Java and Bio Java

A Students Handbook

SUBRATA SINHA

Copyright 2010 Subrata Sinha All rights reserved.

ISBN: 14 !!11!22 ISBN"1#: !$%"14 !!11!22

DEDICATION
I &ould li'e to dedi(ate )y boo' to )y )other* S)t. +ripti Sinha* )y ,ather Shri Bi-oy .u)ar Sinha.

CONTENTS
Section A : Java Chapter 1 Introdu!tion to OO" and Java Chapter # Basi!s o$ Java Chapter % Introdu!in& C'asses Chapter ( "a!ka&es Chapter ) Inheritan!e Chapter * E+!eption Hand'in& Chapter , -u'tithreaded "ro&ra..in& Chapter / App'ets Chapter 0 Strin& Hand'in& Chapter 11 2i'e Hand'in& Chapter 11 Event Hand'in& Section B: Biojava Chapter 1# Introdu!tion to Bio3ava Chapter 1% A'phabets and s4.bo's Chapter 1( Basi! Se5uen!e -anipu'ation Chapter 1) "roteo.i!s Chapter 1* Se5uen!e I6O Section C: Solved Problems Chapter 1, E+er!ise So'utions o$ Java "rob'e.s Chapter 1/ E+er!ise So'utions o$ Bio Java

SUBRATA SINHA

vi

AC7NO89ED:-ENTS
I &ould li'e to a('no&ledge )y (ollegaes * students /or their (onstant help and support..

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION TO OOP AND JAVA

0aradig) o/ 0rogra))ing. +&o 0rogra))ing 0aradig)s are 0ro(edure 1riented 0rogra))ing and 1b-e(t 1riented 0rogra))ing. 0ro(edure 1riented 0rogra))ing 0aradig): In 0ro(edure 1riented 0rogra))ing20103 approa(h the proble) is vie&ed as a Se4uen(e o/ things to be done su(h as reading*(al(ulating and printing. A nu)ber o/ /un(tions are &ritten to a((o)plish this tas'.+he pri)ary /o(us is on /un(tions or pro(edures. In a )ulti /un(tion progra) * )any i)portant data ite)s are pla(ed as global * so that they )ay be a((essed by all the /un(tions. 5a(h /un(tion )ay have its o&n lo(al data. 6lobal data are )ore vulnerable to an inadvertent (hange by a /un(tion. In a large progra) it is very di//i(ult to identi/y &hat data is used by &hi(h /un(tion. Another serious dra&ba(' &ith 0ro(edural approa(h is that it does not )odel real &orld proble)s very &ell.+his is be(ause /un(tions are a(tion oriented.

SUBRATA SINHA

So)e Chara(teristi(s o/ 0ro(edure 1riented 0rogra))ing 1. 5)phasis is on doing things 2algorith)s3* 2. 7arge progra)s are divided into s)aller progra)s 'no&n as /un(tions. #. 8ost o/ the /un(tions share global data. 4. 9ata )ove openly around the syste) /ro) /un(tion to /un(tion. :. ,un(tions trans/or) data /ro) one /or) to another. .5)ploys top do&n approa(h in 0rogra) design. Object Oriented Programming Paradigm 110 treats data as a (riti(al ele)ent in the progra) develop)ent and does not allo& it to /lo& /reely around the syste).It ties data )ore (losely to the /un(tions that operate on it* and prote(ts it /ro) a((idental )odi/i(ation /ro) outside /un(tions.110 allo&s de(o)position o/ a proble) into a nu)ber o/ entities (alled ob-e(ts and then builds data and /un(tions around these ob-e(ts.+he data o/ an ob-e(t (an be a((essed only by the /un(tions asso(iated &ith that ob-e(t. ;o&ever /un(tion o/ one ob-e(t (an a((ess the /un(tions o/ other ob-e(ts. So)e o/ the /eatures o/ 110: 1. 5)phasis is on data rather than pro(edure. 2. 0rogra)s are divided into &hat are 'no&n as ob-e(ts. #. 9ata Stru(tures are designed su(h that they (hara(teri<e the ob-e(ts. 4. ,un(tions that operate on the data o/ an ob-e(t are tied together in the data stru(ture. :. 9ata is hidden and (an not be a((essed by e=ternal /un(tions. . 1b-e(t )ay (o))uni(ate &ith ea(h other through /un(tions. $. Ne& data and /un(tions (an easily be added &henever ne(essary. %. ,ollo&s botto) up approa(h in progra) design.

INTRODUCTION TO JA;A AND BIO JA;A < A STUDENTS HANDBOO7

9e/inition o/ 1b-e(t 1riented 0rogra))ing: An approa(h that provides a &ay o/ )odulari<ing progra)s by (reating partitioned )e)ory area /or both data and /un(tions that (an be used as te)plates /or (reating (opies o/ su(h )odules on de)and. 9e/inition /ro) 5.Balagurus&a)y Features of OOP: 5n(apsulation : +he &rapping up o/ data and /un(tions into a single unit 2(alled (lass3 is 'no&n as en(apsulation.1nly /un(tions in side the &rap (an use the data . +hese /un(tions provide the inter/a(e bet&een ob-e(ts data and the progra). +his is also 'no&n as data hiding or in/or)ation hiding.

Abstra(tion: Abstra(tion re/ers to the a(t o/ representing essential /eatures &ithout in(luding the ba('ground details or e=planations. Sin(e (lasses use the (on(ept o/ abstra(tion * they are 'no&n as Abstra(t 9ata +ype.

SUBRATA SINHA

Inheriten(e: Inheritan(e provides the idea o/ reusability o/ (ode. +his )eans that &e (an add additional /eatures to an e=isting (lass &ithout )odi/ying it. +his is possible by deriving a ne& (lass /ro) the e=isting one. +he ne& (lass &ill have the (o)bined /eatures o/ both (lasses. 0oly)orphis) : 0oly)orphis) is another i)portant (on(ept o/ oop in &hi(h one ob-e(t behaves di//erently in di//erent situation. It is i)ple)ented by one inter/a(e* )ultiple )ethod this )eans that it is possible to design a generi( inter/a(e to a group o/ related a(tivities.

Class and Objects Class is a ,unda)ental >nit o/ 9esign in 110. Class is a >serde/ined 9ata +ype &hi(h a(ts as a te)plate to (reate ob-e(ts. Class is also 'no&n as Abstra(t 9ata +ype as it i)ple)ents the Abstra(tion in 110. Class has )e)ber variables2'no&n as attributes3 and 8e)ber /un(tions2'no&n as )ethods3 &rapped together. 1b-e(ts are nothing but an instan(e o/ a (lass.All )e)bers o/ (lass e=(ept (lass )e)bers appear in the ob-e(t &hen &e (reate an ob-e(t /ro) that (lass. ,or e=a)ple ?a) is an instan(e o/ a (lass ;u)an. 5verything &hat a hu)an has or hu)an (an do @?a)A has or (an do the sa)e. 7i'e ;u)an has attributes eye*nose*hands*legs2attributes3 and ;u)an (an See*S)ell*Brite*Bal'2)ethods3. So &hen ?a) is an instan(e o/ ;u)an he &ill have everything and (an do erything &hat a ;u)an (an do. Be (an not do any thing &ith ;u)an * but &e (an deal &ith @?a)A. Si)ilarly &e have to (reate ob-e(ts /ro) a (lass then only &e &ill be able to deal &ith the ob-e(t o/ that (lass.

INTRODUCTION TO JA;A AND BIO JA;A < A STUDENTS HANDBOO7

In Cava &e (an not (reate ob-e(ts /ro) so)e (lass li'e Abstra(t Class* in that (ase &e inherit another (lass /ro) that abstra(t (lass and (reate ob-e(ts /ro) it.

INTROD CTION TO !"#" "ND IT$ %N#IRON&%NT Cava is a si)ple* sa/e *1b-e(t 1riented*interpreted or dyna)i(ally opti)i<ed*byte (ode* ar(hite(ture neutral*garbage (olle(ted*)ultithreaded progra))ing language &ith a strong typed e=(eption handling )e(hanis) /or &riting distributed* dy)na)i(ally e=tensible progra)s. ;o& Cava Co)piles and Interprets Code:

Cava 0rogra)s are &ritten using any standard +e=t 5ditor. ,ile is then saved &ith an e=tension .-ava. +his /ile is 'no&n as Sour(e Code. Sour(e Code is then Co)piled &ith Cava Co)piler2-ava(3. 1n(e the /ile is (o)piled * &e get a .(lass /ile &hose na)e is sa)e as .-ava /ile. +his is 'no&n as byte (ode. Byte Code is then interpreted using a Cava Interpreter* &hi(h is an i)plantation o/ Cava Dirtual 8a(hine. Byte Code is a 0lat/or) neutral Code. So a Cava 0rogra) (an be run on any plat/or) provided the CD8 is installed in the )a(hine.

SUBRATA SINHA

F%"T R%$ OF !"#" Si)ple: +he language Synta= is based on the /a)iliar progra))ing language li'e CECFF. 1b-e(t 1riented:All /eatures o/ 1b-e(t 1riented 0rogra))ing is available * e=(ept 8ultiple Inheriten(e is not dire(tly possible in Cava* rather it is i)ple)ented through inter/a(es. Ar(hite(ture Neutral: +he Cava Co)piler generates an inter)ediate byte (ode &hi(h does not depend on any ar(hite(ture o/ a (o)puter. 0ortable +ype: +he si<e o/ data types are al&ays sa)e irrespe(tive o/ the syste) ar(hite(ture. 9istributed:CavaGs net&or'ing (apabilities are both strong and easy to use.Cava appli(ations are (apable o/ a((essing ob-e(ts a(ross the net* via >?7s as easy as a lo(al /ile syste). Se(ure:Sin(e Cava is )ostly used in net&or' environ)ent * a lot o/ e)phasis has been pla(ed on se(urity to enable (onstru(tion o/ virus /ree and ta)per /ree syste). 8ultithreaded:8ultithreading is the ability o/ one progra) to do )ore than one tas' at on(e. !a'a "pplication #s !a'a "pplet Ans : Cava progra)s (an be either applets or appli(ations. Co))on bet&een applets and appli(ations: 1. Both are (o)posed o/ /iles &ith .(lass e=tension 2. Both re4uire CD8 on the userGs syste).

