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Disaster Management - Case Study

This document provides a summary of the devastating 2001 Gujarat earthquake in India. It was a magnitude 6.9 earthquake centered near Bhuj, Gujarat that caused extensive damage and loss of life. Over 20,000 people were killed and thousands more were injured. Entire villages were destroyed across several districts. The earthquake highlighted issues with construction practices and the need for improved disaster mitigation. It was one of the worst earthquakes to hit India in the last 100 years.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
454 views7 pages

Disaster Management - Case Study

This document provides a summary of the devastating 2001 Gujarat earthquake in India. It was a magnitude 6.9 earthquake centered near Bhuj, Gujarat that caused extensive damage and loss of life. Over 20,000 people were killed and thousands more were injured. Entire villages were destroyed across several districts. The earthquake highlighted issues with construction practices and the need for improved disaster mitigation. It was one of the worst earthquakes to hit India in the last 100 years.

Uploaded by

pecmba
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Case Study: Gujarat Earthquake 2001 Bhuj Earthquake: Preliminary Report from

! "anpur

A Powerful Earthquake of magnitude 6.9 on Richter-Scale rocked the Western Indian State of u!arat on the "6th of #anuar$% "&&'. It caused e(tensi)e damage to life * +ro+ert$. ,his earthquake was so de)astating in its scale and suffering that the likes of it had not -een e(+erienced in +ast .& $ears. /ea)ing thousands seriousl$ in!ured% -ruised and handica++ed0 -oth +h$sicall$% +s$chologicall$ and economicall$. ,he e+icenter of the quake was located at "1.6 north /atitude and 69.2 east /ongitude% a-out 20 km Northeast of Bhuj Town of the 3utch district in Western u!arat. At a de+th of onl$ "1 kms -elow surface this quake generated intense shaking which was felt in 4&5 region of India and far -e$ond in neigh-ouring Pakistan and 6e+al too. ,his was followed -$ intense after shocks that -ecame a continued source of an(iet$ for the +o+ulace. ,he Seismicit$ of the affected Area of 3utch is a known fact with a high incidence of earthquakes in recent times and in historical +ast. It falls in Seismic 7one 8. ,he onl$ such 9one outside the :imala$an Seismic ;elt. In last "&& $ears im+ortant damaging earthquakes occurred in '2'9% '2<<% '2<.% '2.6% '269%'9.6 in the same )icinit$ as "&&' earthquake. ,went$-one of the total ". districts of the state was affected in this quake. Around '2 towns% '2" talukas and 49&< )illages in the affected districts ha)e seen large-scale de)astation. ,he affected areas e)en s+read u+ to 1&& km from the e+icentre. In the 3utch =istrict% four ma!or ur-an areas > ;hu!% An!ar% ;achau and Ra+ar suffered near total destruction. ,he rural areas in the region are also )er$ -adl$ affected with o)er <.& )illages almost totall$ destro$ed. In addition% wide s+read damages also occurred in Ra!kot% #amnagar% Surendranagar% Patan and Ahmeda-ad districts. ?ther @r-an areas such as anhidham% Aor)i% Ra!kot and #amnagar ha)e also suffered damage to ma!or structures% infrastructure and industrial facilities. Ahmeda-ad the ca+ital was also se)erel$ affected. u!arat Earthquake is )er$ significant from the +oint of )iew of earthquake disaster mitigation in India. ,he +ro-lems o-ser)ed in this disaster are no different from other ma!or recent earthquakes in the world. ,he issues in the reco)er$ and reconstruction +hase areB the +ro+er understanding risk among different stakeholders% training and confidence -uilding among the +rofessionals and masons with a++ro+riate de)elo+ment +lanning strategies. ,his quake has +ro)ided numerous e(am+les of geo-technical and structural failures. ,he traditional wisdom of design and construction +ractises of engineered -uildings +re)alent in this countr$ came under criticism for the first time. It has triggered com+rehensi)e understanding on what needs to -e done in this regard. A common site of destruction of the )illages in the mei9oseismal area. Ru--le of colla+sed -uildings -eing cleared at An!aar. 6arrow lanes caused significant casualties and made rescue and relief )er$ difficult. 3udos to the rescueCrelief workers for their daring effortsDD 8irtuall$ nothing could -e reco)ered from most RE frame -uildings that colla+sed. Elearing of de-ris from colla+se of numerous multistore$ RE frame -uildings was an e)en -igger challenge. Relief distri-ution after the earthquake. ,em+orar$ shelters in the town of Aor-i.

