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Calc3exam1spr06soln PDF

The document summarizes solutions to problems from Exam 1 involving multivariable calculus concepts. Specifically: 1) It finds the critical point and shows it is a local minimum of a function f(x,y). 2) It uses the chain rule to compute the derivative of a composition of functions h∘g at a point. 3) It shows a point is not a critical point when a function f is restricted to the intersection of two surfaces, and gives an example where it is a critical point. 4) It finds the direction of fastest increase of a function f at a point, gives a vector v such that the directional derivative is nonzero, and calculates the acceleration of a flow line

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86 views3 pages

Calc3exam1spr06soln PDF

The document summarizes solutions to problems from Exam 1 involving multivariable calculus concepts. Specifically: 1) It finds the critical point and shows it is a local minimum of a function f(x,y). 2) It uses the chain rule to compute the derivative of a composition of functions h∘g at a point. 3) It shows a point is not a critical point when a function f is restricted to the intersection of two surfaces, and gives an example where it is a critical point. 4) It finds the direction of fastest increase of a function f at a point, gives a vector v such that the directional derivative is nonzero, and calculates the acceleration of a flow line

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vikas_ojha54706
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Solutions to Exam 1 1. Let f (x, y ) = x2 + y 2 + xy x + y. (a) Show that x = 1, y = 1 is the only critical point of f .

. Solution: To nd the critical point, set fx = 0 and fy = 0 to obtain the equations 2x + y 1 = 0, 2y + x + 1 = 0 which has the solution x = 1, y = 1. (b) Use the second derivative test to show that x = 1, y = 1 is a local minimum (and thus an absolute minimum it is the only critical point) of f .
2 Solution: Since fxx = 2 and D = fxx fyy fxy = 2 2 1 = 3 > 0, the second derivative test says that f is a local minimum.

(c) Let z = L(x, y ) be the equation of the tangent plane of z = f (x, y ) at the critical point. Without evaluating any integrals, explain why the following inequality holds: f (x, y )dA
R R

L(x, y )dA

where R is any rectangle [a, b] [c, d]. Solution: The tangent plane at x = 1, y = 1 is parallel to the xy -plane (since fx = 0 = fy at that point) and has the equation of the form L(x, y ) = k where k is a constant equal to f (1, 1). Since the local minimum x = 1, y = 1 is the only critical point of f , it is an absolute minimum and hence f (x, y ) k . This immediately implies that f (x, y )dA
R R

k dA =
R

L(x, y )dA

2. Let g1 (x, y, z ) = x2 + y 3 + z 4 2 and g2 (x, y, z ) = xy y 4 + z . (a) Let h(u, v ) = (u2 + 1, v 2 ) and g (x, y, z ) = (g1 (x, y, z ), g2 (x, y, z )). Use the chain rule to compute the derivative of h g at point x = 0, y = 1, z = 1. Solution: Let h1 (u, v ) = u2 + 1 and h2 (u, v ) = v 2 . Then Dh = Additionally, Dg =
g1 x g2 x g1 y g2 y g1 z g2 z h1 u h2 u h1 v h2 v

2u 0 0 2v

2x 3y 2 y x 4y 3

4z 3 1

At x = 0, y = z, z = 1, we have u = g1 (0, 1, 1) = 0, v = g2 (0, 1, 1) = 0, and hence, D(h g )(0, 1, 1) = Dh(2, 0)Dg (0, 1, 1) 0 0 0 0 0 = 0 0 1 4 1 = 0 0 0 0 0 0

(b) Let the surface S1 be given by g1 (x, y, z ) = 0 and the surface S2 by g2 (x, y, z ) = 0. Let the curve C be the intersection of S1 and S2 . Show that the point x = 0, y = 1, z = 1 is not a critical point of the function f (x, y, z ) = 3xy 2 + y 2 + z 4 restricted to C . Solution: If x = 0, y = 1, z = 1 is a critical point, then f (0, 1, 1) = 1 g1 (0, 1, 1) + 2 g2 (0, 1, 1) ( )

for some scalars 1 , 2 . This leads the following system of equations: 3 = 2 = 4 = 2 31 42 4 1 + 2

The rst two equations imply 1 = 14/3 and 2 = 3. But plugging this into the third equation gives 4 = 4(14/3) + 3 = 65/3, a contradiction. (c) Give an example of a function f (x, y, z ) which, when restricted to C , has a critical point at x = 0, y = 1, z = 1. Solution: We need a function satisfying equation (*) above for some scalars 1 and 1 . For example, if we set 1 = 2 = 1, (*) gives f (0, 1, 1) = (0, 3, 4) + (1, 4, 1) = (1, 1, 5) Thus f (x, y, z ) = x y + 5z will do. (Note: There are many possible answers.) 3. Let f (x, y, z ) = yz + xz 6. (a) At the point x = 1, y = 1, z = 1, nd the unit vector that points in the direction for which f is increasing at the fastest rate. Solution: The function f increases at the fastest rate in the direction of f (1, 1, 1) (1, 1, 2) = . |f (1, 1, 1)| 6 (b) For x = (1, 1, 1), nd a vector v for which are many possible answers. Just nd one.) Solution: If we let v = (a, b, c), then 17 = d (f (x + tv)|t=0 = f (1, 1, 1) v = (1, 1, 2) (a, b, c) = a + b + 2c. dt
d dt f (x + tv)

= 17 at t = 0. (There

Thus, one possible answer is v = (17, 0, 0). (c) Suppose c(t) is a ow line of f with c(0) = (1, 1, 1). Calculate the acceleration of the curve c(t) at t = 0. Solution: Since f = (z, z, x + y ), if we set c(t) = (x(t), y (t), z (t)), then c (t) = f (c(t)) implies x (t) = y (t) = z (t) = z (t) z (t) x(t) + y (t)

Thus, x (t) = z (t) = y (t) = z (t) = z (t) = x (t) + y (t) = and x (0) = y (t) = z (t) = x(t) + y (t) x(t) + y (t) 2z (t)

x(0) + y (0) = 2 x(0) + y (0) = 2 2z (0) = 2

4. For each of the four questions below, state whether the assertion is true or false. If it is true, justify and if it is false, give a counterexample. (a) If a and b are vectors, the a b is perpendicular to b. Solution: This is true. The vector triple product (ab)b where a = (a1 , a2 , a3 ) and b = (b1 , b2 , b3 ) is given by the determinant a1 b1 b1 a2 b2 b2 a3 b3 b3

which is equal to zero since the last two rows coincide. Two vectors whose dot product is 0 are perpendicular. (b) If F is a vector eld, then F is perpendicular to F. Solution: This is se. If F(x, y, z ) = xi + z j + z k, then F = i. On the other hand, ( F) F = x. (c) If F, G and H are vector elds so that F is a gradient eld and G is a curl of some vector eld, then (div G)H = curl F. Solution: This is true. Since G is a curl of some vector eld div G = 0. Since F is a gradient eld, curl F = 0. So both the left hand side and the right hand side is equal to the zero vector. (d) Assume f (x, y, z ) = 0 for all (x, y, z ). If c(t) is a ow line of f , then the function f (c(t)) is an increasing function of t. Solution: This is true. Using the chain rule and the fact that c (t) = f (c(t)), we have d f (c(t)) = f (c(t)) c (t) = c (t) c (t) = |c (t)|2 > 0 dt and hence f (c(t)) is an increasing function.

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