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Combinational Design: Binaryto-BCD conversion

This experiment introduces combinational circuit design using the Xilinx software for implementation and testing. This includes:
Schematic Capture Combinational Verilog Modular design

By the end of this lab you should be able to ...design a combinational circuit which coverts from one base to another use both schematic capture and Verilog to implement a combinational circuit This lab assumes that you have purchased a Spartan 3 development board and have your own laptop computer to install the software. You will need to fill out the lab DATA SHEET located at the end of this lab assignment during the performance of the lab.

I. Shift-Add-3 formula
Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) is used to represent binary numbers using the decimal system. Often calculations are performed in binary and then converted to BCD to display on LCDs. Each decimal digit has a 4-bit binary representation. Since there are ten decimal digits (0-9), there are ten different binary representations. Since four bits can represent sixteen individual codes, six codes are not used. The typical BCD values are shown in Table 1.

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Decimal Digit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Binary Representation 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001

Table 1. BCD representation

Decimal numbers with multiple bits require a 4-bit BCD number for each bit. For numbers 1099, we need 8 bits. For numbers 100-999, we need 12 bits. Table 2 illustrates this concept.

Decimal BCD

Hundreds 9 1001

Tens 5 0101

Ones 2 0010

Table 2. Multiple decimal digits

Note that if we convert a binary number to BCD, sometimes more than one digit location is required. The binary number 1100 represents the decimal number 12. To convert a four bit binary number to a decimal number, any number greater than 1001 must be converted to two 4bit BCD numbers. This is done by adding 6 to the binary number. For example, given the binary number 1100, if six is added to this, the result is 0001 0010. Converting each of these individual BCD numbers results in the decimal number 12. A similar computation could be done using shifts. Recall that a left shift moves all bit values one position to the left (toward the MSB). A left shift has the same function as multiplying the binary number by two. If we have the number 0101, and we shift it left, we know the result will be 1010 (assuming we shift in a zero). If we then want to convert this number to a BCD, we will have to add six to it. Knowing that we will convert the number to BCD, we can check the original number before shifting it. If it is five or greater, then we can add three to that number. Then when we shift it, it will automatically be in BCD form. Table 3 illustrates this concept using the number 0110.

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Operation Original number Add 3 Shift Left Decimal

Binary 0110 1001 0001 0010 1 2

Table 3. Preemptive add, then shift example

This concept can be used on a binary number with any number of bits. For each bit in the binary number, the shift-add-3 algorithm must be implemented. For a four bit number, four shifts must be performed. Before each shift is performed, if the number is greater than four, then it must be added to three. Once all four bits have been shifted, the final BCD number will be in the uppermost bits of the new number. See the example in Table 4.

Operation Tens Ones Start 1 Shift 11 Shift 111 Shift 1010 Add-3 1 0101 Shift 1 5 Decimal

Binary 1111 111 11 1 1

Table 4. Four-bit Shift-Add-3 example

To perform a 4-bit binary conversion, 12 bits must be used. The upper four bits will be the tens decimal digit and the middle four will be the ones decimal digit. The lower four bits will be ignored. In the previous example, only the relevant bits were shown. In reality, the missing bit locations would contain zeros. This process can be extended for any size of binary number. Another example for an eight bit binary number is shown in Table 5.

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Operation Start Shift Shift Shift Add-3 Shift Add-3 Shift Shift Add-3 Shift Add-3 Shift Decimal

Hundreds

Tens

Ones 1 11 111 1010 0101 1000 0001 0011 0011 0111 1010 0101 5 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 111 11 11 1 1

Binary 1111 111 11 1 1

1 1 11 2

1 1 11 110 1001 0010 0010 0101 5

Table 5. Eight-bit Shift-Add-3 example

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II. Combinational Implementation

The Shift-Add-3 algorithm can be implemented using all combinational logic. The truth table for the individual Add-3 module is shown in Table 6. It has a 4-bit input and a 4-bit output. When the set of inputs is less than 5, it outputs the same number. When the set of inputs is greater than four, it adds three to the input. Given the implementation, the inputs should never be greater than the number nine, so all inputs above nine are dont care.

A3A2A1A0 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111

S3S2S1S0 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX

Table 6. Add-3 module truth table To shift a set of numbers in a combinational circuit, the inputs are connected to the outputs, but shifted by one position. So the least significant bit would route to the second least significant bit. This can be repeated for each stage the Shift-Add-3 operation must occur. Note in the example in Table 5, only when there are three or more bits in a column does it need to be checked for Add-3. The circuit for the Shift-Add-3 is shown in Figure 1. Your objective for the this lab is to implement the Shift-Add-3 circuit in the Xilinx design software and download the circuit to your Spartan 3 development board. The input to the circuit will be the eight switches and the output will be the four-digit seven-segment LED array.