Case studies: ndonesia !sunami sur#i#ors rene$ their spirit for learnin%
Almost "&& children ha)e a safe% comforta-le learning en)ironment after a new school and kindergarten were handed o)er to local officials at a ceremon$ in /amno% Aceh #a$a district in 6o)em-er "&&4. Students% teachers and +arents were delighted when the head of their local education de+artment formall$ acce+ted the -uildings from World 8ision. F,his new school is reall$ -eautiful and I like the )iew and the classroom. ,he floor is tiled which we ne)er had -efore. IGm so ha++$ and I canGt wait to stud$ in this classroom tomorrow morningDH said eight-$ear-old Safriani% as her friends squealed in delighted agreement. World 8ision constructed si( classrooms% a staff room and modern toilet facilities with disa-led access for the '&2 +rimar$ students who attend the school. ,he smart new kindergarten% located in a neigh-ouring )illage% has two classrooms% toilets and a staff room. ,he kindergarten +rinci+al recentl$ initiated a communit$ education cam+aign to encourage +arents to send their children along and is o)erwhelmed -$ the success > 4. children ha)e enrolled. ,he earthquake and tsunami com+letel$ destro$ed the old school and kindergarten% lea)ing onl$ their foundations as reminders of the +re)ious -uildings. ,he tsunami also claimed the li)es of "&& of the schoolGs students and three from the old kindergarten. FAan$ children ha)e -een traumatised -$ the conflict and the tsunami -ut% at this kindergarten% the$ are a-le to share and stud$ together again%H kindergarten +rinci+al :arnanunsa Emma Aut$a e(+lained. World 8ision @3 raised funds for the -uildings% furniture% learning materials and +la$ground equi+ment for -oth the school and the kindergarten. World 8ision has made a significant contri-ution to the reconstruction and reha-ilitation of the education sector in Aceh. ,he hando)er of these schools and one further school marks the com+letion of the construction or ma!or reha-ilitation of '< schools and two kindergartens. In addition to constructing schools% World 8ision has +ro)ided ""%<&& Acehnese children from '4' schools with stationer$% furniture% uniforms and te(t-ooks. =uring the earl$ emergenc$ and reco)er$ +hase% the organisation set u+ ". tem+orar$ schools using tents and +refa-ricated -uildings. World 8ision has also trained more than .&& teachers as +art of an education +rogramme. ,he FEreating /earning Eommunities for EhildrenG +rogramme% su++orted -$ the national Ainistr$ of Education% seeks to acti)el$ engage communities in their childrenGs education and trains educators in child-centred teaching.

Case Studies: ndia & 'han'e for 'han%e in $omen(s status


Women are welcoming increased leadershi+ roles and li)elihood o++ortunities 1 $ears after the tsunami% according to a recent sur)e$ of World 8isionGs tsunami reco)er$ +ro!ects. ,he inde+endent sur)e$ -$ ,ango International found that womenGs +artici+ation in li)elihood grou+s% communit$ acti)ities% meetings and de)elo+ment +ro!ects is ena-ling them to +la$ a more +i)otal role in their communitiesI de)elo+ment. In India% where communities struggle with issues of education for girls% earl$ marriage% lack of inheritance rights and an unequal -alance of decision-making% recognition of the need for gender equalit$ is one of the cornerstones of World 8ision +rogramming. World 8isionGs in)ol)ement of women as ke$ +artners in the design% im+lementation and monitoring of +ro!ects hel+ed to identif$ gender issues in tsunami-affected areas. /eaders of womenGs grou+s were among the communit$ grou+s consulted to select -eneficiaries. Jor homes reconstructed -$ World 8ision womenGs names were included on the home and land ownershi+ certificates alongside their hus-andsI. ,his was the first time man$ women ha)e -een legall$ recognised as !oint owners of their +ro+ert$. In addition% the +resence of -athrooms in new homes has ensured increased +rotection of women% as man$ feared -athing in o+en areas at night in their +re-tsunami dwellings. In the stud$% women e(+ressed great relief at this im+ro)ed securit$. Aan$ women are now conducting financial transactions for themsel)es and their families. WomenIs access to -usiness de)elo+ment and skills training in areas such as tailoring% information technolog$% -ookkee+ing and dri)ing has increased. Women ha)e -een linked to small -usiness grants and introduced to +otential em+lo$ers to secure -etter !o-s and sustaina-le income for the future. According to ,ango International% FWorld 8ision IndiaIs tsunami res+onse has done a great ser)ice to the households and communities reco)ering from the terri-le e)ents of =ecem-er "&&<. ,hat World 8ision remained in communities well -e$ond the relief +hase allowed them to undertake im+ortant medium-term actions to accelerate the reco)er$ +rocess and ensure that communities came awa$ from the traged$ stronger than the$ met it. ,he attention the$ +aid to communit$ consultation and articulation of needs at )arious +oints during the +rogramme design was clearl$ reflected in the qualit$ of the +rogramming and the a++reciation that was e(+ressed -$ communit$ mem-ers.H

