Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Principles of traveling wave tubes/A. 8. Gilmour Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-89006-720-1 1. Traveling-wave tubes. 1. Title TKISTLTLGSS 1994 94-7670 621.381"335-de20 cP ‘A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library (© 1994 ARTECH HOUSE, INC. {685 Canton Stret Norwood, MA 02062 |All ight ceserved, Pinte and bound in the United Sts of Amoi. No part ofthis ook may be ‘Ryvouiced ortiz in any form o by any wens, clectone or mechanical ineluingphotocoy- {recording oe by any informiion Sevage and reeval system, without permission in writing from the puter Inteaionl Standard Book Number: 0.89006-720-1 Library of Congress Catalog Car Number: 94-7670 Contents CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Early History of the TWT 1.2. Basic Operation of the TWT 1.3 Overview of Book References CHAPTER 2 STATIC FIELDS PRODUCED BY ELECTRONS 2.1 Blectric Field 2.1.1 Laplace’s and Poisson's Equations 2.1.2. Gauss’s Law 2.2 Magnetic Field CHAPTER 3 ELECTRON MOTION IN STATIC ELECTRIC FIELDS 3.1 Motion Parallel to Field 3.2. Relativistic Velocity Corrections 3.3. Motion Perpendicular to a Uniform Electric Field 3.4 Electric Lenses 3.5 Universal Beam Spread Curve CHAPTER 4 INFLUENCE OF MAGNETIC FIELD ON ELECTRON MOTION 4.1. Electron Motion in a Static Magnetic Field 4.2. Flectron Motion in Combined Elecitic and Magnetic Fields 4.2.1 Perpendicular Fields in Cartesian Coordinates 4.2.2 Axially Symmetric Fields 4.2.3. Busch’s Theorem CHAPTER 5 CATHODES 5.1. Emission Mechanisms 5.1.1 Thermionic Emission 5.1.2 Schottky Bifect 5.1.3 Field Emission 5.1.4 Space Charge Limitation5.2 Evolution of Thermionic Cathodes 5.3 Impregnated Dispenser Cathode Operation 5.4 Life Considerations 5.5 Dispenser Cathode Surface Physics 5.6 Heaters 5.6.1 Conventional Heater Assemblies 5.6.2 Fast Warm-up Heaters 5.6.3 Heater Testing 5.6.4. Effect of Filament Magnetic Field References CHAPTER 6 ELECTRON GUNS 6.1 Pierce Guns 6.1.1 Focus Electrodes for Parallel Flow 6.1.2 Focus Electrodes for Convergent Flow 6.1.3 Defocusing Effect of Anode Aperture 6.1.4 Formation of Minimum Beam Diameter 6.1.5 Example of Gun Design 6.1.6 Spherical Aberration 6.1.7 Thermal Velocity Effects 6.1.8. Effects of Patchy Emission and Cathode Roughness 6.2. Beam Control Techniques 6.2.1 Cathode Pulsing 6.2.2 Control Focus Electrodes 6.2.3, Modulating Anode 6.2.4 Grids 6.2.5 Summary of Beam Control Electrode Characteristics References CHAPTER 7 ELECTRON BEAMS 7.1 Overview of Uniform-Field Focusing 7.1.1 Brillouin Flow 7.1.2. Scalloping 7.1.3. Confined (Immersed) Flow 7.2. Uniform-Field Focusing and Laminar Flow 7.2.1 The Beam Equation 7.2.2 Brillouin Flow 7.2.3. Confined (Immersed) Flow 7.3. Uniform-Field Focusing and Nonlaminar Flow 74 Periodic Permanent Magnet (PPM) Focusing 7.4.1 Overview 7.4.2 Laminar Flow 7.4.3, Nonlaminar Flow 67 8 80, 93 93 95 97 98, 100 103 103 104 109 4 19 121 124 127 132 133 134 134 135 135 149 149 1s 152 153 155 159 160 160 169 174 181 184 184 184 192 7.5 Ton Effects in Electron Beams 7.8.1 Transverse Oscillations 7.5.2, Radial Oscillations 7.5.3. Low Frequency Instabilities References CHAPTER 8 BEAM-GAP INTERACTIONS 8.1 Gridded (Planar) Gaps 8.1.1 Beam Modulation 8.1.2. Current Induction 8.2. Gridless (Nonplanar) Gaps 8.2.1, Beam Modulation 8.2.2 Current Induction Reference CHAPTER 9 ELECTRON BUNCHING 9.1. Ballistic