Fqll 1960 Edirion Complete2-Meler Ham Sfation ij ij EconomyFrequency Standard Two-TubeLong Wave Receiver. Versatile Waveformer TunnelDiodeOscillaior...

Melersand Multimeters. .. Kid Kaller Findingths Hidden DX. . .. High-QualityPre-Amp MusicalAnnunciator MiniatureTapeRecorder.. . . TapeRecorderPowerSupply. TheTypacode..... ElectronicAntennaRelay. . PortableWirelesslntercom. Dry Baitery Tester-Charger. The Little Red Hot Receiver Underwaterlniercom TransistorAnalyzer Photo-Quiz ........ Electronic ..16l WxtrEsRaoroLoo. 27 35 37 43 47 50 Professional Wiring. . .. .. .. 120 Electronic 55 TheLeasebreaker.. ....123 AC Power Panel.. .....104 One-TubeTin Can Receiver.. . .. . . .. 107 ExperimentalVan de Graaff Generator.ll0 EmitterFollower . ... ...l16 MagicLightBulb . ... ..l19

58 RadioTunerfor Child's Phono.......128 50 What io Listen for on Short Wave. . . . 13 I 63 Handy Fool Switch .. .. . 133 67 Transmitterfor the Novice. . . . 134 74 Amplificaiion ...137 77 Wrist Radio 80 CodePracticeOscillalors. .....145 83 Adapier Unit *oCheckTubes........148 One-StringEleclricGuitar. ....151 PaichPanel .'.94 ......... 155 103 TesiingConductivityof Liquids. .. . . . .159 PortableRadio-Phonograph .....99 Gover by Harold R. Stluka B. G. DAVIS JOELDAYIS Publlrher A$iJtsnf Publirher PublishedandCopyrighted1960bY (OIITPAIIY SCIE]ICE PUBLISHING AIIDIIECHAI{ICS A Subsidiaryof Davis Publications, Inc. Chitogo ll, lllinois

{50 Esst Ohio Streel The Radio-TVExperimeniercontainsa selected few of lhe mosl popular electronics oroiecis and radio and TV maintenanceariicles lhai have appeared in science number o{ proiec}sand helpful ariicles on ihe )nd MechanicsMagazine,plus a same subiectsappearinq for ihe first fime. Scienceand MechanicsHandbook Annual No. 6, l96G-No' 569 Curtis L. Johnson Ed iior Herb 5iegel Associale Edilor Lynell A. Johnson Ediiorial Assislant Bill Wodkins Art Director Rcy Forsberg AdvertisingManager Advertising Ofiicesl Chicago: 45O E. Ohio St., WH 4-O33O; New York: 527 Madison Ave., PL 3-93??i hs Angeles: The Maurice A. Kimbarl Co., Inc., 2550 Beverlv Blvd., DU a-61?a; San Francisco: The Maurice A. Kimball co.,6a1 Market st., Ex 2.3365. lEi.r.

RADIO.TVEXPESIMENTER Sensstiono, LOW COSI SGIENCE LAB -$r.]i,t'l$r RADIO RECEIVER ggJ9EEThr..Iub.5hoilw6y.l80M.r.4oid i::',i:,..: Pq!!i rtldr jrqch *(..:Ydraui6i:Iirj:ai SrondordBroodcoill.<.iy.r. S..ririv. r..iit,ai b!d: 2o.iq ::;8,::.4;dt#; 1.9!n.roliv. Ci(!it ur.r r.guto. tt5 !lb, 6nt;;i:: e;;i;ir::,ilhjii(:11{U volt AC-Conpl.t. wirh H.od S.'. h p( .o,itrtrdjti. tF*liiaii Sfsjiu:i PHOTOEIECTRIC ,::i:',,::1|: :" ., EI.ECTRONICEXPERIMENTS EYE :,::::riiCicifH6ile.,' Pfroro.l.<hic C.tl, Er.ir.r tonF _ :r,'ii;iiirGl!E'..i;il8;. :;,;;. tu^dionr Eipror. yd(u!i ol tublr ..d El.(koni. l.loy. ty.rtthing yos .:i!rjii:.::iriir liiioiii::e;tqriihi :;;;!i: ond olh.. .l..honic .oFpor.nt!. n..d ro.o.rol 6oto6, b.ilr, otdrh,, qnd Build on El..ro.ic Swirch-Ahotl do oth.r lighr b.ofr.xp.rin.nk, ii:f!ii,l!fr;f,i.:;;ii:*5lJ*"Y,: 1i.., did orh.r .rD.rim.nrot cL.uih. STROBEIIGHT