Case Studies: Sri )anka !hirst for pea'e *rin%s 2+000 tsunami sur#i#ors to%ether
Some "%&&& +eo+le from fi)e )illages across the southern district of Sri /anka took +art in +eace-uilding acti)ities earlier this $ear. Ehildren led the wa$ in games such as tug of war and Kguess the num-er of seeds in the +a+a$aG as a wa$ of -ringing together multi-ethnic% multi-religious and multi-caste grou+s of +eo+le. After the Asian tsunami killed more than 1&%&&& +eo+le and destro$ed some <'%&&& homes along Sri /ankaGs coastline% communities find themsel)es still learning to gel together. Peace--uilding acti)ities ha)e taken +lace in thirteen +ermanent housing sites across eight tsunamiaffected districts to hel+ communities identif$ their own +ro-lems% seek solutions and make decisions a-out how to im+lement them. In some coastal areas% entire communities had to mo)e and relocate. Singhalese and Auslim +eo+le were finding themsel)es li)ing side -$ side in wa$s the$ had ne)er done -efore. ,he o++ortunit$ for tension and conflict was great. Let the o++ortunities for -uilding relationshi+s and trust +ro)ed to -e e)en greater. After watching the children +la$ tug of war% Sarif =ean =inah% "1% asked if the women could +la$. F,his is the first time since the tsunami that Auslims and Singhalese ha)e mi(ed together for a +rogramme like this%H she said. =inahGs uncle% who lost his wife in the tsunami% said that the +rogramme -rought a-out a sense of unit$ amongst the +eo+le. FWe +la$ed the games without worr$ing a-out ethnicit$ or caste.H #o-:annah /a)e$% a conflict sensiti)it$ and +eace--uilding ad)isor for World 8ision% e(+lained that there are a num-er of KconnectorsG that can -uild u+ strong communities% e)en in the +resence of large Kdi)idersG. MWorld 8ision recognises the +otential for conflict when +eo+le integrate into new communities%H she said. F,here is a general feeling of unease. ?ur +eace--uilding acti)ities focus on -ringing +eo+le together to -uild relationshi+s and trust. ,he games we +la$ are intended to hel+ +eo+le interact and -reak down -arriers and stereot$+es.H