INTRODUCTION TO JA;A AND BIO JA;A < A STUDENTS HANDBOO7

9i//eren(es bet&een applets and appli(ations: 1. Applets (an be e)bedded in ;+87 pages and (an be vie&ed in bro&ser. 2. Appli(ations are e=e(uted /ro) (o))and line &ith boot utility* su(h as 8i(roso/tGs CDie&.e=e #. Applet (an not a((ess /ile or syste) servi(es &here as appli(ation (an. "rchitecture of !a'a +he ar(hite(ture o/ Cava is based on the /ollo&ing /our di//erent te(hnologies. 5a(h o/ these te(hnologies is de/ined by Sun 8i(rosyste)s separately: Cava progra))ing language Cava (lass /ile Cava Appli(ation 0rogra))ing Inter/a(e Cava Dirtual 8a(hine Hou &rite sour(e /iles by using the Cava progra))ing language. +hese sour(e /iles get (o)piled to (lass /iles that (ontain byte(odes. +hese (lass /iles get e=e(uted on a CD8. Hour progra) (an a((ess the syste) resour(es by invo'ing the )ethods in (lass /iles that i)ple)ent the Cava A0I. CD8 and Cava A0I put together )a'e up the Cava 0lat/or). Cava progra)s (an run on di//erent 'inds o/ (o)puters be(ause the Cava plat/or) itsel/ is i)ple)ented in the so/t&are. Cava progra)s (an e=e(ute on any (o)puter that has the Cava plat/or) i)ple)ented on it.

!a'a #irtual &achine Cava Dirtual 8a(hine is an abstra(t spe(i/i(ation that de/ines /eatures that )ust be i)ple)ented by every CD8 but leaves (ertain (hoi(es to the designers. ,or e=a)ple* all CD8s )ust e=e(ute byte(odes but they (an use

SUBRATA SINHA

any te(hni4ue to e=e(ute the). 5a(h appli(ation e=e(utes inside so)e sort o/ an i)ple)entation o/ the CD8 spe(i/i(ation. CD8 (ontains the /ollo&ing (o)ponents: +he (lass loader subsyste) +he (lass loader subsyste) loads the (lass /iles o/ your progra) and Cava A0I. Class loaders (an be o/ t&o types* pri)ordial (lass loader or (lass loader ob-e(ts. 0ri)ordial (lass loader is a part o/ the CD8 i)ple)entation that loads (lasses usually /ro) the lo(al dis'. A Cava appli(ation )ight install ne& (lass loaders to load (lasses in (usto) &ays* su(h as do&nloading (lass /iles a(ross a net&or'. ,or ea(h (lass that is loaded* CD8 'eeps tra(' o/ the loader that &as used to load the (lass /ile. Bhen the loaded (lass /ile invo'es the )ethods o/ another (lass /ile* the CD8 re4uests the re/eren(ed (lass. ,or e=a)ple* i/ a (lass na)ed 5)ployee is loaded using a loader na)ed 0ayroll7oader and i/ the 5)ployee (lass re/eren(es the 7eave (lass then* CD8 re4uests the 0ayroll7oader to load the 7eave (lass. 5a(h (lass loader that your appli(ation uses e=ists in a separate na)e"spa(e. +hus (lasses loaded by di//erent (lass loaders e=ist in di//erent na)e"spa(es and (an a((ess ea(h other only i/ the appli(ation allo&s the) to do so. 5a(h (lass loader ob-e(t (reated by an appli(ation )ust ensure that it loads (lasses only /ro) trusted pa('ages. +he (lass /ile veri/ier +he (lass /ile veri/ier (he('s the internal stru(ture o/ ea(h o/ the loaded (lass /ile to see i/ they are sa/e to be used. It does the veri/i(ation in t&o phases: Internal (he('s Sy)boli( ?e/eren(es veri/i(ation +he e=e(ution engine +he e=e(ution engine e=e(utes the byte(odes by (onverting the byte(odes into the native )a(hine (ode. +he i)ple)entation o/ the e=e(ution engine (an be di//erent on di//erent CD8s. 1ne 'ind o/ CD8 (an e=e(ute the byte(odes line by line. 1ne 'ind o/ CD8 (an (a(he the native )a(hine
/

INTRODUCTION TO JA;A AND BIO JA;A < A STUDENTS HANDBOO7

(ode o/ a )ethod the /irst ti)e the )ethod is invo'ed. +he se(ond ti)e the )ethod is invo'ed the CD8 need not do the (onversion again. +his &ay it &or's /aster.

!a'a $ecurit( &odel:

Se(urity be(o)es )ore i)portant in the s(enario o/ Internet and applets be(ause* a (lient is allo&ing an e=ternal progra) to be e=e(uted on his )a(hine &hi(h has undoubted (apabilities o/ atta('ing the (lientGs )a(hine. Cava a(hieve the se(urity via a Se(urity 8odel. +his )e(hanis) is (alled @Sand Bo=A . 5very applet runs in the (onte=t o/ a sand bo=.1n the (lients (o)puter the sand bo= ensures that untrusted2and possibly )ali(ious3. Cava applets are only allo&ed a((ess to a li)ited set o/ (apabilities.

SUBRATA SINHA

In Sand Bo= 8odel* the CD8 per/or)s a series o/ level (he('s to ensure sa/e e=e(ution o/ applets on the (lientGs )a(hine. +he (lass loader*byte(ode veri/ier and the se(urity )anager &or' together to ensure that 1. 1nly the proper (lasses are loaded. 2. ea(h (lass is in proper /or)at #. >ntrusted (lasses are not allo&ed to e=e(ute dangerous instru(tions. 4. >ntrusted (lasses are not allo&ed to a((ess the syste) resour(es.

!D) and !R% Sun 8i(rosyste)s provides t&o prin(ipal so/t&are produ(ts in the Cava+8 0lat/or)* Standard 5dition 2Cava+8 S53 /a)ily: Cava S5 ?unti)e 5nviron)ent 2C?53 +he C?5 provides the libraries* Cava virtual )a(hine* and other (o)ponents ne(essary /or you to run applets and appli(ations &ritten in the Cava progra))ing language. +his runti)e environ)ent (an be redistributed &ith appli(ations to )a'e the) /ree"standing. Cava S5 9evelop)ent .it 2C9.3 +he C9. in(ludes the C?5 plus (o))and"line develop)ent tools su(h as (o)pilers and debuggers that are ne(essary or use/ul /or developing applets and appli(ations. $tandard !D) Tools and tilities Basi( +ools 2-ava(* -ava* -avado(* apt* appletvie&er* -ar* -db* -avah* -avap* e=t(he('3

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INTRODUCTION TO JA;A AND BIO JA;A < A STUDENTS HANDBOO7

Se(urity +ools 2'eytool* -arsigner* poli(ytool* 'init* 'list* 'tab3 Internationali<ation +ools 2native2as(ii3 ?e)ote 8ethod Invo(ation 2?8I3 +ools 2r)i(* r)iregistry* r)id* serialver3 Cava I97 and ?8I"II10 +ools 2tna)eserv* idl-* orbd* servertool3 Cava 9eploy)ent +ools 2pa('200* unpa('2003 Cava 0lug"in +ools 2ht)l(onverter3 Cava Beb Start +ools 2-ava&s3 Cava 8onitoring and 8anage)ent Console 2-(onsole3 Cava Beb Servi(es +ools

*"$IC TOO+$ +ool Na)e Cava( -ava Brie/ 9es(ription +he (o)piler /or the Cava progra))ing language. +he laun(her /or Cava appli(ations. In this release* a single laun(her is used both /or develop)ent and deploy)ent.. +he old deploy)ent laun(her* -re* is no longer provided. A0I do(u)entation generator. Annotation pro(essing tool. ?un and debug applets &ithout a &eb bro&ser. Create and )anage Cava Ar(hive 2CA?3 /iles.

-avado( . apt appletvie&er -ar

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SUBRATA SINHA

-db Cavah )ethods. Cavap 5=t(he('

+he Cava 9ebugger. C header and stub generator. >sed to &rite native Class /ile disasse)bler >tility to dete(t Car (on/li(ts.

S5C>?I+H +117S +hese se(urity tools help you set se(urity poli(ies on your syste) and (reate apps that (an &or' &ithin the s(ope o/ se(urity poli(ies set at re)ote sites. Tool Name .eytool Carsigner 0oli(ytool Brief Description 8anage 'eystores and (erti/i(ates. 6enerate and veri/y CA? signatures. 6>I tool /or )anaging poli(y /iles.

1#

Chapter ,
JAVA AN!UA!" BASICS

"nal(-ing the main./ method 0ith its signature 8ain )ethod should al&ays be used as /ollo&s : publi( stati( void )ain2 String sIJ 3 +he )ain23 )ethod should be Kpubli(G be(ause the CD8 has to a((ess it. +he )ain23 )ethod should be stati( be(ause * it should be e=e(uted even be/ore an instan(e o/ the (lass is available*&hi(h )eans to say that the )ain23 )ethod should be a (lass )ethod and not an instan(e )ethod. 8ain23 )ethod is (alled by the CD8 and there in not anything &hi(h the CD8 e=pe(ts in return /or (alling the )ain )ethod. ;en(e you need to de(lare the return value to be void. ,inally the para)eters &hi(h the )ain )ethod a((epts is an array o/ String values.+he CD8 uses this array to store any (o))and line para)eters* &hi(h are given at the ti)e o/ e=e(ution o/ the progra). !a'a +anguage To1ens +here are ,ive types o/ +o'ens:.ey&ords* identi/iers* literals* separators and operators. "2 )e(0ords:: .ey&ords are available abstra(t (ase (lass do /inal /uture boolean (ast (onst double /inally generi( brea' (at(h (ontinue else /loat goto byte (har de/ault e=tends /or i/

1%

SUBRATA SINHA

i)ple)ents int ne& pa('age rest super thro& var

i)port inter/a(e null private return s&it(h thro&s void

inner instan(eo/ long native operator outer prote(ted publi( short stati( syn(hroni<ed this transient try volatile &hile

*2 Identifier : Na)es /or (lasses*ob-e(ts*variables*(onstants* labels*)ethods. Identi/ier is (hoosen by 0rogra))er ?ules /or na)ing identi/ier Start &ith letter or unders(ore or dollar sign but not &ith digit. >se upto 2:: Chara(ters 9onGt >se .ey&ords

7egal identi/ier Na)e: 9ealer1* (ounter* =*;otCavaL*dealerMid*se4M1*se41* +otalBudget1/Cune200% Illegal identi/ier Na)e: 19ealer*9ealerNid*9ealer id* dealer"id* 2#4 C2 +iterals :>sed /or entering e=pli(it values /or variables or (onstants. +hese )ay be nu)eri(*Boolean* (hara(ter or string. @;ello BorldA * * 2:$7 * #.4, D2 $eparators : 0arentheses Bra(es 23 OP
1(

INTRODUCTION TO JA;A AND BIO JA;A < A STUDENTS HANDBOO7

Ba('ets Se)i(olon Co))a 0eriod %2 Operators

IJ Q * .

