CHAPTER

31



Alternating-Current Circuits



Note: Unless otherwise indicated, the symbols I, V, E, and P denote the rms values of I, V, and E and the average
power.
1* A 200-turn coil has an area of 4 cm
2
and rotates in a magnetic field of 0.5 T. (a) What frequency will
generate a maximum emf of 10 V? (b) If the coil rotates at 60 Hz, what is the maximum emf?
(a) E = NBA? cos ?t (see Problem 30-8-5)
(b) Emax
= NBA? = 2pNBAf
? = Emax
/NBA = 250 s
1
; f = ?/2p = 39.8 Hz
Emax
= 15.1 V

2 In what magnetic field must the coil of Problem 1 be rotating to generate a maximum emf of 10 V at 60 Hz?
Use Equ. 314; solve for B B = 0.332 T
3 A 2-cm by 1.5-cm rectangular coil has 300 turns and rotates in a magnetic field of 4000 G. (a) What is the
maximum emf generated when the coil rotates at 60 Hz? (b) What must its frequency be to generate a
maximum emf of 110 V?
(a) Use Equ. 31-4
(b) Use Equ. 31-4; solve for f = ?
/2p
Emax
= 13.6 V
f = 486 Hz

4 The coil of Problem 3 rotates at 60 Hz in a magnetic field B. What value of B will generate a maximum emf
of 24 V?
Use Equ. 31-4; solve for B B = 0.707 T

5* As the frequency in the simple ac circuit in Figure 31-26 increases, the rms current through the resistor (a)
increases. (b) does not change. (c) may increase or decrease depending on the magnitude of the original
frequency. (d) may increase or decrease depending on the magnitude of the resistance. (e) decreases.
(b)
6 If the rms voltage in an ac circuit is doubled, the peak voltage is (a) increased by a factor of 2. (b)
decreased by a factor of 2. (c) increased by a factor of
2
. (d) decreased by a factor of
2
. (e) not
changed.
(a)
7 A 100-W light bulb is plugged into a standard 120-V (rms) outlet. Find (a) I
rms
, (b) I
max
, and (c) the
maximum power.
(a) Use Equ. 31-14
(b) Use Equ. 31-12
I
rms
= 0.833 A
I
max
= 1.18 A
Chapter 31 Alternating-Current Circuits

(c) P
max
= I
maxEmax
= 2I
rmsErms
= 2P
av
P
max
= 200 W

8 A 3-O resistor is placed across a generator having a frequency of 60 Hz and a maximum emf of 12.0 V. (a)
What is the angular frequency ? of the current? (b) Find I
max
and I
rms
. What is (c) the maximum power into the
resistor, (d) the minimum power, and (e) the average power?
(a) ? = 2pf
(b) Use Equs. 31-8 and 31-12
(c) P
max
= I
max
2
R
(d) P
min
= (
|
I
|min
)
2
R
(e) P
av
= 1/2P
max

? = 377 rad/s
I
max
= 4 A; I
rms
= 2.83 A
P
max
= 48 W
P
min
= 0
P
av
= 24 W

9* A circuit breaker is rated for a current of 15 A rms at a voltage of 120 V rms. (a) What is the largest value
of I
max
that the breaker can carry? (b) What average power can be supplied by this circuit?
(a) I
max
=
2
I
rms

(b) P = I
rms
V
rms

I
max
= 21.2 A
P = 1.8 kW

10 If the frequency in the circuit shown in Figure 31-27 is doubled, the inductance of the inductor will (a)
increase by a factor of 2. (b) not change. (c) decrease by a factor of 2. (d) increase by a factor of 4. (e)
decrease by a factor of 4.
(b)
11 If the frequency in the circuit shown in Figure 31-27 is doubled, the inductive reactance of the inductor will
(a) increase by a factor of 2. (b) not change. (c) decrease by a factor of 2. (d) increase by a factor of 4. (e)
decrease by a factor of 4.
(a)
12 If the frequency in the circuit in Figure 31-28 is doubled, the capacitative reactance of the circuit will (a)
increase by a factor of 2. (b) not change. (c) decrease by a factor of 2. (d) increase by a factor of 4. (e)
decrease by a factor of 4.
(c)
13* In a circuit consisting of a generator and an inductor, are there any times when the inductor absorbs power
from the generator? Are there any times when the inductor supplies power to the generator?
Yes, Yes
14 In a circuit consisting of a generator and a capacitor, are there any times when the capacitor absorbs power
from the generator? Are there any times when the capacitor supplies power to the generator?
Yes to both questions.
15 What is the reactance of a 1.0-mH inductor at (a) 60 Hz, (b) 600 Hz, and (c) 6 kHz?
(a), (b), (c) Use Equ. 31-25 (a) X
L
= 0.377 O (b) X
L
= 3.77 O (c) X
L
= 37.7 O

16 An inductor has a reactance of 100 O at 80 Hz. (a) What is its inductance? (b) What is its reactance at 160
Hz?
(a), (b) Use Equ. 31-25; solve for L (a) L = 0.199 H (b) X
L
= 200 O

17* At what frequency would the reactance of a 10.0-F capacitor equal that of a 1.0-mH inductor?
Chapter 31 Alternating-Current Circuits

f = (1/2p)(1/
LC
) f = 1.59 kHz

18 What is the reactance of a 1.0-nF capacitor at (a) 60 Hz, (b) 6 kHz, and (c) 6 MHz?
(a), (b), (c) Use Equ. 31-31 (a) X
C
= 2.65 MO (b) X
C
= 26.5 kO (c) X
C
= 26.5 O

19 An emf of 10.0 V maximum and frequency 20 Hz is applied to a 20-F capacitor. Find (a) I
max
and (b) I
rms
.
(a) 1. Find X
C
using Equ. 31-31
2. I
max
= Emax
/X
C

(b) Use Equ. 31-12
X
C
= 398 O
I
max
= 25.1 mA
I
rms
= 17.8 mA

20 At what frequency is the reactance of a 10-F capacitor (a) 1 O, (b) 100 O, and (c) 0.01 O?
(a), (b), (c) Use Equ. 31-31; solve for f (a) f = 15.9 kHz (b) f = 159 kHz (c) f = 1.59 MHz

21* Draw the resultant phasor diagram for a series RLC circuit when V
L
< V
C
. Show on your diagram that the
emf will lag the current by the phase angle d given by
tan d =
V
V V
R
L C


The phasor diagram is shown at the right. The voltages V
R
, V
L
, and V
C
are
indicated as well as the resultant voltage E. The current is in phase with V
R

and its phasor is shown by the dashed arrow. The voltage E lags the current by
the
angle d where d = tan
1
[(V
C
V
L
)/V
R
].


22 Two ac voltage sources are connected in series with a resistor R = 25 O. One source is given by V
1
=
(5.0 V) cos (?t a), and the other source is V
2
= (5.0 V) cos (?t + a), with a = p/6. (a) Find the current in R
using a trigonometric identity for the sum of two cosines. (b) Use phasor diagrams to find the current in R. (c)
Find the current in R if a = p/4 and the amplitude of V
2
is increased from 5.0 V to 7.0 V.
(a) 1. Find V = V
1
+ V
2
using
cos
d +cos
? = 2 cos 1/2(d + ?) cos 1/2(d ?)
2. I = V/R
(b) The phasor diagram for the voltages is shown in
the adjacent figure. By vector addition,





|
V
|
= 2
|
V
1|
cos 30

= 8.66 V;
|
I
|
=
|
V
|
/R
(c) Note that the phase angle between V
1
and V
2
is
90

; so
/R V = I ; V + V = V
2
2
2
1 .
The phase angle is f = tan
1
(7/5) 45

.
Chapter 31 Alternating-Current Circuits

V = (8.66 cos ?t) V

I = (0.346 cos ?t) A

I = (0.346 cos ?t) A
|
V
|
= 8.60 V;
|
I
|
= 0.344 A
I = [0.344 cos (?t +

)] A

= 9.46

= 0.165 rad

23 The SI units of inductance times capacitance are (a) seconds squared. (b) hertz. (c) volts. (d) amperes.
(e) ohms.
(a)
24 Making LC circuits with oscillation frequencies of thousands of hertz or more is easy, but making LC circuits
that have small frequencies is difficult. Why?
To make an LC circuit with a small resonance frequency requires a large inductance and large capacitance.
Neither is easy to construct.
25* Show from the definitions of the henry and the farad that
LC / 1
0 has the unit s
1
.
The dimension of C is [Q]/[V]. From V = L(dI/dt) and [I] = [Q]/[T] it follows that [L] = [V][T]
2
/[Q].
Thus [L][C] = [T]
2
, and 1/
LC
0 has the dimension of [T]
1
, i.e., units of s
1
.
26 (a) What is the period of oscillation of an LC circuit consisting of a 2-mH coil and a 20-F capacitor? (b)
What inductance is needed with an 80-F capacitor to construct an LC circuit that oscillates with a frequency of
60 Hz?
(a) Use Equ. 31-41; T = 2p/?
(b) Use Equ. 31-41; solve for L
T = 1.26 ms
L = 1/4p
2
f
2
C = 88 mH

27 An LC circuit has capacitance C
1
and inductance L
1
. A second circuit has
1
C =
C
2
1
2 and L
2 =
L 1 2 , and a third
circuit has C
2 =
C 1 3 and L
=
L
2
1
3 1. (a) Show that each circuit oscillates with the same frequency. (b) In which
circuit would the maximum current be greatest if the capacitor in each were charged to the same potential V?
(a) Since L
1
C
1
= L
2
C
2
= L
3
C
3
, the resonance frequencies of the three circuits are the same.
(b) From Equ. 31-43, I
max
= ?Q
0
= ?CV. Therefore the circuit with C = C
3
has the greatest I
max
.
28 A 5-F capacitor is charged to 30 V and is then connected across a 10-mH inductor. (a) How much energy
is stored in the system? (b) What is the frequency of oscillation of the circuit? (c) What is the maximum current
in the circuit?
(a) U = 1/2CV
2

(b) Use Equ. 31-41
(c) I
max
= ?CV
U = 2.25 mJ
f = 712 Hz
I
max
= 0.671 A
Chapter 31 Alternating-Current Circuits