A voriobl. puls. n.on ' tonp, lt.:,litr,'15 lt.:,litr,'15 Fre.zer" horion of .opidly vibror: rsalyt qot:ffi#, rh t.qi'ldi! ing or rot.ting obi.d! tor.tole o.d.hecti.9 r The 8 instruction nonuols ore experlly .:t.iild.nA iri:,a g:.,q":.1r19ii1 tudy k.q!.nci.s, RpM, writlen,-cleorly illuslrofed-exciling, RADIOSERVICE EQUIPMENT a r .ounr.c-iliiiiiliii rctcrcopc. interesting. p6dr TEIESCOPE ll rh. to buitd yd. ovn Without previous experien e you ron Iodio 5ignol I'.(.r ond o h6b. 4*i; iar4m;.: ; azlpirs!..:tbd,i$*i..:High gudlity ground l.ht .nobt.. complete every project ond goin o com-light Conlineit l.il.r. &th pi..., :Y6il.b t! t;.quen<r :d!(iliald;;tl you to .romin. d.tdib ot th. o.. involuobr. in rodio prehensive science bockground. r.dking. larahc'.; ltd. rrt;tn. t.!iit.: moon! rriloc. oid dLtoil obi.dr. CHATI.EI{GING. STII,IUI.ATING. REWARDING ,,:,,:i;i:,?ftfOCf,AfgYlrS:' 5TIDE PROJ ECTOR ,,,:.:::'..',,:,: i::i:,il::i:,,::ii .: ntCEgtCOrE::,:: '::!44f4l :i':lk.I *'.::: aqudllt Ior.t I6Fn ..d 3566 ,lid.r, !ho.p r+igtt::'.ir{Fil+liEll;l;iii#::l t-idSl+ liktryii -ituielii. :?i;;i rquti.s, conY..rion .oot.d, G.E. :dbrisGt!,.: rl&riiii:.:rtiti::t:iii*i::: :-,::irt+,'rtd!t j! t.-keig ipy:: Pr6i..rion tonp in.lud.d-Atro od Pd!td*. :Acri rft H. tei iii{iit;iiiiidr::l::

9tP::lYt#rDt: BtEri iia i!;dKrttj: .plobl. or. f.oi.dion Mi.rokoe.. i;pty' k whrib$#ij +H}:::l!ei*:ltii$:.::: :': : r'':':.':::::':::j:::'''':':'::::::: SPECIR9ICOPE _ *f,gnnr*graiqtrtxrr,{. AIOMICCTOUDCHAMBEI ro&rnon.g optrcot inilrvncnt ur.d 'l: *-4 nt Fqivt, da Sbir :: s.. irruninor.d ho(lr ol rp..dinqjit#+ t}ttus dd iq s$Ye Fear;(@:l nurl.oi poilicl.! .mdnoti.g t.od ro lo id.htity o^aitr. ond r!bron..l by cbr.tui.g rh. tp.Gren ot !h.n .&"b vi(i."f .i4&crhe ua..:i diooc?iY. Alpho 3o!k. dnd nyil.Lfloh.. Sr.Gnui Ghod ! or. i..tcd.d. .f1l gi 'li, li+1l :'r ;^uJ*:,: io!r.ornic royr iiod outcr !pa<. iij:!i:::r::itt;:i:tt:;tt:tinltl::i:i:::,r::.r: l:i.:i:::: HEATEXPERIMENTS !!6::: stody lh. Mol.culor lh.ory ol h.ol l',xffirry.#ffi$2o*fin$I4,1,:l i:iT:,FNEE ;:.#,:"',.J SOtDETING IRON wilh se<ond fourSatisfaction otyouttlloneyhack,,.AllD Kir y^u ndycnncelatnnytihewithoutobludtion, flese"noilskoassunnces weknowyouwillbe,,, because SURPRISED' AITAZEDI DHTAHIEDI

