a m e t e r s

k0

ki
Codea

n/T

d/D

t/T

Testa

Test"

Codea

37 37 37
46-T10 46-T11 46-T12 46-T13 46-16AC 46-16Bc 3 8d
Sums

12 12 12

x x x

10 10 10 24 24 10 10 40 160 40 160 20 10 40s

0.500 0.500 0.429 0.687 2.343 0.687 2.343 0.375 0.250 0.375

0.500 0.500 0.450 0.687 2.343 0.365

1.125

24.5 24.5 23.7 33.9 9.24

33.9

0.837 0.837 U. 836 1.000 1.000 0.445 0.444 1.000 1.000 0.513

1.000 1.000 1.049 1.000 1.000 0.531 0.480 1.000 1.000 0.747

4 . 4 7.6 7.3
1.3

11.8 11.8 15.2 20.6

5.9

4.8 4.5 4.2

4.66 4.66 5.56 6.98 2.05

3.39

24 24

Sched. Sched.
x

3.5

-0.3b 2.3
0.4 1 . 8 0 . 8

0.8
0.9 0.2 6.0 3 . 8 1 . 4 30.1

24

Sched.

24

Sched.
x

24

Sched.
x

ld.0

9.24 63.0 95.0 33.0

1.51
51.2 94.1 12.3 234.41 6.94

0.95 12.8

24 24

0.375 0.250 0.280

24

Sched. Sched.

x x

19.2
4.21 64.46 2.14

12

a. 2
33.8

CTR

aEven t h o u g h t h e ASME Code g i v e s f l e x i b i l i t y g u i d a n c e f o r ANSI B16.9 t e e s , t h e d a t a w e r e a n a l y z e d f o r t h i s r e p o r t as i f t h e y were b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s as d i s c u s s e d i n S e c t . 3.1. bNegative numbers imply t h a t t n e " p o i n t branch pipe. bored" t o sched. m o d e l was s c h e d . dThis spring" i n t h e m o d e l was s t i f e r t h a n t h e

'ORNL

T-16 was o r d e r e d as s c h e d . 10, b u t w a s m a n u f a c t u r e d as s c h e d . 20 a n d " t h r o u g h 10 on t h e r u n . The d i s p l a c e m e n t d a t a were a n a l y z e d as i f t h e e n t i r e 20 f o r T-16A a n d as i f t h e e n t i r e model was s c h e d . 10 f o r T-16B.
is t h e o n l y Sweepolet d a t a t h a t we have.

60 6.
BRANCH MOMENT FLEXIBILITY FACTORS COMPARED WITH ANALYTICAL DATA

6.1

FINITE-ELEMENT

DATA

The a v a i l a b l e benchmark f i n i t e - e l e m e n t d a t a and c o r r e s p o n d i n g f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s are summarized i n T a b l e s 15-19. The f i n i t e - e l e m e n t a n a l y s i s (FEA) d a t a l i s t e d i n T a b l e s 15-18 f o r n o z z l e s w i t h D/T < 100 and d/D 0.5 were used e a r l i e r a s t h e e s s e n t i a l d a t a base f o r t h e p r e s e n t ASME Code f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s . A s one might e x p e c t , t h e comparisons a r e v e r y good between t h e Code e q u a t i o n s and t h e FEA d a t a shown i n T a o l e s 15 and 16 o r t h e u n r e i n f o r c e d b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s and i n T a b l e 1 7 f o r t h e nozzle-reinf orced branch connect ions. T a b l e 18 g i v e s t h e d i m e n s i o n a l p a r a m e t e r s f o r t h e models l i s t e d i n T a b l e 17. The o v e r a l l CFR v a l u e s f o r t h e o u t - o f - p l a n e f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r ko from T a b l e s 15 and 17 a r e shown below.

<

O v e r a l l CFRa v a l u e s Por k o
~~ ~~ ~~ ~~~~

Code
UBC models ( T a b l e 15)
S 1 models (Table 17) P30 models ( T a b l e 17)

M&S

LUGS 1.67

WRC-297 2.96 6.56

FAST2

0.98 0.86

1.08 1.55 2.58

0.99
0.97 1.82

2.54
4.36

1.28

7.81

%FR is t h e r a t i o of t h o sum of t h e c a l c u l a t e d valcles t o t h e sum of t h e f i n i t e - e l e m e n t v a l u e s . M&S d e s i g n c h a r t s and t h e LUGS computer program, r e p r e s e n t i n g B i j l a a r d ' s t h e o r y , b o t h show good comparisons f o r t h e s t a n d a r d n o z z l e r e i n f o r c e d S l models. N e i t h e r n e t h o d is s t r i c t l y a p p l i c a b l e f o r t h e P30 models, however, b e c a u s e of t h e s h a p e of t h e r e i n f o r c e m e n t . T h i s shows up as an e x t r e m e o v e r e s t i m a t e f u r t h e P30.4 model, as w e l l as a g e n e r a l o v e r e s t i m a t e f o r t h e o t h e r P30 models. S t e e l e s ' t h e o r y , FAST2, shows v e r y good c o m p a r i s o n s f OK b o t h t h e URC and S1 m o d e l s , e v e n though t h e d i m e n s i o n a l p a r a m e t e r s f o r a number of t h e models were o u t s i d e t h e t h e o r e t i c a l t h i n - s h e l l t h e o r y r a n g e . The comparison f o r t h e P30 models i s n o t s o good, a g a i n b e c a u s e of t h e r e i n forcement shape. The Code e q u a t i o n s d o a b e t t e r j o b f o r t h e s e models. The WXC-297 method, based on S t e e l e ' s t h e o r y , o v e r e s t i m a t e d k, by a c o n s i d e r a b l e amount f o r a l l t h r e e s e t s of models. The v a l u e s shown i n T a b l e 15 f o r t h e U H C models a r e b a s e d on t h e h > 100 p a i r of l i n e s f r o m

Table 15.

Out-of - p l a n e riiotnent i l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s l o r u n r e i n f o r c z d branch c o n n e c t i o n s ( d / D G 3.5, i)/T 100) - c o m p a r i s o n s with f i n i t e-element d a t a a

<

Plodel No.

Model p a r a m e t e r s b

Do/T
102 82 42 22 12 12

do/Do

t /T

FEA

Code

xis
51 36 17 8

LUGS

WKC-247 170 120 46 17 16 0.06 369.1 3 . 2 9 5 . 4 0 1 6 . 0 15.0 38.40 1 . 4 9 407.46 2.96

1.0

FAST2 44.7 36.3 18.3 8.57 3.99 0.07 111.93 1 . 0 0

UA LIB
UC UD

UE UF

0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.08

0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 3.51)

0.03

47.0 37.2
16.2

6.92 2.84 1.96

5 1 . 5 37.1 13.6 5.16 2 . 0 8 0.33 109.77 0.98 7 . 5 9 0 . i8

5.06 10.60
1.74

54.1 65.3 28.3

12.04

4.89 0.36

Sums CFR~

112.12

1.04

194.99 1.74 5 . 3 7 0 0.98 14.54 13.72 34.61 1.35 229.6 1.67

.rii 522 533 J44

J3

59.5 20.0 20.0 20.0 49.0

0.020

0.115

0.080 0.323 0.114

0.238 0.020 0.474 1.000 0.843

6.92 0.00 0.96 7.75 10.10 25.73

5 .I 0 . 0 0.94 12.3 13.0

31.04 1.21 143.94 1.08

5.96
0.02 7.84 10.08 23.90 0.93 135.85 0.99
0

25.17 0.48 134.94

0.90

O v e r a l l sum? O v e r a l l CFR"

137.85

aAll t h e f i n i t e - e l e m e n t d a t a i n t h i s table are f r o n Refs. 15 and 21. The n o d e l s were a:;alyzed w i t h one end or' t h e r u n f i x e d and t h e o t h e r end f r e e .
' C F R is t h e r a t i o of t h e sum of the c a l c u l a t e d v a l u e s t o t h e sum of t h e f i n i t e eleaenL v a l u e s . ' L / D
=

4 . 0 a z d 2.r3 f o r t h e U models and

tne

J models, r e s p e c t i v e l y .

62

m o

4a

..

Ln

0 0 0 O O C O

mLnmmIn0
0 0 0 0 0 0

......

ca
h

oooooa5 InLnmLnmo

O O O O Q O

......

T a b l e 17.

F l e x i b i l i t y factors f o r nozzle-reinforced, ( d / D < 0.5, D/T < 100) momenrs

Ir'RC 297

f i n i t e - e l e m e n t models

Model

No.

k , f o r out-of-plane
F EA
Code 17.5 13.1 5.43 2.33 1.06 3. O B 1.32 0.61
M&S

ki f o r i n - p l a n e moments
FAST2 18.04 14.84 6.56 3. IO 1.69 4.38 1.75' 0. 74a 1.4p 0.50' 0. 19'

LUGS 62.1 47.3 19.3

FEA
2.70 2.42 1.46 0.72 0.24 0.49 0.07

Code 3.46 2.90 1.68 0.99 0.61 0.95 0.59 0.35 0.39

Y& S

LUGS 5.36 4.63 2.62 1.31 0.46 1.86 0.80 0.32 0.72 0.26 0.c9 0.20 0.06 0.02 18.71 1.22 5.05 3.06 0.94 0.38 0.02 9.45 2-03

WRC 297

FAST2 3.2 2.62 1.43 3.32 0.57~ 0.99 0. 50a 0.27'

s 1A
S 1B

s1c
S 1D s 1E S 1F S1G S 1H

17.8 14.5 6.32 2.33 0.69

4.07 1.41 0.33 2-11 9.95 0.35

34 24 10

8.0
2.5

160 115 41 14 4.6 15.0 5.2 1.6 3.2 0.89 0.26 0.55 0.15 0.04 361.49 5.50

2.3 2.1 i. 3

5.8
2.1

9. I I
3.31 1.21

1.09

1.2 0.5

0.28 0.58 0.28 0.05 0.19 0.06 0.02

si1 s lJ
SlK

1.27 0.55 0.26

0.52 0.23 0.11 47.37 0.86 10.44 3.38 1.48 0.68 0.13 16.11 1.28 63.48 0.94

1.6 0.5 0.33 0.09

2.11 0.69 0.23 0.43 0.12 0.04 156.41 2.84

I . 14 0.7i 0.28
1.39 0.80

0.24

0.15 0.16 0.10 0.06 12.61

9.6 0.2 0.2 0.05

0.20a

0. 45'

0. 09a
W

s 1L

s1N
CFR

S1M

I. 4 3 0.81
55.12 6.91 3.20 I. 20 0.33 0.99 12.63 67.75

2.02

0. 33' 0. 1 1 ' 0.04'

53.68 0.97 15.46 4.73 1.93

1.85

0.15" 0.06" 0. 02a 11.37 0.74 2.68 1.11

sums

1.55 24 6.3 2.3

15.36

0.82

0.64 3.1 1.4 0.6

P30A P30B P3oc P30D P30E

35.84

14.29 3.61 0.04

1.31

73. 0 18.0 5.7 1.9 0.05

98.65 7.5: 460.14 6.79

0. 8 6 ' 0. 04a

1.07 0.54 0.17 0.98 4.65 20.01

1.59

2.07 1.04 0.49 0.39 0.07 4.06 0.87 16.67 0.83

0.51 0.35 0.02

0.58 0.33' 0. 03'

4.73 1.02 16.10

Sums CF R
Sums CF K

2.88 1.79

55.09 4.36 211.50 3.12

23.02 1.82 76.70

1.46 0.81

1.13

28.16 1. 41

0.80

aModel parameters a r e o u t s i d e Steele's t h e o r e t i c a l l i m i t s .

T a b l e 18.