29* A coil can be considered to be a resistance and an inductance in series. Assume that R = 100 O and L = 0.4
H. The coil is connected across a 120-V-rms, 60-Hz line. Find (a) the power factor, (b) the rms current, and (c)
the average power supplied.
(a) X = X
L
= ?L; R
+
X
= Z
2 2
; pf = R/Z
(b) I = E/Z
(c) P = I
2
R
X
L
= 150.8 O; Z = 181 O; power factor = 0.552
I = 120/181 A = 0.663 A
P = 44.0 W

30 A resistance R and a 1.4-H inductance are in series across a 60-Hz ac voltage. The voltage across the
resistor is 30 V and the voltage across the inductor is 40 V. (a) What is the resistance R? (b) What is the ac
input voltage?
(a) I?L = V
L
; IR = V
R
; R = (V
R
/V
L
)?L
(b) V
L
leads V
R
by 90

; V
+
2
L
2
R V
= V

R = 396 O
V = 50 V

31 A coil has a dc resistance of 80 O and an impedance of 200 O at a frequency of 1 kHz. One may neglect the
wiring capacitance of the coil at this frequency. What is the inductance of the coil?
Use Equ. 31-53;
L f
R Z X
2 = =
2 2
L


L = 29.2 mH

32 A single transmission line carries two voltage signals given by V
1
= (10 V) cos 100t and V
2
=
(10 V) cos 10,000t, where t is in seconds. A series inductor of 1 H and a shunting resistor of 1 kO is inserted into
the transmission line as indicated in Figure 31-29. (a) What is the voltage signal observed at the output side of
the transmission line? (b) What is the ratio of the low-frequency amplitude to the high-frequency amplitude?
(a) 1. Use Equ. 31-53 to find Z
1
and Z
2
and I
1
and I
2
;
? 1
= 10
2
s
1
, ? 2
= 10
4
s
1

2. V
out
= IR
(b) Find V
1out
/V
2out

Z
1
= 1005 O, Z
2
= 1.005

10
4
O;
I
1
= (9.95 cos 100t) mA, I
2
= (0.995 cos 10
4
t) mA
V
1out
= (9.95 cos 100t) V, V
2out
= (0.995 cos 10
4
t) V
V
1out
/V
2out
= 10

33* A coil with resistance and inductance is connected to a 120-V-rms, 60-Hz line. The average power supplied
to the coil is 60 W, and the rms current is 1.5 A. Find (a) the power factor, (b) the resistance of the coil, and (c)
the inductance of the coil. (d) Does the current lag or lead the voltage? What is the phase angle d?
(a) P = EI

pf
(b) R = P/I
2

(c) X
L
= R tan d = ?L; L = (R tan d)/?
(d) The circuit is inductive
pf = cos d = 60/180 = 0.333; d = 70.5

R = 60/2.25 O = 26.7 O
L = 0.2 H
I lags E; d = 70.5

34 A 36-mH inductor with a resistance of 40 O is connected to a source whose voltage is E = (345 V) cos
(150pt), where t is in seconds. Determine the maximum current in the circuit, the maximum and rms voltages
across the inductor, the average power dissipation, and the maximum and average energy stored in the magnetic
field of the inductor.
1. Use Equ. 31-53 to find Z; I
max
= Emax
/Z
2. V
Lmax
= ?LI
max
; V
Lrms
= V
Lmax
/
2

Z = 43.45 O; I
max
= 7.94 A
V
Lmax
= 134.7 V, V
Lrms
= 95.25 V
Chapter 31 Alternating-Current Circuits

3. P
av
= 1/2I
max
2
R
4. U
Lmax
= 1/2LI
max
2
, U
Lav
=

P
Lav
, P
Lav
= 0
P
av
= 1.26 kW
U
Lmax
= 1.13 J; U
Lav
= 0

35 A coil of resistance R, inductance L, and negligible capacitance has a power factor of 0.866 at a frequency
of 60 Hz. What is the power factor for a frequency of 240 Hz?
1. R/Z = cos d ; find R
2
/X
L
2
at f = 60 Hz
2. At f = 240 Hz, X
L
2
is 16 times greater than at 60 Hz
R
2
/(R
2
+ X
L
2
) = 3/4; R
2
= 3X
L
2
; X
L
2
= R
2
/3
X
L
2
= 16R
2
/3; R/Z = (3/19)
1/2
= cos d = 0.397

36 A resistor and an inductor are connected in parallel across an emf E = Emax
as shown in Figure 31-30. Show
that (a) the current in the resistor is I
R
= (Emax
/R) cos ?t, (b) the current in the inductor is I
L
= (Emax
/X
L
) cos (?t
90

), and (c) I = I
R
+ I
L
= I
max
cos (?t d), where tan d = R/X
L
and I
max
= ?max
/Z with X
+
R
=
Z
2
L
2 2
.
(a) Use Kirchhoffs law; let E = Emax
cos ?t
(b) Use Kirchhoffs law; I lags E by 90
o

(c) 1. I = I
R
+ I
L
= I
max
cos(?t d)
2. Compare terms of I with (a) and (b)
3. Rewrite I
max

E I
R
R = 0; I
R
= (Emax
/R) cos ?t
I
L
= (Emax
/X
L
) cos(?t 90

) = (Emax
/X
L
) sin ?t
I = I
max
(cos ?t cos d + sin ?t sin d)
I
max
cos d = Emax
/R; I
max
sin d = Emax
/X
L
; tan d = X
L
/R
I
max
2
(cos
2
d + sin
2
d) = Emax
2
(1/R
2
+ 1/X
L
2
) = Emax
2
/Z
2
,
where Z
2
= R
2
+ X
L
2
; thus, I
max
= Emax
/Z

37* Figure 31-31 shows a load resistor R
L
= 20 O connected to a high-pass filter consisting of an inductor L =
3.2 mH and a resistor R = 4 O. The input voltage is E = (100 V) cos (2pft). Find the rms currents in R, L, and R
L

if (a) f = 500 Hz and (b) f = 2000 Hz. (c) What fraction of the total power delivered by the voltage source is
dissipated in the load resistor if the frequency is 500 Hz and if the frequency is 2000 Hz?
We shall do this problem for the general case and then substitute numerical values.
1. Find the resistive and inductive components of
Z
p
= Z of the parallel combination of L and R
L

2. Find I = I
R
in terms of other parameters

3. Write V
p
, the voltage across Z
p

4. Write the currents in L and R
L

5. Write the power dissipated in R and in R
L

(a) 1. For f = 500 Hz, find R
p
, X
p
, and Z
p

2. Find I = I
R

3. Find I
L
and I
RL

(b) 1. For f = 2000 Hz, find R
p
, X
p
, and Z
p

2. Find I = I
R

3. Find I
L
and I
RL

Note: As f

, I
R
= I
RL
= 5.00 A
(c) 1. For f = 500 Hz, find P
R
, P
L
, P
tot
, and P
L
/P
tot

2. Repeat above for f = 2000 Hz
R
p
= R
L?
2
L
2
/(R
L
2
+ ?
2
L
2
); X
p
= ?LR
L
2
/(R
L
2
+ ?
2
L
2
)
Z
p
= R
L?L/ L R
2 2

+
2
L
I = E/
)
X
( + )
2
p
2
p R
+ (R
= I
R

V
p
= IZ
p

I
L
= IZ
p
/?L; I
RL
= IZ
p
/R
L

P
R
= I
2
R; P
L
= RL
2
RL
I ; P
tot
= P
R
+ P
L

R
p
= 4.03 O, X
p
= 8.02 O, Z
p
= 8.98 O
I = I
R
= 100/(8.03
2
+ 8.02
2
)
1/2
A = 8.81 A
I
L
= 8.81

8.98/10.05 A = 7.87 A; I
RL
= 3.96 A
R
p
= 16.0 O, X
p
= 7.98 O, Z
p
= 17.9 O
I = I
R
= 100/(20
2
+ 7.98
2
)
1/2
A = 4.64 A
I
L
= 4.64

17.9/40.2 A = 2.07 A; I
RL
= 4.16 A

P
R
= 310 W, P
L
= 314 W; P
tot
= 624 W; P
L
/P
tot
= 50.3%
P
R
= 86.1 W, P
L
= 346 W; P
tot
= 432 W; P
L
/P
tot
=
80.0%


Chapter 31 Alternating-Current Circuits

38 An ac source E1
=
ft) (20 (2 cos V)
in series with a battery E2
= 16 V is connected to a circuit consisting of
resistors R
1
= 10 O and R
2
= 8 O and an inductor L = 6 mH (Figure 31-32). Find the power dissipated in R
1
and
R
2
if (a) f = 100 Hz, (b) f = 200 Hz, and (c) f = 800 Hz.
We can treat the ac and dc components separately. For the dc component, L acts like a short circuit. For
convenience we let E1
denote the maximum value of the ac emf.
(a) 1. Find dc power dissipated in R
1
and R
2

2. Find average ac power dissipated in R
1

3. Find P
2ac
= 1/2E1
2
R
2
/Z
2
2
; use Equ. 31-53 for Z
4. Find the total power; P = P
dc
+ P
ac

P
1dc
= E2
2
/R
1
= 25.6 W; P
2dc
= 32.0 W
P
1ac
= 1/2E1
2
/R
1
= 20 W
X
L
= 3.77 O; Z
2
2
= 78.2 O
2
; P
2ac
= 20.5 W
P
1
= 45.6 W, P
2
= 52.5 W

(b) Repeat part (a). The only difference is that now X
L
= 7.54 O and Z
2
2
= 121 O
2
. One obtains
P
2ac
= 13.2 W, and so P
1
= 45.6 W and P
2
= 45.2 W.
(c) Repeat part (a). Now X
L
= 30.2 O and Z
2
2
= 974 O
2
. Then P
1
= 45.6 W, P
2ac
=1.65 W, and P
2
= 33.65 W
39 A 100-V-rms voltage is applied to a series RC circuit. The rms voltage across the capacitor is 80 V. What is
the voltage across the resistor?
Phasors V
R
and V
C
are 90
o
apart; V
R
2
+ V
C
2
= E
2
V
R
= 60 V rms

40 The circuit shown in Figure 31-33 is called an RC high-pass filter because high input frequencies are
transmitted with greater amplitude than low input frequencies. (a) If the input voltage is V
in
= V
0
cos ?t, show
that the output voltage is
V
out
=
1 + ) RC / (1
V
2
0

(b) At what angular frequency is the output voltage half the input voltage? (c) Sketch a graph of V
out
/V
0
as a
function of ?.
The output voltage is V
out
= IR.
) C
V
= I
2
/( 1 +
R
V
=
Z
2
in in
, and
multiplying by R,
) C R
V
2
/ (1 + 1
V
=
in
out .
The ratio V
out
/V
in
is shown in the figure plotted
against ?RC. It is apparent that the output
voltage increases and approaches the input
voltage as the frequency increases.