III AiIIRI(AI{ rI 8A5IC$CIT}ICE(I,UB I Ci(lik ac low volt.g. r SI E. Crockctt, Son Antonio 6, tcx6 I 3!rrli.d by i.lotion i::il;1"'iil-,i:"1;iT:,Iliffi I l,?:l;i ,'il*'i,f'f*"yi:,:H ir fnr immedirt. ntrrnd. rl choo+ ,hF,I.cd.) rldn I iii*'f#rliLff[:i$Ji-r,:'rr,-. ffill *.".''I Designins and offeline this compieteprere laboratory to toto pgblic at atat taboratory the thethe p!blic such a low price p.oro6e i i.;li!gt1 , , i'.ilii*-lr,iuT1.rurpa;menr, paid.","' uuu..I is a notable service oDr \.. _4:.\a I II mrr rsn.rt rnr rin-andgl fuil refind """".i,;"""1 ili. soci ty. :. // \t mrycgn"ei,n1 r,,-""'-l to onj sr full refund""on un.hitt"d tir.. <,"nt'|o*lV ! wish I could proride och of mr Ph)si( R. M. Helm ttudlns sirh all of rour cnioyable kirr Professo. of Physics East Cnrolina Colleac

t'liifr1i]j*i.i'.,..! You rrc doing a "o,ia*r,t jn6. ilAME"""-..'...'.. ....... C.eenville. N. C I AllrnT. Ar?r, PhysirDepr. Jamcro*nHigh School ,am.(own,N.w York Ilff.t rh"r"6Auxitiorylertboots I III MAtrcoupoNToDAyEltrl

NADIO.III EI(PERIMENTEB ---II-155 ra -rr a--3r I-I --_---r_-!!.rl Jtf -\, " Hf,'i:tllll' ingii n w-sl'o!fibs;T f il'l Tl .'1.,g:1" I I I lz lti GOYNE! ELECTRONICS ON REAI, Motors-Generators -Switchboards rii Controls-Modern $ AppliancesAutomatic Electronic Control Units RADIOETECTRONICS ON REAI. TV ReceiversBlackand White and Color AM-FM and Auto Radios Transistors PrintedCircuits Test Equipment The future is YOURS in TELEVISION! A fabulous field-good pay-fascinating work-a prosperous future in a good job, or independence in vour own business! Coyne brings you MODERN-QUALITY Television Home Tlain' ing; training designed to meet Coyne standards at truly lowest cost -you pay for training only-ao eostly "pul logeffier kit3." Not an

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CoyneEl ctrical L501W,Conoress School, Parkway I CharteredNotForProlito Chioago7,Dept.60-9C I I coYNE EtECTR|CAT ISCHOO| Dept. 60-9C-New Coyne Building l50l W. CongressPkwy.. Chicogo 7, lll, I SendBIGFREEbooksnd detoilsof qll the trolning you offer. However,I om especiollyinlercstcd in: I fl Eleclri iry I Television E BorhFi.tdr I I b-ovni Quatitv Television Home TYaining ot I Loumst and eaw term. l ,$$$' i;\-ane 8,flCmn ri, Fdht Cogre-hc l$tiautim &hint thia lrain l-Addo"" I dry . . . *c brgeta, oAeL b6t ryiwd Gid.ut*tl eh@I otiib hifit. gtuadrd I w. i Clrt ------------$are I I rlt(tilils Send oruilletoeddrcss Coupon belon lotFrceBooh and firll details, including easy

Payment Plan. No obligotion, no solesmqnwill coll. ! Send Free Book and details on horq I can get t F