!he Septem*er 2,+ 1,,-+ ./01 "illari+ .aharashtra Earthquake in Central ndia0 Aost of the world seismicit$ is concentrated along the +late -oundaries. :owe)er% a significant num-er of arthquakes% including some large and damaging ones% do occur within the +lates. ?ur understanding of intracratonic seismogenesis and the ha9ard it entails is +oor% in +art -ecause data are scarce. ,he '991 3illari earthquake in central +eninsular India is the latest intracratonic e)ent to -e res+onsi-le for a large disaster. ,he +ositi)e side of this traged$ is that it will +ro)ide new insights into geologic% engineering and cultural factors that control the distri-ution and degree of damage% which will aid in turn the de)elo+ment of a more effecti)e ha9ard reduction +rogram for +eninsular India and similar intra+olate en)ironments. ,his re+ort summari9es our o-ser)ations during a ten-da$ in)estigation of the mesoseismal area of the '991 3illari earthquake. Se)eral as+ects of the earthquake were in)estigated% ranging from the surface ru+ture and related deformation to the +attern of damage to engineered and traditional structures. Jinall$% the rescue and reconstruction efforts following the earthquake -rought out im+ortant issues that are generall$ rele)ant to earthquake ha9ard reduction in traditional rural settings0 these are also -riefl$ discussed. Emergenc$ Res+onse ,he affected area does not suffer from floods and was considered Aseismic. ,he onl$ natural disaster known in the area is drought. :ence% the earthquake took the +eo+le and administration -$ sur+rise. It took the administration " to < da$s to effecti)el$ organi9e rescue and relief o+erations. What then followed a++eared to -e well-organi9ed and effecti)e. Ei)ilian as well as militar$ authorities coo+erated in the effort. Since the reconnaissance team did not )isit the affected areas of 3arnataka% the discussion here is -ased on the res+onse in the districts of /atur and ?smana-ad onl$. ?f all the )illages de)astated -$ the quake% onl$ the )illage of 3illari had a wireless connection with the district +olice headquarters at /atur. Within minutes% the information a-out the de)astation in 3illari was con)e$ed to /atur and from there to the state headquarters at ;om-a$. Immediatel$% a-out "& +olicemen stationed at Ausa N"2 kmO were rushed to 3illari% followed -$ district le)el administrators N=istrict Eollector% Su+erintendent of Police% etcO. A-out .& +olicemen were also dis+atched from /atur N<" kmO. Immediate search and rescue was conducted -$ the sur)i)ors and the limited +olice rescue teams. As the da$ +rogressed% information a-out equall$ se)ere de)astation from near-$ )illages started reaching 3illari. ;$ earl$ ne(t morning N?ct. 'O% the Indian arm$ took o)er the task of search and rescue. ;$ the afternoon of the da$ of the earthquake% man$ curious onlookers had arri)ed in the area. ,his led to traffic !ams and ham+ered the task of search and rescue. ;eginning ?ct. "% entr$ to the affected area was controlled to allow entrance onl$ to go)ernment +ersonnel and mem-ers of )olunteer organi9ations. ,he task of search and rescue -ecame e(tremel$ difficult due to the hea)$ rains% which immediatel$ followed the earthquake and the enormous quantities of the ru--le. In +laces "-1 m of ru--le has to -e remo)ed to e(tricate the -odies. ,he narrow )illage streets were choked -$ fallen ru--le% which further ham+ered rescue o+erations. Aass cremations that were held on the first two da$s after the earthquake were done without adequate record kee+ing. ,his led to confusion a-out the actual num-er of deaths. At one time% the news+a+ers were re+orting u+ to 1&&&& dead. /ater it was disco)ered that a-out 9&&& fatalities actuall$ occurred. Reco)er$ Medical Aid: ,he num-er of in!ured in Aaharashtra was a-out '..&&. A-out .& mo-ile teams of doctors were +ressed into ser)ice0 at least > doctor was made a)aila-le at each of the affected )illages. ,he '". -eds ci)il hos+ital at /atur had to con)ert the near-$ Ra!asthan School into a hos+ital ward to care for a-out 1&& indoor +atients. ?n the other hand% the rural medical college and hos+ital at Am-e #ogai% which is onl$ 6&km from /atur% had a .'&--ed ca+acit$ -ut onl$ had 26 +atients ma(imum at