41* A coil draws 15 A when connected to a 220-V 60-Hz ac line. When it is in series with a 4-O resistor and the
combination is connected to a 100-V battery, the battery current after a long time is observed to be 10 A. (a)
What is the resistance in the coil? (b) What is the inductance of the coil?
(a) For t

, I
B
= EB
/(R
L
+ 4.0); solve for R
L
R
L
= 6.0 O
Chapter 31 Alternating-Current Circuits

(b) Z = E/I;
/
2
L R

Z
= L
2

; ? = 377 s
1

Z = 14.7 O, L = 35.5 mH

42 Figure 31-34 shows a load resistor R
L
= 20 O connected to a low-pass filter consisting of a capacitor C = 8
F and resistor R = 4 O. The input voltage is E =
ft) (100 (2 cos V)
. Find the rms currents in R, C, and R
L
if (a)
f = 500 Hz and (b) f = 2000 Hz. (c) What fraction of the total power delivered by the voltage source is
dissipated in the load resistor if the frequency is 500 Hz and if the frequency is 2000 Hz?
We will use the complex numbers method described on pp. 980-981 of the text.
(a) 1. Find Z
p
for the parallel R
L
C group; X
C
= 39.8 O
2. Multiply numerator & denominator by R
L
+

iX
C

3. Find total Z = R + Z
p
; use numerical values
4. Find I
Rrms
= Erms
/Z;
|
Z
|
= 21.52 O
5. Find V
prms
= I
Rrms|
Z
p|

6. Find I
Lrms
= V
prms
/R
L
and I
Crms
= V
prms
/X
C

7. Find the total power; P
tot
= Erms
I
Rrms
cos d
8. Find P
L
= I
Lrms
2
R
L

1/Z
p
= 1/R
L
+ 1/iX
C
; Z
p
= iX
C
R
L
/(R
L
iX
C
)
Z
p
= R
L
X
C
2
/(R
L
2
+ X
C
2
) iX
C
R
L
2
/(R
L
2
+ X
C
2
)
Z
p
= (15.97 i 8.02) O; Z = (19.97 i 8.02) O,
I
Rrms
= 3.29 A; I
R
= (4.65 A) cos (1000pt + 21.9
o
)
|
Z
p|
= 17.87 O; V
prms
= 58.8 V
I
Lrms
= 2.94 A; I
Crms
= 1.48 A
P
tot
= 216 W
P
L
= 173 W = 0.80P
tot
= 80% of total power

(b) Repeat part (a) for f = 2000 Hz. X
C
= 9.95 O; Z
p
= (3.97 i 7.97) O; Z = (7.97 i 7.97) O;
|
Z
|
= 11.3 O.
I
Rrms
= 6.26 A, I
Lrms
= 2.79 A, I
Crms
= 1.40 A, P
tot
= 313 W, P
L
= 156 W = 50% of total power.
43 The generator voltage in Figure 31-35 is given by E =
ft) (100 (2 cos V)
. (a) For each branch, what is the
amplitude of the current and what is its phase relative to the applied voltage? (b) What is the angular frequency
? such that the current in the generator vanishes? (c) At this resonance, what is the current in the inductor?
What is the current in the capacitor? (d) Draw a phasor diagram showing the general relationships between the
applied voltage, the generator current, the capacitor current, and the inductor current for the case where the
inductive reactance is larger than the capacitive reactance.
(a) Use Equs. 31-32 and 31-33

(b) I = 0 if
|
I
L|
=
|
I
C|
, i.e., if
LC 1/ =

(c) Use Equs. 31-21 and 31-28
I
Lmax
= (25/?), current lags E by 90

I
Cmax
= (2.5

10
3
?), current leads E by 90

? = 100 rad/s
I
L
= (0.25 A) sin (100t); I
C
= (0.25 A) sin (100t)
(d) The phase diagram is shown on the right.
Here we have used V for the applied voltage.


44 The charge on the capacitor of a series LC circuit is given by Q = (15 C) cos (1250t + p/4) where t is in
seconds. (a) Find the current as a function of time. (b) Find C if L = 28 mH. (c) Write expressions for the
electrical energy U
e
, the magnetic energy U
m
, and the total energy U.
(a) Use the definition I = dQ/dt
(b) Use Equ. 31-41; C = 1/L?
2

(c) Use Equs. 29-12 and 30-16
I = (18.75 mA) sin (1250t + p/4)
C = 22.9 F
U
e
= (4.92

10
6
J) cos
2
(1250t + p/4)
Chapter 31 Alternating-Current Circuits

U = U
e
+ U
m
U
m
= (4.92

10
6
J) sin
2
(1250t + p/4); U = 4.92

10
6
J

45* One method for measuring the compressibility of a dielectric material uses an LC circuit with a parallel-plate
capacitor. The dielectric is inserted between the plates and the change in resonance frequency is determined as
the capacitor plates are subjected to a compressive stress. In such an arrangement, the resonance frequency is
120 MHz when a dielectric of thickness 0.1 cm and dielectric constant ? = 6.8 is placed between the capacitor
plates. Under a compressive stress of 800 atm, the resonance frequency decreases to 116 MHz. Find Young's
modulus of the dielectric material.
We shall do this problem for the general case and then substitute numerical values. Let t be the initial thickness
of the dielectric. Then C
0
= ?e0
A/t and C
p
= ?e0
A/(t ?t) = C
0
/(1 ?t/t) is the capacitance under compression.
We have ?0
= 1/(C
0
L)
1/2
and ?p
= 1/(C
p
L)
1/2
. ?p
/?0
= (1 ?t/t)
1/2

1 ?t/2t since ?p
/?0
= 1 e, where e << 1.
From the definition of Youngs modulus we have Y = stress/(?t/t).
1. Find ?t/t
2. Determine Y; stress = 808

10
5
N/m
2

?t/t = 2

4/120 = 0.0667
Y = 808

10
5
/0.0667 = 1.21

10
9
N/m
2

46 Figure 31-36 shows an inductance L and a parallel plate capacitor of width w = 20 cm and thickness 0.2 cm.
A dielectric with dielectric constant ? = 4.8 that can completely fill the space between the capacitor plates can
be slid between the plates. The inductor has an inductance L = 2 mH. When half the dielectric is between the
capacitor plates, i.e., when x =
w
2
1
, the resonant frequency of this LC combination is 90 MHz. (a) What is the
capacitance of the capacitor without the dielectric? (b) Find the resonance frequency as a function of x.
Let C
i
be the initial capacitance with the dielectric and C
0
be the capacitance without the dielectric.
(a) 1. Use Equ. 31-41; C
i
= 1/?
2
L
2. C
i
= C
0
[1 + (? 1)(x/w)] (see Problem 25-
95)
(b) Use Equ. 31-41; C(x) = C
0
(1 + 19x), x in m
C
i
= 1.56 fF
C
0
= 0.538 fF
Hz
x) 19 (1
10
1.08 2
1
= f
18

47 True or false:
(a) An RLC circuit with a high Q factor has a narrow resonance curve.
(b) At resonance, the impedance of an RLC circuit equals the resistance R.
(c) At resonance, the current and generator voltage are in phase.
(a) True (b) True (c) True
48 Does the power factor depend on the frequency?
Yes
49* Are there any disadvantages to having a radio tuning circuit with an extremely large Q factor?
Yes; the bandwidth must be wide enough to accommodate the modulation frequency.
50 What is the power factor for a circuit that has inductance and capacitance but no resistance?
The power factor is zero.
51 A series RLC circuit in a radio receiver is tuned by a variable capacitor so that it can resonate at frequencies
from 500 to 1600 kHz. If L = 1.0 H, find the range of capacitances necessary to cover this range of
frequencies.
Chapter 31 Alternating-Current Circuits

Use Equ. 31-41; C = 1/?
2
L For 1600 kHz, C = 9.89 nF; for 500 kHz, C = 101 nF

52 (a) Find the power factor for the circuit in Example 31-5 when ? = 400 rad/s. (b) At what angular
frequency is the power factor 0.5?
(a) Find X = X
L
- X
C
, d, and cos d
(b) 1. Find tan d = X/R = (?L 1/?C)/R
2. Write the quadratic equation for ?
3. Solve for ?
X = 450 O; d = tan
1
(450/20) =87.46

; cos d = 0.0444
d = 60

; ?L 1/?C = 34.64 O;
4

10
6
?
2
69.28

10
6
? 1 = 0
? = 491 rad/s, ? = 509 rad/s

53* An ac generator with a maximum emf of 20 V is connected in series with a 20-F capacitor and an 80-O
resistor. There is no inductance in the circuit. Find (a) the power factor, (b) the rms current, and (c) the average
power if the angular frequency of the generator is 400 rad/s.
(a) C
1/ +
R
= Z
2 2 2
; power factor = R/Z
(b) I = E/Z; E = Emax
/
2

(c) P = I
2
R
Z = 148 O; power factor = 0.539
I = 14.1/148 A = 0.0956 A
P = 0.731 W