Arith)eti( 1perators : F * " * R * E * S Arith)rti( Assign)ent 1perators :FT * RT * "T * ET * ST In(re)entE9e(re)ent 1perator:FF*"" Bit&ise Arith)eti( 1perator: N * U * V * W Co)parison 1perators : T T * XT*Y * Z * YT * ZT 7ogi(al Co)parison 1perators : NN * UU * X

!a'a Data T(pes Cava has eight pri)itive data types byte int /loat 1 byte 4 bytes 4 bytes short long double (har 2 bytes % bytes % bytes 2 bytes

boolean 1 byte

"rra(s $ingle Dimensional "rra(

1)

SUBRATA SINHA

Arrays in Cava (an be de(lared in t&o /or)s ,or) 1 : type arrayna)eIJQ ,or) 2: type IJ arrayna)eQ 5=a)ples : int aIJQ intIJ aQ Initiali<ation o/ Single 9i)ensional Array: int aIJTO11*#2*44*::*##PQ So although si<e is not spe(i/ied* but a/ter initiali<ation the si<e o/ array &ill be :.

EE0rogra) to use array : A((ept 10 nu)bers and display the sa)e i)port -ava.util.RQ (lass +estArray O publi( stati( void )ain2String sIJ3 O int aIJTne& intI10JQ S(anner s(Tne& S(anner2Syste).in3Q

1*

INTRODUCTION TO JA;A AND BIO JA;A < A STUDENTS HANDBOO7

Syste).out.println2[5nter the nu)bers[3Q /or2int iT0QiY10QiFF3 O aIiJTs(.ne=tInt23Q P Syste).out.println2[Hou have entered: [3Q /or2int iT0QiY10QiFF3 O Syste).out.println2aIiJ3Q P P P

Array 7ength: In -ava all arrays store the allo(ated si<e in a variable na)e length*Be (an obtain the length o/ the array a using a.length. int asi<eTa.lengthQ

T0o Dimensional "rra(: Be )ay (reate t&o di)ensional array as /ollo&s int aI JI JTne& intI#JI4JQ 9ouble di)ensional array (an also be initiali<ed as single di)ensional array as /ollo&s:

1,

SUBRATA SINHA

int aI2JI#JTO0*0*0*1*1*1P 1? as int aI JI JTOO0*0*0P*O1*1*1PPQ 1? as int aI JI JTO O0* 0* 0P O1* 1* 1P PQ

5=a)ple :0rogra) to use double di)ensional array i)port -ava.util.RQ (lass +est9oubleArray O publi( stati( void )ain2String sIJ3 O int aI JI JTne& intI#JI#JQ int bI JI JTne& intI#JI#JQ int (I JI JTne& intI#JI#JQ S(anner s(Tne& S(anner2Syste).in3Q Syste).out.println2[5nter the ele)ents o/ ,irst #=# )atri=[3Q /or2int iT0QiY#QiFF3 O

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INTRODUCTION TO JA;A AND BIO JA;A < A STUDENTS HANDBOO7

/or2int -T0Q-Y#Q-FF3 O aI i JI - JTs(.ne=tInt23Q P P Syste).out.println2[+he 8atri= is as /ollo&s:[3Q /or2int iT0QiY#QiFF3 O /or2int -T0Q-Y#Q-FF3 O Syste).out.print2aIiJI-JF[ [3Q P Syste).out.println23Q P P P

\. Bhat are ,lo& Controls in Cava ]

A. Conditional : i/"else * s&it(h"(ase 7ooping : &hile * do * /or 5=(eption : try*(at(h*/inally

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SUBRATA SINHA

Chapter 3
INTRODUCIN! C ASS"S

Declare Classes Class is de(lared &ith 'ey&ord (lass. +he synta= o/ &hi(h is given belo&Q (lass Y(lassna)eZ O A((ess"Spe(i/ier 9atatype Yattributena)eZQ A((ess"spe(i/ier ?eturn"type )ethodna)e2para)eter list3 O State)entsQ

#1

INTRODUCTION TO JA;A AND BIO JA;A < A STUDENTS HANDBOO7

P P "dding and "ccessing &ethods 4Properties 8ethod (an be added as sho&n above. A((essing )ethods a3 Stati( )ethods (an be a((essed through (lass na)e* using (lassna)eYdotZ)ethodna)e 5=a)ple: Integer.parseInt23Q b3 Non stati( )ethods are a((essed by the ob-e(t o/ the (lass * using ob-e(tna)eYdotZ)ethodna)eQ 5=a)ple: S(anner s(Tne& S(anner2Syste).in3 int =Ts(.ne=tInt23Q 0roperties or attributes (an be a((essed in the sa)e &ay as )ethods are a((essed.

(lass +estAttribute O stati( int aQ int bQ +estAttribute23 O aT:Q bT Q P publi( stati( void )ain2String sIJ3 O +estAttribute ob-Tne& +estAttribute23Q

#1

SUBRATA SINHA

Syste).out.println2[Dalue o/ a[F+estAttribute.a3Q EEbut stati( a (an be a((essed by (lassna)e or ob-e(t na)e Syste).out.println2[Dalue o/ a[F+estAttribute.a3Q EEbut stati( a (an be a((essed by (lassna)e or ob-e(t na)e Syste).out.println2[Dalue o/ b[F ob-.b3Q EE non stati( b (an not be a((essed by (lass na)e P P PR%DICT T5% R%"$ON 657 T5% COD% *%+O6 8I#%$ $ C5 O TP T (lass +estAttribute O stati( int aQ int bQ +estAttribute2int =*int y3 O aT=Q bTyQ P publi( stati( void )ain2String sIJ3 O +estAttribute ob-1Tne& +estAttribute2:*$3Q +estAttribute ob-2Tne& +estAttribute2!*103Q Syste).out.println2[Dalue o/ a: [Fob-1.a3Q Syste).out.println2[Dalue o/ b: [F ob-1.b3Q Syste).out.println2[Dalue o/ a: [Fob-2.a3Q Syste).out.println2[Dalue o/ b: [F ob-2.b3Q P P 1utput: Dalue o/ a: Dalue o/ b: Dalue o/ a: Dalue o/ b:

! $ ! 10

Reason is static attributes is common for all objects of the class, thats why it is also known as class variables

##

INTRODUCTION TO JA;A AND BIO JA;A < A STUDENTS HANDBOO7

Non static attributes is known as object variables or instance variables. \. Stati( Ds Non stati( 8e)bers Ans: S+A+IC 858B5?SEC7ASS N1N S+A+IC 858B5?S 858B5?SEINS+ANC5 858B5?S +hese )e)bers are asso(iated &ith (lass itsel/ rather than individual ob-e(ts*stati( variables and stati( )ethods are also re/erred as (lass variable and (lass )ethods 12 $tatic #ariables +hese are asso(iated &ith individual ob-e(ts they are re/erred as instan(e variable and instan(e )ethods.

#ariables4Class 12 Non $tatic #ariables4Instance #ariables Non stati( variables also 'no&n as instan(e variables are used in (on-un(tion &ith instan(e2ob-e(ts3 o/ a (lass.5very ti)e the (lass is instantiated a ne& (opy o/ Instan(e variables are (reated.

Stati( variables are used &hen &e &ant to have a variable (o))on to all instan(es o/ a (lass.8ost (o))on e=a)ple is to have a variable that (ould 'eep a (ount o/ ho& )any ob-e(ts o/ a (lass have been (reated. Cava (reates only one (opy /or a stati( variable* &hi(h (an be used even i/ the (lass is never a(tually instantiated.

,2 $tatic &ethods

&ethods4Class ,2 Non $tatic methods4Instance methods Non stati( )ethods also 'no&n as instan(e )ethods are used in (on-un(tion &ith instan(e2ob-e(ts3 o/ a (lass.

7i'e stati( variables stati( )ethods (an also be (alled &ithout using ob-e(ts.+hey are also available /or use by other (lasses.8ethods that are o/

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SUBRATA SINHA

general utility but do not dire(tly a//e(t an instan(e o/ that (lass are usually de(lared as (lass )ethods. Stati( )ethods has so)e restri(tions a3 +hey (an only (all other stati( )ethods b3+hey (an only a((ess stati( data. (3+hey (an not re/er to this or super in any &ay. 5=a)ple : Integre.parseInt23

Constructor Constru(tors are used to assign initial values to instan(e variables o/ the (lass. A de/ault (onstru(tor &ith no argu)ents &ill be (alled auto)ati(ally by the Cava Dirtual 8a(hine 2CD83. Constru(tor is al&ays (alled by ne&

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INTRODUCTION TO JA;A AND BIO JA;A < A STUDENTS HANDBOO7

operator. Constru(tor are de(lared -ust li'e as &e de(lare )ethods* e=(ept that the (onstru(tor don^t have any return type. Ex-1. Design a class for Dealer. Dealer has dealarId,DealerName,dealerAddress. Initiali e the constructor and !rite a method to displa" the details. attributes like attributes in

(lass 9ealer O private String dealerI9Q private String dealerNa)eQ private String dealerAddressQ publi( 9ealer23 O dealerI9T[9I9001[Q dealerNa)eT[Carol[Q dealerAddressT[21 ?o(' St.* NH* : 41$[Q P publi( void display9etails23 O Syste).out.println2[9ealer I9 is [FdealerI93Q Syste).out.println2[9ealer na)e is [FdealerNa)e3Q Syste).out.println2[9ealer address is [FdealerAddress3Q P publi( stati( void )ain2String argsIJ3 O 9ealer dealer1b-Tne& 9ealer23Q dealer1b-.display9etails23Q P P Instead o/ (alling the (onstru(tor &ith the (lass na)e* use the 'ey&ord this. +he (o)piler )at(hes [this[ &ith a (onstru(tor &ith the appropriate nu)ber and types o/ para)eters* and (alls it.