D i m e n s i o n a l l a r a m e t e r s f o r q o z z l e - r e i n f o r c e d , f i n i t e - e l a n e n t modelsa

s la s 15 s 1c
s1n
S 1F s 1i:

s1<

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

10.0

5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 3.2 3.2 3.2 1.6 1.6 1.6

0.098 0.122 0.2381 0.4545 0.8333 0.2381 0.4545 0.8333 0.23.31 0.4545 0.8333

0.049 0.061 0.1191 0.2273 0.4167

0.0762 0.1454 0.2667 0.0381 0.0727 0.1333
3.1091 0.0364 0.0657

0.3753 0.4282 0.6285 0.8862 1.1832 0.5333 0.7545 I. 0000 0.4095 0.5772 0.7667 3.3096 0.431 7 3.5333 0.2312 0.4313 0.5518 9.7583 0.3749

0.651 0.7123 0.9487 1.2834 I . 7658 0.7143 0.9662 1.9324

101 81 41 21 11

0.50 0.50 0.50 3.50 0.50 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.16 0. 16 0.16
3.05 0.08 0.08

0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.32 0.32 0.32

4.34 4.31 3.14 2.45 1.92 2.56 1.98 1.52 1.88 1.43 1.08
1.38 1.03 0.72

0.581 0.593 0.641 0.710 0.804 0.437 0.443 0.567 0.245 0.289 0.342 0.142 0.174 0.204

s1H
S1I

1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0
10.0
10.0

41 21 11

s 1J
S1L
SiN

S 1K

0.4658 0.6321 0.8707

0.3081 0.4203 0.6213 0.7444 i. 1771 I. 5646 2.3543 1.1771

41 21 11 41 is 11
101 41 2i
il lI

0.16 0.16
0.15
3.08 0.08 0.08

s 1M
P30A

10.0
10.0 13.0 10.0 10.0

13.0

0 . 8
0.8 0.8

IO. 0

0. 2381 0.4545 0.8333

0.098 0.2381 0.4545 0.8333 3.8333

P 3OB

P30C P3OD P30E

10.0

3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 0.8

0.0314 0.0762 0.1454 0.2667 0.3667

0.32 3.32 0.32 0.32 0.08

0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.08

3.19 2.13 1.60 1.23 0.53

0.380 0.416 0.457 G. 515 0.159

The S1 models l o o k l i k e F i g . 3 ( n ) ; t h e P30 models l o o k l i k e F i g . 3(c.j. See Ref. 15. LID = 4 f a r a l l t h e s e models. Orre e n d was fcxsd, and t h e o t h e r end was f r e e f o r t h e f i n l t e e1 cmen t ai-ia1y s e s

4-8

a ,
4
( 1 ,

rl
&
IC(

,.%
l n

rl

i!

I w 0 I

nf d

a l

b4
IC(

,.%

r-hl-+o
v)

CI

a, a,

hllnoo

oo-!hl

....
d a, 3 0

m a

r i

b4

O O D 0 0 0 0 0

4-lnoo

r-i

- a s

a,.

021;

66
IJKC-297 F i g . 60 ( P i g - 1 3 h e r e i n ) . I f w e had used t h e 1? = 14 l i n e , even though i t i s n o t a p p l i c a b l e b e c a u s e T / t > 1.0, the e s t i m a t e d k val-ues 0 would have been a b o u t 30% l o w e r and would have a g r e e d a l i t t l e b e t t e r w i t h t h e FEA r e s u l t s . The r e d u c t i o n would need t o be on t h e o r d e r of 300%, however, t o a g r e e as w e l l a s t h e Code e q u a t i o n s . The v a l u e s shown i n T a b l e 17 f o r t h e l o c a l l y rein.Forced S1 and P30 models were based on r e d e f i n i n g t h e n o z z l e - d i a m e t e r - - t o - s h c l l d i a m e t e r rat:i.o (d/D) and t h e w a l l t h i c k n e s s r a t i o ( T / t ) t o a c c o u n t f o r tiie r e i n forcement; t h a t is, w e used T / t n and A = (dn/D) where

m,

A s noted p r e v i o u s l y , however, u s i n g t n i n s t e a d of t a p p e a r s t o be g o i n g i n t h e wrong d i r e c t i o n . " Both d, and t, wecy a l s o usc'rl i n t h e PISIS and LtJGS c a l c u l a t i o n s . Comparisons between Lhe f i n i t e - e l e t ~ n t d a t a and the v a r i o u s d e s i g n inethods f o r t h e i n - p l a n e moment f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r ki a r e shown i n T a b l e 16 f o r t h e u n r e i n f o r c e d UBC iuodels and i n T a b l e 1 7 f o r t h e n o z z l e - r e i n f o r c e d S1 and P30 models. The o v e r a l l CP'K v a l u e s a r e shown below.

O v e r a l l CFK v a l u e s f o r k i
_ 1 1 _ _ . 1 _ _ -

Code
UBC models ( T a b l e 16)

II&S

LUGS

5JRC-214 7

PAS 1'2 0.92

0.74

0.83

0.75 0.64 1.46

1.05 1.22

S1 rnotle1.s ( T a b l e 17) P30 models (Table 17)

0.82
0.57

2.03

1.02

N o CFR v a l u e s a r e g i v e n for t h e WRC-297 nethod b e c a u s e t h e p a r a m e t t a r A = ( d / U ) T T i s o u t s i d e t h e r a c g e of tile i a C f i g u r e f o r Inost of t h e 0 model.;. The f e w tfiodela t h a t f e l l w i t h i n the range of the f i g u r e do not g i v e enough d a t a f o r t h e CFR t o be rneanirigful. Those WKC-297 k . v a l u e s t h a t a r e i n c l u d e d i n T a b l e s 16 and 17, however, a g r e e r a t h e r iorefl wi:h t h e v a l u e s c a l c u l a t e d w i t h FAST2. The d e s i g n methods, i n g e n e r a l , a p p e a r t o g i v e r e a s o n a b l y good eslimates f o r ki f o r t h e pasaiqeter railge D / T < 100, d/D < 0.5. T a b l e 19 summariz2s t h e f i n i t e - e l e n e n t d a t a and c o m p a r i s o n s f o r n o z z l e s i n v e r y l a r g e t h i n - w a l l e d v e s s e l s ( t a n k s ) from Appendix B of MRC

*See d i s c u s s i o n i;l t h e "Surm,iiary"

section.

67
UU21BtilZ

problems for v e r y l a r g e D/T. The CFK v a l i i c s g i v e n i n T a b l e 19 show t h a t t h e Code e q u a t i o n s are poor e s t i r n a t u r s f o r t h e s e v e r y l a r g e D/T r a t i o s , o v e r p r e d i c t i n g ko and u n d e r p r e d i c t i n g ki j u s t l i k e t h e e a r l i e r c o m p a r i s o n s w i t h t, ast data. Both FASC'2 and WRC-297 a r e i n r e a s o n a b l y gcod agreement w i t h t h e FEA daLa. T h i s i s a d e f i n i t e encouragement f o r S t e e l e s ' t h e o r y and the FAST2 computer program. W e f e e l t h a t it is f o r t u i t o u s , however, f o r t h e iJRC297 rneLliod b e c a u s e of t h e bet Ler c o r r e s p o n d e n c e between t h e model p a r a m e t e r A = 145 and the B u l l e t i n c u r v e s f o r A = 100.

report. The o t h e r two, E 1 3 atid B 4 , w i t h D/'1 v a l u e s of 10,000 and 40,000 a r e n o t r e a l i s t i c s t r i i c t u c e s b u t p e r h a p s do p r o v i d e solne i n d i c a t i o n of how t h e t h e o r i e s compare for t-hose e x t r e m e D/T r a t i o s . I n making t h e s e c o m p a r i s o n s , however, remember t h a t t h e FEA method i s a l s o s u b j e c t t o error. Sij l a a r d ' s t h e o r y is n o t a p p l i c a b l e b e c a u s e of s e r i e s convkargence

[ ) / T -- 2500 a r e w i t h i n t h e r a n g e of i n t e r e s t d i s c u s s e d i n S e c t . 2 of t h i s

297.

The two srnallcr D/T models, B1 w i i h D/T

400 and B2 w i t h

6.2

HANSBERRY AN!) J O N E S '1'lIEORY FOR ki

I n 1969 Nansberry and (HGJ) presented a t h e o r e t i c a l solut i o n , based on t h i n - s h e l l t h e o r y , f o r a small unrePnEorced b r a n c h conn e c t i o n , d/D = 0-19, t / T = 1.0, with ilk1 i n - p l a n e moment a c t i n g on t h e braiich and e q u i l i b r i u m r e a c t i o n moments on b o t h ends of t h e run ( v e s s e l ) . They d i d not i n d i c a t e t h e l e n g t h of t h e r u n , b u t Inore t h a n l i k e l y cons i d e r e d it a s e f f e c t i v e l y i n f i n i t e . For t h e FAST2 c a l c u l a t i o n s , we used a v a l u e of L = 100 i n . ; t h a t i s , L/D = 30. Sevec;il t r i a l c a l c u l a t i o n s u s i n g L f r o u 50 t o 500 i n . i.nd.icateil t h a t t h e e f e c t of L/D had e s s e n t i a l l y stabi.l.i.zed a t L/D = 10. I n - p l a n e f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s ki , c o n v e r t e d from t h e i r p a p e r f o r U/T v a l u e s r a n g i n g f r a i n 200 t:o 1000, a r e l i s t e d i n T a b l e 20, a l o n g w:i.th v a l u e s From t h e Code e q u a t i . o n and FA3T2. I f w e assume t h a t t h e FAST2 v a l u e s are more nearly c o r r e c t , i t is a p p a r e n t that: t h e H&J s o l u t i . o n u n d e r e s t i m a t e s ici by 20 t o 50%. A s b e f o r e , t h e Code e q u a t i o n d o e s a poor j o b For t h i s r a n g e of D / T , beiag even lower t h a n H&J by a b o u t 502.

68
Table 20. I n - p l a n e morncnt, f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s from Hansberry and J o n e s a t h e o r y f o r unreinforced branch c o n n c c ~ i o n s ( d / D -- 0.10; t / t = 1.0; L/D = 10h )

D/T

1 . .

k. f o r in-plane moment I
H&Ja

Code

FAST2
32 49

B/F r a t i n @

800 1000
Sums CHJK

600

200 300 4 00

35 52 82 103
117

14

19 25 38 51 63 209 0.52

13

130 16 1

66 99

0.50 0.71 0.79 0.86 0.79 0.73

A v 0.75

405
"See

537 1.33

ReE.

52,

bThe l e n g t h of t h e r u n 1, was [lot g i v e n in R e f . 52. F o r t h e FAST2 c a l c u l a t i o n s , L/D = 10 was u s e d .

@H/F r a t i o i s k i ( H & J ) / k i

(FAST'L).

7.

F L E X I B I L I T Y FACTORS FOR TORSIONAL BRANCH MOMENTS

E x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a on t h e a n g u l a r r o t a t i o n of a b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n o r n o z z l e due t o a t o r s i o n a l inolaent on t h e b r a n c h are v e r y s p a r s e . Mills, Rodabaugh, and A t t e r b ~ r yand ~ ~ Ploore, Hayes and Weedk6 p r o v i d e d t e s t d a t a f o r e i g h t ANSI B16.9 Lees. I n most c a s e s , t h e measured t o r s i o n a l r o t a t i o n 8 was of t h e same o r d e r of magnitude as t h e nominal r o t a t i o n rn Thus, an a c c u r a t e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e 0 , so t h a t (3m - 0,) << .8 , Irn p o i n t s p r i n g " rnodel f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r c o u l d n o t be made f o r t h e B16.9 tees. N o f f a t and Kirkwood,47 however, o b t a i n e d e x p e r i m e n t a l t o r s i o n a l C l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s k t b f o r f o u r f u l l o u t l e t u n r e i n f o r c e d b r a n c h connect i o n models (d/D = t / T = 1.0) t h a t were of t h e same o r d e r of magnitude as Lhe i n - p l a n e and o u t - o f - p l a n e f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s n o t e d below: Mode 1

1
42.4

3 16.2 3.90

4
12.4
3.81

D/T
ktb kob kib

25.7
8.06
13.12 7.67

15.23
28.04

8.25

They a l s o a n a l y z e d M o d ~ l 2 by tile f i n i t e - e l c r a c n t m e t h u d w i t h e s s e n t i a l l y the sane r e s u l t s . These d a t a i i r d i c a t e t h a t t o r s i o n a l f l e x i b i l i t y may b e s i g n i f i c a n t i n d e s i g i i f o r the l a r g e r J / D b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s . Although S t e e l e s ' t h e o r y a n d t h e FAST2 computer code have t h e capab i l i t y for calcuhting torsional flexibility factors k the n u m c j c a l 0' p a r a m e t e r s t u d i e s have not been done. For n o z z l e s w i t h v e r y sina1.l d/D, however an upper-bound s o l u t i o n might be a p p r o p r i a t e l y d e v e l o p e d by modeling t h p c y l i n d r i c a l s h e l l as an i n f i n i t e f l a t p l a t e w i t h a round h o l e of diaineLer d = 2 r i a t t h e o r i g i n and a t o r s i o n moment l o a d M t u n i f o r m l y d i s t r i b u t e d around t h e i n s i d e edge of the hole. E q u i l i b r i u m cond i t i o n s would t h e n r e q u i r e t h a t

where S , i s Lhe s h e a r s t r e s s and T is t h e t h i c k n e s s of t h e f l a t p l a t e ( c y l i n d r i c a l shell.). For a d i f f e r c n t i a l e l e m e n t i n c y l i n d r i c a l c o o r d i n a t e s , t h e s h e a r s t r e s s is r e l a t e d t o s h e a r s t r a i n by

TO
where G i s t h e s h e a r w d i l l i l s . simple d i f f e r e n t i a l equation
( h a h i I r i nq E q s .