RADIO-TVEXPERIMENTEN IRA]ISISIORIZED IIUII POCKEI RADIOAIIDCOIIUERTOR KII Fun for the youngster or the veteran in the electronie field . . . A 3-way translstorized pocket FM radio and tuner which tunes tho^co_mpletBFM band from 88 to 108.6megacycles plus air_ craft band from 109 to 145 megacycles.This-fairtastic,;1;;; be used in your^car, !ome, or pock-et,and needsno awenna org'round wlres. Llompl etely non-directional, this compact FMradro and tuner will play where all other radios halie failed. b t has been demonstrated under an X-ray beam and near oth.er electrical devices without any static ol aistortion. Fea turing a two-stage circ.uit, this FM radio and iunu" *ltt p"oduce music of qyility from stations located many niiles .top rrom the recerver. Kit comes complete with easy_to_buildinstructions. KlTr |ionplelewith $pecialHi.Fi Earpiecewifh earmold,cord,and pfug,$29,95postpaid. RADIO.TVSERYICINGAID \ power magni! d f ying glass mounted on 3/, -'''rll!efu. tweezers, Excellent tool for getting gettinggetting into intointo difficult difficultdifficult and andand hard-to-see hard-to-seehard-to-see places. Ideal for radio kit builders,

model cra-ftsmen and for the Radio] TV service technician. Special low price, $2.25 postpaid A . . REAL SERVICE AID BARGAIN! WORID'S TWO SMAI.TESTBANDRADIO TUNEIN THEWORLDOF EXCITEMENT WITHTHEWORLD'SFIRSTTHREESTAGETRAN. SISTORIZED RADIOKIT FORONLY$5.00FULLPRICE_READ TWO BAND CAREFUI.LY This set tunes the broadcast band and a crick on the band switch lets vou eniov exciling police ca.lls, ship.to I sho^re.-airclaft. Uott co--"*iui "ia"-ltii""rii, amaleur pnone statrons, code and foreign stations -[rom all over the wortd. (Itr i I the best electronic buy ever offered,) Tunes as many stalions as sets cosiinc up to 9100.0O. Kit includes the following parts: Min_Tub., Mi"_f"[" S""tE.-i Lsp ecial detecL_or,printed circuit pla1e. a Eand switch, a Latterr-i" ii.;,;i;;l;; t lknob. a two band coil, an (Eker.adio) eleclr.onic -unO,--iour: ;;"i;;1";";: ;;; re.sistors. tvo phone cliT,s,antenna_trimmer, four rubber'mo"i,f i,,e i".t,-i.1"[;Jwire, a coil mounting clip. and a sheet of easy-ro-follow instructions. AiZZ "', rla 10? tran sistor can be used for_the third stage (Not furnishedl. a"v rlt &"" wjll work rvith this set. Two small batteries fumish the power (Not I f"""iJ.ai. This-can-be mounted on {o-u{ small-boald or small plastii box. S;"d;;it'b;,06; .*i t "tii, shipping of this fantmti,

a self-addressed gummed label to faciritate I ten cents in stamps to the address below. rf the ibove instructions are----not followed, your order may be delayed several months, so read carefutlv. EKERADIO ELECTRONICDEVELOPMENTS Dept. E . 650 North Fair Oaks Avenue o pasadena, California In Gallf' add state Tax-No c.o.D. U. s. orders onty (lessEarpiece,926.9b) I i TWO.STAGE TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER OR PRE.AMPKIT You.can bu-ild a powerful two-stag.e-amplifier or pre-amp which SL" b-u-y":d as a phonogr^aph amplifier.iraimpin"-, ioi a crystatser, and a "*ii for crystal or magnetic pick_un.-Kit as pre-amp ;;; ;..; * pI t!' ri"#; ;il;'"il#i","'i:ii",:]: "":'"1;:?#r'f switch, attractive plastic case. with t ";up ;;l-;;;,-i"a i" po*_ eled uith a.single peniight ce^lt..wirh;; -iipur ;i;;iiiv t/a'ot arvatt, Complet e with easy-to-follow instruction". gd.S8' po"ipuia, SPECIAISECTIONfor RADTOBEGTNNERS Crystct.Sef Kit 91.25p p fleodphones(double) $2.25-oo Boll Becring TuningCondenserwifh ULflt Oiol qnd Knob$t.50 p p (Free Cryslol wilh each $10.00order) H:^*ill:l: *! Ware K.it.TwoSrageCircuitwith Transistor,Iligh rtr-e-qruency.lubq Drilled Chassis and all Clips .rU 1yi".__gZ.-5 ;i:,="1iT"i',".";oi'i"1"uxx"Jli',i,i.1If.Hi?'t*.rrs'J?.td8"; I