publi( (lass +i)e1/9ay1d O publi( int hourQ publi( int )inuteQ

#)

SUBRATA SINHA

publi( +i)e1/9ay1d2int h* int )3 O hour T hQ )inute T )Q P publi( +i)e1/9ay1d2int h3 O this2h* 03Q P P Passing parameters in Constructor Ex-# Design the same class so as to pass the data of dealer through main and in constructor (lass 9ealer O private String dealerI9Q private String dealerNa)eQ private String dealerAddressQ publi( 9ealer2String id*String na)e*String address3 O dealerI9TidQ dealerNa)eTna)eQ dealerAddressTaddressQ P publi( void display9etails23 O Syste).out.println2[9ealer I9 is [FdealerI93Q Syste).out.println2[9ealer na)e is [FdealerNa)e3Q Syste).out.println2[9ealer address is [FdealerAddress3Q P publi( stati( void )ain2String argsIJ3 O 9ealer dealer1b-Tne& 9ealer2[9001[*[Su-ay[*[8ar&ary 0atty[3Q

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INTRODUCTION TO JA;A AND BIO JA;A < A STUDENTS HANDBOO7

dealer1b-.display9etails23Q P P Constructor o'erloading Constru(tor (an be overloaded provided they should have di//erent argu)ents be(ause CD8 di//erentiates (onstru(tors on the basis o/ argu)ents passed in the (onstru(tor. publi( (lass +i)e1/9ay1( O publi( int hourQ publi( int )inuteQ publi( +i)e1/9ay1(2int h* int )3 O hour T hQ )inute T )Q P publi( +i)e1/9ay1(2int h3 O hour T hQ )inute T 0Q P P

5="# 9esign the sa)e (lass so that >ser (an enter the re(ord /or 9ealer 2>sing Co))and 7ine Argu)ent3

#,

SUBRATA SINHA

(lass 9ealer O private String dealerI9Q private String dealerNa)eQ private String dealerAddressQ publi( 9ealer2String id*String na)e*String address3 EE 0ara)eteri<ed (onstru(tor O dealerI9TidQ dealerNa)eTna)eQ dealerAddressTaddressQ P publi( void display9etails23 O Syste).out.println2[9ealer I9 is [FdealerI93Q Syste).out.println2[9ealer na)e is [FdealerNa)e3Q Syste).out.println2[9ealer address is [FdealerAddress3Q P publi( stati( void )ain2String argsIJ3 O 9ealer dealer1b-Tne& 9ealer2argsI0J*argsI1J*argsI2J3Q dealer1b-.display9etails23Q P P

Ex-$ Design the same class so that %ser can enter the record for Dealer &!ithout %sing 'ommand (ine Argument) i)port -ava.io.RQ (lass 9ealer O private String dealerI9Q private String dealerNa)eQ private String dealerAddressQ publi( 9ealer2String id*String na)e*String address3

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INTRODUCTION TO JA;A AND BIO JA;A < A STUDENTS HANDBOO7

O dealerI9TidQ dealerNa)eTna)eQ dealerAddressTaddressQ P publi( void display9etails23 O Syste).out.println2[9ealer I9 is [FdealerI93Q Syste).out.println2[9ealer na)e is [FdealerNa)e3Q Syste).out.println2[9ealer address is [FdealerAddress3Q P publi( stati( void )ain2String argsIJ3 O Bu//ered?eader brTne& Bu//ered?eader2ne& InputStrea)?eader2Syste).in33Q String =T[ [*yT[ [*<T[ [Q try O
Syste).out.println2[5nter the 9ealer Id: [3Q =Tbr.read7ine23Q Syste).out.println2[5nter the 9ealer Na)e : [3Q yTbr.read7ine23Q Syste).out.println2[5nter the 9ealer Address :[3Q

<Tbr.read7ine23Q P (at(h25=(eption e3OP 9ealer dealer1b-Tne& 9ealer2=*y*<3Q dealer1b-.display9etails23Q P

#0

SUBRATA SINHA

Ex * %sing +canner 'lass to ,ead Data -rom .e" /oard&0uch Easier than %sing Input+tream,eader 'lass) i)port -ava.util.RQ (lass ?ead9ata O publi( stati( void )ain2String sIJ3 O S(anner s(Tne& S(anner2Syste).in3Q int ?ollNoQ String Na)eQ /loat 8ar'sQ Syste).out.println2[5nter a ?oll No[3Q ?ollNoTs(.ne=tInt23Q Syste).out.println2[5nter a Na)e[3Q Na)eTs(.ne=t23Q Syste).out.println2[5nter the 8ar's[3Q 8ar'sTs(.ne=t,loat23Q Syste).out.println2[?oll No : [F?ollNo3Q Syste).out.println2[Na)e : [FNa)e3Q Syste).out.println2[8ar's : [F8ar's3Q P P Ex 1 Design the Dealer 'lass, ,ead Data %sing +canner 'lass i)port -ava.util.RQ (lass 9ealer O private String dealerI9Q private String dealerNa)eQ private String dealerAddressQ publi( 9ealer2String id*String na)e*String address3 O dealerI9TidQ

%1

INTRODUCTION TO JA;A AND BIO JA;A < A STUDENTS HANDBOO7

dealerNa)eTna)eQ dealerAddressTaddressQ P publi( void display9etails23 O Syste).out.println2[9ealer I9 is [FdealerI93Q Syste).out.println2[9ealer na)e is [FdealerNa)e3Q Syste).out.println2[9ealer address is [FdealerAddress3Q P publi( stati( void )ain2String argsI J3 O S(anner s(Tne& S(anner2Syste).in3Q String =T[[*yT[[*<T[[Q Syste).out.println2[5nter the 9ealer Id : [3Q =Ts(.ne=t7ine23Q Syste).out.println2[5nter the 9ealer Na)e : [3Q yTs(.ne=t7ine23Q Syste).out.println2[5nter the 9ealer Address :[3Q <Ts(.ne=t7ine23Q 9ealer dealer1b-Tne& 9ealer2=*y*<3Q dealer1b-.display9etails23Q P P

%1

( INHERITENCE

Inheritan(e lets you (reate a ne& (lass based on an e=isting (lass. +hen the ne& (lass inherits the /ields* (onstru(tors and )ethods o/ the e=isting (lass. A (lass that inherits /ro) an e=isting (lass is (alled a derived (lass* (hild (lass or sub(lass. A (lass that another (lass inherits is (alled base (lass* parent (lass or super (lass. A sub (lass (an override a )ethod /ro) the super (lass &ith its o&n version o/ the )ethod. Inheritan(e )ay ta'e di//erent /or)s: 1. Single inheritan(e2only one super (lass3 2. 8ultiple inheritan(e2several super (lasses3 I)ple)ented &ith inter/a(e #. ;ierar(hi(al inheritan(e2one super (lass* )any sub(lasses3 4. 8ulti level inheritan(e29erived /ro) a derived (lass3 %9ample: $ingle Inheritence i)port -ava.util.RQ (lass 0rodu(t O /loat pri(eQ void a((ept23 O S(anner s(Tne& S(anner2Syste).in3Q Syste).out.println2[5nter the pri(e:[3Q pri(eTs(.ne=t,loat23Q P void display() { System.out.println("Price:"+price); } }

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INTRODUCTION TO JA;A AND BIO JA;A < A STUDENTS HANDBOO7

(lass Boo' e=tends 0rodu(t O String +itleQ void a((ept+itle23 O S(anner s(Tne& S(anner2Syste).in3Q Syste).out.println2[5nter the title:[3Q +itleTs(.ne=t7ine23Q P void display+itle23 O Syste).out.println2[+itle:[F+itle3Q P P (lass Boo'+est O publi( stati( void )ain2String sIJ3 O Boo' bTne& Boo'23Q b.a((ept23Q EE (alling a((ept23 &hi(h is a(tually inherited /ro) produ(t b.a((ept+itle23Q b.display23Q EE (alling display23 &hi(h is a(tually inherited /ro) produ(t b.display+itle23Q P P Teacher : Bhat happens &hen &e de/ine a )ethod in sub (lass &ith sa)e na)e as in super (lass ]

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SUBRATA SINHA

$tudent: 8ethod &hi(h is inherited /ro) super (lass &ill be over ridden by the sub (lass )ethod. i)port -ava.util.RQ (lass 0rodu(t O /loat pri(eQ void a((ept23 O S(anner s(Tne& S(anner2Syste).in3Q Syste).out.println2[5nter the pri(e:[3Q pri(eTs(.ne=t,loat23Q P void display23 O Syste).out.println2[0ri(e:[Fpri(e3Q P P (lass Boo' e=tends 0rodu(t O String +itleQ void a((ept23 O S(anner s(Tne& S(anner2Syste).in3Q Syste).out.println2[5nter the title:[3Q +itleTs(.ne=t7ine23Q P void display23 O Syste).out.println2[+itle:[F+itle3Q P P (lass Boo'+est O publi( stati( void )ain2String sIJ3 O Boo' bTne& Boo'23Q b.a((ept23Q b.display23Q

%(

INTRODUCTION TO JA;A AND BIO JA;A < A STUDENTS HANDBOO7

P P Teacher : +he output sho&s only +itle o/ Boo' 2a((ept and display3 $tudent : 1h no___ I never &anted that XXXXXXX I &anted to get the (odes o/ parent (lass )ethods e=e(uted even a/ter overriding Teacher : +hen you (an use super

sing super 1. >sing super to (all super (lass (onstru(tor A sub(lass (onstru(tor (an (all the super (lass (onstru(tor by (alling super2para)eter list3Q 2. +he se(ond /or) o/ super a(ts so)e &hat li'e this * e=(ept that it al&ays re/ers to the super (lass o/ the sub (lass in &hi(h it is used. +his usage has the /ollo&ing general /or): super.)e)ber ;ere* )e)ber (an be a )ethod or a attribute

i)port -ava.util.RQ (lass 0rodu(t O /loat pri(eQ void a((ept23 O S(anner s(Tne& S(anner2Syste).in3Q Syste).out.println2[5nter the pri(e:[3Q pri(eTs(.ne=t,loat23Q P void display23 O

%)

SUBRATA SINHA

Syste).out.println2[0ri(e:[Fpri(e3Q P P (lass Boo' e=tends 0rodu(t O String +itleQ void a((ept23 O super.a((ept23Q S(anner s(Tne& S(anner2Syste).in3Q Syste).out.println2[5nter the title:[3Q +itleTs(.ne=t7ine23Q P void display23 O super.display23Q Syste).out.println2[+itle:[F+itle3Q P P (lass Boo'+est O publi( stati( void )ain2String sIJ3 O Boo' bTne& Boo'23Q b.a((ept23Q b.display23Q P P Teacher : Are you getting the super (lass )ethods e=e(uted] $tudent : Hes * I a) getting. But do I have to &rite al&ays super &hen I over&rite a )ethod] Teacher : No* 1nly &hen you &ant super (lass )ethods should e=e(ute /ro) sub (lass )ethod.