(27) and (28) l e a d s to the

which [nay be s o l v e d by i n t o g r a t i o n o v e r tile range r

6 T

<

Q;

that is,

Additional t e s t d a t a and w r e - r e f i n e d analyses aft? needed to adeq u a t e l y dnswe:- thr q u e s t i o n of t h e d e s i g n s i g n i i r a n c e of torsional flexibility, e s p e c i a l l y f o r d / d > 0.5.

71
8.

FLEXIBILITY FACTORS FOR RADIAL, LOADS

Axial. s t r e s s e s are not r o u t i n e 1 . y e v a l u a t e d i n a p i p i n g s y s t e n d e s i g n , p r i m a r i l y b e c a u s e t h e y are g e n e r a l l y <3000 p s i i n a p r o p e r l y supported piping system. T h i s v a l u e i s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t w i t h respect t o e i t h e r t h e a l l o w a b l e stresses or t o t h e s t r e s s e s c a u s e d by i n t e r n a l press u r e o r moment l o a d s . A x i a l l o a d s , however, are r o u t i n e l y cal.culated i n t h e p i p i n g s y s t e m a n a l y s i s ( f l e x i b i l i t y a n a l y s i s ) and used i n t h e d e s i g n of t h e s u p p o r t s . I n a d d i t i o n , p r e s s u r e vessels arid t a n k s u s u a l l y have d e s i g n a l l o w a b l e r a d i a l . l o a d s f o r t h e n o z z l e s t h a t impose l i m i t s on t h e a x i a l l o a d s from t h e a t t a c h e d p i p i n g . Kecent r e p o r t s on damage t o p i p i n g systems during earthquakes a l s o suggest t h a t the a x i a l f o r c e s within the p i p i n g may tie i m p o r t - a n t f o r dynamic l o a d i n g s . One i m p o r t a n t c o n s i d e r a L i o n i n tal-culating r a d i a l l o a d s on vessel n o z z l e s i s t h e t e n d e n c y of t h e a t t a c h e d p i p e t o shed a d d i t i o n a l l o a d by d i s p l a c i n g l a t e r a l l y wiieri t h e a x i a l l o a d on t h e p i p e e x c e e d s a c r i t i c a l value. Thi.s c r i t i c a l . l o a d w i l l depend on s e v e r a l f a c t o r s , i n c l u d i n d t h e s t r a i g h t n e s s and l e n g t h OE t h e p i p e between s u p p o r t s , t h e r o t d t i o n a l r i g i d i t y of t h e s u p p o r t s , and l a t e r a l l o a d s on t h e p i p e from dcad-weight, etc. 4 f i - r s t a p p r o x i m a t i o n can be o b t a i n e d froiil I.:i.iler's b u c k l i n g equat i o n f o r a hinged-end column:

whcre W/A i s t h e a x i a l c o i q r e s s i v e s t c e s s i n iht? p i p e , L is t h e c r i t i c a l C biicklin,: 1 e n g t h , a n i

i s t h e r a d i u s of g y r a l l i o n of t h e p i p e . For the p a r t i c u l a r case of W/A 3000 p s i , t h e a s s o c i a t e d c r i t i c a l . p i p e l e n g t h , i n f e e t , i.s g i v e n by

For s c h e d . 40 p i > e , Eq.

S i z e (NPS)

(33) jives

2
21

4
40

a
77

16

24
216

Lc,

ft

143

C o n s i d e r i n g t h a t " s t r a i g h t " p i p e i s n o t v e r y s t r a i . 3 h t and t h a t a deadweight l o a d e x i s t s f o r horizoni-,al. p i p e r u n s , Lc from E t i l e r ' s will p r o b a b l y be larger t1ia:i tlic a c t u a l c r i t i c a l b u c k l i n g l e n g t h attached pipe. T n i s p o t e n t i - l l n o n l i n e a r i t y s h o u l d b e reinembered following di s c i i s s i o n .

equation

lateral

of t h e i n the

W in

3.3.21

Table 21 summarizes tfzrr available e x p e r i m c n t d data f o r tlrrimt. l o a d s t e r n s af Lhe f l e c i b i l i t y f a c t o r k d e f i n e d as [ s e e Eq. ( 1 3 ) Sect.

7.7

where 6 i s rhe inward r a d i a l d i s p l a c e i n e r t of t h e s h e l l , d i s the m.itlwal1 d i a m e t e r of the a t t a c h e d p i p e , and An i s t h e cross-sectional area of t h e attached p i p e :
df)

(35)

T a b l e 21 c o n t a i n s triree sets of d a t a . The f i r s t s e t i s the f o u r d a t a p o i n t s o b t a i n e d by C r a n ~ h in ~ 1960 ~ f r o m t e s t s on t h e 48-in.-diam by

T a b l e 21.
. _ . . I . -

T h r u s t - l o a d F l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s - e x p e r i m e n t 3 1 data and a n a l y t i c a l conpar i s ons

........ . . . .
..........
I

>lode1
I_I_-._.--

(type)

. . .

Mcdel p n r a w t e r s

DIT
77.8 77.8 77.8 77.8

___
t/T

d,/D 0.136 0.136 0.136

l./U

Test

Theory
84

LUGS
92 92 9.2 316

kw
URC-297 40 4d 40 210 330 0.436 1200
1300

FAST2
81

Attachment 1 ( T n r n l on) Attachment 2 Attachment 3 (Pod) Attachment 5

o.v+a
0.44a 0.448
Solid bar

2.143 2.143 2.143 2.143

77
110 120c 450 757

(UBC)

86 70 310

a4 63 295 523 0.691 1223 1475 2327 882 1696 7603

0.98

CTR

Sums

(Bar)

0.072

550

0.727

592 0.782

CBI-: ( 1 1/8 i n . ) CBI-2

1050 1050 2530 2530 960

0.0113 0.0278 0.0100 0.0500 0.00417

0.632
1.088

0.432 0.432 0.239 0.239 0.332

1200 ldOU 2100* 13UUd 1400 7800

1400

cnI-3 (5/8 in.) CBI-4 ( 1 in.) LPV2

(UBC)

(UBC)

2100 1700 2800

0.527 0.527
1.000

2100 <300 15UO

6400 0.82

CTR

SllOlS

1.25

% a t a f o r t h e f i r s t four models a r r f r o m C ~ a n c h , da ~t~ a for t h e CBI models a r e from N n p p l e e t 31. 941-+3 and d a t a foi m o d e l LPV2 are f r o v S ~ h r o e d e r . ~

CBI models.

b T n e a ~ y i s B i j l a a r d s c i t e d by C r d n ~ h for ~ ~ t h e f i r s t four m o d p l s , and S t e ~ l e s ~o r t h e

Questionable data. %onlinear

d a t a ; see F i g s .

19 and LO.

73
0.624-in.-wall v e s s e l w i t h f i v e a t t a c h m e n t s , shown i n Fig. 28. Attachments 1-3 were made by w e l d i n g 6-in. NPS s c h e d . 40ST p i p e (do = 6.625, t = 0.280) t o t h e v e s s e l as shown. T h e r e w a s no o p e n i n g i n the v e s s e l w a l l f o r a t t a c h m e n t 1 ( T r u n i o n ) , whereas f o r b o t h a t t a c h m e n t s 2 and 3 t h e r e was an o p e n i n g i n t h e v e s s e l w a l l e q u a l i n d i a m e t e r t o t h e o u t s i d e d i a m e t e r of t h e p i p e . Attachment 2 (UBC) was u n r e i n f o r c e d , whereas a t t a c h m e n t 3 ( P a d ) was r e i n f o r c e d w i t h a 10.5-in.-QD by 0.625-in.-thick r i n g welded t o t h e v e s s e l and t o che p i p e . Attachment 4 had a r e c t a n g u l a r c r o s s s e c t i o n and i s n o t of d i r e c t i n t e r e s t h e r e . Attachment 5 ( B a r ) was a 3.5-in.-diam s o l i d round b a r . C r a n c h ' s t e s t s were c o n d u c t e d b o t h w i t h and w i t h o u t i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e i n t h e v e s s e l ( p -- 193 and 0 psi). These are t h e o n l y t e s t d a t a we dre aware of t h a t c o n s i d e r e d t h e e f f e c t s of i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e ( s e e S e c t . 9). Details of how t h e d i s p l a c e ments were measured o r how t h e d i a l g a g e s were s u p p o r t e d were n o t r e ~ and the ~ LEV2~ model ported. The C B I m o d e l s , t e s t e d by Whipple e t a t e s t e d by S ~ h r o e d e rwere ~ ~ discussed e a r l i e r . T a b l e 21 g i v e s t h e n o n d i m e n s i o n a l model parameters, t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s kw, and c o r r e s p o n d i n g a n a l y t i c a l k f a c t o r s o r z e r o pressure. The e x p e r i m e n t a l v a l u e s f o r t h e f o u r Cranch models appear t o b e c o n s i s t e n t e x c e p t f o r t h e p a d - r e i n f o r c e d a t t a c h m e n t 3 t h a t was rep o r t e d t o be more f l e x i b l e t h a n t h e u n r e i n f o r c e d a t t a c h m e n t 2. Test d a t a f o r t h e p r e s s u r i z e d case are i n t h e p r o p e r o r d e r . The e x p e r i m e n t a l v a l u e s given i n T a b l e 21 f o r CBI-3 and CBI-4 are Steele's i n t e r p r e t a t i o r ~ ' ~ of t h e d i s p l a c e m e n t d a t a r e p o r t e d i n R e f . 43 ( s e e F i g s . 19 and 20).
ORNL-DWG 87-4640 ETD
174 7

518 THICK

SECTION A-A

SECTION

5-5

Ref.

Fig. 34.

28.

C r a n c h ' s p r e s s u r e v e s s e l n o z z l e t e s t model from Fig.

6 of

74 The a n a l y t i c a l v a l u e s of Q g i v e n under the t h e o r y colunm of T a b l e 2 1 are f r o m R i j l a a r d ' s t h e o r y as c i t e d b y Cranch f o r t h c t i r s t foiit. inodels and from S t e e l e s ' t h e o r y as r e p o r t e d i n t h e 1981 S h e l l t e c h p r o g r e s s r e p o r t t o PVRC. l 3 R e a s o n a b l e c o r r e l a t i o n seems t o e x i s t betweer, t h e "theory" v a l u e s and t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l v a l u e s i n v i e w of the t h r e e q u e s t i o n a b l e d a t a points. Both B i j l a a r d ' s t h e o r y , as e x p r e s s e d i n t h e LUGS computer pcogram, and S t e e l e ' s t h e o r y , as e x p r e s s e d i n t h e PAST? program, appear t o g i v e r e a s o n a b l e c o r r e l a t i o n s w i t h C r a n c h ' s d a t a ; the \.dKC-297 r e s u l t s a p p e a r t o be l o w . W e would e x p e c t t h e WRC-297 r e r , u l t s f o r a t t a c h m e n t 5 t o a g r c e much b e t t e r b e c a u s e t h e d e s i g n c u r v e s i n t h e B u l l e t i n wece derived s p e c i f i c a l l y f o r a s o l i d bar attachment. A l l t-hreo coliitnns b a s e d on S t e e l e s ' r h e o r y g i v e good c o r r e l a t i o n s f o r t h e l a r g e D/T models. H i j l a a r d ' s t h e o r y i s not a p p l i c a b l e .