54 Show that the formula P
av
= RErms
2
/Z gives the correct result for a circuit containing only a generator and
(a) a resistor, (b) a capacitor, and (c) an inductor.
(a) For X = 0, Z = R and RErms
2
/Z
2
= Erms
2
/R = P
av
.
(b), (c) If R = 0, then RErms
2
/Z
2
= 0, so P
av
= 0, which is correct.
55 A series RLC circuit with L = 10 mH, C = 2 F, and R = 5 O is driven by a generator with a maximum emf
of 100 V and a variable angular frequency ?. Find (a) the resonant frequency ?0
and (b) I
rms
at resonance.
When ? = 8000 rad/s, find (c) X
C
and X
L
, (d) Z and I
rms
, and (e) the phase angle d.
(a) Use Equ. 31-41
(b) I
rms
= Erms
/R since X = 0 at resonance
(c) Use Equs. 31-25 and 31-31
(d) Use Equ. 31-53; I
rms
= Erms
/Z
(e) Use Equ. 31-51
?0
= 7071 rad/s
I
rms
= 14.14 A
X
L
= 80 O; X
C
= 62.5 O
Z = 18.2 O; I
rms
= 3.89 A
d = tan
1
(17.5/5) = 74.1

56 For the circuit in Problem 55, let the generator frequency be f = ?/2p = 1 kHz. Find (a) the resonance
frequency f
0
= ?0
/2p, (b) X
C
and X
L
, (c) the total impedance Z and I
rms
, and (d) the phase angle d.
(a) See Problem 31-55
(b) Use Equs. 31-25 and 31-31
(c) Use Equ. 31-53; I
rms
= Erms
/Z
(d) Use Equ. 31-51
f
0
= 1.125 kHz
X
L
= 62.8 O; X
C
= 79.6 O
Z = 17.5 O; I
rms
= 3.89 A
d = tan
1
(16.8/5) = 73.4

57* Find the power factor and the phase angle d for the circuit in Problem 55 when the generator frequency is
(a) 900 Hz, (b) 1.1 kHz, and (c) 1.3 kHz.
(a) Find X and Z; X = ?L 1/?C; ? = 5655 s
1

(b) Repeat part (a) with ? = 6912 s
1

(c) Repeat part (a) with ? = 8168 s
1

X = 31.9 O; Z = 32.3 O; cos d = 0.155; d = 81.1

X = 3.2 O; Z = 5.94 O; cos d = 0.842; d = 32.6

X = 20.5 O; Z = 21.1 O; cos d = 0.237; d = 76.3

Chapter 31 Alternating-Current Circuits


58 Find (a) the Q factor and (b) the resonance width for the circuit in Problem 55. (c) What is the power factor
when ? = 8000 rad/s?
(a) Use Equ. 31-59 (see Problem 31-55 for ? 0
L)
(b) Use Equ. 31-60 (see Problem 31-56 for f
0
)
(c) Find cos d (see Problem 55 for d)
Q = 14.1
?f = 79.6 Hz
cos d = 0.274

59 FM radio stations have carrier frequencies that are separated by 0.20 MHz. When the radio is tuned to a
station, such as 100.1 MHz, the resonance width of the receiver circuit should be much smaller than 0.2 MHz so
that adjacent stations are not received. If f
0
= 100.1 MHz and ?f = 0.05 MHz, what is the Q factor for the
circuit?
Use Equ. 31-60 Q = 2002

60 A coil is connected to a 60-Hz, 100-V ac generator. At this frequency the coil has an impedance of 10 O
and a reactance of 8 O. (a) What is the current in the coil? (b) What is the phase angle between the current and
the applied voltage? (c) What series capacitance is required so that the current and voltage are in phase? (d)
What then is the voltage measured across the capacitor?
(a) I = V/Z
(b) d = cos
1
(R/Z) = sin
1
(X/Z)
(c) d = 0 at resonance; X
L
= X
C
; find C
(d) I = V/R; R = Zcos d, where Z = 10 O; V
C
= IX
C

I = 10.0 A
d = 53.1

; the current lags the voltage

C = 1/?X
L
= 332 F
R = 6 O; I = 16.7 A; V
C
= V
L
= 133 V

61* A 0.25-H inductor and a capacitor C are connected in series with a 60-Hz ac generator. An ac voltmeter is
used to measure the rms voltages across the inductor and capacitor separately. The rms voltage across the
capacitor is 75 V and that across the inductor is 50 V. (a) Find the capacitance C and the rms current in the
circuit. (b) What would be the measured rms voltage across both the capacitor and inductor together?
(a) 1. Find I = V
L
/?L
2. I/?C = V
C
; find C
(b) Since R = 0, V =
|
V
L
- V
C|

I = 50/(377

0.25) A = 0.5305 A
C = 0.5305/(75

377) F = 18.8 F
V = 25 V

62 (a) Show that Equation 31-51 can be written as

R
L(
=

) -
tan
2
0
2

Find d approximately at (b) very low frequencies and (c) very high frequencies.

(a) From Equ. 31-51,
R
) L(
=
R
1/C L
=
R
C 1/ L
=
2 2 2

0
tan

.
(b) Rewrite tan d = ?L/R 1/?RC. If ? is very small, tan d

1/?RC and cot d = ?RC. Using the expansion

cot
1
x = p/2 x for small values of x and recalling that for negative values of the argument the angle
approaches p/2 as x approaches zero, we obtain d = p/2 + ?RC.
(c) For large values of ?, tan d

?L/R. We then use the expansion tan

1
x = p/2 1/x, valid for x >> 1, and
obtain d = p/2 R/?L.
Chapter 31 Alternating-Current Circuits

63 (a) Show that in a series RC circuit with no inductance, the power factor is given by

) (RC + 1
RC
=
2

cos

(b) Sketch a graph of the power factor versus ?.
(a) Here,
) C R ( + 1
C R
=
) C 1/( +
R
R
=
2 2 2

cos
.

(b) The graph of cos d as a function of ?RC is shown
in the adjacent figure. Here the ordinate is cos d
and the abscissa is ?RC.

64 In the circuit in Figure 31-37, the ac generator produces an rms voltage of 115 V when operated at 60 Hz.
What is the rms voltage across points (a) AB, (b) BC, (c) CD, (d) AC, and (e) BD?
(a) 1. Use Equs. 31-25, 31-25, and 31-53 and I = E/Z
2. V
AB
= IX
L

(b) V
BC
= IR
(c) V
CD
= IX
C

(d) V
AB
and V
BC
are 90

apart; V
AC
= (V
AB
2
+
V
BC
2
)
1/2

(e) V
BD
= (V
BC
2
+ V
CD
2
)
1/2

X
L
= 51.65 O, X
C
= 106.1 O; Z = 7.39 O; I = 1.56 A
V
AB
= 80.3 V
V
BC
= 77.8 V
V
CD
= 165 V
V
AC
= 112 V
V
BD
= 182 V

65* A variable-frequency ac generator is connected to a series RLC circuit for which R = 1 kO, L = 50 mH, and
C = 2.5 F. (a) What is the resonance frequency of the circuit? (b) What is the Q value? (c) At what
frequencies is the value of the average power delivered by the generator half of its maximum value?
(a) f
0
=
C L 1/2

(b) Q = ?0
L/R =
R
L/C

f
0
= 450 Hz

Q = 0.141

(c) When ? = ?0
, P is a maximum: P = E
2
/R. When ?

?0
, P is given by Equ. 31-58. Set Equ. 31-58 equal to
E
2
/2R. This gives R
2
?
2
= L
2
(?
2
?0
2
)
2
, or L
2
?
4
(2L
2
?0
2
+ R
2
)?
2
+ L
2
?0
2
= 0. The quadratic equation has the
solution

L
2
R
+
L
4 R )
R
+
L
(2
=
2
2 2
0
2 2 2
0
2
2

t
. Substituting appropriate numerical values one obtains
?
2
= 4.158

10
8
s
2
and ?
2
= 1.537

10
5
s
2
. The corresponding (positive) frequencies are 3.25 kHz and 62.4 Hz.
66 An experimental physicist wishes to design a series RLC circuit with a Q value of 10 and a resonance
frequency of 33 kHz. She has a 45-mH inductor with negligible resistance. What values for the resistance R and
capacitance C should she use?
1. Determine C = 1/?
2
L
2. Use Equ. 31-59 to find R
C = 0.517 pF
R = 933 O
Chapter 31 Alternating-Current Circuits


67 When an RLC series circuit is connected to a 120-V-rms, 60-Hz line, the current is I
rms
= 11.0 A and the
current leads the voltage by 45

. (a) Find the power supplied to the circuit. (b) What is the resistance? (c) If the
inductance L = 0.05 H, find the capacitance C. (d) What capacitance or inductance should you add to make the
power factor 1?
(a) Use Equ. 31-57
(b) Use Equ. 31-56; R = P/I
2

(c) Use Equ. 31-53 and Z
2
= E
2
/I
2
; note that since I
leads E, X
C
> X
L
.
(d) d = 0 if X
L
= X
C
; add inductance (in series)
add capacitance (in parallel)
P = 933 W
R = 7.71 O
(X
L
- X
C
)
2
+ 59.46 O
2
= 119 O
2
; X
L
= 18.85 O;
X
C
- 18.85 O = 7.72 O; X
C
= 26.57 O; C = 99.8 F
L
tot
= 70.5 mH; add 20.5 mH in series
C
tot
= 140.7 F; add 40.9 F in parallel

68 A series RLC circuit is driven at a frequency of 500 Hz. The phase angle between the applied voltage and
current is determined from an oscilloscope measurement to be d = 75

. If the total resistance is known to be 35

O and the inductance is 0.15 H, what is the capacitance of the circuit?
Use Equs. 31-51, 31-25, and 31-31 to find X
C
and C 471.2 O X
C
= 130.6 O; X
C
= 340.4 O; C = 0935 F

69* A series RLC circuit with R = 400 O, L = 0.35 H, and C = 5 F is driven by a generator of variable
frequency f. (a) What is the resonance frequency f
0
? Find f and f/f
0
when the phase angle d is (b) 60

, and (c)
60

.
(a) f
0
=
C L 1/2

(b), (c) From Equ. 31-51, R tan d = ?L - 1/?C;
solve for ? with d = +60

and d = 60

List f/f
0
for the two cases
f
0
= 120 Hz
0.35?
2
693? 2

10
5
= 0;? = 2.24

10
3
s
2
; f = 356 Hz
and for d = 60

, f = 40.7 Hz
d = 60

, f/f
0
= 2.96; d = 60
o
, f/f
0
= 0.338 = 1/2.96

70 Sketch the impedance Z versus ? for (a) a series LR circuit, (b) a series RC circuit, and (c) a series RLC
circuit.
The impedance for the three circuits as functions of the angular frequency is shown in the three figures below.
Also shown in each figure (dashed line) is the asymptotic approach for large angular frequencies.