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INTRODUCTION TO JA;A AND BIO JA;A < A STUDENTS HANDBOO7

%9ample of 5ierarchial Inheritence Consider a 0rodu(t (lass is already e=isting and you need to (reate a Boo' (lass and a So/t&are Class /ro) it.2;ierar(hi(al Inheritan(e3 (lass 0rodu(t O double pri(eQ void set0ri(e2double =3 O pri(eT=Q P void get0ri(e23 O return pri(eQ P P No& the Boo' (lass and So/t&are (lass need to be designed* Both the (lass is a &ill need the /eatures o/ 0rodu(t (lass. So in both these (lass &e donGt have to again de(lare pri(e attribute and set0ri(e23 and get0ri(e23 )ethod. Be )ust inherit these /ro) the produ(t (lass* as /ollo&s (lass Boo' e=tends 0rodu(t O String AuthorQ void setAuthor2String <3 O AuthorT<Q P String getAuthor23 O return AuthorQ P P (lass So/t&are e=tends 0rodu(t O String DersionNoQ void setDersionNo2String y3 O DersionNoTyQ P String getDersionNo23 O return DersionNoQ P P

%,

SUBRATA SINHA

7et us no& use these sub (lass (lass +est O publi( stati( void )ain2String aIJ3 O Boo' bTne& Boo'23Q b.set0ri(e22003Q b.setAuthor2@Balagurus&a)yA3Q Syste).out.println2@Boo' 0ri(e isA F b.get0ri(e233Q Syste).out.println2@Boo' Author isA F b.getAuthor233Q So/t&are s Tne& So/t&are23Q s.set0ri(e2:0003Q [email protected]. A3Q Syste).out.println2@So/t&are 0ri(e isA F s.get0ri(e233Q Syste).out.println2@So/t&are Dersion isA F s.getDersionNo233Q P P

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INTRODUCTION TO JA;A AND BIO JA;A < A STUDENTS HANDBOO7

"bstract Classes An abstra(t (lass is a (lass that (an be inherited by other (lasses but that you (anGt use to (reate an ob-e(t. +o de(lare an abstra(t (lass* (ode the abstra(t 'ey&ord in the (lass de(laration. An abstra(t (lass (an (ontain /ields* (onstru(tors and )ethods -ust li'e other super (lasses. In addition * an abstra(t (lass (an (ontain abstra(t )ethods. +o (reate an abstra(t )ethod * you (ode the abstra(t 'ey&ord in the )ethod de(laration and you o)it the )ethod body. Abstra(t )ethods (an not have private a((ess. ;o&ever* they )ay have prote(ted or de/ault2no a((ess )odi/ier3.Bhen a sub(lass inherits an abstra(t (lass* all abstra(t )ethods in the abstra(t (lass )ust be overridden in the sub(lass. An abstra(t (lass doesnGt have to (ontain abstra(t )ethods. ;o&ever *any (lass that (ontain an abstra(t )ethod )ust be de(lared as abstra(t.
abstract class Product { abstract void display();
// an abstract method dont have any method body its upto subclass to de!ine the body

void !n() { System.out.println(""ello #orld"); } } public class $oo% extends Product { // sub class must implement the abstract method(override abstract method) void display() { System.out.println("$oo% de!ined abstract method o! Product"); } public static void main(Strin& s'() { $oo% b)ne* $oo%(); b.!n(); b.display();

%0

SUBRATA SINHA

} }

Final Classes +o prevent a (lass /ro) being inherited* you (an (reate a /inal (lass by (oding the /inal 'ey&ord in the (lass de(laration.+o prevent sub(lasses /ro) being overriding a )ethod o/ a super (lass* you (an (reate a /inal )ethod by (oding the /inal 'ey&ord in the )ethod de(laration.In addition all )ethods in a /inal (lass are auto)ati(ally /inal )ethods. a3 ,inal Class (an not be e=tended b3 ,inal )ethods (an not be overridden Test yourself and see the error: i/ final class inheritence /inal (lass ABCO P (lass 95, e=tends ABC OP Output: +rror: cannot inherit !rom !inal ,$ii) final method overriding (lass ABC O /inal void /n23 O Syste).out.println2[;ello[3Q P P (lass 95, e=tends ABC O

(1

INTRODUCTION TO JA;A AND BIO JA;A < A STUDENTS HANDBOO7

void /n23 O Syste).out.println2[;i[3Q P P Output: 5rror: /n23 in 95, (an not override /n23 in ABCQoverridden )ethod is /inal "bstract #s Final A3 Abstra(t (lass (an only be inherited but (an not be instantiated* But ,inal (lass (an not be inherited but (an be instantiated. B3 Abstra(t )ethods )ust be overridden but /inal )ethod (an not be over ridden C3 /inal variables (an not be )odi/ied.It )ust be initiali<ed on de(laration. Nor)ally de(lared as /inal /loat 0IMDA7>5T#.14Q 9e(lared in (apital letters. Abstra(t variable do not e=ist.

(1

SUBRATA SINHA

CHA"TER ) "O9=-OR"HIS0oly)orphis) is the (apability o/ an a(tion or )ethod to do di//erent things based on the ob-e(t that it is a(ting upon. +his is the third basi( prin(iple o/ ob-e(t oriented progra))ing. 1verloading* overriding and dyna)i( )ethod binding are three types o/ poly)orphis). 1verloaded )ethods are )ethods &ith the sa)e na)e signature but either a di//erent nu)ber o/ para)eters or di//erent types in the para)eter list. %9: Design a class sho0ing method o'erloading2 (lass 8ath O int add2int a*int b3 O int <Q <TaFbQ return <Q P double add2double a*double b3 O double <Q <TaFbQ return <Q P publi( stati( void )ain2String sIJ3 O 8ath ob-Tne& 8ath23Q Syste).out.println2[Su) o/ +&o integers is[Fob-.add2:*$33Q Syste).out.println2[Su) o/ +&o /loat is[Fob-.add2:.:*$.$33Q P P

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INTRODUCTION TO JA;A AND BIO JA;A < A STUDENTS HANDBOO7

5=" 9esign a (lass sho&ing (onstru(tor overloading. (lass Const1ver O Const1ver2int =*int y3 O Syste).out.println2[,rist Integer :[F=3Q Syste).out.println2[Se(ond Integer :[Fy3Q P Const1ver2String &*String <3 O Syste).out.println2[,rist String: [F&3Q Syste).out.println2[Se(ond String: [F<3Q P publi( stati( void )ain2String sI J3 O Const1ver ob-1Tne& Const1ver2#*:3Q Const1ver ob-2Tne& Const1ver2[Subrata[*[Sinha[3Q P P 1verridden )ethods are )ethods that are rede/ined &ithin an inherited or sub(lass. +hey have the sa)e signature and the sub(lass de/inition is used. ZZZZ9is(ussed in previous se(tion 9yna)i( 2or late3 )ethod binding is the ability o/ a progra) to resolve re/eren(es to sub(lass )ethods at runti)e. As an e=a)ple assu)e that three sub(lasses 2Co&* 9og and Sna'e3 have been (reated based on the Ani)al abstra(t (lass* ea(h having their o&n spea'23 )ethod. Although ea(h )ethod re/eren(e is to an Ani)al 2but no ani)al ob-e(ts e=ist3* the progra) is &ill resolve the (orre(t )ethod re/eren(e at runti)e. 7et^s ta'e a loo' at the /ollo&ing e=a)ple:

(%

SUBRATA SINHA

(lass Ani)al O void &hoA)I23 O Syste).out.println2[I a) a generi( Ani)al.[3Q P P (lass 9og e=tends Ani)al O void &hoA)I23 O Syste).out.println2[I a) a 9og.[3Q P P (lass Co& e=tends Ani)al O void &hoA)I23 O Syste).out.println2[I a) a Co&.[3Q P P (lass Sna'e e=tends Ani)al O void &hoA)I23 O Syste).out.println2[I a) a Sna'e.[3Q P P (lass ?unti)e0oly)orphis)9e)o O publi( stati( void )ain2StringI J args3 O Ani)al re/1 T ne& Ani)al23Q Ani)al re/2 T ne& 9og23Q Ani)al re/# T ne& Co&23Q Ani)al re/4 T ne& Sna'e23Q re/1.&hoA)I23Q re/2.&hoA)I23Q re/#.&hoA)I23Q re/4.&hoA)I23Q P P +he output is I a) a generi( Ani)al. I a) a 9og. I a) a Co&. I a) a Sna'e.