75
3.
INFLUENCE OF INTERNAL PKESSUKE:

B i j l a a r d ' s o r i g i n a l p a p e r 1 * i n c l u d e s an i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e term i n t h e g e n e r a l s o l u t i o n f o r t h e r a d i a l s h e l l d i s p l a c e m e n t w [Eq. ( 1 5 ) , Xef. 1 2 1 . Moreover, t h e i n f l u e n c e of i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e i s shown t o be n o n l i n e a r ; f o r example, d o u b l i n g t h e i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e P d o e s n o t d o u b l e ' on w. 8 0 t h M&S23 and Dodge26 have i n c l u d e d t h e prest h e i n f l u e n c e of 1 s u r e term i n t h e i r computer programs. M&S also p r o v i d e d d e s i g n g r a p h s for P = 503 and 1000 p s i , which i l l u s t r a t e t h c n o n l i n e a r i n f l u e n c e of pressure. T h e i r c h o i c e of P as a g e n e r a l d e s i g n p a r a m e t e r , however, i s n o t good b e c a u s e i t d o e s n o t n o r m a l i z e t h e d e s i g n g r a p h s w i t h r e s p e c t t o d i m e n s i o n s of e n g i n e e r i n g i n t e r e s t . For example, i f D/T were 300, tilei1 t h e o n l y v a l u e s t h a t c a n be r e a d d i r e c t l y from t h e g r a p h s arc f o r cases w i t h a n o n i n a l hoop stress of 75,000 o r 150,000 p s i , r e s p e c t i v e l y . Because t h e e f f e c t of p r e s s u r e i s nonl i n e a r , i n t e r p o l a t ion between t h e graphs is s u b j e c t t o considerable e r r o r . A b e t t e r c h o i c e would have been t o p l o t c u r v e s n o r m a l i z e d t o PR/T. T a b l e 22 shows t h e i n f l u e n c e of i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e on t h e t h r u s t l o a d flexibility factor k , f o r f o u r of t h e f i v e a t t a c h i a e n t s t e s t e d by Cranch.34
T a b l e 22. I n f l u e n c e of i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e on t h r u s t - l o a d l e x i b i 1i t y f a c t o r s

(D/T
Pressure (psi) 193

77.8)

Xod e l a Attachment 1 (Trunion) Reduction Attachment 2

R e d u c t i on

__

. ... . . . . . .

kw _____
LUGS'

Testa

Theoryb

77 73 5.2%
110 77 30.0X 120 65.8%

68
a6 70 70 53 310 260
1001 0.87

a4

92 81 92 81 92 ai

('JBc)

0 193 0 193 0 193

Attachment 3 (Pad) Reduc t i o n Attachment 5 (Bar) Reduc t i o n Sums CTK

/rl

4 50 200 55.62
1148

3 16
280

1115 0.97

a T e s t s c o n d u c t e d by C r a n c ; ~ ~ see ~ ; text a n d F i g . 28 f o r model d i m e n s i o n s . bTheory i s B i j l a a r d ' s c i t e d by C r a n ~ h . ~ ~ by Dodge.26

'LUGS

i s B i j l a a r d ' s t h e o r y programmed

76
The p r e s s u r e l o a d of 193 p s i t h a t was used g i v e s a nominal hoop s t r e s s of P&/T = 7500 p s i , which i s w e l l w i t h i n t h e r a n g e of a l l o w a b l e d e s i g n s t r e s s . A s may be s e e n , t h e i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e rediiced k, by 5 t o 60%. B i j l a a r d ' s t h e o r y , as e x p r e s s e d under r h e " t h e o r y " and TdGS eolumtis , c o r r e l a t e s q u i t e w e l l w i t h C r a n c h ' s d a t a and appears t o do as w e l l w i t h i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e as w i t h o u t i t . T a b l e 23 shows t h e i n f l u e n c e of i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e on the i n - p l a n e (PIi) and o u t - o f - p l a n e (M,) f l e x i b i l i t y , as w e l l as on t h e t h r u s t l o a d ( V ) flexibility. Because Cranch d i d n o t t e s t h i s iuodel w i t h moment l o a d i n g s on t h e a t t a c h m e n t , a l l t h a t w e c a n show is t h e i n f l u e n c e p r e d i c t e d by R i j l a a r d ' s t h e o r y as e x p r e s s e d i n h i s o r i g i n a l p a p e r and as programiiied i n t h e LUGS computer program. The two s e t s of niimbers t e n d t o a g r e e , w i t h LUGS g i v i n g s l i g h t l y h i g h e r v a l u e s b e c a u s e more t e r m were used j n e v a l u a t i n g t h e s e r i e s . Both i n d i c a t e t h a t L h s i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e e f f e c t o n t h e f l e x i h i l i t i e s c o u l d be s i g i f i c a n t i n d e s i g n .

T a b l e 23.

E f f e c t of i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e on f l e x i b i l i t y

(psi) 2

R ij l a a r d
0.113 0.103 8.5% 0.043 0.041 4.7% 3.40 2.76 18.8% 0.176 0.167 5.1%
0.087

T,[JGS

38.9

0.136

I'lo

Zeduc t i on
?4i

0 193
0 133

0.124 0.112 9.7%

0.046 9.045 2.2% 3.42 3.05 10.8% 0.193 0.180 4.7%
0.102 0.1a1
1.0%

Reduc t i. on ! J 3ediic t i o n

0 193

38.9

0.072

?lo

Reduc t i o n
Fl

0 133

R e duc t i on
W

193 0

0.090

3.3%

Reduc t ion di-rneris i ons

193
and F i g ,

3.80 3.11 18.22

3.83 3.39 11.52

a Tests c o n d u c t e d by C r a n ~ h . See ~ ~ text

28 f o r model

77
How s i g n i f i c a n t the i n f l u e n c e of i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e might be f o r l a r g e D / T t a n k s and v e s s e l s i s , a t t h i s time, s i m p l y a m a t t e r of c o n j e c t u r e b e c a u s e we have n e i t h e r e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a n o r v a l i d t h e o r y . W e do know t h a t i t c o u l d be s i g n i f i c a n t f o r vessels w i t h D/T 4 100, and we know t h a t t h e i n f l u e n c e i s n o n l i n e a r , b o t h w i t h r e s p e c t t o ISIT ar,d P. Prom t.he l i t t l e d a t a t h a t we do h a v e , however, we c a n g u e s s t h a t r e a s o n a b l e d e s i g n p r e s s u r e s might r e d u c e t h e f l e x i b i l i t y by ahout a a c t o r of 3 o r o u t - o f - p l a n e moment and t h r u s t l o a d s and by a b o u t h a l f t h a t much ( 1 . 2 t o 1.5) f o r i n - p l a n e moments. O b v i o u s l y , i f n o z z l e f l e x i b i l i t y i s t o be used i n d e s i g n t o r e d u c e t h e v e s s e l - n o z z l e p i p i n g - s u p p o r t i n t e r a c t i o n problem, t h e i n f l u e n c e of i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e c a n n o t be i g n o r e d . Addit i o n a l s t u d y i s needed t o p r o v i d e a p p r o p r i a t e d e s i g n g u i d a n c e .

78

10.

FLEXIBILITY FAC'I'C)RS FOK RUN i.IO?IEN'rS

So f a r w e have been d i s c u s s i n g f l e x - i b i l i t y f a c t o r s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a p p l i e d b r a n c h rnoinents t h a t a r e r e a c t e d by moments a t e i t h e r one o r b o t h ends of t h e r u n , T h e r e are a l s o c o n d i t i o n s i n real p i p i n g s y s t e m s where a tt ~ one end of t h e riin are t h e b r a n c h moments a r e so low t h a t t h e i i ~ ~ r i i e i i r e a c t e d a l m o s t e n t i r e l y by moments a t t h e o t h e r end of t h e run. Under t h o s e c o n d i t i o n s , t h e e x i s t e n c e of t h e b r a n c h might i n f l u e n c e t h e f l e x i b i l i t y of t h e r u n p i p e . To accommodate s u c h a p o s s i b i l i t y i n t h e p i p i n g systein f l e x i b i l i t y a n a l y s i s , we c o u l d piit a " p o i n t - s p r i n g " i n t h e s t r e n g t h - o f - m a t e r i a l s f l e x i b i l i t y model a t t h e i t i t - e r s e c t i o n of t h e b r a n c h and run c e n t e r l i n e s , t h a t i s , a t p o i n t P i n Fig. l ( a ) . Test d a t a and a n a l y s e s c o u l d t h e n be used t o d e v e l o p t h e rim moment f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s a s s o c i a t e d w i t ti t h a t p o i n t - s p r i n g . F o r s m a l l d/il brancli c o n n e c t i o n s , it srxras a p p a r e n t t h a t t h e o n l y r u n moment f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r t h a t might be d i f f e r e n t froiii z e r o would be kZv a s s o c i a t e d w i t h i n - p l a n e b e n d i n g , i n Fig. l ( e ) . Even k Z V , howMZv e v e r , w o u l d be c l o s e t o zero. For l a r g e r d/i> branch c o n n e c t i o n s , all t h r e e f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t a r s might he d i E e r e n t from z e r o as e v i d e n c e d by the e x p e r i i n e n t a l d a t a o f M o f f a t and KirkwoodLt7 f o r f u l l o u t l e t ( d / D = 1 .O) u n r e i n f o r c e d models:
Mode 1

3
16.2

4
12.4

D/T kxv li yv
kZ V

42.4 7.03
0.39
3.20

25. ' I 2.54 0.41

3.23

1.57
1.38

1.05
1.88
1.38

Refer<?iices35 and 46 c o n t a i n mn-imiiient r o t a t i o n d a t a f o r ANSI 816.9 tees and f o r a UF'L W e l d o l e t . Both t y p e s o f b r a n c h c r j n n e c t i o n s a r e f u l l y reinforced; consequently, the derived experimciital f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s a r e q u i t e small and s u b j e c t t o l a r g e e x p e r i n e n t a l e r r o r s . I f s i g n i f iciint-for-design r ~ n momeiit f l - e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s do e x i s t , t h e y a r e p r o b a b l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h u n r e i n f orced b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s w i t h large D/T and d/D r a t i o s , f o r example, a 2 4 x l b s t d . w t . f a b r i c a t e d branch connection. Our s u r v e y oi i n d u s t r i a l d e s i g n p r a c t i c e d i s c u s s e d i n S e c t . 2.3 i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e s e t y p e s of b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s are n o t u s e d i n n u c l e a r power p l a n t c o n s t r u c t i o n . We, t h e r e o r e , c o n c l u d e t h a t development of run-moment f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s f sr v e s s e l n o z z l e s and p i p i n g b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s would have v e r y l o w p r i o r i t y . [The development of run-moment s t r e s s i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n f a c t o r s ( S I F s ) , however, i s of interest. ]

79
11.