RL circuit RC circuit RLC circuit

71 Given the circuit shown in Figure 31-38, (a) find the power loss in the inductor. (b) Find the resistance r of
the inductor. (c) Find the inductance L.
(a) 1. Find the current; I = V
R
/R
2. Write the voltage across the inductor
Chapter 31 Alternating-Current Circuits

3. Write total voltage drop and solve for V
r

4. Find power dissipated in r; P
r
= IV
r

(b) r = V
r
/I
(c) Find V
L
= I?L and solve for L
I = 1 A
V
+
V
= V
2
L
2
r
90

)
V
+ (50 +
V
= V
2
r
2
L
110
; V
r
= 15 V
P
r
= 15 W
r = 15 O
V
L
= 88.7 V; L = 0.235 H

72 Show that Equation 31-52 can be written as
I
max
= ?E/ R
+ ) -
2 2
2
2
0
2

(
L
2

From Problem 31-62 and the definition of tan d we have ?X = ?L(?
2
?0
2
). The impedance of the circuit times
? is then R
+ ) (
L
= Z
2 2 2
0
2 2 2


and from I
max
= Emax
/Z we obtain the result stated in the problem.

73* In a series RLC circuit, X
C
= 16 O and X
L
= 4 O at some frequency. The resonance frequency is ?0
= 10
4

rad/s. (a) Find L and C. If R = 5 O and Emax
= 26 V, find (b) the Q factor and (c) the maximum current.
(a) 1. Write the expressions for the known data
2. Solve for C and L
(b) Q =
R
L/C

(c) I
max
= Emax
/Z
LC = 10
8
s
2
; ?L = 4 O, 1/?C = 16 O; L/C = 64 H/F
C = 12.5 F; L = 0.8 mH
Q = 1.6; I
max
= 5.2 A

Z =
144 + 25
O = 13 O; I
max
= 2.0 A

74 In a series RLC circuit connected to an ac generator whose maximum emf is 200 V, the resistance is 60 O
and the capacitance is 8.0 F. The inductance can be varied from 8.0 mH to 40.0 mH by the insertion of an iron
core in the solenoid. The angular frequency of the generator is 2500 rad/s. If the capacitor voltage is not to
exceed 150 V, find (a) the maximum current and (b) the range of inductance that is safe to use.
(a) I
max
= V
Cmax
/?C
(b) 1. I
max
= Emax
/Z; Z
2
= Emax
2
/I
max
2

2. Solve for L
3. Specify the ranges for L
I
max
= 3.00 A
4444 O
2
= 3600 O
2
+ (2500L 50)
2
O
2

L = (0.02 0.0116) H; L > 31.6 mH and L < 8.4 mH
8.0 mH < L < 8.4 mH and 31.6 mH < L < 40.0 mH

75 A certain electrical device draws 10 A rms and has an average power of 720 W when connected to a
120-V-rms, 60-Hz power line. (a) What is the impedance of the device? (b) What series combination of
resistance and reactance is this device equivalent to? (c) If the current leads the emf, is the reactance inductive
or capacitive?
(a) Z = E/I
(b) Use Equs. 31-56 and 31-53
(c) Current leads emf: see Equ. 31-33
Z = 12 O
R = 7.2 O, X = 9.6 O
The reactance is capacitive

76 A method for measuring inductance is to connect the inductor in series with a known capacitance, a known
resistance, an ac ammeter, and a variable-frequency signal generator. The frequency of the signal generator is
varied and the emf is kept constant until the current is maximum. (a) If C = 10 F, Emax
= 10 V, R = 100 O, and
I is maximum at ? = 5000 rad/s, what is L? (b) What is I
max
?
Chapter 31 Alternating-Current Circuits

(a) Use Equ. 31-41; L = 1/?
2
C
(b) At resonance X = 0; I = E/R
L = 4.0 mH
I
max
= 0.10 A

77* A resistor and a capacitor are connected in parallel across a sinusoidal emf E = Emax
cos ?t as shown in
Figure 31-39. (a) Show that the current in the resistor is I
R
= (Emax
/R) cos ?t. (b) Show that the current in the
capacitor branch is I
C
= (Emax
/X
C
) cos (?t + 90

). (c) Show that the total current is given by I = I

R
+ I
C
= I
max

cos (?t + d), where tan d = R/X
C
and I
max
= Emax
/Z with Z
2
= R
2
+ X
C
2
.
(a) From Ohms law, I
R
(t) = V(t)/R. Here V(t) = E(t) = Emax
cos ?t, so I
R
(t) = (Emax
/R) cos ?t.
(b) For the capacitor, V
C
(t) = E(t) and V
C
(t) = q(t)/C; consequently, dE/dt = d(q(t)/C)/dt = I
C
(t)/C.
dE/dt = Emax ? sin ?t = Emax ? cos (?t + 90
o
). Hence, I
C
(t) = (Emax
/X
C
) cos (?t + 90
o
), where X
C
= 1/?C.
(c) From Kirchhoffs law, I = I
R
+ I
C
= Emax
[(1/R) cos ?t (1/X
C
) sin ?t]. If we write I = I
max
cos (?t + d) and
use the trigonometric identity for cos (a + ) = cos a cos sin a sin , I = I
max
(cos ?t cos d sin ?t
sind). Comparing this expression with I as given in terms of R and X
C
, we see that tan d = R/X
C
. The current is
given by I
max
2
= I
max
2
cos
2
d + I
max
2
sin
2
d = Emax
2
(1/R
2
+ 1/X
C
2
) = Emax
2
/Z
2
. So Z
2
= R
2
+ X
C
2
.
78 The impedances of motors, transformers, and electromagnets have inductive reactance. Suppose that the
phase angle of the total impedance of a large industrial plant is 25

when the plant is under full operation and

using 2.3 MW of power. The power is supplied to the plant from a substation 4.5 km from the plant; the 60 Hz
rms line voltage at the plant is 40,000 V. The resistance of the transmission line from the substation to the plant
is 5.2 O. The cost per kilowatt-hour is 0.07 dollars. The plant pays only for the actual energy used. (a) What are
the resistance and inductive reactance of the plant's total load? (b) What is the current in the power lines and
what must be the rms voltage at the substation to maintain the voltage at the plant at 40,000 V? (c) How much
power is lost in transmission? (d) Suppose that the phase angle of the plant's impedance were reduced to 18

by
adding a bank of capacitors in series with the load. How much money would be saved by the electric utility
during one month of operation, assuming the plant operates at full capacity for 16 h each day? (e) What must be
the capacitance of this bank of capacitors?
(a) 1. Use Equ. 31-57; I = P/(E cos d)
2. Z = E/I; R = Z cos d, X = Z sin d
(b) Find Z
tot
; Esub
= Z
tot
I
(c) P
trans
= I
2
R
trans

(d) 1. We assume P = 2.3 MW; find I
2. Find P
trans

3. Find ?P
trans
?t; ?t = 30

16 h = 480 h
(e) 1. Determine X
C
; assume constant R and X
L

2. Find C = 1/?X
C

I = 63.44 A
R = 571 O, X = 266 O
Z
tot
= 634.6 O; I = 63.4 A, Esub
= 40260 V
P
trans
= 20.9 kW
I = 60.46 A
P
trans
= 19 kW
?P
trans
?t = 912 kWh; Money saved = $63.84
(266 X
C
) O = (571O) tan 18

; X
C
= 80.5 O
C = 33 F

79 In the circuit shown in Figure 31-40, R = 10 O, R
L
= 30 O, L = 150 mH, and C = 8 F; the frequency of the ac
source is 10 Hz and its amplitude is 100 V. (a) Using phasor diagrams, determine the impedance of the circuit when
switch S is closed. (b) Determine the impedance of the circuit when switch S is open. (c) What are the voltages
across the load resistor R
L
when switch S is closed and when it is open? (d) Repeat parts (a), (b), and (c) with the
frequency of the source changed to 1000 Hz. (e) Which arrangement is a better low-pass filter, S open or S closed?
(a) 1. Determine X
C
and X
L
: X
C
= 2.00

10
3
O, X
L
= 9.42 O
2. With L shorted, X
L
= 0; since X
C
>> R
L
, the impedance is very nearly equal to R
L
= 30 O. From Problem
Chapter 31 Alternating-Current Circuits

31-77, d = tan
1
(R/X
C
) = 0.86
o
and Z = 30 O (29.997 O). The total impedance of the circuit is 40 O and is
entirely resistive. We show no phasor diagram because it is impossible to represent it to scale.
(b) Again, X
C
>>Z for this part of the circuit, so the
total impedance is effectively Z =(40
2
+ 9.42
2
)
1/2

=41.1

. The phasor diagram for this case is

shown to the right.

(c) For S open, V
L
= ER
L
/(R+R
L
) = (75 V) cos 20

t.
For S closed, V
L
= ER
L
/Z = (73 V) cos (20

t 13.25

)
(d) Now X
C
= 20

and X
L
= 942

.
1. With S closed, X
L
= 0 and the impedance of the R
L
and
C combination is given by the expression derived in Problem
31-42: Z
p
= (9.23 i 13.85) O = 16.64 O, and dp
= 56.3

. The total
impedance is then Z = (19.23 i 13.85) O = 23.7 O, and d = 35.8

.
The phasor diagram for this circuit is shown to the right.