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INTRODUCTION TO JA;A AND BIO JA;A < A STUDENTS HANDBOO7

In the e=a)ple* there are /our variables o/ type Ani)al 2e.g.* re/1* re/2* re/#* and re/43. 1nlyre/1 re/ers to an instan(e o/ Ani)al (lass* all others re/er to an instan(e o/ the sub(lasses o/Ani)al. ,ro) the output results* you (an (on/ir) that version o/ a )ethod is invo'ed based on the a(tually ob-e(t^s type. In Cava* a variable de(lared type o/ (lass A (an hold a re/eren(e to an ob-e(t o/ (lass A or an ob-e(t belonging to any sub(lasses o/ (lass A. +he progra) is able to resolve the (orre(t )ethod related to the sub(lass ob-e(t at runti)e. +his is (alled the runti)e poly)orphis) in Cava. +his provides the ability to override /un(tionality already available in the (lass hierar(hy tree. At runti)e* &hi(h version o/ the )ethod &ill be invo'ed is based on the type o/ a(tual ob-e(t stored in that re/eren(e variable and not on the type o/ the re/eren(e variable. Creating Your Own Pac age pac%a&e .yPac%a&e; public class .y.ath { protected int s/uare(int a) { return a0a; } } Steps: 1. -reate a sub directory .yPac%a&e in your home directory. 2. Save the !ile .y.ath.3ava in your .yPac%a&e subdirectory. 4. -ompile your .y.ath.3ava and veri!y your .class !ile is there in .yPac%a&e subdirectory or not. 5o* &o bac% to home directory and try to use your o*n pac%a&e. !nheriting from your own pac age import .yPac%a&e.0; class 6our.ath e7tends .y.ath { public static void main(Strin& s'() { 6our.ath ym)ne* 6our.ath(); System.out.println(ym.s/uare(8)); }
()

SUBRATA SINHA

"ccess #pecifiers : 5n(apsulation lin's data &ith the (ode that )anipulates it. ;o&ever en(apsulation provides another i)portant attribute: a((ess (ontrol. +hrough en(apsulation you (an (ontrol &hat parts o/ a progra) (an a((ess the )e)bers o/ a (lass. ;o& aa )e)bers (an be a((essed is deter)ined by the a((ess spe(i/ier. CavaGs a((essspe(i/ier are publi(*private and prote(ted. Cava also de/ines a de/ault a((ess level. 0ubli( : A variable or )ethod de(lared as publi( has the &idest possible visibility and a((essible every&here. 9e/ault : is not a((essible in both sub (lass or non sub(lass in other pa('age. But de/ault (an be a((essed /ro) the sub (lass or non sub(lass o/ sa)e pa('age. 0rote(ted: A((essible every &here e=(ept non sub(lass o/ other pa('age. 0rivate prote(ted : 1nly in the sa)e (lass or sub (lass in sa)e pa('age. 0rivate: 1nly in the sa)e (lass.
Same class S,.+ P,-9,:+ Sub class in same pac%a&e 5on sub class in same pac%a&e 6es 6es 6es ;<"+= P,-9,:+ Sub class in other pac%a&e 5on sub class in other pac%a&e 6es 5o 5o

Public Protected >e!ault !riendly or

6es 6es 6es

6es 6es 6es

6es Yes 5o

(*

INTRODUCTION TO JA;A AND BIO JA;A < A STUDENTS HANDBOO7 Private Protected Private 6es 6es 5o 6es 5o

6es

5o

5o

5o

5o

5$:

P=;<+-<+> .+.$+= ,--+SS+?$?@?<6 ",S ,@=+,>6 $++5 <+S<+> ?5 P=+A?;BS +C,.P@+ ;D P,-9,:+

CHA"TER * E>CE"TION HAND9IN:

An exception is an event* &hi(h o((urs during the e=e(ution o/ a progra)* that disrupts the nor)al /lo& o/ the progra)^s instru(tions. Bhen an error o((urs &ithin a )ethod* the )ethod (reates an ob-e(t and hands it o// to the runti)e syste). +he ob-e(t* (alled an exception ob2ect* (ontains in/or)ation about the error* in(luding its type and the state o/ the progra) &hen the error o((urred. Creating an e=(eption ob-e(t and handing it to the runti)e syste) is (alled thro!ing an exception. A progra) (an use e=(eptions to indi(ate that an error o((urred. +o thro& an e=(eption* use the thro& state)ent and provide it &ith an e=(eption ob-e(t ` a des(endant o/ +hro&able ` to provide in/or)ation about the spe(i/i( error that o((urred. A )ethod that thro&s an un(aught* (he('ed e=(eption )ust in(lude a thro&s (lause in its de(laration. Thro0able Class and Its $ubclasses +he ob-e(ts that inherit /ro) the +hro&able (lass in(lude dire(t des(endants 2ob-e(ts that inherit dire(tly /ro) the +hro&able (lass3 and indire(t des(endants 2ob-e(ts that inherit /ro) (hildren or grand(hildren o/ the +hro&able (lass3. +he /igure belo& illustrates the (lass hierar(hy o/ the +hro&able (lass and its )ost signi/i(ant sub(lasses. As you (an see* +hro&able has t&o dire(t des(endants: 5rror and 5=(eption.

(,

SUBRATA SINHA

%rror Class Bhen a dyna)i( lin'ing /ailure or other hard /ailure in the Cava virtual )a(hine o((urs* the virtual )a(hine thro&s an 5rror. Si)ple progra)s typi(ally do not(at(h or thro& 5rrors. %9ception Class 8ost progra)s thro& and (at(h ob-e(ts that derive /ro) the 5=(eption (lass. An 5=(eption indi(ates that a proble) o((urred* but it is not a serious syste) proble). 8ost progra)s you &rite &ill thro& and (at(h 5=(eptions as opposed to 5rrors. +he Cava plat/or) de/ines the )any des(endants o/ the 5=(eption (lass. +hese des(endants indi(ate various types o/ e=(eptions that (an o((ur. ,or e=a)ple*IllegalA((ess5=(eption signals that a parti(ular )ethod (ould not be /ound* and NegativeArraySi<e5=(eption indi(ates that a progra) atte)pted to (reate an array &ith a negative si<e. 1ne 5=(eption sub(lass* ?unti)e5=(eption* is reserved /or e=(eptions that indi(ate in(orre(t use o/ an A0I. An e=a)ple o/ a runti)e e=(eption isNull0ointer5=(eption* &hi(h o((urs &hen a )ethod tries to a((ess a )e)ber o/ an ob-e(t through a null re/eren(e. A progra) (an (at(h e=(eptions by using a (o)bination o/ the try* (at(h* and /inally blo('s. +he tr( bloc1 identi/ies a blo(' o/ (ode in &hi(h an e=(eption (an o((ur. +he catch bloc1 identi/ies a blo(' o/ (ode* 'no&n as an e=(eption handler* that (an handle a parti(ular type o/ e=(eption.

(/

INTRODUCTION TO JA;A AND BIO JA;A < A STUDENTS HANDBOO7

+he finall( bloc1 identi/ies a blo(' o/ (ode that is guaranteed to e=e(ute* and is the right pla(e to (lose /iles* re(over resour(es* and other&ise (lean up a/ter the (ode en(losed in the try blo('. +he try state)ent should (ontain at least one (at(h blo(' or a /inally blo(' and )ay have )ultiple (at(h blo('s. +he (lass o/ the e=(eption ob-e(t indi(ates the type o/ e=(eption thro&n. +he e=(eption ob-e(t (an (ontain /urther in/or)ation about the error* in(luding an error )essage. Bith e=(eption (haining* an e=(eption (an point to the e=(eption that (aused it* &hi(h (an in turn point to the e=(eption that (aused it* and so on.

i)port -ava.util.RQ (lass +estArith5=(eption O publi( stati( void )ain2String aaIJ3 O int a*b*(Q S(anner s(Tne& S(anner2Syste).in3Q Syste).out.println2[5nter the value o/ a[3Q aTs(.ne=tInt23Q bTs(.ne=tInt23Q try O (TaEbQ
EE this state)ent )ay raise Arith)eti(5=(eption i/ b value entered is <ero

P (at(h2Arith)eti(5=(eption ob-3 O Syste).out.println2[9ivision by aero...[3Q P /inally O Syste).out.println2[+han' Hou...,inally e=e(uted al&ays[3Q P P P

(0

SUBRATA SINHA

5o0 to Thro0 %9ceptions Be/ore you (an (at(h an e=(eption* so)e (ode so)e&here )ust thro& one. Any (ode (an thro& an e=(eption: your (ode* (ode /ro) a pa('age &ritten by so)eone else su(h as the pa('ages that (o)e &ith the Cava plat/or)* or the Cava runti)e environ)ent. ?egardless o/ &hat thro&s the e=(eption* it^s al&ays thro&n &ith the thro& state)ent. As you have probably noti(ed* the Cava plat/or) provides nu)erous e=(eption (lasses. All the (lasses are des(endants o/ the +hro&able (lass* and all allo& progra)s to di//erentiate a)ong the various types o/ e=(eptions that (an o((ur during the e=e(ution o/ a progra). Hou (an also (reate your o&n e=(eption (lasses to represent proble)s that (an o((ur &ithin the (lasses you &rite. In /a(t* i/ you are a pa('age developer* you )ight have to (reate your o&n set o/ e=(eption (lasses to allo& users to di//erentiate an error that (an o((ur in your pa('age /ro) errors that o((ur in the Cava plat/or) or other pa('ages. Hou (an also (reate (hained e=(eptions. ,or )ore in/or)ation* see the Chained 5=(eptions se(tion. The thro0 $tatement All )ethods use the thro& state)ent to thro& an e=(eption. +he thro& state)ent re4uires a single argu)ent: a thro&able ob-e(t. +hro&able ob-e(ts are instan(es o/ any sub(lass o/ the +hro&able (lass. ;ere^s an e=a)ple o/ a thro& state)ent. thro& so)e+hro&able1b-e(tQ 7et^s loo' at the thro& state)ent in (onte=t. +he /ollo&ing pop )ethod is ta'en /ro) a (lass that i)ple)ents a (o))on sta(' ob-e(t. +he )ethod re)oves the top ele)ent /ro) the sta(' and returns the ob-e(t. publi( 1b-e(t pop23 O 1b-e(t ob-Q i/ 2si<e TT 03 O thro& ne& 5)ptySta('5=(eption23Q P

)1

INTRODUCTION TO JA;A AND BIO JA;A < A STUDENTS HANDBOO7

ob- T ob-e(tAt2si<e " 13Q set1b-e(tAt2si<e " 1* null3Q si<e""Q return ob-Q P +he pop )ethod (he('s to see &hether any ele)ents are on the sta('. I/ the sta(' is e)pty 2its si<e is e4ual to 03* pop instantiates a ne&5)ptySta('5=(eption ob-e(t 2a )e)ber o/ -ava.util3 and thro&s it. +he Creating 5=(eption Classes se(tion in this (hapter e=plains ho& to (reate your o&n e=(eption (lasses. ,or no&* all you need to re)e)ber is that you (an thro& only ob-e(ts that inherit /ro) the -ava.lang.+hro&able (lass. Note that the de(laration o/ the pop )ethod does not (ontain a thro&s (lause. 5)ptySta('5=(eption is not a (he('ed e=(eption* so pop is not re4uired to state that it )ight o((ur. Creating 7our O0n %9ception Class +he e=a)ple given belo& is /or (reation o/ a ne& 5=(eption (lass NegativeAge5=(eption* &hi(h is done by inherting /ro) 5=(eption (lass. NegativeAge5=(eption (lass has one (onstru(tor (ontaning a 8essage @Negative Age 5=(eptionA* Its supposed to get (alled &hen this e=(eption is raised. And its raised &hen &e thro& an ob-e(t o/ that (lass* as done in (he('Age23 )ethod2using thro& state)ent3. (he('Age23 )ethod is de/ined and its (apable to thro& an e=(eption ob-e(t 2&hi(h is done by thro&s state)ent3. As &e 'no& that (he('Age23 )ethod )ay raise negative age e=(eption i/ user supplies negative value* so &e put the (alling o/ (he('Age23 )ethod in try blo(' and in (at(h state)ent * &e (at(h NegativeAge5=((eption. i)port -ava.util.RQ (lass NegativeAge5=(eption e=tends 5=(eption O NegativeAge5=(eption23 O Syste).out.println2[Negative Age 5=(eption[3Q P P