NADIO-TVEXPERIIITNTER rHcTmilrcs From RADIO . TELEVISION . RADAR To GUIDED MISSILE GONTRQtr ETG' 300 ExPERltflEl{Tg Euild over 3OO prqcticql proiects from mony shipments of RodioElectronicpcrts. You build ond operOneof ote TV-Rodiocircuils... wireless microphone . . ond mony olher moior proiecls-all designed to provide outstqnding proclicol experi foday's BRTGHTEST ence ot home. \ fiefii }pporlunity fodoy's greot lleclronics field ofiers you o chcnce of c lifetime fo preporefor highly inleresling work ond c HOltlE ItlOVlEg wonderlully lionising fufure! Wifh 30 nony new Thcnks to this exclusive home lrqin devclopmerifs-comingup in Heclronics, opportunilie3 ing oid, mcny impo*onl fundomen lor troined nen were never brighler. Send coupon lols quickly become "movie cleor." for deloils. Now you con octuclly see elecfrons

night in your own home you noy now get otte ol on the morch dnd other "hidden oc toiiov'r rno:t interertins . . . PRA(TICAI WAYS lo lions"-o wonderful odvontoge lhot prepire lor o good iob or your own businets in [lec' is qlmost like hoving q fescher st iroriicr. No previous'lechnicil erperienceor odvonced your side. cducalionore needed! DeYry Tech brings you o unique 3-WAY CoMBll{ATloN of feitt. home novies ond recl equipnent-the same lype of bosic equipmenl os found in our well-equipped Chicogo ond foronfo lolorolories. BUII.DYOUR OWil ElrlPt0YMEt{T WHIIE tEAR}l TESTEQUIPIIE]IT SERVICEEARN YOU . . . helps you gel sforfed As port of Your home loborolory DeVryTech'spructical pro. lowqrd a.good iob, or grom helps you lo edtn proilcts, you-BUllD ond KEEPq fine loword odYoncenent rn EXTRA in Your irudlitv 5.inch cotoR osCll'LOSCOPE MoNEY ffi"';"d;;1il"'"# ond q Jewel Beoring VACUUM TUBE wo* lor. tnti fo oll spore lime, servicing VOITMETER.You will ffnd rhis equip' groduolee. RodioondfV s ts. ment ideol for helPing You eorn in Your spore time while q sludentlnd loier when working full time in the fteld. YourGuide to PR0FITABLE

l0B 0PP0RTUNITIES BUIID Al{D KCEPA Seefrow YOU nay gel reaily for Jols cs: BIG 2l-11{CH rY SET TV-RodioBroodcosiTechnicion For odded procticol experience' you ColorTelevisionSpeciolist cqn clso build cnd keep this qudlity Rodor 0perotor . laboroloryTechnicion 2I.inch TV sET lhot provides TV re' AirlineRodioMon o ComputerSpeciolist ception ot its finest (Devry Tech olso 0uoliryControlllilonoger ofiers qnother home lrqining withoul rhe TV set). Yourlhn Sales & Senice S[op...PII|Sl'lllll 0IlltRS "One DeVRYIECHNIGALlNslltUrE ol Notth Amefi.o's lorcmo', f,re.lrot;cs frcining Cen ets" 4I4l BclmontAwnue, Chicogo41, llt., D.Fr' -nTE4'O Ac.i.dilcd trl.nbcr of Pleose give me your FREEbooklet, "Electronics in Spoce Tr ovel," Nalionql Hom! qnd tell me how I noy prepore lo ehler one or more broncher of El* 5ludy Council lronics. A9c Apl.Cily. Conodion re.identsoddrcss: DeVrytcchof Conddo.[ld.2w 970 lowrenae Avenle West, t o.onlo, Ontotio A lt,

RADIO.TVEXPENIMENTEN Experimentersl fqkeYourPick years-ahead money-savln9 tlfd;'^tt.u{t !<night-k_it5. sPEcIAL FIVE FOR OFFER! oNLY $2.50 Th se back issues ot the RADIO.TV EXPERIMENTER are st;ll available: t /Jutrn's e:sllr-Pase 1961 551 rn.run", sun-cell TRx, re-t ceiver, Dlans for experimenter'8 test b nch, decade ohm box. el cELECTRONICS tronic tic-tac-toe, spit-powered r oscillator, Dhotoelectlic controls, l CATALOG signal trace!, portable hl-fl lecotd plavil,rr;ingle-tuue organ. single bvild-your-own., il's eosy.,it's fvn conauin, 5B make-it-youls tf sAvE uP TO 5('% 562