2. With S open, we determine Z
p
using the complex numbers
method. Proceeding as in Problem 31-42, we find

) O . i . = (
)
X

X
+ (
R
)]
X

X
(
X
+
R
[
X
i
X R
=
Z
43 20 442 0
2
C L
2
L
C L L
2
L C
2
C L
p

or Z
p
= 20.43 O, and dp
= 88.8

. Note that, as expected for the

parallel arrangement with X
C
< X
L
, the impedance is capacitive.
The total impedance of the circuit is then
Z = (10.44 i 20.43) O = 22.95 O, with d = 62.9

.
The phasor diagram for this circuit is shown to the right.
3. With S closed, V
L
= Emax
Z
p
/Z = (70.2 V) cos (2000t 17.8

).
With S open , V
p
= Emax
Z
p
/Z = (86.2 V) cos (?t 25.9

). The current in the RL branch

has the magnitude V
p
/(R
L
2
+ X
L
2
)
1/2
= 0.0915 A and lags V
p
by 88.2

. We now find that

the load voltage is V
L
= (2.74 V) cos (2000t + 62.3

).
(e) The load voltage at the higher frequency is much more attenuated with S open,
while opening S does not reduce the low frequency load voltage significantly. Therefore S
open is the better arrangement for a low-pass filter.


80 In the circuit shown in Figure 31-41, R
1
= 2 O, R
2
= 4 O, L = 12 mH, C = 30 F, and E = (40 V) cos (?t). (a)
Find the resonance frequency. (b) At the resonance frequency, what are the rms currents in each resistor and
the rms current supplied by the source emf?

Chapter 31 Alternating-Current Circuits

(a) 1. Find Z
1
using the complex numbers method

2 4
2
2 10
5 2 10

10
1.44 + 16

10
1.2 i 4
+

10
36 + 1

10
3 i +
10
18
=
Z
1

2. At resonance the complex part of Z
1
= 0; (3

10
5
? 0
)(16 + 1.44

10
4
? 0
2
) =
solve the resulting equation for ? 0
. (1.2

10
2
? 0
)(1 + 36

10
10
? 0
2
); ? 0
= 1675 rad/s

(b) 1. Find Z
C
at resonance Z
C
= (2 i 19.9) O = 20 O, d = 84.3

2. Find I
C
= E/Z
C
I
Crms
= 1.41 A, dC
= 84.3

3. Find Z
L
at resonance Z
L
= (4 + i 20.1) O = 20.5 O, d = 78.7

4. Find I
L
= E/Z
L
I
Lrms
= 1.38 A, dL
= -78.7

5. Find I
rms
= I
Lrms
cos dL
+ I
Crms
cos dC
I
rms
= 0.411 A

81* For the circuit in Figure 31-23, derive an expression for the Q of the circuit, assuming the resonance is
sharp.
Q is defined as ?0
/??, where ?? is the width of the resonance at half maximum. The currents in the three
circuit elements are I
C
= V/X
C
= ?CV, I
L
= V/?L, and I
R
= V/R, with I
C
leading V and I
L
lagging V by 90

. The
total current is therefore I =
) L 1/ C ( + ) (1/R V
2 2

=
) L 1/ C (
R
+ 1 (V/R)
2
2

. At
resonance, the reactive term is zero and I
0
= V/R. The stored energy per cycle will be at half-maximum when
R(?C 1/?L) = 1. This gives quadratic equations for ? with two solutions ? +
and ?
whose difference is
?? = 1/RC. Using ? 0
=
LC 1/
and Q = ? 0
/?? one obtains Q =
C/L R
.
82 For the circuit in Figure 31-23, L = 4 mH. (a) What capacitance C will result in a resonance frequency of
4 kHz? (b) When C has the value found in (a), what should be the resistance R so that the Q of the circuit is 8?
(a) Use Equ. 31-41; C = 1/L?
2

(b) From Problem 31-81,
C/L R = Q

C = 0.396 F
R = 804 O

83 If the capacitance of C in Problem 82 is reduced to half the value found in Problem 82, what then are the
resonance frequency and the Q of the circuit? What should be the resistance R to give Q = 8?
1. ? 0

1/C
1/2

; Q

C
1/2

2. R =
L/C Q

f
0
= 5657 Hz; Q = 5.66
R = 1.14 kO

84 A series circuit consists of a 4.0-nF capacitor, a 36-mH inductor, and a 100-O resistor. The circuit is
connected to a 20-V ac source whose frequency can be varied over a wide range. (a) Find the resonance
frequency f
0
of the circuit. (b) At resonance, what is the rms current in the circuit and what are the rms voltages
across the inductor and capacitor? (c) What is the rms current and what are the rms voltages across the
inductor and capacitor at f = f
0
+
2
1
?f, where ?f is the width of the resonance?
(a) Use Equ. 31-41; f = ?
/2p
(b) 1. At resonance Z = R; I = E/R
2. V
L
= ? 0
LI = I(L/C)
1/2
, V
C
= V
L

(c) 1. Use Equs. 31-59 and 31-60; ?f = R/2pL
2. Find Z; X
L
= ?L, X
C
= 1/?C
3. I = E/Z; V
L
= IX
L
, V
C
= IX
C

f
0
= 13.3 kHz
I = 0.2 A
V
L
= V
C
= 600 V
?? = 2.78 krad/s; ? = 84.7 krad/s
X
L
= 3.05 kO, X
C
= 2.95 kO; Z = 141 O
I = 0.141 A; V
L
= 431 V, V
C
= 417 V
Chapter 31 Alternating-Current Circuits


85* Repeat Problem 84 with the 100-O resistor replaced by a 40-O resistor.
(a) f
0
=
1/LC ) (1/2

(b) At f = f
0
, I = E/R; V
L
= ?0
LI; V
C
= V
L

(c) 1/2?f = f
0
/2Q = f
0
R/2? 0
L; find f
0
+ 1/2?f
X = R, so
2 /
I
= I
0 ; V
L
= IX
L
, V
C
= IX
C

f
0
= 13.26 kHz
I = 0.5 A; V
L
= V
C
= 1.50 kV
f
0
+ 1/2?f = f
0
(1 + R/2? 0
L) = 13.26(1 + 0.0067) kHz
I = 0.354 A; V
L
= 1068 V, V
C
= 1055 V


86 In the parallel circuit shown in Figure 31-42, V
max
= 110 V. (a) What is the impedance of each branch? (b)
For each branch, what is the current amplitude and its phase relative to the applied voltage? (c) Give the current
phasor diagram, and use it to find the total current and its phase relative to the applied voltage.
(a) Find Z
L
and Z
C
; use Equ. 31-53
(b) I = V/Z
Z
L
= 50 O, dL
= 37

; Z
C
= 14.1 O, dC
= 45

I
L
= 2.2 A, 37

lagging; I
C
= 7.8 A, 45

leading


(c) The currents are shown on the adjoining phasor diagram.
From this diagram one finds that the total current is
8.4 A and leads the applied voltage by 30

.


87 (a) Show that Equation 31-51 can be written as

0
2
0
2
)
tan
Q(
=

(b) Show that near resonance

)
tan
0
2Q(

(c) Sketch a plot of d versus x, where x = ?/?0
, for a circuit with high Q and for one with low Q.
(a) From Problem 31-42, tan d = (L/?R)(?
2
? 0
2
). From Equ. 31-59 Q/? 0
= L/R and so
tan d = Q(?
2
? 0
2
)/?? 0
.
(b) Near resonance ?
2
? 0
2
= (? + ? 0
)(? ? 0
)

2? 0
?? and tan d

2Q??
/? 0
.
A plot of d versus x = ?/? 0
is shown.
Chapter 31 Alternating-Current Circuits



88 Show by direct substitution that the current given by Equation 31-50 with d and I
max
given by Equations
31-51 and 31-52, respectively, satisfies Equation 31-49. (Hint: Use trigonometric identities for the sine and
cosine of the sum of two angles, and write the equation in the form

0 = t B + t A cos sin

Since this equation must hold for all times, A = 0 and B = 0.)
Begin by rewriting Equ. 31-49 in terms of the current. L(dI/dt) + RI +(1/C)

Idt = Emax
cos ?t. Let
I = I
max
cos (?t d). Then dI/dt = ?I
max
sin (?t d) and

Idt = (I
max
/?) sin (?t d). With these substitutions
the current equation reads [X
L
sin (?t d) + R cos (?t d) + X
C
sin (?t d)] = (Emax
/I
max
) cos ?t = Z cos
?t, where X
L
= ?L, X
C
= 1/?C, and Z = Emax
/I
max
. Now use the identities sin (a + ) = sin a cos + cos a
sin and cos (a + ) = cos a cos sin a sin and collect the terms in sin ?t and cos ?t. The coefficients of
sin ?t and of cos ?t must be equal to zero. Thus, X
L
cos d + R sin d + X
C
cos d = 0 and X
L
sin d + R cos d
X
C
sin d = Z. The first of these equation gives Equ. 31-51. The second equation we rewrite as (X
L
X
C
) tan d
+ R = Z/cos d. This equation is satisfied if Z is given by Equ. 31-53.
89* An ac generator is in series with a capacitor and an inductor in a circuit with negligible resistance. (a) Show
that the charge on the capacitor obeys the equation

C
Q
+
dt
Q
d
L
2
2
= Emax
cos
?t
(b) Show by direct substitution that this equation is satisfied by Q = Q
max
cos ?t if
Q
max
= Emax
/[L(?
2
?0
2
)]
(c) Show that the current can be written as I = I
max
cos (?t d), where
I
max
= ?Emax
/(L
|?
2
?0
2
|
) = Emax
/
|
X
L
X
C|

and d = 90

for ? < ?0
and d = 90

for ? > ?0
.
(a) From Kirchhoffs law, L(dI/dt) + Q/C = E = Emax
cos ?t. But I = dQ/dt, so
C
Q
+
dt
Q
d
L
2
2
= Emax
cos ?t.
(b) If Q = Q
max
cos ?t then d
2
Q/dt
2
= ?
2
Q. So the result of (a) can be written Q(1/C L?
2
) = E, and dividing
both sides by L and recalling that 1/LC = ?0
2
, one obtains Q
max
= Emax
/[L(?0
2
?
2
)].
(c) I = dQ/dt = ?Q
max
sin ?t = [(?Emax
/L)/(?
2
?0
2
)] sin ?t. Let I
max
= [(?Emax
/L)/
|?
2
?0
2
|
] = Emax
/
|
X
L

X
C|
. Then if ? > ?0
, I = I
max
sin ?t = I
max
cos (?t d), and if ? < ?0
, I = I
max
sin ?t = I
max
cos (?t + d), where d =
90

.
Chapter 31 Alternating-Current Circuits

90 Figure 31-19 shows a plot of average power P
av
versus generator frequency ? for an RLC circuit with a
generator. The average power P
av
is given by Equation 31-58. The "full width at half-maximum" ?? is the width
of the resonance curve between the two points where P
av
is one-half its maximum value. Show that, for a
sharply peaked resonance, ??