)1

SUBRATA SINHA

(lass +estDoter O void (he('Age2int age3 thro&s NegativeAge5=(eption O i/2ageY03 O thro& ne& NegativeAge5=(eption23Q P else i/2ageZT0 NN ageY1%3 O Syste).out.println2[Invalid Doter Age[3Q P else O Syste).out.println2[Dalid Age[3Q P P publi( stati( void )ain2String aIJ3 O +estDoter tvTne& +estDoter23Q S(anner s(Tne& S(anner2Syste).in3Q Syste).out.println2[5nter a age:[3Q int =Ts(.ne=tInt23Q try O tv.(he('Age2=3Q P (at(h2NegativeAge5=(eption nve3 O P P P ;uestions and "ns0er of %9cetion 5andling \uestion: Is the /ollo&ing (ode legal]

)#

INTRODUCTION TO JA;A AND BIO JA;A < A STUDENTS HANDBOO7

try O P /inally O P Ans&er: Hes* it^s legal ` and very use/ul A try state)ent does not have to have a (at(h blo(' i/ it has a /inally blo('. I/ the (ode in the try state)ent has )ultiple e=it points and no asso(iated (at(h (lauses* the (ode in the /inally blo(' is e=e(uted no )atter ho& the try blo(' is e=ited. +hus it )a'es sense to provide a /inally blo(' &henever there is (ode that )ust al&ays be e=e(uted. +his in(lude resour(e re(overy (ode* su(h as the (ode to (lose IE1 strea)s.

;uestion: Bhat e=(eption types (an be (aught by the /ollo&ing handler] (at(h 25=(eption e3 O P Bhat is &rong &ith using this type o/ e=(eption handler]

"ns0er: +his handler (at(hes e=(eptions o/ type 5=(eptionQ there/ore* it (at(hes any e=(eption. +his (an be a poor i)ple)entation be(ause you are losing valuable in/or)ation about the type o/ e=(eption being thro&n and )a'ing your (ode less e//i(ient. As a result* your progra) )ay be /or(ed to deter)ine the type o/ e=(eption be/ore it (an de(ide on the best re(overy strategy.

)%

SUBRATA SINHA

;uestion: Is there anything &rong &ith this e=(eption handler as &ritten] Bill this (ode (o)pile] try O

P (at(h 25=(eption e3 O

P (at(h 2Arith)eti(5=(eption a3 O

P "ns0er: +his /irst handler (at(hes e=(eptions o/ type 5=(eptionQ there/ore* it (at(hes any e=(eption* in(luding Arith)eti(5=(eption. +he se(ond handler (ould never be rea(hed. +his (ode &ill not (o)pile.

;uestion: 8at(h ea(h situation in the /irst list &ith an ite) in the se(ond list. a. intIJ AQ b. AI0J T 0Q (. +he CD8 starts running your progra)* but the CD8 (an^t /ind the Cava plat/or) (lasses. 2+he Cava plat/or) (lasses reside in (lasses.<ip or rt.-ar.3 d. A progra) is reading a strea) and rea(hes the end o/ strea) )ar'er. Be/ore (losing the strea) and a/ter rea(hing the end o/ strea) )ar'er* a progra) tries to read the strea) again.

1 error

)(

INTRODUCTION TO JA;A AND BIO JA;A < A STUDENTS HANDBOO7

2 (he('ed e=(eption # (o)pile error 4 no e=(eption

"ns0er:

a. # 2(o)pile error3. +he array is not initiali<ed and &ill not (o)pile. b. 1 2error3. (. 4 2no e=(eption3. Bhen you read a strea)* you e=pe(t there to be an end o/ strea) )ar'er. Hou should use e=(eptions to (at(h une=pe(ted behavior in your progra). d. 2 2(he('ed e=(eption3.

CHA"TER , A""9ET

An applet is a (ontainer (o)ponent that resides on an ;+87 page &ith in the bro&ser.5very applet is a sub(lass o/ -ava.applet.Applet (lass. +hus every applet inherits a large a)ount o/ /un(tionality /ro) Applet* also /ro) the super (lasses o/ Applet i.e -ava.a&t.Co)ponent*-ava.a&t.Container and -ava.a&t.0anel.

"pplet 5eirarch(: 1b-e(t Co)ponent Container 0anel Applet

))

SUBRATA SINHA

So i/ &e inherit /ro) Applet (lass * /eatures o/ all super (lass is also inherited auto)ati(ally to our (lass.

$ife Cycle of an "pplet:

+here are /our )ethods in the Applet (lass that give the /ra)e&or' on &hi(h &e (an build an applet. +hey are init23* start23* stop23* destroy23. Initiali-ation : An applet is initiali<ed &henever a (all to the init23 )ethod is )ade by the progra). +his )ethod &or's )u(h li'e a (onstru(tor in an -ava appli(ation.It is auto)ati(ally (alled by the syste) &hen Cava laun(hes the applet /or the /irst ti)e.Co))on a(tions in the init )ethod in(lude pro(essing 0A?A8 values and adding user inter/a(e (o)ponents.

$tarting: An applet is said to have started &henever a (all to the start23 )ethod. +his )ethod is auto)ati(ally (alled a/ter -ava (alls init23 )ethod.It is also (alled &henver the user returns to the page (ontaining the applet a/ter having gone o// to the other pages.+his )eans that the start )ethod (an be (alled repeatedly* unli'e the init23 )ethod.A sub(lass o/ Applet should override this )ethod i/ it has any operation that it &ants to per/or) ea(h ti)e the &eb page (ontaining it is visited. $topping: An applets e=e(ution is stopped &hen a (all to stop )ethod is )ade. +his )ethod is auto)ati(ally (alled &hen the user )oves o// the page on &hi(h the applet sits.

)*

INTRODUCTION TO JA;A AND BIO JA;A < A STUDENTS HANDBOO7

Destro(ing: Cava gurantees to (all destroy23 )ethod &hen the bro&ser shuts do&n nor)ally.

0aint23 : paint )ethod is (alled auto)ati(ally &hen applet begins its e=e(ution and also ea(h ti)e its out put is redra&n.

Displa(ng a $imple Te9t on an "pplet i)port -ava.applet.RQ i)port -ava.a&t.RQ publi( (lass ;elloApplet e=tends Applet O publi( void init23 O P publi( void paint26raphi(s g3 O g.dra&String2[;ello Borld[*:0*1003Q P P

),

SUBRATA SINHA

Co)pile the above progra). But do not try to interpret it. +he applet &ill be interpreted either by the bro&ser or you (an use appletvie&er. So (reate a ht)l /ile and e)bed the .(lass /ile in it . Yht)lZ Ybody bg(olorT[blue[ Z Yapplet (odeT;elloApplet heightT#00 &idthT#00ZYEappletZ YEbodyZ YEht)lZ Save the above /ile as ht)l &ith a na)e o/ your (hoi(e. So suppose &e have given the na)e 8yApplet.ht)l +hen run applet by &riting : appletvie&er 8yApplet.ht)l in (o))and pro)pt

+he output &ill loo' li'e:

)/

INTRODUCTION TO JA;A AND BIO JA;A < A STUDENTS HANDBOO7

Demonstrating the method of an applet

)0

SUBRATA SINHA

i)port -ava.applet.RQ i)port -ava.a&t.RQ publi( (lass ;elloApplet e=tends Applet O publi( void init23 O Syste).out.println2[Applet is initiali<ed[3Q P publi( void start23 O Syste).out.println2[+his is /ro) start )ethod[3Q P publi( void stop23 O Syste).out.println2[+his is /ro) stop )ethod[3Q P publi( void destroy23 O Syste).out.println2[Applet is destroyed[3Q P P

*1

INTRODUCTION TO JA;A AND BIO JA;A < A STUDENTS HANDBOO7

Creating %&! using "pplet

*1

SUBRATA SINHA

i)port -ava.applet.RQ i)port -ava.a&t.RQ i)port -ava.a&t.event.RQ publi( (lass ;elloApplet e=tends Applet i)ple)ents A(tion7istener O +e=t,ield t=1Tne& +e=t,ield2103Q +e=t,ield t=2Tne& +e=t,ield2203Q Button btTne& Button2[Cli('[3Q String )sgQ publi( void init23 O add2t=13Q add2bt3Q add2t=23Q bt.addA(tion7istener2this3Q P publi( void a(tion0er/or)ed2A(tion5vent ae3 O t=2.set+e=t2[6ood 8orning X 8r. [Ft=1.get+e=t233Q P P

*#

INTRODUCTION TO JA;A AND BIO JA;A < A STUDENTS HANDBOO7

*%

SUBRATA SINHA

Creating an "nimated "pplet with Threading: '()ample of *ultiple !nheritence in +ava through ,unna-le interface)
import 3ava.applet.0; import 3ava.a*t.0; import 3ava.a*t.event.0; public class "ello,pplet e7tends ,pplet implements =unnable { <hread t)null; Strin& ms&)", Simple .;vin& $anner"; int a; public void init() { a)4EE; } public void start() { t)ne* <hread(this); t.start(); } public void run() { !or(;;) { a)aF1; i!(a))F12E) { a)4EE; } repaint(); try { t.sleep(1E); } catch(+7ception e) {} } } public void paint(:raphics &) { &.dra*Strin&(ms& a 1EE); } }