an$ gi)en time. ?n the whole% in a few da$s% there were more go)ernment and +ri)ate doctors a)aila-le than could -e used. Food, water, Provisions: Eooked food was +ro)ided in the affected )illages during the first fortnight -$ large num-er of )oluntar$ agencies and the arm$. After '. da$s the communit$ kitchens were closed. Enough rations and other +ro)isions to last a month were +ro)ided to the +eo+le% requiring them to cook their own food. =rinking water was su++lied regularl$ -$ mo-ile water carr$ing units% generall$ one for each )illage% requisitioned from the neigh-ouring districts. Water storage tanks N.&&& lO% donated -$ @6IEEJCEARE% were -eing used for storing water in )illages. In some )illages% these tanks were l$ing u+side down while quite a few were still resting in storage $ards% indicating e(cess a)aila-ilit$ of the tanks. A total of ""4 water hand +um+s in the earthquake-affected areas of the /atur district were found o+erati)e. Simultaneousl$% a +rogram for installation of tu-e wells in the tem+orar$ settlements was initiated. In the /atur district% 21 dee+--ore wells at the tem+orar$ shelter sites needed to -e dug. <4 of these had -een com+leted -$ ?ct '9. Jor this task% ele)en dee+--ore rigs were mo-ili9ed from the other districts of Aaharashtra. ,he go)ernment and se)eral )oluntar$ agencies distri-uted clothes and household goods like utensils% sto)es% storage cans% and +ro)isions for dail$ needs% either through the administration or directl$. A team consisting of an officer from the administration% an officer from the +olice% and a local head of the )illage issued e)er$ affected famil$ a Ffamil$ cardH and e)er$ affected +erson an Findi)idual cardH to record and regulate the goods distri-uted as a relief aid. ,his% to a large e(tent% s$stemati9ed the relief distri-ution. S+ontaneous offers of aid were recei)ed from within the countr$ and outside. ;om-a$ International Air+ort made s+ecial arrangements to recei)e and clear +laneloads of clothes% medicine% tents and food. Within a-out 1 weeks% the relief material a)aila-le was somewhat in e(cess of the needs. Tem orar! "helter: Immediate shelter was +ro)ided -$ erecting tem+orar$ gal)ani9ed iron sheet houses. Each shelter consisted of . units of a-out '. m" areas each0 each affected famil$ was offered one such unit. Eommon toilets and hand o+erated -ore wells were +ro)ided. Some families chose to take tents and tin sheets instead and made their own shelters. #esettlement and $ousin%: A large num-er of )illages which were totall$ destro$ed are -eing relocated to +laces not far awa$. Aost of the sites for relocation ha)e -een identified. E)er$ affected famil$ will -e +ro)ided a housing unit with a co)ered area of "&% <& or 6& m" Nde+ending on the needs of the famil$O and an o+en area of '. to <. m" for animal shelters and future e(tensions. ,he go)ernment will -ear the cost of onl$ "& m" of the housing +er famil$. Jor houses with a larger constructed area% the remaining cost will -e treated as a long-term low-interest loan +a$a-le on terms similar to those for World ;ank loans. Trans ortation ,he +rimar$ mode of trans+ort in the area is -us. ,he affected area has no rail network. ,he nearest railwa$ stations are at /atur and Shola+ur. ,he nearest air+orts are at :$dera-ad and Auranga-ad. Since there was no damage to roads or -ridges% the -us ser)ices were not ad)ersel$ affected% e)en though the lanes inside the )illages were -locked with the ru--le of colla+sed houses. Aost of the )illages ha)e -een tem+oraril$ shifted to new locations to the main roads. &ommunications An e(cellent communication network was set u+ after the earthquake. Initiall$% a num-er of :AA sets were called in. /ater% solar +owered satellite communication towers were installed in most of the -igger )illages. ,he district collectors were +ro)ided with a hotline to the chief secretar$ at ;om-a$. ,his ena-led the state to take immediate action on the requests from the local administrations for men and materials.

'conomic activit! ,he econom$ of the area is +rimaril$ farm -ased with )er$ few industries. ,he onl$ ma!or industr$ in the region was a sugar factor$ at 3illari Pati% which had closed quite some time +rior to the earthquake. It suffered no a++arent damage and was -eing used as a relief distri-ution center. A large chicken farm a-out '.km north of the e+icentral area re+orted that egg +roduction fell su-stantiall$ after the quake. Production was still down a-out 45 three weeks later. N6o fluctuations in egg la$ing +receded the quake.O ,hough it is har)esting season for the 3harif cro+ and the sowing season the Ra-i cro+% the farmers ha)e -een una-le to resume regular farming acti)it$. ,his is due to incessant rains% une(+ected at this time of $ear% and the non-a)aila-ilit$ of farm la-orers% who do not seem concerned a-out dail$ wages due to the a)aila-ilit$ of free relief +ro)isions. ,here are re+orts that the go)ernment ma$ ha)e to hel+ in har)esting -$ -ringing in la-or from outside the area.

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