R/L and, hence, that Q

?0
/?? in this case (Equation 31-60). [Hint: At
resonance, the denominator of the expression on the right of Equation 31-58 is ?
2
R
2
. The half-power points will
occur when the denominator is twice the value near resonance, that is, when L
2
(?
2
?0
2
)
2
= ?
2
R
2

?0
2
R
2
. Let
?1
and ?2
be the solutions of this equation. For a sharply peaked resonance, ?1

?0
and ?2

?0
. Then, using the
fact that ? + ?0

2?0
, one finds that ?? = ?2
?1

R/L.]
From Equ. 31-58 it follows that P = 1/2P
res
when (L/R)
2
(?
2
? 0
2
)
2
= ?
2
. We now replace (L/R) by Q/? 0
and write
(?
2
? 0
2
) = (? ? 0
)(? + ? 0
)

?? ? 0
, where ?? is the width at half maximum. We then have Q

? 0
/??.
91 Show by direct substitution that Equation 31-47b is satisfied by
t
e
Q = Q
Rt/2L
cos
0

where ?
=
) 2L / (R LC) / (1
2

and Q
0
is the charge on the capacitor at t = 0.
With
t
e
Q = Q
Rt/2L
cos
0

, the first and second derivatives of Q are

( )
e Q =
dt
dQ
Rt/2L
0


,
_

+ t
L
R
t ' cos
2
' sin '
and 1
]
1

,
_

t
L
R
+ t

L 4
R
e
Q =
dt
Q
d 2
2
2
Rt/2L
2
2

sin cos
0
. If
these expressions are substituted into Equ. 3147b, the coefficient of sin ?
t vanishes. To satisfy the differential
equation for all values of t the coefficient of cos ?
t must vanish. This requires that R
2
/2L
2
+ ?
2
1/LC = 0, which
yields theresult for ?
given in the problem.
92 (a) Compute the current I = dQ/dt from the solution of Equation 31-47b given in Problem 91, and show that
e t
2L
R
+ t
I
= I
2L / Rt
0

,
_

cos sin

where I
0
= ?
Q
0
. (b) Show that this can be written
e
t) + t (

I
= I
2L / Rt 0

cos sin sin cos

cos

e
) + t (

I
=
2L / Rt 0

sin
cos

where tan d = R/2L?
. When R/2L?
is small, cos d

1, and e
) + t (
I
I
2L / Rt
0

sin
.
(a) With Q
0
= I
0
/?
, I =
,
_

t
2L
R
+ t e I
=
dt
dQ
Rt/2L

cos sin
0 .
(b) With tan d = (R/2L?
) one has I = -(I
0
/cos d)(cos d sin ?
t + sin d cos ?
t) e
Rt/2L
, and using the
trigonometric identity for the sum of two angles one obtains I = (I
0
/cos d) sin (?
t + d) e
Rt/2L
.
93* One method for measuring the magnetic susceptibility of a sample uses an LC circuit consisting of an
air-core solenoid and a capacitor. The resonant frequency of the circuit without the sample is determined and
then measured again with the sample inserted in the solenoid. Suppose the solenoid is 4.0 cm long, 0.3 cm in
diameter, and has 400 turns of fine wire. Assume that the sample that is inserted in the solenoid is also 4.0 cm
long and fills the air space. Neglect end effects. (In practice, a test sample of known susceptibility of the same
shape as the unknown is used to calibrate the instrument.) (a) What is the inductance of the empty solenoid? (b)
What should be the capacitance of the capacitor so that the resonance frequency of the circuit without a sample
is 6.0000 MHz? (c) When a sample is inserted in the solenoid, the resonance frequency drops to 5.9989 MHz.
Determine the sample's susceptibility.
(a) L = 0
n
2
A
l
L = (4p

10
7
)(10
4
)
2
(p
9

10
6
/4)(4

10
2
) H = 35.5 H
Chapter 31 Alternating-Current Circuits

(b) 4p
2
f
0
2
= 1/LC; C = (4p
2
f
0
2
L)
1

(c) df
0
/dL = f
0
/2L; ?f
0
/f
0
= ?L/2L; ?L = ?L
C = 19.8 pF
? = 2?f
0
/f
0
= 3.67

10
4

94 A concentric cable of cylindrical cross section has an inner conductor of 0.4 cm diameter and an outer
conductor of 2.0 cm diameter. Air fills the space between the conductors. (a) Find the resonance frequency of a
one-meter length of this conductor. (b) What length of conductor will result in a resonance frequency of 18
GHz?
(a) Use Equs. 31-41, 25-11 and Problem 30-95b

(b) Use the result from part (a)
MHz 47.7 =
2
c
=
2
1
= f
0
0
l l

/m
l
= (47.7/18

10
3
) m= 2.65 mm

95 Repeat Problem 94 if the inner and outer conductors of the cable are separated by a dielectric of dielectric
constant ? = 5.8.
(a) In the result of Problem 94, replace e0
by ?e0

(b) Proceed as in Problem 94
f = (47.7 MHz)/5.8
1/2
= 19.8 MHz
l
= 1.10 mm

96 At what frequency will the voltage across the load resistor of Problem 37 be half the source voltage?
We shall use the notation of Problem 37. We first write the condition in terms of the variables: IZ
p
= E/2 = IZ/2
or 2Z
p
= Z and 4Z
p
2
= Z
2
. From the expressions for Z
p
and Z in terms of R, R
L
, and L we then require
)
X
+
R
(
R X
+
X
+
R
X R
+ R =
X
+
R
X R
4
2 2
L
2
L
4
L
2
L
2
L
2
L
2
L L
2
2
L
2
L
2
L
2
L

,
_

. Expand (see Problem 97) and collect terms in X

L
4
, X
L
2
and X
L
0
using
the values given for R and R
L
. The resulting equation is a quadratic in X
L
2
with the solution X
L
2
= 6.25 O
2
. Thus
X
L
= 2.5 O and with L = 3.2 mH, the corresponding frequency is f = 124 Hz.
97* At what frequency will the voltage across the load resistor of Problem 42 be half the source voltage?
1. Write Z
p
= Z of parallel combination of C and R
L


2. Write Z
T
= Z of the circuit

3. If V
p
= E/2, then we must have Z
p
= Z
T
/2 or
4Z
p
2
= Z
T
2

4. Substitute numerical values and solve for X
C
2

5. Evaluate f = ?
/2p with C = 8 F
Z
p
= (R
p
2
+ X
p
2
)
1/2
, where R
p
= R
L
X
C
2
/(R
L
2
+ X
C
2
) and
X
p
= -R
L
2
X
C
/(R
L
2
+ X
C
2
)
Z
T
= [(R + R
p
)
2
+ X
p
2
]
1/2


R
2
R
L
4
+ R
2
X
C
4
+ R
L
2
X
C
4
+ 2R
2
R
L
2
X
C
2
+ 2RR
L
3
X
C
2
+
2RR
L
X
C
4
+ R
L
4
X
C
2
= 4R
L
2
X
C
4
+ 4R
L
4
X
C
2

X
C
2
= 6.25 O
2
; X
C
= 2.5 O = 1/?C
f = 7.96 kHz


98 (a) Find the angular frequency ? for the circuit in Problem 80 such that the magnitude of the reactance of
the two parallel branches are equal. (b) At that frequency, what is the power dissipation in each of the two
resistors?
(a) Set X
L
= X
C
; ? = (LC)

1/2

(b) 1. Find Z
C
and Z
L
for ? = 1667 rad/s
2. P = 1/2(Emax
/Z)
2
R
? = 1667 rad/s; f = 265 Hz
Z
C
= (2 i 20) O = 20.1 O; Z
L
= (4 + i 20) O = 20.4 O
P
1
= 3.96 W; P
2
= 7.69 W

Chapter 31 Alternating-Current Circuits

99 (a) For the circuit of Problem 80, find the angular frequency ? for which the power dissipation in the two
resistors is the same. (b) At that angular frequency, what is the reactance of each of the two parallel branches?
(c) Draw a phasor diagram showing the current through each of the two parallel branches. (d) What is the
impedance of the circuit?
(a) 1. I
1
2
R
1
= I
2
2
R
2
or I
1
2
/I
2
2
= R
2
/R
1
= Z
L
2
/Z
C
2

2. Solve the resulting quadratic in ?
2

3. f = ?/2p
(b) Find X
L
, X
C
, Z
L
, and Z
C


(d) Z = Z
L
Z
C
/(Z
L
+ Z
C
)
R
2
2
+ X
L
2
= 2(R
1
2
+ X
C
2
); X
L
2
= 2X
C
2
8 O
?
2
= 3.90

10
6
(rad/s)
2
; ? = 1975 rad/s
f = 314 Hz
X
L
= 23.7 O; Z
L
= (4 + i 23.7) O = 24.0 O, dL
= 80.4

X
C
= 16.9 O; Z
C
= (2 i 16.9) O = 17.0 O, dC
= 83.3

Z = 45.1 O, d = 51.4

(c) The applied voltage and the currents in the
two branches are shown on the adjoining
phasor diagram