Create a "pplet 0ith 8 I components capable of handling e'ents

*(

INTRODUCTION TO JA;A AND BIO JA;A < A STUDENTS HANDBOO7 import 3ava.applet.,pplet; import 3ava.a*t.0; import 3ava.a*t.event.0; public class .y,pplet e7tends ,pplet implements ,ction@istener { <e7tDield t71)ne* <e7tDield(1E); <e7tDield t72)ne* <e7tDield(1E); <e7tDield t74)ne* <e7tDield(1E); <e7tDield t7G)ne* <e7tDield(1E); $utton b)ne* $utton(",>>"); $utton b1)ne* $utton(".B@"); public void init() { add(t71); add(t72); add(b); add(b1); b.add,ction@istener(this); b1.add,ction@istener(this); add(t74); add(t7G); } public void actionPer!ormed(,ction+vent e) { int 7 y H; 7)?nte&er.parse?nt(t71.&et<e7t()); y)?nte&er.parse?nt(t72.&et<e7t()); i!(e.&etSource()))b) { H)7+y; t74.set<e7t(Strin&.value;!(H)); } i!(e.&etSource()))b1) { H)70y; t7G.set<e7t(Strin&.value;!(H)); } } }

CHA"TER /

2I9E HAND9IN:

!NT,OD&CT!ON TO .!$( !NP&T "ND O&TP&T

*)

SUBRATA SINHA

+here are t&o types o/ ,iles : +e=t /ile and Binary ,ile +e=t ,ile : A /ile that (ontains (hara(ters* all data is stored as (hara(ters &ith one (hara(ter per byte on dis'. ,ields are separated by tabs and ?e(ords are separated by ne&lines. Binary ,ile: A /ile that )ay (ontain (hara(ters as &ell as other non" (hara(ter data types that (anGt be read by a te=t editor. +o handle IE1 operations Cava uses strea)s . Be (an thin' o/ a strea) as the /o& o/ data /ro) one lo(ation to another. ,or instan(e an output strea) (an /lo& /ro) the internal )e)ory o/ an appli(ation to a dis' /ile 2 i.e /or Briting to a ,ile or Console or to a net&or' Conne(tion 3 and an input strea) (an /lo& /ro) dis' /ile to internal )e)ory2i.e /or ?eading /ro) a ,ile or ?eading /ro) a .eyboard or /ro) a net&or' (onne(tion3 +here are t&o types o/ strea) : Chara(ter strea) : >sed to trans/er te=t data to or /ro) IE1 devi(e Binary strea) : >sed to trans/er binary data to or /ro) an IE1 devi(e.

**

!NT,OD&CT!ON TO .!$(# "ND D!,(CTO,!(#

Cava provides a ,ile (lass that &e (an use to per/or) so)e basi( operations on /iles and dire(tories. ,ile Class : present in the pa('age -ava.io 1ne Constru(tor o/ /ile (lass : ,ile2String path3 path na)e. : (reates a /ile ob-e(t that re/ers to the spe(i/ied

8ethods that (he(' the ,ile 1b-e(t: e=ists23 : returns true value i/ the path na)e e=ists (an?ead23 : returns true value i/ the path na)e e=ists and progra) (an read /ro) it. (anBrite23 : returns true value i/ the path na)e e=ists and progra) (an &rite to it. is9ire(tory23 : returns true value i/ the path na)e e=ists and re/ers to a dire(tory. is,ile23 : returns true value i/ the path na)e e=ists and re/ers to a /ile. 8ethods that get in/or)ation about a ,ile 1b-e(t: getNa)e23:returns the na)e o/ the /ile or dire(tory as a String ob-e(t. getAbsolute0ath23: returns the path na)e as represented in the (onstru(tor as a String ob-e(t. length23: returns the length o/ /ile in bytes as a long type. last8odi/ied23 : returns a long value representing the ti)e in )illise(onds that the /ile &as last )odi/ied. list,iles23: I/ the ob-e(ts re/ers to a dire(tory* this )ethods returns an array o/ ,ile ob-e(ts /or the /iles and subdire(tories o/ this dire(tory. list23 : returns /iles and subdire(tories. 8ethods that &or' &ith ,ile 1b-e(ts: set?ead1nly23 : 8a'e the ob-e(t read only. 8'dirs23 : Create a dire(tory delete23 : delete the /ile or dire(tory 2i/ it is e)pty3.

*,

SUBRATA SINHA

Code that creates a director( if it does not alread( e9ists String strTA(:bSubratabAQ ,ile /Tne& ,ile2str3Q i/2 /.e=ists23 TT /alse 3 /.)'dir23Q
Code that creates a file if it does not already e)ists Strin& str)I-:JSubrataJproducts.t7tI; Dile !)ne* Dile(str); i!( K !.e7ists() ) !.create5e*Dile() ; Code that displays information a-out a file System.out.println(LDile 5ame : L + !.&et5ame()); System.out.println(L,bsolute Path : L + ! .&et,bsolutepath() ); System.out.println(L?s *ritable: L + !.can#rite());

*/

INTRODUCTION TO JA;A AND BIO JA;A < A STUDENTS HANDBOO7

CHA"TER 0 THREAD

CONC RR%NT PRO8R"&&IN8 6IT5 T5R%"D$ In (on(urrent progra))ing* there are t&o basi( units o/ e=e(ution: pro(esses and threads. In the Cava progra))ing language* (on(urrent progra))ing is )ostly (on(erned &ith threads. ;o&ever* pro(esses are also i)portant. Processes A pro(ess has a sel/"(ontained e=e(ution environ)ent. A pro(ess generally has a (o)plete* private set o/ basi( run"ti)e resour(esQ in parti(ular* ea(h pro(ess has its o&n )e)ory spa(e.

Threads <hreads are sometimes called lightweight processes. $oth processes and threads provide an e7ecution environment but creatin& a ne* thread re/uires !e*er resources than creatin& a ne* process.

, thread is a sin&le se/uential !lo* o! control *ithin a pro&ram., thread o!ten completes a speci!ic tas%. $y de!ault a 3ava application uses a sin&le thread called main thread. "o*ever some pro&rams can bene!it by usin& t*o or more threads to allo* di!!erent parts o! the pro&ram to e7ecute simultaneously.;n a computer that has 3ust one -PB the threads donMt actually e7ecute simultaneously.?nstead a part o! the Nava Airtual .achine called the thread scheduler alternately lets portions o! each thread e7ecute.<his &ives the
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SUBRATA SINHA

appearance that all o! the tas%s are runnin& at the same time and this can ma%e an application *or% more e!!iciently.

&ses of thread

/0 <o improve the per!ormance o! applications *ith e7tensive ?/; operations. 10 <o improve the responsiveness o! :B? applications. 20 <o allo* t*o or more users to run serverFbased applications simultaneously.

Thread $ife Cycle:

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INTRODUCTION TO JA;A AND BIO JA;A < A STUDENTS HANDBOO7

Thread *ethods

void start') -auses this thread to be&in e7ecution; the Nava Airtual .achine calls the run method o! this thread. static void sleep'long millis) -auses the currently e7ecutin& thread to sleep (temporarily cease e7ecution) !or the speci!ied number o! milliseconds sub3ect to the precision and accuracy o! system timers and schedulers. static yield') -auses the currently e7ecutin& thread ob3ect to temporarily pause and allo* other threads to e7ecute. void setPriority'int newPriority) -han&es the priority o! this thread. ?t ta%es .?5OP=?;=?<6 (1) 5;=.OP=?;=?<6(8) and .,COP=?;=?<6(1E) as parameter.

Two ways to create a thread ,n application can subclass <hread providin& its o*n implementation o! run as in the "ello<hread e7ample:
!nherit the Thread class:
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SUBRATA SINHA

public class "ello<hread e7tends <hread { public void run() { System.out.println(""ello !rom a threadK"); }

public static void main(Strin& ar&s'() { "ello<hread ht)ne* "ello<hread(); ht.start(); } }

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INTRODUCTION TO JA;A AND BIO JA;A < A STUDENTS HANDBOO7

!mplement ,unna-le !nterface : <he =unnable inter!ace

de!ines a sin&le method run meant to contain the code e7ecuted in the thread. <he =unnableob3ect is passed to the <hread constructor as in the "ello=unnable e7ample: public class "ello=unnable implements =unnable { public void run() { System.out.println(""ello !rom a threadK"); } public static void main(Strin& ar&s'() { "ello=unnable hr)ne* "ello=unnable(); <hread t)ne* <hread(hr); t.start(); } }
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SUBRATA SINHA

start#$ met%od int&rn calls r&n met%od 3or ing with *ultiple Threads : , demo pro&ram *hich sho*s ho* multiplr thread e7ecutes simultaneously.

class <hread;ne e7tends <hread { public void run() { !or( ; ; ) System.out.println("<hread ;ne ............K"); } } class <hread<*o e7tends <hread { public void run() { !or( ; ; ) System.out.println("<hread <*o............K"); } }

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INTRODUCTION TO JA;A AND BIO JA;A < A STUDENTS HANDBOO7

class <hread<hree e7tends <hread { public void run() { !or( ; ; ) System.out.println("<hread <hree............K"); } }

public class .ulti<hread { public static void main(Strin& s'() { <hread;ne t1 ) ne* <hread;ne();

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SUBRATA SINHA

<hread<*o

t2 ) ne* <hread<*o();

<hread<hree t4 ) ne* <hread<hree(); t1.start(); t2.start(); t4.start(); } }

(hapter /ive te=t here.

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* CHA"TER NA-E
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SUBRATA SINHA

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INTRODUCTION TO JA;A AND BIO JA;A < A STUDENTS HANDBOO7

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, CHA"TER NA-E
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INTRODUCTION TO JA;A AND BIO JA;A < A STUDENTS HANDBOO7

seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here. Insert (hapter seven te=t here.

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SUBRATA SINHA

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/ CHA"TER NA-E
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/%

SUBRATA SINHA

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INTRODUCTION TO JA;A AND BIO JA;A < A STUDENTS HANDBOO7

te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here. Insert (hapter eight te=t here.

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0 CHA"TER NA-E
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/*

INTRODUCTION TO JA;A AND BIO JA;A < A STUDENTS HANDBOO7

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SUBRATA SINHA

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//

11 CHA"TER NA-E
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/0

SUBRATA SINHA

(hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert (hapter ten te=t here. Insert

01

INTRODUCTION TO JA;A AND BIO JA;A < A STUDENTS HANDBOO7

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01

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

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