Bunching 9.2. Bunching with Space Charge Forces 9.2.1 Electron Plasma Oscillations 9.2.2. Qualitative Discussion of Space Charge Waves 9.2.3 Space Charge Waves in Infinite Beams 9.2.4. Space Charge Waves in Confined Flow 9.2.5. Space Charge Waves in Brillouin Flow 9.3 Experimental Verification References. CHAPTER 10 TRAVELING WAVE INTERACTION 10.1. Pierce Theory 10.1.1 RF Current in a Beam 10.1.2. Circuit Equation 10.1.3. The Determinantal Equation 10.1.4 Synchronous Operation 10.1.5. Nonsynchronous Operation 10.1.6 Effect of Circuit Loss 10.1.7 Effect of Space Charge 10.2 High Level Interaction 10.2.1 Discussion of Interactions 10.2.2. Estimates of Maximum Efficiency 10.2.3 Comment on Computer Modeling 10.2.4 Velocity Tapering ReferencesCHAPTER 11 WAVE VELOCITIES AND DISPERSION 11.1 Group and Phase Velocity 11.2 Dispersion 11.2.1 Coaxial Transmission Line 11.2.2 Rectangular Waveguide 11.2.3 Periodically Loaded Waveguide CHAPTER 12 HELIX TWTS 12.1 Helix Bandwidth 12.1.1 Dispersion 12.1.2 Dispersion Control 12.1.3 Backward Wave Oscillations 12.1.4 BWO Suppression 12.2 Transitions 12.3 Helix Support Techniques 12.4 Attenuators and Severs 12.5 Circuit Efficiency 12.6 Dual-Mode Operation 12.7 Helix BWOs 12.8 Ring-Bar TWTs References CHAPTER 13 COUPLED CAVITY TWTS 13.1 Basic Operating Principles 13.2_o-6 Characteristics 13.2.1 Waveguide Approach 13.2.2 Curmow-Gittins Equivalent Circuit Approach ; 13.2.3 Example of an Application of the Curnow-Gittins Circuit 13.3 Fundamental Backward Wave Operation / 134 Fundamental Forward Wave Operation 13.5 Terminations and Transitions References . CHAPTER 14 DEPRESSED COLLECTORS 14.1 Power Flow 14.2 Power Recovery with a Depressed Collector 14.2.1 Electron Energy Distribution 14.2.2. Spent Beam Power 14.2.3. Effect of Body Current 14.3. Multistage Depressed Collectors 14.4 Secondary Electrons in Depressed Collectors References 307 307 309 310 310 318 323 323, 326 328 332 333 334 337 343, 346 348 351 353 357 359 360 362 362 365 369 378, 386 390 393, 395 395 398, 401 401 407 413 4i7 CHAPTER 15 NOISE 15.1 Thermal Agitation Noise 15.2. Definitions of Noise Figure 15.3 Overview of Noise Phenomena in TWTs 15.4 Noise in Electron Guns 15.5 Noise Generation at the Cathode 15.5.1 Shot Noise 15.5.2. Velocity Noise 15.5.3 Other Noise Generation Mechanisms 15.6 The Space Charge Minimum Region 15.6.1 Rack Noise Invariance 15.6.2. Shot Noise Reduction 15.6.3. Other Noise Effects i 15.7 Low Velocity Correlation Region 15.8 High Voltage Acceleration Region 15.8.1 Noise Space Charge Waves 15.8.2. Impedance Transformation for Low Noise Tubes 15.8.3 Lens Effects 15.9 RF Section Noise Phenomena 15.9.1 Cireuit Loss 15.9.2. Partition Noise 15.9.3. Secondary Electron Interactions 15.9.4 Noise Growth 15.9.5. Magnetic Noise Suppression 15.10 Other Noise Sources 15.11 Minimum Theoretical Noise Figure of a TWT References: CHAPTER 16 NONLINEARITIES AND DISTORTION 16.1 Distortion Resulting from Saturation Effects 16.1.1 AM/AM Conversion 16.1.2 AM/PM Conversion 16.1.3 Harmonic Generation 16.1.4. Intermodulation Products 16.2 Variations with Frequency 16.2.1 Broadband Gain Variations 16.2.2. Narrowband Gain Variations 16.2.3. Phase Nonlinearities or Time Delay Distortion 16.3 Spurious AM and PM Outputs References 419 419 420 421 42 424 404 425 426 427 428 428 430 432 435 435 438 aan 442. 442 443 444 445 443 446 448, 449 451 451 451 433 434 495 457 457 458 459 461