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phelic aoltmeter, infrared :t detecto!. Single copy, 75d W P / l!{i'*'#i!!':':i{ilr!,.!!i: :l menlr o EleclroniGpartr, tube!, fronsirtor3r tools . 5end todoy for your FREE444-poseI 961 A[llED Cctologl SCIENCE and MECHAT{|CS, Dept. 352 I 45O East Ohlo St., Chicago t 1' lllinoie II Enclosed ls Please send o!: $.......... I E All FM o! the llxperimenters fo! $2.50. I El lhe T\YO RADIO-TV ]lxDeriilente$ circled for $1.00, I 4 D R1E},lCI,,,,,,,, I :,;;.,:,.A.l-E,l 55r 559 5c.2 I t D Both SCIENCE Expelinentcrs lor $1.00. AltlED RADIO, Depl. 64-l I lO0 N. WeslernAve., Chicogo 8O,lll. t B The circled issues at single-copy prices: r woRtD's I 551 559 562 557 563 t E Rush FREE 1961 ALLIED Catalog. BIGGEST! t NAME .. I I I

lDDEEBA I Address T CITY.... ...... ZO^-8.,...... I I STITU . I IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII J

RADIO.nI EXPENIMENTEE ToNTHEsfl: ;; 7l.0lr,/90vert Course! C.T.S.'sComplete :"T",T.:i,: (lP ^l(,.^:'"':"li':;t# C.T.S.training coyers eyery phase of lhis fasclnal' ing new subiecf. You gef this comprehensive lrair technicion, ossures you of more money, foster progress ond ing slarling wilh your first lesson. You learn Radar, greoicr success.This procticol step-by-steptroining mokes Sonar, Television, Radio and Electronics in C.T,S"s everythinginferesting ond eosy,mokesleorningfun. Complete course. This broader k nowledge and greater understandingmeansmore iobs and higher You don't hove lo leove home or quit your iob to leorn this pay lor you. Why be satis{ied with les:? You learn simple, eosy woy. A few hours of your sporelime eoch week lasler and befter with Christy Shop'Melhod Home soonprepqres you for eorningwhile leorning ond loter for o Training. lt giYes yo u all the training you need in a clear, simple, easy-lo-undersiandway. big-poy iob or profifoblebusinessof yourownin this fobulous, Big pay, interesling work, immediate succes:, awail fost-growing new industry. lhose thoroughly lrained in all branches of elec' 3 new bookscontoincompleteinformotion.Describethe course lronics. And the C.LS. Masler Shop-Mefhod Home ond mony opporlunities in this fqntostic new field' Sendfor Training Course is t he only complete course in Radar, 5onar, Telavision, Radio and Electroniq. your 3 free books todoy! I9 TRAINING INSTRUMENTS INCTUDED

I cHRrsrYTRADESScHooL ln a few months you learn what oefi. fott, 3214w. Lowrence Ave.. Chiccqo 25.lll. ; uscdlo take yearsof hard work I Gentl men: lo marter, reach your goal I Fii"ii-l6l me, vithout cost 0r oblication,tvo FREE-L6s0ns and I ih:,i-ii* 'c--oi"i iiiuii""teu b0oktelli-ncall aboutth-e c.T.s. Master toonet and are betler prepared coriisi tn fraoar, sonar, Telerisim, Radio I Sh-ro:-li*ii,a-x-i.ii'iiiinii'c lo maka maximum progrest. iio-eiirciinnic;, inl ttre m;nv opportuniti s this nev n l d ofiem' I Scnd for complete informalion today! CHRISTYTRADESSOHOOL D.pt. T-3lI 32la W. Lowrence Ave. Ghlcogo 25, lll.