NOZZLKS 1CN VESSEL HEADS

F o r p r e s s u r e vessels i t i s q u l t e common t o h a v e n o z z l e s i n t h e heads. The a t t a c h e d p i p i n g s y s t e m t h e n imposes rcoment and t h r u s t l o a d s on t h e n o z z l e s and t h e r e i s p o t e n t i a l f o r the same t y p e of p i p i n g s y s t e m - v e s s e l n o z z l e i n t e r f a c e problem t h a t e x i s t s f o r c y l i n d r i c a l v e s sels. P r e s s u r e vessel h e a d s may be s p h e r i c a l , b u t more o f k e n t h e y a r e e l l i p s o i d a l o r t o r o s p h e r i c a l , c o n s i s t i n g of a t o r i d a l k n u c k l e a t t h e o u t e r e d g e and a s p h e r i c a l c o n t r o l p o r t i o n i n t h e c e n t e r . These are t h e s o - c a l l e d f l a n g e d and d i s h e d heads. I n 1966, Rodabaugh and A t t e r b u r y S 3 u s e d B i j l a a r d ' s for r a d i a l and moment l o a d i n g s on a s p h e r i c a l s h e l l t o d e v e l o p n o z z l e - t u sphere f l e x i b i l i t y d e s i g n g u l d a n c e . The p u b l i s h e d r e s u l t i s a s e r i e s of t e n d e s i g n g r a p h s f o r t h e p a r a m e t e r r a n g e s 0 < D/T < 250, 0.01 < d/D 0.5, and 0.01 C t / T < 3.0, Because B i j l a a r d ' s s o l u t i o n was b a s e d on a s h a l l o w - s h e l l t h e o r y t h a t i s o n l y g e n e r a l l y v a l i d f o r d/D 1 / 3 , Roclabarigh and A t t e r b u r y checked t h e i r d e s i g n g r a p h s , up t o d/D .= 0.5, by comparison w i t h r e s u l t s from a general-purpose axisymmetric s h e l l t h e o r y computer program w r i t t e n by K a l n i n s S 5 t h a t i s n o t l i m i t e d t o s h a l l o w shells. The d i f f e r e n c e between t h e twa sets of r e s u l t s was c o n s i s t e n t z l y

<

6b c o s e = 6
where 6

k '

i s t h e cork r e s p o n d i n g d i s p l a c e m e n t g i v e n by K a l n i n s program, and 8 = s i n - ' ( d / D ) i s r e l a t e d t o t h e nozzle-to-sphere diameter r a t i o . For d/D < 0.5, t h e R&A d e s i g n c u r v e s o v e r p r e d i c t t h e f l e x i b l l f t y r e l a t i v e t o t h e more a c c u r a t e K a l n i n s t h e o r y by <13.5%. A c c o r d i n g l y , t h e s i m p l e r R&A f l e x i b i l i t y c u r v e s were c o n s i d e r e d t o b e s u f E i c i e n t l y a c c u r a t e f o r d e s i g n g u i d a n c e . I n 1984, Batra and Sun56 (B&S) d e v e l o p e d s i m i l a r d e s i g n g u i d a n c e b u t o n l y f o r r a d i a l l o a d i n g o v e r t h e p a r a m e t e r r a n g e s d/D 4 0.1, 75 > D/T C 2 2 5 , and 2 , 5 G d / t G 7.5. T h e i r results were p u b l f s h e d a s a s e r i e s OF f o u r d e s i g n g r a p h s t h a t c a n be c o n v e r t e d t o f l e x i b i l i t y fact o r s c o m p a t i b l e w i t h t h e R&A c u r v e s by:

is t h e d i s p l a c e m e n t g i v e n by B i j l a a r d ' s t h e o r y , 6

where KR i s t h e B&S p a r a m e t e r

i n terms of t h e r a d i a l l o a d W and t h e s h e l l d i s p l a c e m e n t 6. A p p a r e n t l y , B&S u s e d a shallow s h e l l theory t h a t was similar b u t n o t i d e n t i c a l t o t h e s h a l l o w s h e l l t h e o r y u s e d by B i j l a a r d . Comparisons b e t m e n t h e R&A and BC*S f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s , g i v e n i? T a b l e 2 4 , show t h a t

T a b l e 24. Comparison b e t w e e n f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s For r a d i a l l o a d s on a n o z z l e in a spherical shell

k
Rt.4a
.

__

B6S h

2 50

0.06 0.04 0.02

0.03 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.01
0.012

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.25 0.25 0.25

0.10 0.10 0.10
0.10 0.10 0.10

45 53 70
38 42 44

31 45 66
30 36 41

2 50

IO0

6.9 6.9 6.9

18. 18. 18.

6.02 6.52 6.69

17. 17. 17.

2 50

0.008
0.004

aR&A r e f e r s t o Rodabaugh and A t t e r bury f l e x i b i 1i t y a c t o r s

bB&S r e f e r s t o A a t r a and Sun f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s a s d e f i n e d by Eqs. (37) and ( 3 8 ) of t h e t e x t and t h e c u r v e s of Ref. 56.

t h e RSS c u r v e s g e n e r a l l y g i v e l o w e r f l e x i b i l i t i e s . The d i f f e r e n c e s , howe v e r , are not l a r g e enough to be s i g r i i f i c a n t i n d e s i g n (see S e c t . 2.2). The s o l u t i o n s of R&A53 and B&SS6 are o n l y a p p l i c a b l e t o i s o l a t e d r a d i a l n o z z l e s i n s p h e r i c a l s h e l l s and n o t t o a c l u s t e r of c l o s e l y s p a c e d n o z z l e s o r t o a nozzle n e a r t o o r i n t h e k n u c k l e r e g i o n of a t o r o s p h e r i c a l head. A c c o r d i n g l y , a n " i s o l a t i o n " c o n d i t i o n sliould be k e p t i n mind when d e a l i n g w i t h t h e f l e x i b i l i t y of nozzle.; i n v e s s e l h e a d s . Because t h e g e o n e t r y of i s o l a t e d r d d i a l n o z z l e s i n s p h e r i c a l s h e l l s i s axisymmetric, t h e thevry i s r e l a t i v e l y simple. F u r t h e r , r e s u l t s frora 3 i .j l a a r d ' s t h e o r y c a n be e a s i l y checked a g a i n s t r e s u l t s from gener-alp u r p o s e t h i n - s h e l l t h e o r y computer programs. Our s t u d y of n o z z l e f l e x i b i l i t y f o r c y l i n d r i c a l s h e l l s , however, sug:<ests t h a t i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e may have a s i g n i f i c a n t alid n o n l i n e a r i n E l u e n c e on t h e f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s , e s p e c i a l l y f o r l a r g e D/T vessels. There is no r e a s o n t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e same t y p e of i n f l u e n c e w i l l n o t e x i s t f o r n o z z l e s i n s p h e r i c a l shells. U n f o r t u n a t e l y , B i j l a a r d ' s theory f o r s p h e r i c a l s h e l l s s 4 docs not i n c l u d e t h e i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e terrll, and m o s t t h i n - s h e l l t h e o r y computer programs assume t h a t l i n e a r s u p e r p o s i t i o n i s v a l i d f o r combined l o a d s . T h u s , i f t h e i n f l u e n c e of i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e on t h e f l e x i b i l i t y of i i o z z l c s i n h e a d s i s t o be s t u d i e d f u r t h e r , some b a s i c m o d i f i c a t i o n s need t o be made i n t h e a n a l y t i c a l t o o l s . N o z z l e s i n v e s s e l h e a d s a r e a l s o j u s t as l i k e l y t o be r e i n f o r c e d as t h e n o z z l e s i n t h e c y l i n d r i c a l body. Accordi n g l y , a g e n e r a l s t u d y s h o u l d a l s o i n c l u d e t h e e f f e c t s of r e i n f o r c e m e n t .

81
Test d a t a on f l e x i b i l i t y of n o z z l e s i n s p h e r i c a l s h e l l s are relat i v e l y sparse. A l t h o u g h w e d i d n o t conduct an e x h a u s t i v e search, we have I n WRC i d e n t i f i e d o n l y one set of d a t a , r e p o r t e d by D a l l y 5 7 i n 1963. B u z z a t i n 84, Dally r e p o r t e d t h e r e s u l t s of tests on s i x m o d e l s , shown i n Fig. 29, one of which had an i s o l a t e d r a d i a l n o z z l e i n a s p h e r i c a l head.

ORNL-DWG 87-4641 ETD DIMENSIONS IN INCHES

12.625

35 (MEAN RADIUS)

. . . . .... ..

MODEL 2 h = 0.779 MODEI. 3 h = 0.552 MODEL. 4 h = 0.275

MODEL 5
7.5

MODEL 6

( a ) Dimensions of Hodel

t e s t models f o r n o z z l e s i n v e s s e l heads. No. 1, ( b ) d i m e n s i o n s of Model Nos. 2 4 , ( e ) d i m e n s i o n s of Model No. 5, ( d > d i m e n s i o n s of Flodel No. 6. Fig.

29.

Dally's56

82

Thc o t h e r f i v e inodels had t o r o s p h e r i c a l heads. All Lhe models were r e i n f o r c e d i n t h e sense t h a t I:he n o z z l e - h e a d i n t e r s e c t i o n r e g i o n c o n t a i n e d more material t h a n needed t o s a t i s f y i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e membrane s t r e s s desizn criteria. Dally's t e s t d a t a , t h e r e f o r e , gave some c l u e s on t h e e f f e c t s of such r e i n E o r c i n g . D a l l y a l s o compared h i s measured d i s p l a c e ments wj t h those c a l c u l a t e d by B i j l a a r d ' s t h e o r y w i t h r e a s o n a b l e a g r e e ment.

a3
12.
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

12.1

S U M M A R Y

The s t u d y r e p o r t e d h e r e w a s c o n d u c t e d p r i m a r i l y t o (1) summarize a v a i l a b l e f l e x i b i l i t y d a t a f o r n o z z l e s i-n c y l i n d r i c a l s h e l l s t r u c t u r e s ( p r t - s s u r e v e s s e l s and t a n k s ) and b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s and tees i n p i p i n g s y s t e m s and ( 2 ) compare t h o s e d a t a w i t h a v a i l a b l e a n a l y t i c a l methods f o r c a l c u l a t i n g f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s f o r u s e I n n u c l e a r power p l a n t d e s i g n . T h i s i n t e r e s t i n f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s comes d i r e c t l y from r e c e n t e f f o r t s t o d e v e l o p d e s i g n c r i t e r i a f o r n u c l e a r p i p i n g t h a t w i l l p e r m i t t h e cons t r u c t i o n of more f l e x i b l e , less c o s t l y , and p e r h a p s s a f e r p i p i n g s y s t ems. F l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n a r e f o r n o z z l e s and b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s w i t h i n t h e p i p i n g s y s t e m i t s e l f and f o r n o z z l e s i n c y l i n d r i c a l v e s s e l s t h a t i n t e r a c t with connected piping. An a d e q u a t e c h a r s e t e r i z a t i o n of t h e f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s f o r b o t h t y p e s of n o z z l e s i s irnport a n t t o t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of improved d e s i g n c r i t e r i a . The a n a l y t i c a l and e x p e r i m e n t a l f l e x i b i l i t y d a t a summarized i n t h i s r e p o r t s p a n a p e r i o d of a b o u t 30 y e a r s of r e s e a r c h , w i t h t h e f i r s t p a p e r s p u b l i s h e d i n t h e e a r l y 1950s. F l e x i b i l i t y d a t a reported i n those e a r l y p a p e r s , and most of t h e d a t a r e p o r t e d s i n c e , were o b t a i n e d a s a u x i l i a r y i n E o r m a t i o n i n s t u d i e s of s t r e s s e s a t t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n I:) nozzles i n c y l i n d r i c a l s h e l l s . The f i r s t s e r i o u s a t t . e m p t t o s t u d y n o z z l e fZe;7ibiZity a s a u n i q u e d i s c i p l i n e was done by Rodabaugh and A t t e r b u r y Z Q i n 1967 a s one i n a s e r i e s of s t u d i e s on the s t r u c t u r a l b e h a v i o r of r e i n f o r c e d o p e n i n g s i n p r e s s u r e vessels s p o n s o r e d by t h e U.S. Atosnic Energy Commission t h r o u g h t h e PVRC. In t h a t s t u d y , K & h c o l l e c t e d and e v a l u a t e d a v a i l a b l e s h e l l d e f o r m a t i o n d a t a and compared t h o s e d a t a w i t h a n a l y t i c a l p r e d i c t i o n s based on t h e o r e t i c a l deformation (and s t r e s s ) s t u d i e s of s p h e r i c a l and c y l i n d r i c a l s h e l l s under l o c a l l o a d i ' n g s cond u c t e d by B i j l a a r d 1 2 9 16-19, 5 4 of! C o r n e l l U n i v e r s i t y b e t w e e n 1955 and 1960. Although t h e a g r e e m e n t b e t v e e n t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a and t h e t h e o r e t i c a l p r e d i c t i o n s was f a r from e x a c t , t h e y were a b l e t o u s e t h e r e s u l t s as r e f e r e n c e m a t e r i a l i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t u f f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s f o r i n - p l a n e and o u t - o f - p l a n e moment l o a d s on n o z z l e s f o r u s e i n t h e ASNE Code. T h a t e a r l y d e s i g n g u i d a n c e was u p d a t e d by Rodahaugh and Moore i n 1 9 7 7 , 2 1 and a g a i n i n 1 9 7 9 , 1 5 t o the p r e s e n t ASME Class 1 p i p i n g f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r equatlons. The ASME Code d o e s n o t i n c l u d e g u i d a n c e f o r c a l c u l a t i n g n o z z l e f l e x i b i l i t y f o r t h r u s t l o a d s on t h e n o z z l e . In a d d i t i o n t o t h e ASME Code e q u a t i o n s f o r i n - p l a n e and o u t - o f p l a n e moment f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s , d i r e c t e v a l u a t i o n of R i j l a a r d ' s t h e o r y i s a v a i l a b l e t o t h e d e s i g n e r v i a d e s i g n c h a r t s p u b l i s h e d by Murad a n d Sun ( M I ~ S i )n ~ ~ 1984 and t h e computer program LUGS by Dodge26 i n 1974. Both of t h e s e a l s o p e r m i t c o n s i d e r a t i o n of t h r u s t l o a d s w i t h and w i t h o u t i n t e r n a l p res s u r e. S i n c e 1979, some a d d i t i o n a l f l e x i b i l i t y d a t a a s w e l l a s m a j o r new t h e o r e t i c a l work t h a t p e r m i t c o n s i d e r a t i o n of n o z z l e s i n c y l i n d r i c a l s h e l l s w i t h much l a r g e r d i a m e t e r - t o - t h i c k n e s s r a t i o s (D/T) have become available. S t e e l e s ' t h i n - s h e l l t h e o r y s o l u t i o n h a s t h e p o t e n t i a l of