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Add-3 0 Add-3 0 bin(7) bin(6) bin(5) bin(4) bin(3) bin(2) bin(1) bin(0)
A3 A2 A1 A0 S3 S2 S1 S0 A3 A2 A1 S3 S2 S1 S0

bcd(9) Add-3
A3 A2 A1 A0 S3 S2 S1 S0

A3 A2 A1 A0

S3 S2 S1 S0

Add-3
A3 A2 A1 A0 S3 S2 S1 S0

Add-3
A3 A2 A1 A0 S3 S2 S1 S0

Add-3
A3 A2 A1 A0 S3 S2 S1 S0

bcd(0)

Figure 1. Shift-Add-3 circuit using the Add-3 module

III. Laboratory Work

Setting up the project file

1. First extract the compressed files into a project directory called Lab2. It would probably be convenient to put it in the same place as Lab1. 2. Load Project Navigator and open the lap2top.sch schematic. Notice that the eight switch inputs are connected through buffers to the BCD outputs. This will make the LCDs display the binary values in hexadecimal. In this configuration only the right-most characters are used, so the left two characters are connected to ground (so they will display zeros). 3. The BCD outputs are not directly connected to the LCD. A special interface is needed to properly format the outputs to the LCD. You wont need to know how the interface works to complete the lab. 4. Compile the program and download the design to see your board displaying the hexadecimal outputs.

Ones

bcd(4) bcd(3) bcd(2) bcd(1)

Tens

Add-3

A0

bcd(8) bcd(7) bcd(6) bcd(5)

Hundreds

0 0

bcd(11) bcd(10)

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Grade B: Using schematic capture for the Add-3 module

1. Reference the truth table for the Add-3 module. 2. Write a boolean equation for S3, S2, S1, S0. You can use Karnaugh maps (K-maps) to minimize the logic required. You can also use minterm notation. Reference chapter 2 in your textbook if you do not remember how. The Xilinx software will minimize your logic if you dont want to; however, simpler equations mean fewer mistakes. 3. Implement each of the four equations in the schematic file add3.schusing the Xilinx design software package. You will need to use input/output markers, gates (found under Logic symbols), and connect them all with wires. 4. Once the design is complete, synthesize the circuit by executing the Synthesize XST process. 5. Create a schematic symbol with this circuit by executing Create Schematic Symbol under the Design Entry Utilities process. 6. Open the top level schematic lab2top.sch. Note: To check the functionality of your Add3 module, refer to the class notes on how to build a 4-bit binary-to-BCD converter. Implement this circuit first and download it to your Spartan 3 board. Check all 4-bit combinations on the numeric display before continuing. 7. Follow Figure 1 to implement your circuit. Use the Add-3 module you created to place into the design. In the categories window, select the second line which is the directory name for your project. The symbol name add3 will appear in the bottom left window. 8. Note that a single wire cannot have two names. If you want to connect a wire to ground, it must first go through a buffer. 9. Compile your source and download the design to your Spartan 3 board. 10. Have the TA evaluate your assignment.

Grade A: Using Verilog for the Add-3 module

1. Create a new Verilog source module by right-clicking in the sources window and selecting New source. 2. Select Verilog module and type add3veri.v in the file name box. Click Next. 3. Enter the four inputs and four outputs under the heading Port Name. You should have 8 lines when finished. Be sure to select under Direction whether they are inputs or outputs. Click Next and then Finish. 4. A Verilog template will open which has the entity completed. complete the architecture portion. You will only need to

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5. Implement the four equations using concurrent statements. This is more efficient than using if-else statements with an adder/comparator. 6. Once you have completed the Verilog code, create a new symbol, and change the top-level schematic to use your Add3 Verilog module instead of the schematic Add3 module. 7. Compile your source and download the design to your Spartan 3 board. 8. Have the TA evaluate your assignment.

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LAB DATA PAGE

Name: _____________________________

Grade B. Using schematic capture for the Add-3 module

1. Program compiles 2. Using schematic capture for output equations 3. All eight switches change the display 4. All numbers correctly displayed

(Yes/No) (Yes/No) (Yes/No) (Yes/No)

________ ________ ________ ________

Total hours reported (from work log) for this lab portion: __________

TA CHECKOFF SIGNATURE: ______________________________(must be legible!)

Grade A: Using Verilog for the Add-3 module 1. Program compiles 2. Using Verilog for outputs 3. All eight switches change the display 4. All numbers correctly displayed (Yes/No) (Yes/No) (Yes/No) (Yes/No) ________ ________ ________ ________

Total hours reported (from work log) for this lab portion: __________

TA CHECKOFF SIGNATURE: ______________________________(must be legible!)

Student Evaluation: What did you like most about this lab?

What would you change about this lab to make it better (not necessarily easier)?

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WORK LOG PAGE

Name: _____________________________

Lab portion worked on / completed

Start Time & Date

Stop Time & Date

# Hours:

Total Hours:

Grade C: Grade B: Grade A:

10