It|Br'tNtD qenq u! a single dollar bill and we wtll send youCraftprlnt No. 32 (size 21 x 33 ',) whlch gives detailed clrawings and instructions for building Btzz. an \Ll hydroplaning runabout (usual price of plans; 91,00), Runabout0nly$1.00 Plans PLUS our iuustrated catalog of 196 alo-it-yourseu Craftprint plans (usual price, 20C), Send your 91.00for No. 32C to: SCIENCE ond MECHANICS, Depf. 248 450 Eost Ohio St., Chicogo ll, ltlinoir FRET 0etPlansCatalog! PARTIAI GONTENTS: AB00Kwith ofMechanical Movements, ,If you uork with maehjnery of any kind, you Inay be ._allFd uDon to devise or improve some Job or notion. To do this, you cither have to rely on memory, experien.e or ing truity. Hele in this new book-THE ENcINEERS, THESAURUS by Herben Herkimer-vou will find over qOOO TDEAS and SUCCESTTONS lor acconrplishinq anykind oI motion, force or workt It is a compilation of thi) contrivances, pqrts, details, tools, machin s, devices and meanHevised and developed by coun(lebs engineers, ma cnrnrsls a_no 'nventors over the yeafs-to eflect any morion or ras*. rDe materlal has been painstakingly assembled anq .crassrhedt tronr many sources_research books, engLr^reerins brochurcs.-J'at enL dra$ings, caralogs, erc. Ir i\, ijy rar, rne rdrges' coll?crron ever gnlhereu in one book_and tne onry one $ni.h shoss, side hy srde, the n'any ditrerent ShiItiry CosB 6hsftihg means_ anu metnous Ior accompt'!lring any padicular rask! f,acn rLem. each devrce, ea.h merhd is illus(ra(ed_ lhere are aOOO such illuslralious-and each carrles per.

ShieldB a SiItinB tinen( de.crin(ion of irs makcuD and lunction. 1HE ENj" qINEERS THESAURUS a nronumenlal work. tL S lides Sisnrls is 5r2"r812':. JaO pages, prinred on coaled paperr clotn-D')uno, eri* Slinss lGriffin pubtishinq ,"::"1.:l'""31 Co., Dept. nr-ro S-siiis Sprinss wcst 47th st., New York N. y. iu.t one may:qfltd a copy of Tsr: Startings i."'"p-ra"ii"ir-131 36, I ]nq -eNCrxeuRs,l save You a loc ITHESAIJIIIIS"aJ hv Hr Swivels ;T;ih;aJa ;;h; ; !;;i;;U. ;;,,i;.il B'.:'u'i 3'.*l!]llolr'"t l St.iking ;"ilj8li"i; " l: ljj,.'",.^.^,*';1":*-ndry_olp*cetpost.l ",BiS, l;il e.oii:r itr F3iI,"i,.".;"#I".*r.n"erus 62ci ... A copy bcloncq h evcry rcre,enuc ,*-J llill|:L:Ti"i ioou*"" i ili,1f:Ji:ilt."'i9L*-.-.:-.-g"lg.+sst=s.j il1",i;""'i;1i.'tE,fJ:"l",1ii'.T,1llll,'J:

R^IDIO.TVEXPERIMENTER low-Cost Shows tUW! IhrGrow-Hill's HomeCourse At tASl.t Amazing fOW COSIo Cornplefe TV-Rodio lePoir Course.TlttS ond SHOWSHow to do Every Job Quickfy ond Etsily-Make GOOD /llONEY, Full or Spore fime, in fhe sOOrllrNG Repoir Susiness gd*"]ffi cover ANY job on.EVI fi$$i,5,'ffi|grt'*ffiffi new 6-iolume Course, you "r'."o"i I iuitomiiJ'iioq!rtry-iiq"p'n'g]:': starteitright awaytThis "l"FJl l-"!,: tl*:Ji""uit", S'$ .-, :":J ., uvudyrnrr.r_il,o"i rii"gJvo-o :t."t!"r:,-.1:.y..-"9/"{i; lq.:*,",xi!+]lI:.:'.*::"* ffjfi:::J,J, mJ"ll"n:1"1%""**#X;[:3* ]r :::"i-,,:,'ij,:i lTii"Tfl;ilitl:n".i*| a:r.lr'-.*-:yJr::Hff:..":'+',; ideasantttechn'iiiri; -'!Pt-:o,"!::.s:^tT^,"Y!-r'-i 'i -'' : money-making | *-*i',?il'Tii'jtl[i":"'oilii;i: Bir "' ',\L:lihowto'etcue' 13.,n,,,,,.r tl"f,Xj;a:"J:"iaa,*iia'*.t,6"; IiF.:"r;"'.lHlt.tAt$t*i:.:i: ,: tronics experts. TWO TROUBLESHOOTERStellexactly AgeqndEducotion I ARercirinc Record(honcer:-I'i WI{EREWHEREtobegin,WHATtoolstoto besin. WHAT tools to NoNo8orrierBorrier I II l3f stip-uv--step plcturel and l.! Erstep-by-stepplcturesand ".*m*::*s*,f*;f** JrF uii-frxfJP,r,",'fJ"l,*T*.it |*-{.lt33[;:!i:;f';f:"'i*:ll