p r o v i d i n g t h e b a s i s f o r t h e development of f l e x i b i l i t y d e s i g n g u i d a n c e f o r v e s s e l and t a n k n o z z l e s and p i p i n g b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s w i t h d i n e n s i o n a l p a r a m e t e r s i n t h e r a n g e d/D G 0.5, lI/T < 2500. T h i s r a n g e of d i m e n s i o n a l p a r a m e t e r s w i l l c o v e r t h e range of g r e a t e s t i n t e r e s t f o r S t e e l e s ' theory is n u c l e a r power p l a n t c o n s t r u c t i o n (see S e c t . 2 . 3 ) . a v a i l a b l e t o t h e d e s i g n e r i n t h e form of a c o i i n p ~ t e r program, FAST2, t h r o u g h S h e l l t e c h A s s o c i a t e s , S t a n f o r d , C a l i f . , and i n t h e form of d e s i g n c u r v e s i n WRC BtsZZetin 297,27 p u b l i s h e d i n 1984, A n a n a l y s i s of d e s i g n d a t a from a s u r v e y of s e v e n d i f f e r e n t n u c l e a r power p l a n t a r c h i t e c t e n g i n e e r s o r NSSS v e n d o r s i n d i c a t e t h a t e s s e n t i a l l y one f o r branch connectwo d i s t i n c t d i m e n s i o n a l regimes are of i n t e r e s t : t i o n s i n LWR p i p i n g and n o z z l e s i n r e a c t o r pressure v e s s e l s and steam g e n e r a t o r s , and a somewhat d i f f e r e n t regime o r l o w e r - p r e s s u r e v e s s e l s and a u x i l i a r y t a n k s . For h i g h - p r e s s u r e v e s s e l s and p i p e , t h e v e s s e l ( r u n p i p e ) d i a m e t e r - t o - t h i c k n e s s r a t i o D / T r a n g e s from (10 t o a b o u t 115; t h e r) b r a n c h - t o - r u n ( v e s s e l ) d i a m e t e r r a t i o d / D r a n g e s froin alrnos t z e r o , f o r 0 d r a i n s and i n s t r u m e n t c o n n e c t i o n s , t o a b u t 0.5 f o r " s t a n d a r d " r e i n f o r c e d n o z z l e s o r up t o 1.0 f o r s p e c i a l t y p r o d u c t c o n n e c t i o n s o r ANSI B16.9 t e e s ; and t h e b r a n c h p i p e d i a m e t e r - t o - t h i c k n e s s r a t l o d o / t r a n g e s from (5 ( a s o l i d b a r h a s d o / t = 2.0) t o a b o u t 100. The p i p e ( v e s s e l ) l e n g t h - t o d i a m e t e r r a t i o L/D i s g e n e r a l l y >4.0. F o r l o w - p r e s s u r e vessels and a u x i l i a r y t a n k a t h e d i a m e t e r - t o t h i c k n e s s r a t i o s Do/T are f a i r l y e v e n l y d i s t r i b u t e d between a b o u t 75 and 2000; t h e r a n g e of d o / t is t h e same as f o r h i g h - p r e s s u r e v e s s e l s and p i p i n g , t h a t i s , <5 t o a b o u t 100. F a r l o w - p r e s s u r e v e s s e l s and a u x i l i a r y t a n k s , t h e d i a m e t e r r a t i o do/D i s n o t a c o n s t a n t , b u t d e c r e a s e s s t e a d i l y a s D/T i n c r e a s e s . The w a l l - t h i c k n e s s r a t i o t / T , however, i s f a i r l y cons i s t e n t w i t h D/T and r a n g e s between a b o u t 0.2 and 2-0. The l e n g t h - t o d i a m e t e r r a t i o of t h e v e s s e l s L/D r a n g e s froin a b o u t 0.25 t o s l i g h t l y <2.0. Note t h a t t h i s p a r a m e t e r r a n g e is l e s s t h a n e s s e n t i a l l y a l l t h e a v a i l a b l e d e s i g n d a t a d e v e l o p e d fro13 B i j l a a r d ' s t h e o r y . Also n o t e t h a t t h e p a r a m e t e r s p a c e of s p e c i f i c d e s i g n i n t e r e s t o r b o t h regiines i s c o n s i d e r a b l y smaller t h a n i n d i c a t e d by the r a n g e of v a r i a b l e s p l o t t e d i n WKC-297 F i g s . 59 and 60. T h i s p o i n t i s e s p e c i a l l y i m p o r t a n t , b o t h f o r miiiiinizing t h e c o s t of a d d i t i o n a l n u m e r i c a l s t u d i e s and f o r d e v e l o p i n g r e a s o n a b l y a c c o r a t e d e s i g n g u i d a n c e . The major p o r t i o n of t h i s r e p o r t i s a d e t a i l e d e v a l u a t i o n of f i v e a n a l y t i c a l methods f o r c a l c u l a t i n g n o z z l e f 1 e x i . b i l i t y f a c t o r s f o r u s e i n d e s i g n by comparison w i t h e x p e r i m e n t a l and a n a l y t i c a l benchmark d a t a . The p r e s e n t s t u d y i s c o n s i d e r a b l y more e x t e n s i v e t h a n p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s b e c a u s e we were a b l e t o i n c l u d e more t y p e s of n o z z l e r e i n f o r c e m e n t ; more l o a d i n g s , t h a t i s , r a d i a l l o a d s and t o r s i o n a l moments on tlie b r a n c h and monents on t h e r u n ; and t h e i n f l u e n c e of i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e as w e l l as a w i d e r range of d i m e n s i o n a l p a r a m e t e r s . T a b l e s 2 5 . and 26 summarize t h e goodness-of -f .it C T K v a l u e s f o r t h e o u t - o f - p l a n e and i n - p l a n e moment f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s , ko and k i , r e s p e c t i v e l y , f o r t h e f i v e d i f f e r e n t d e s i g n methods e v a l u a t e d i n t h i s r e p o r t . A CTR v a l u e 0.E 1.00 f o r a g i v e n d a t a s e t i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e d e s i g n method gave f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s t h a t agreed, i n an o v e r a l l s e n s e , w i t h t h e benchmark d a t a . Values >2.0 o r <0.5 i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e g o o d n e s s - o f - i t i s q u i t e poor. The t a b u l a t e d d a t a g i v e n i n tlie t e x t f o r e a c h d a t a s e t must b e examined s e p a r a t e l y f o r e v a l u a t i o n of t h e d a t a s c a t t e r , The CTR

a5
Table 25.

Goodness-of-fit r e l a t i v e t o benchmark d a t a f o r out-of-plane moment d e s i g n f l e x i b i l i t y methods Goodness-of-fit Code (NB-3686) 1.04 0.98 0.94 0.86 1.28 1.81 3.08 5.16 1.08 1.07 6.94 valuesa S t e e l e s ' theory WKC-297 2.43 2.96 5.58 6.56 7.81
2.37 1.45

in text T5 T15
T8 T17 T17 Ti2

data set b
UBC-EXP

--

Dimensional parameters
d/D

_ _ I -

DIT

M 6S

B i j l a a r d ' s theory LUGS 1.64 1.67 1.27 2.84 4.36

FAST2 1.32 0.99 1.41 0.97 1.82 0.75 0.94 0.82

UBC-FEA RBC-EXP RBC-FEA RP30-FEA RSPS-EXP LDT-EXP LDT-FEA UBC-EXP RBC-EXP B16.9T

(0.5 <0.5 <0.52 <0.5 <0.5 <0.52 <0.05 <0.03 >0.5 >0.5 >0.4

<lo0 <lo0 <lo0 <lo0 <lo0 <lo0 >900 >400 <lo0 <lo0 <lo0

1.13 1.08 1.92 1.55 2.88

T7 T19 T10 T11 T14

%re t e x t f o r e x p l a n a t i o n of goodness-of-it

--

___--_.I--

determination.

bThe f i r s t s e t of l e t t e r s s t a n d s f o r n o z z l e type: UBC = u n r e i n f o r c e d branch c o n n e c t i o n ; RBC = r e i n f o r c e d branch c o n n e c t i o n ; RP30 = r e i n f o r c e d P30 n o d e l s ; RSPS = r e i n f o r c e d , s a d d l e , pad, or s l e e v e ; LDT = l a r g e d i a m e t e r t h i n walled. The second s e t s t a n d s f o r t y p e of d a t a : EXP * e x p e r i m e n t a l ; FEA = f i n i t e - e l e m e n t analysis.

TahLe 26.

Goodness-of-fit r e l a t i v e t o benchmdrk d a t a f o r in-plane moment d e s i g n f l e x i b i l i t y methods Goodness-of-fit

Code

-.

in text T6 Tl6 T8 Ti7 Ti7 T12 T7 'C19 T20 T10 T11 T14 'See

data
set
UBC-EXP

Dimensional parameters d/D DIT

<loo <loo

._

valuesa

(NB-3686) 0.71 0.83

0.82

B i j l a a r d ' s theory
M6S

Steeles' theory '&C-297 1.32 1.01' FAST2 1.09

3.92

LUGS 1.32 1.05 1.64 1.22 2.03

UBC-FEA
KBC-EXP

<o. 5 to. 5
<O. 5 <O. 5

0.94 0.75 1.04 0.64 1.46

RBC-FEA RP30-FEA RSPS-EXP LDT-HJ LDT-FEb UBC-EXP RBC-EXP Bl6.9T

~

<0.52

<O. 52

< 100 <loo < 100

<loo

1.07

0.87 2.16 2.36 0.11 0.52 1.00 1.29 2.14 determination.