100 A transformer is used to change (a) capacitance. (b) frequency. (c) voltage. (d) power. (e) none of
these.
(c)
101* True or false: If a transformer increases the current, it must decrease the voltage.
True
102 An ideal transformer has N
1
turns on its primary and N
2
turns on its secondary. The power dissipated in a
load resistance R connected across the secondary is P
2
when the primary voltage is V
1
. The current in the
primary windings is then (a) P
2
/V
1
. (b) (N
1
/N
2
)(P
2
/V
1
). (c) (N
2
/N
1
)(P
2
/V
1
). (d) (N
2
/N
1
)
2
(P
2
/V
1
).
(a)
103 An ac voltage of 24 V is required for a device whose impedance is 12 O. (a) What should the turn ratio of a
transformer be so the device can be operated from a 120-V line? (b) Suppose the transformer is accidentally
connected reversed, i.e., with the secondary winding across the 120-V line and the 12-O load across the primary.
How much current will then flow in the primary winding?
(a) Use Equ. 31-65
(b) V
2
= (N
2
/N
1
)V
1
; I
2
= V
2
/Z
2
; I
1
= (N
2
/N
1
)I
2

N
2
/N
1
= 1/5
I
1
= 50 A

104 A transformer has 400 turns in the primary and 8 turns in the secondary. (a) Is this a step-up or step-down
transformer? (b) If the primary is connected across 120 V rms, what is the open-circuit voltage across the
secondary? (c) If the primary current is 0.1 A, what is the secondary current, assuming negligible magnetization
current and no power loss?
(a) It is a step-down transformer.
(b) V
2
= (N
2
/N
1
)V
1
V
2
= 2.4 V
Chapter 31 Alternating-Current Circuits

(c) Use Equ. 31-67 I
2
= 5.0 A

105* The primary of a step-down transformer has 250 turns and is connected to a 120-V-rms line. The secondary
is to supply 20 A at 9 V. Find (a) the current in the primary and (b) the number of turns in the secondary,
assuming 100% efficiency.
(a) I
1
/I
2
= V
2
/V
1

(b) N
2
/N
1
= V
2
/V
1

I
1
= 20(9/120) = 1.5 A
N
2
= 250(9/120) = 18.75

19 turns

106 A transformer has 500 turns in its primary, which is connected to 120 V rms. Its secondary coil is tapped at
three places to give outputs of 2.5, 7.5, and 9 V. How many turns are needed for each part of the secondary
coil?
Use Equ. 31-65 2.5 V, N
2
= 10.4; 7.5 V, N
2
= 31.25; 9 V, N
2
= 37.5

107 The distribution circuit of a residential power line is operated at 2000 V rms. This voltage must be reduced to
240 V rms for use within the residences. If the secondary side of the transformer has 400 turns, how many turns
are in the primary?
Use Equ. 31-65 N
1
= 3333

108 An audio oscillator (ac source) with an internal resistance of 2000 O and an open-circuit rms output voltage
of 12 V is to be used to drive a loudspeaker with a resistance of 8 O. What should be the ratio of primary to
secondary turns of a transformer so that maximum power is transferred to the speaker? Suppose a second
identical speaker is connected in parallel with the first speaker. How much power is then supplied to the two
speakers combined?
Note: In a simple circuit maximum power transfer from source to load requires that the load resistance equals
the internal resistance of the source (see Problem 26-150).
1. Find the effective loudspeaker resistance at the
primary of the transformer in terms of R
sp
and
N
1
/N
2

2. Set R
eff
= R
int
and solve for N
1
/N
2

3. With R
sp
= 4 O find R
eff
, I
1
, and I
1
2
R
eff
= P
sp

R
eff
= V
1
/I
1
= [V
2
(N
1
/N
2
)]/[I
2
(N
2
/N
1
)] = (V
2
/I
2
)(N
1
/N
2
)
2



N
1
/N
2
= (2000/8)
1/2
= 15.8
R
eff
= 1000 O; I
1
= 4 mA; P
sp
= 16 mW

109* One use of a transformer is for impedance matching. For example, the output impedance of a stereo
amplifier is matched to the impedance of a speaker by a transformer. In Equation 31-67, the currents I
1
and I
2

can be related to the impedance Z in the secondary since I
2
= V
2
/Z. Using Equations 31-65 and 31-66, show that
I
1
= E/[(N
1
/N
2
)
2
Z]
and, therefore, Z
eff
= (N
1
/N
2
)
2
Z.
Z = V
2
/I
2
. V
2
= (N
2
/N
1
)E and I
2
= (N
1
/N
2
)I
1
. So Z = (N
2
/N
1
)
2
E/I
1
or Z
eff
= E/I
1
= Z(N
1
/N
2
)
2
.
110 True or false:
(a) Alternating current in a resistance dissipates no power because the current is negative as often as it is
positive.
(b) At very high frequencies, a capacitor acts like a short circuit.
(a) False (b) True
Chapter 31 Alternating-Current Circuits

111 A 5.0-kW electric clothes dryer runs on 240 V rms. Find (a) I
rms
and (b) I
max
. (c) Find the same quantities
for a dryer of the same power that operates at 120 V rms.
(a), (b) Use Equs. 31-14 and 31-12
(c) Multiply results of (a) and (b) by 2
I
rms
= 20.8 A, I
max
= 29.5 A
I
rms
= 41.7 A, I
max
= 58.9 A

112 Find the reactance of a 10.0-F capacitor at (a) 60 Hz, (b) 6 kHz, and (c) 6 MHz.
(a), (b), (c) Use Equ. 31-31 (a) 265 O (b) 2.65 O (c) 2.65 mO

113* Sketch a graph of X
L
versus f for L = 3 mH.
The graph is shown on the right. Here X
L
is in O
and f is in Hz.


114 Sketch a graph of X
C
versus f for C = 100 F.
The capacitive reactance as a function of frequency is
shown in the adjoining figure.


115 A resistance R carries a current I = (5.0 A) sin 120pt + (7.0 A) sin 240pt. (a) What is the rms current? (b)
If the resistance R is 12 O, what is the power dissipated in the resistor? (c) What is the rms voltage across the
resistor?
(a) 1. Find I
2


2. Determine [(I
2
)
av
]
1/2
= I
rms

(b) Use Equ. 31-56
(c) V = IR
Chapter 31 Alternating-Current Circuits

I
2
= [25 sin
2
(120pt) + 70 sin (120pt) sin (240pt) +
49 sin
2
(240pt)] A
2

(I
2
)
av
= (12.5 + 24.5) A
2
; I
rms
= 6.08 A
P = 444 W
V
rms
= 73 V

116 Figure 31-43 shows the voltage V versus time t for a "square-wave" voltage. If V
0
= 12 V, (a) what is the
rms voltage of this waveform? (b) If this alternating waveform is rectified by eliminating the negative voltages
so that only the positive voltages remain, what now is the rms voltage of the rectified waveform?
(a) Note that V
0
2
= V
0
2

(b) Find [(V
2
)
av
]
1/2

V
rms
= V
0
= 12 V
(V
2
)
av
= V
0
2
/2; V
rms
= 8.49 V

117* A pulsed current has a constant value of 15 A for the first 0.1 s of each second and is then 0 for the next
0.9 s of each second. (a) What is the rms value for this current waveform? (b) Each current pulse is generated
by a voltage pulse of maximum value 100 V. What is the average power delivered by the pulse generator?
(a) I
rms
= (<I
2
>)
1/2
, where < > denotes the time average
(b) P
av
= I
rms
V
rms
; V
rms
= (<V
2
>)
1/2

I
rms
= (0.1

225/1.0)
1/2
= 4.74 A
V
rms
= 31.6 V; P
av
= 150 W


118 A circuit consists of two capacitors, a 24-V battery, and an ac voltage connected as shown in Figure 31-44.
The ac voltage is given by E =
t) (20 (120 cos V)
0 where t is in seconds. (a) Find the charge on each capacitor
as a function of time. Assume transient effects have had sufficient time to decay. (b) What is the steady-state
current? (c) What is the maximum energy stored in the capacitors? (d) What is the minimum energy stored in
the capacitors?
(a) Q = CV

(b) I = dQ/dt; Q = Q
1
+ Q
2

(c) U
max
= 1/2CV
max
2

(d) U
min
= 1/2CV
min
2

Q
1
= [72 + 60 cos (120pt)] C
Q
2
= [36 + 30 cos (120pt)] C
I = -(33. 9 mA) sin (120pt)
V
max
= 44 V; U
max
= 4.36 mJ
V
min
= 4 V; U
min
= 36 J

119 What are the average and rms values of current for the two current waveforms shown in Figure 31-45?
(a) The current in the first half cycle of time interval ?T is given by I = 4t/(?T), so I
2
= 16t
2
/(?T)
2
. To find the
mean value of I
2
we integrate I
2
from 0 to ?T and divide by ?T. One obtains (I
2
)
av
= 16/3. Thus I
rms
= 2.31.
The average current is 2.0.
(b) This is identical to Problem 31-116(b) except that here we are considering a current waveform and a
magnitude of 4. It follows that I
rms
= 2.83. The average current is 2.0.
120 In the circuit shown in Figure 31-46, E1
= (20 V) cos (2pft), f = 180 Hz, E2
= 18 V, and R = 36 O. Find the
maximum, minimum, average, and rms values of the current through the resistor.
1. I = (E1
+ E2
)/R
2. I
max
when cos ?t = 1; I
min
when cos ?t = 1
3. (cos ?t)
av
= 0
4. Find (I
2
)
av
and I
rms

I = [0.5 + 0.556 cos (1131t)] A
I
max
= 1.056 A; I
min
= 0.056 A
I
av
= 0.5 A
(I
2
)
av
= [(0.556)
2
/2 + 0.25] A
2
; I
rms
= 0.636 A
Chapter 31 Alternating-Current Circuits


121* Repeat Problem 120 if the resistor R is replaced by a 2-F capacitor.
1. Write Kirchhoffs law equation
2. Let q(t)/C = A cos ?t + B
3. I = dq/dt = AC? sin ?t
(20 cos ?t + 18) V = q(t)/C
This is a steady state solution for A = 20 V, B = 18 V
I = (45.2 sin ?t) mA; I
max
= 45.2 mA; I
min
= 45.2
mA; I
av
= 0; I
rms
= 32.0 mA

122 Repeat Problem 120 if the resistor R is replaced by a 12-mH inductor.
The inductance acts as a short circuit to the constant voltage source. The current is infinite at all times.
Consequently, I
max
= I
rms
=

; there is no minimum current.