1.19 0.74 1.02 1.09 2.03 1.45 1.01 1.06 1.33

LDT-EXP

<0.05 <0.03 0.10

>O. 5 >O. 5

>900 ,400 200-1000

< 100
(100

.~

t e x t f o r goodness-of-fit

bSee Table 25 f o r nomenclature; H J s t a n d s f o r Hnnsberry and J o n e s 5 2 theory. 'This v a l u e is f o r a reduced s e t of d a t a s i n c e t h e WRC-297 c u r v e s do n o t cover t h e models w i t h D/T > 60. See Table 16 f o r more i n f o r m a t i o n .

method f o r e v a l u a t i n g goodness-of -f i t i s expl.ained i n inore d e t a i l i n S e c t . 5.1. The numbers i n T a b l e s 25 and 26 i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e Code e q u a t i o n s do a good j o b of e s t i m a t i n g k o and k i f o r h o t h u n r e i n f o r c e d (UBC) and i n t e g r a l l y r e i n f o r c e d (RRC and W30) n o z z l e s w i t h d i m e n s i o n a l p a r a m e t e r s i n t h e r a n g e d/D 0.5, D/T 100. T h i s i s no s u r p r i s e b e c a u s e t h e d a t a b a s e i n t h i s r e p o r t is e s s e n t i a l l y t h e same as was used tc:, d e v e l o p t h e Code e q u a t i o n s . The Code e q u a t i o n s a l s o do a surprisingly good jots f o r 0.5 and D/T 100 ( d a t a sets TlCl and T11). Those nozn o z z l e s w i t h d/D z l e s a r e o u t s i d e t h e dimensional. p a r a m e t e r r a n g e previoi.is1.y v a l i d a t e d . The Code e q u a t i o n s do a poor jolr f o r n o n i n t e g r a l r e i n f o r c e d n o z z l e s ( R S P S ) , or n o z z l e s i n l a r g e - d i a m e t e r t h i n - w a l l e d v e s s e l s ( L D T ) , and f o r A N S I B16.9 t e e s ( T 1 4 ) . The two d e s i g n methods based on B i j l a a r d ' s t h e o r y (N6S and LUGS) b o t h gave good r e s u l t s f o r i n - p l a n e morwiits ( T a b l e 26) f o r a l l t h e d a t a s e t s w i t h d/D 0.5 and D/T 100 e x c e p t f o r t h e T17 W3O-FEA r e i n f o r c e d models. B i j l a a r d ' s t h e o r y is not a p p l i c a b l e f o r n o n i n t e g r a l r e i i i f o r c e d n o z z l e s ( T 1 2 RSPS-EXP) o r f o r n o z z l e s w i t h d/D > 0.5 o r D/T > -300. For out-oE-plane nomerits ( T a b l e 25) b o t h methods gave good r e s u l t s f o r imrei n f o r c e d n o z z l e s (T5 and T15) b u t poor r e s u l t s f o r t h e r e i n f o r c e d n o z z l e s (T8, T 1 7 REX, and T17 RP30). W e thus conclude t h a t B i j l a a r d ' s theory i s n o t dirc?ctZy a p p l i c a b l e f o r r e i n f o r c e d nozzl.es. S t e e l e s ' t h e o r y (FAST2) gave good r e s u l t s f o r b o t h o u t - o f - p l a n e moment ( T a b l e 25) and i n - p l a n e moment ( T a b l e 26) f 1 e x i h i l . i . t y f a c t o r s f o r a l l of t h e models w i t h d/D < 0.5, e x c e p t p e r h a p s f o r ko, T17 RP30-FEAY where t h e CTR v a l u e shown i n T a b l e 25 i s 1.82. These p a r t i c u l a r inotlels had a v e r y compact r e i n f o r c e m e n t t h a t t h i n - s h e l l t h e o r y i s n o t c a p a b l e of accurately representing. The Code e q u a t i o r i s do a b e t . t e r j o b f o r t h e s e p a r t i c u l a r models b e c a u s e an a d d i t l o n a l v a r i a b l e r was i n c l u d e d t o P account f o r the reinforcement. A d d i t i o n a l s t u d i e s u s i n g FAST2 need t o be c o n d u c t e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e most a p p r o p r i a t e way t o r e p r e s e n t t h e e f f e c t s of r e i n f orcernent. T h e WRC-297 method, based on S t e e l e s ' t h e o r y and d e s i g i i c u r v e s publ i s h e d i n RefL 2 7 , i s c o m p l e t e l y i n a d e q u a t e f o r c a l c u l a t i n g o u t - - o f - p l a n e moment f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s a s shown by tile l a r g e C i K v a l u e s i n T a b l e 25. None of t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a and o a l y on? s e t of a n a l y t i - c a l d a t a ('119) gave CTR v a l u e s <2.00. T h a t d a t a s e t , however, was not benchmarked a g a i n s t e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a ( i t c o n s i s t s of fotii- somewhat: u n r e a l i s t i c models w i t h D / T v a l u e s t h a t range froifi 400 t o 4 0 , 0 0 0 ) and was i n c l u d e d i n o u r e v a l u a t i o n s o n l y because i t g i v e s some i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e t h e o r e t i c a l l i i n i - t s of S t e e l e ' s t h e o r y . For i n - p l a n e morilent l o a d s T a b l e 26 i n d i c a t e s t h a t WKC-297 d o e s a r e a s o n a b l y good j o b Eor i n - p l a n e moment l o a d s f o r u n r e i n f o r c e d n o z z l e s w i t h d/D 9.5 and n / T 100 b u t is not a p p l i c a b l e or r e i n f o r c e d n o z z l e s . 'Recent c o r r e s p o n d e n c e from D r . S t e e l e S 8 and a d d i t i o n a l c a l c u l a t i o n u ~ s i~ n g~ FAST2 c o n f i r m e d o u r s u s p i c i o n s c 0 n c e r n i n . g WKC-297 Fig. 63 (Fig. 13 h e r e i n ) . The c u r v e s g i v e n f o r o u t - o f - p l a n e iuoiuent l o a d i n g were i n a d v e r t e n t l y m i - s l a b e l e d . I t w a s c o n c l u d e d , however, t h a t e v e n though c o r r e c t i n g t h e l a b e l s would r e s u l t i n more l o g i c a l t r e n d s i n t h e c u r v e s , t h e d e s i g n e r would n o t have much b e t t e r g u i d a n c e t h a n p r e s e n t l y a v a i l . able. I n view of t h i s we d i d riot r e p e a t o u r comparison c a l c u l a t i o n s even

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though they are, a d m i t t e d l y , i n c o r r e c t . Our o v e r a l l c o n c l u s i o n s and recommendations f o r f u r t h e r work a r e u n a l t e r e d . F l e x i . b i l i t y f a c t o r s f o r r a d i a l l o a d s on t h e n o z z l e are d i s c u s s e d i n S e c t . 8. Although t h e ASME Code d o e s n o t incl.ude r a d i a l - l o a d f l e x i b i l i t y guidance f o r e i t h e r piping or v e s s e l d e s i g n , radial-load f l e x i b i l i t y (or s t i f f n e s s ) is e x p e c t e d t o be a5 i m p o r t a n t as i n - p l a n e or o u t - o f - p l a n e moment f l e x i b i l i t y f o r t h e d e s i g n of less r i g i d n u c l e a r p i p i n g s y s t e m s . Both B i j l a a r d ' s t h e o r y and S t e e l e ' s t h e o r y are a p p l i c a b l e . However, w e were a b l e t o f i n d o n l y t h r e e s e t s of e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a and no a n a l y t i c a l benchmark d a t a f o r u s e i n e v a l u a t i n g t h e t h e o r i e s , One s e t , o b t a i n e d by C r a n ~ h in ~ 1960 ~ f o r comparison w i t h B i j l a a r d ' s t h e o r y , i n c l u d e s r a d i a l d i s p l a c e m e n t d a t a f o r f i v e a t t a c h m e n t s on a s:i.ngle c y l i n d r i c a l p r e s s u r e v e s s e l w i t h D/T = 77.8. The o t h e r tNo s e t s i n c l u d e r a d i a l d i s p l a c e m e n t d a t a f o r f i v e u n r e i n f o r c e d n o z z l e s o b t a i n e d by Whipple e t a l . ' t 1 - 4 3 and Shr~ederf ~roin ~ . t e s t s on l a r g e - d i a m e t e r t h i n - w a l l e d t a n k rnorlels w i t h d i m e n s i o n a l p a r a m e t e r v a l u e s i n t h e r a n g e d/D 4 0.05 and 960 < U/T < 2530. The CTR v a l u e s froia T a b l e 21 i n t h e t e x t and summarized below i n d i c a t e t h i i t b o t h B i . j l a a r d ' s t h e o r y (LUGS) and S t e e l e ' s t h e o r y (FAST2) Bijlaard
LUGS
~

Nozzle data
_ I

Steeles '

WKC-29 7
0.44
0.82

FAST2

Cranch LDT

0.78

0.69
0.92

do a r e a s o n a b l y good j o b of e s t i m a t i n g t h e radi.al. l o a d f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r kw f o r C r a n c h ' s d a t a (D/T = 77.8). S t e e l e s ' t h e o r y (WK-297, FAST2) a l s o d o e s a good j o b f o r t h e l a r g e - d i a m e t e r t h i n - w a l l e d t a n k (LDT) d a t a . FAST2 d i d a b e t t e r j o b than B i j l a a r d ' s theory is not a p p l i c a b l e . L a c - 2 9 7 f o r C r a n c h ' s d a t a b e c a u s e t h e computer program w a s b e t t e r ab1.e t o nodel t h e t e s t s p e c i m e n s . Even though t h e C ' . v a l u e s a r e a l l <1.0, t h e e x t r e m e l y small amount o E t e s t d a t a and i t s r e l a t i v e l y poor q u a l i t y ( s e e S e c t . 8 and T a b l e 21) make i t i m p o s s i b l e t o draw m o r e d e f i . n i t i v e conclusions. The i n f l u e n c e of i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e on t h e n o z z l e f l e x i b i l i t y i s d i s c u s s e d i n S e c t . 9. The a v a i l a b l e d a t a ( C r a n c h ' s model) are summarized and compared w i t h B i j l a a r d ' s t h e o r y i n T a b l e s 22 arid 23 i n the t e x t . S t e e l e s ' t h e o r y is n o t a p p l i c a b l e . I n d i c a t i o n s are t h a t i n t e r n a l press u r e might r e d u c e t h e f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s s i g n i - f i c n n t l y f o r large D/T vessels. I f n o z z l e f l e x i b i l i t y i s t o be used i n d e s i g n t o r e d u c e t h e v e s s e l - n o z z l e p i p i n g - s u p p o r t i n t e r a c t i o n problem i i l h e r e n t w i t h s t i f f p i p i n g s y s t e m s , t h e i n f l u e n c e of i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e c a n n o t be i g n o r e d . A d d i . t i o n a 1 t h e o r e t i c a l d e v e l o p n e n t is n e e d e d , however b e f o r e a p p r o p r i a t e d e s i g n g u i d a n c e c a n be d e v e l o p e d . F l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s f o r t o r s i o n a l aoments on t h e n o z z l e and f o r moments on p i 9 i n g r u n s are d i s c u s s e d i n S e c t s . 7 and 10, r e s p e c t i v e l y . N e i t h e r of t h e s e would a p p e a r t o be s i g n i f i c a n t f o r d e s i g n , except p e r h a p s f o r l a r g e d/D.

F l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s f o r n o z z l e s i n s p h e r i c a l and t o r o s p h e r i c a l heads are d i s c u s s e d i n S e c t . 11. The d e s i g n g u i d a n c e g i v e n by B i j l a a r d ' s t h e o r y 5 4 a p p e a r s t o be a d e q u a t e f o r i s o l a t e d , u n r e i n f o r c e d n o z z l e s f o r b o t h t h r u s t and raornent l o a d s . The t h e o r y d o e s not. i n c l u d e t h e i n t o r r i a l p r e s s u r e t e r n , however, and t h e r e i s r e a s o n t o b e l i e v e t h a t i t s i n f l u e n c e c o u l d be s i g n i f i c a n t i n d e s i g n . 12.2 CONCLIJSIONS

I n b r i e f , our e v a l u a t i o n s of t h e a v a i l a b l e d e s i g n a n a l y s i s methods f o r c a l c u l a t i n g f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s f o r b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s i n p i p i n g and n o z z l e s i n v e s s e l s w i t h a t t a c h e d p i p i l i g show t h e f o l l o w i n g :

1.

2,

3.

5.

6.

7.

The ASME Code Class 1 p i p i n g f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s f o r i-n-plane and out-of - p l a n e moment l o a d i n g s on t h e brdnch are t h e b e s t a v a i l a b l e d e s i g n g u i d a n c e f o r b o t h r e i n f o r c e d and u n r e i n f o r c e d b r a n c h connect i o n s and v e s s e l n o z z l e s w i t h i n t h e p a r a m e t e r r a n g e d/O < 0.5, D/T 100. T h e ASME Code e q u a t i o n s are not a d e q u a t e f o r n o z z l e s w i t h D/T > 100. The Code d o e s not i n c l u d e f l e x i b i l i t y g u i d a n c e f o r t h r u s t l o a d s on t h e n o z z l e l B i j l a a r d ' s b a s i c t h e o r y and t h e d e r i v e d d e s i g n methods f o r c a l c u l a t i n g f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s f o r i n - p l a n e moment, o u t - o f - p l a n e rnornent, and t h r u s t l o a d s on t h e n o z z l e appears t o be a d e q u a t e f o r u n r e i n f o r c e d nozzles but not f o r r e i n f o r c e d nozzles. B i j l a a r d ' s theory is not a p p l i c a b l e f o r n o z z 1 . e ~ w i t h d/D 0.5 o r D/T > -600. S t e e l e s ' b a s i c t h e o r y appears t o be a d e q u a t e f o r c a l c u l a t i n g f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s f o r i n - p l a n e moment, o u t - o f - p l a n e moment, a n 3 t h r u s t l o a d s f o r u n r e i n f o r c e d and f o r some t y p e s of i n t e g r a l l y r e i n f orried Nonnozzles w i t h i n t h e parameter range d/n 0.5 and D/T < -2500. i n t e g r a l r e i n f o r c e m e n t and some i n t e g r a l r e i n f o r c e m e n t d e s i g n s a r e problem areas. The f l e x i b i l i t y g u i d a n c e , based on S t e e l c ' s t h e o r y g i v e n i n WRC BuZZet<n 297, i s t o t a l l y i n a d e q u a t e . F l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s f o r t o r s i o n a l moment on t h e b r a n c h tilay be saall. and not s i g n i f i c a n t f o r d e s i g n , e x c e p t p o s s i b l y f o r l a r g e d/D. Addit i o n a l e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a a n d / o r t i l e o r e t i c a l s t u d i e s are needed t o e x p l o r e t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e of t o r s i o n a l f l e x i b i l i t y o v e r a w i d e r r a n g e of p a r a m e t e r s . F l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s f o r moment l o a d i n g on t h e run a r e p r o b a b l y not s i g n i f i c a n t f o r d e s i g n p u r p o s e s , e x c e p t p o s s i b l y f o r l a r g e d/D. SQKE a d d i t i o n a l s t u d y i s needed t o c o n f i r m t h i s c o n c l u s i o n , however. Moments on t h e v e s s e l e n d s a r e not. a d e s i g n c o n s i d e r a t i o n . I n t e r n a l pressure equal t o the design pressure w i l l . a f f e c t nozzle E l e x i b i l i t y for t h e t h i n n e r w a l l e d v e s s e l s and a u x i l i a r y t a n k s t h a t are used i n a n u c l e a r poNer p l a n t . B i j l a a r d ' s theory includes the n o n l i n e a r i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e e f f e c t , but S t e e l e ' s theory does not. F l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s f o r i s o l a t e d r a d i a l n o z z l e s i n s p h e r i c a l and t o r o s p h e r i c a l h e a d s d e v e l o p e d from R i j l a a r d ' s t h e o r y a p p e a r t o be adequate. f o r t h r u s t and moment l o a d s . A d d i t i o n a l t h e o r e t i c a l work i s n e e d e d , however, t o i n c l u d e t h e e f f e c t s of i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e t h a t w e b e l i e v e c o u l d be s i g n i f i c a n t .

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89
12.3

RECOMMENDATIONS

To d e v e l o p improved f l e x i b i l - i t y g u i d a n c e f o r t h e d e s i g n of more f l e x i b l e nuclear piping systems, i t is apparent t h a t a c o n s i d e r a b l e amount of a d d i t i o n a l work i s needed. To r e a c h t h a t g - o a l we recommend the following:
1.

Use S t e e l e s ' t h e o r y , FAST2 , t o conduct two s e p a r a t e p a r a m e t e r s t u d i e s d e s i g n e d LO c o v e r t h e r a n g e s of i n t e r e s t f o r n u c l e a r power p l a n t c o n s t r u c t i o n ( s e e S e c t . 2.3) : ( a ) One s t u d y d e s i g n e d s p e c i f i c a l l y f o r b r a n c h c o n n e c t t o n s i n s t r a i g h t p i p e and n o z z l e s i n p r e s s u r e v e s s e l s . The dimensionl e s s parameter ranges are:

D ~ / T< 120,
6 0.5,

0.01 < do/D

2 6 do/t

< 100,

L/D > 4

(b)

where L/D i s t h e l e n g t h - t o - d i a m e t e r r a t i o of t h e a n a l y z e d model. A second s t u d y d e s i g n e d s p e c i f i c a l l y f o r n o z z l e s i n t h i n n e r w a l l e d v e s s e l s and a u x i l i a r y t a n k s . The d i m e n s i o n l e s s p a r a m t e r s and r a n g e s are: 75 6 D/T

< 2500,
G

2 < do/t
G

100,
do/D

0.2
0.2

t / T c 2.0,

< L/D

>

<

2.0.

2.

3.

4.

Both p a r a m e t e r s t u d i e s s h o u l d be run f o r t h r e e l o a d i n g s on t h e nozzle: t h r u s t and i n - p l a n e and o u t - o f - p l a n e moments, Using t h e results from i t e m 1, d e v e l o p s i m p l e d e s i g n g u i d a n c e equat i o n s similar i n f o r m a t t o t h e A S W Code Class l p i p i n g f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r equations. Because f o u r i n d e p e n d e n t d i m e n s i o n l e s s parameters a r e i n v o l v e d , t h e r e d o e s n o t appear t o be any s i m p l e way t o p r e s e n t t h e r e s u l t s i n a c c u r a t e g r a p h i c a l form w i t h o u t t h e need f o r e x t e n SLVC interpolations. Moreover s u c h i n t e r p o l a t i o n s a r e time-consumi n g and s u b j e c t t o e r r o r . Even a t t h e e x p e n s e of some l o s s i n accuracy, s i m p l e d e s i g n f o r m u l a s are p r e f e r r e d t o d e s i g n g r a p h s . Develop c o r o l l a r y p a r m e t e r s t u d i e s t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e i n f l u e n c e of reinforcement design. Two s u c h s t u d i e s would be ( a > t o c h a r a c t e r i z e t h e i n f l u e n c e of n o z z l e r e i n f o r c e m e n t l e n g t h and ( b ) t o c h a r a c t e r i z e t h e i n f l u e n c e of v e s s e l pad r e i n f o r c e m e n t . Using t h e r e s u l t s f r o m those s t u d i e s a t t e m p t t o modify t h e f o r l n u l a s d e v e l o p e d u n d e r item 2 i n as s i m p l e a f a s h i o n as p o s s i b l e t o c h a r a c t e r i z e r e i n f o r c e m e n t effects. Sone s u g g e s t i o n s are g i v e n i n t h e t e x t . Conduct c o r o l l a r y p a r a m e t e r s t u d i e s t o i d e n t i f y t h e i n f l u e n c e o f t o r s i o n a l moments on t h e branch.

5.

6.
7.

Modify S t e e l e ' s b a s i c t h e o r y t o i n c l u d e t h e n o n l i n e a r e f f e c t s of i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e and i n c o r p o r a t e t h e m o d i f i c a t i o n s i n t o t h e FAST computer programs Because p r e s s u r e e f f e c t s a r e n o n l i n e a r , s u p e r p o s t t i o n is n o t p e r m i s s i b l e . The b a s i c d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s need t o be m o d i f i e d , and a p a r t i c u l a r s o l u t i o n n e e d s t o b e d e v e l o p e d . E x p l o r a t o r y niirnerical s t u d i e s would t h e n need t o be c o n d u c t e d to d e t e r m i n e how b e s t t o i n c l u d e t h e e f f e c t of i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e i n t h e design guidance, Modify BijZaard's t h e o r y f o r s p h e r i c a l s h e l l s t o i n c l u d e t h e i.nf l u e n c e of i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e and p r o c e e d a s d i s c u s s e d u n d e r

item ( 5 ) . Develop c r i t e r i a f o r d e f i n i n g an " i s o l a t e d " n o z z l e i n a s p h e r i c a l o r torospherical v e s s e l head.

91
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ASME Boiler and Premure I/esse%Code, N u c l e a r Power P l a n t Compon e n t s , S e c t i o n I11 - Div. 1, 1983 Ed., W i n t e r 1985 a d d e n d a , ASME,
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48.

49. 50.

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S o c i e t y of t h e Valves and F i t t i n g s I n d u s t r y , Arlingt:on, Va.,

E:.
-

Faetnry-?dade But;ti&ld*ing Pitt,ings .for Applicakions, M a n u f a c t u r e r s S t a n d a r d i z a t i o n

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57.

58. 59.

W . C. Kroenke,

C.

Kroenke, Babcock and

97 NUREG/CR-4785 OKNL-6339

Dist.

Category R M

Internal Distribution
1. 2. 3. 4.
J.

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

5. 6. 7.

C. R, C. \J. W. J. J. W. R.
R, R.

W .

Y.

16. 17.

C. M. .J.

J. Blass J. Chang U. C h e v e r t o n J. C l a f f e y A. C l i n a r d L. Cooper M. Corum A. k t s i L. G r e e n s t r e e t C. Gwaltney R. H e n d r i c h L. Hutidleston C. Hudson L. L i n S. Luttrell F. Marchbanks G. X e r k l e

18-27. 28.

29. 30. 31. 32. 33.

36. 37-38.

34. 35.

41. 42-43. 44.

39. 40.

S . E, Moore H. L. Mosley D. G,, O'Conner C. B, Oland C. E. Pugh ,J. J. Robinson W. K, S a r t o r y H. E. Trammel1 G. T, Yahr F. C. Zapp Mechanics A p p l i c a t i-oris, BZdg. 9204-1, MS 11 OKtVT, P a t e n t Off i c e C e n t r a l Research L i b r a r y Docuiment R e f e r e n c e S e c t i o n Lab o r d t o r y R e c o r d s D e p a r t tne n t L a b o r a t o r y R e c o r d s (KC)

External Distribution
c

45-46.

47-48. 49-68. 69.

70-71. 72-231. 232-326.

M o k h t a r i a n , CBI-NaCon, I n c , , 800 . J o r i e B l v d . , Oak Brook, I L 60522-7001 E. C. Rodabaugh, 4625 C e m e t e r y Rd., H i l l i a r d , OH 431326 D. .J. Guzy, S t r u c t u r a l and Seismic E n g i n e e r i n g Branch, N u c l e a r R e g u l a t o r y C o m n i s s i o n , Washington, DC 20555 O f f i c e of A s s i s t a n t Manager f o r Energy R e s e a r c h and Development, Department of E n e r g y , ORO, Oak R i d g e , TN 37831 T e c h n i c a l I n f o r m a t i o n C e n t e r , DOE, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 Given d i s t r i b u t i o n as shown u n d e r c a t e g o r y RM S p e c i a l PVRC and ASME Code d i s t r i b u t i o n .
K.

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U S NUCLEAR REGULATORY C W M l S S l O N

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TITLE A N D SIJETITI-E ( A d d /o/urne N o , ifdpppropriarel

Review and Eva1 u a t i o r i o f Design Analysis Methods f o r Calc u l a t i n g F l e x i b i l i t y o f N o z z l e s a n d Branch Connect: ions
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A U T HOFi (S 1

3. R E C I P I E N T ' S ACCESSION NO.

5 O A Y E FiEPORT C O M P L F T F D

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D i v i s i o a of E n g i n e e r i n g Office o f Nuclear R e g u l a t o r y Research IJ* S. Ni.ic:I.ctii r K e g u l a t o r y Commission Washington, DC 20555

Modern p i p i n g s y s t e m d e s i g n g e n e r a l l y i n c l u d e s an a n a l y t i c a l d e t e r m i n a t i o n of d i s p l a c e m e n t s , r o t a t i o n s , moments, and r e a c t i o n f o r c e s a t v a r i o u s p o s i t i o n s a l o n g t h e p i p i n g s y s t e m by means oE a s o - c a l l e d Elexi b i l i t y analysis. The a n a l y t i c a l model i s n o r m a l l y based o n a s t r e n g t h of-materials d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e p i p i n g s y s t e m a s an i n t e r c o n n e c t e d s e t o f s t r a i g h t and c u r v e d b e a n s a l o n g w i t h " f l e x i b i l i t y a c t o r s " t h a t a r e u s e d t o compensate f o r i n a c c u r a c i e s i n t h e model b e h a v i o r . 'This report g i v e s an i n - d e p t h e v a l u a t i o n of the v a r i o u s a n a l y t i c a l d e s c r i p t i o n s of t h e f l e x i h i l i t y f a c t o r s a s s o c l a t e d w i t h p i p i n g s y s t e n b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s and n o z z l e s . Recommendations a r e g i v e n for d e v e l o p i n g needed improvements.

ASME Codc, P i p i n g , F l e x i b i l i t y Analysis, Design Nozzles, Rrnnch C o n n e c t i o n s