FIX troubles the essa.uaa, "polish gysl 40 MTLLIoN Tv I iirriolrfiil"iiiiii"ii l ,-iri.l'ii,i* | ifl;?"31,i.'It+;fi#"n'?,S,d"#"1,""T I at 4!r:-!4i-.c^.."':: I l"*:'"t?9"*"t"L".LLo"T:?d*: 9^:'.1$ yoruil$ I g";".iJgTf,$?ffi#js#iii co1c i,"u.lr""f"Tit,n""*,?,:,f,i:di"""I?: I ;,1*j*:i[:"*ru,i1":* Hiii'1,fi",16"'lb'f-#t?bi1""* | 'ro'"'di',ll$'b1u'n,' * i::;,ll;,!i:t".ll*n;l I fl*rii$I""*"$'u"'+l"i* rohn Merk6' sho*s lreqto.oet ;;; ;";;;; bi'rfiiili! I I EARN Whire l-ouLedtn DUSTnSS. rHrscoupoNSAvEsYou$l r""clET.? .0f"":i**i1!!lfJ"i:""?"'"1"i:",3#itou$9$iL.,*"1-@-1 -Coursevolumearesimpleenough shipping!) lt you.don't agree agreeagree -Uoursevolumsareaimpleenough pay paypay ahlpplngl, If yog-don't BoOk GO., Depl. RAD61 RAD61RAD61 I II ilcGRAW.HlfLilcGRAW.HllL Book Co., Dept. | || "pros" qa.n you I for forfor besinners, besinners,besinners, amaze_"pros"amaze with withwith it itit c-a-nget getget yo-u_started _started_started in inin a aa moneymoney-money-! !! 927 Wertltst WertltstWertltst N.

N.N. Y. Y.Y. ! 327 S|-,St, New NewNew iork-36, iork-36,iork-36, money-atter JU hours (Or l*s) Of earn Wnrle yOU learn; and pay On I and Cnanger $ervrcrng Uouse.-lr-oE4v,,*.u I g$-T++3"*"tr:l,:*lf nr:-*rqg'*ffii.9;* i m3:xtt',"::ti'";i:1"**",.1"1T; imt+l*$*;:nt;$ jobsa "snap." ie":-t*i-.-!:*#ii"ilg?lr.^il8.iu,i iiT'{"$1,fft'";,ili{,'t"""?::"' "ii1'*}":,i 32?1v.4lst St.,NewYork 36,N.Y. iirlo Detect-o-s(opes ond TRANSIST0I lTotolYolue$f.ool(ffe"'*nqqllf" XR''*;"1ffi:--SlYI 6iiJii"r"o"riilbprrct-o-scops Charts. TV and RADIO Scopesenable vou to sDot tube troubles ln a Jifiy.-CIIiCUIT anat TRANSISTOR Scopes spot clrcuit and tra,nslstor i;:yl"':ii*'li f*-;:,':3:*."i;l POUR (wortb $4.00)yourg FREE' I $iip,'.,',il"lbin!!;isel'r'iiiiiurf?onr-s-e I Frec|Vo|uobleRepohA|dr:Tv,RADto,,,",u,,4;;ffi; i;di:t;!G$?-'00-.'--------' J """""""*;$'#i,iic,;;F) I t*e&serrurvrea'r' ! I ^.. I Aqoress"""' """""' i i I zoneNo' I cltv""."....."..' (if anv)."'slat """ I I

! LI cHEcK-H-EiElr vouprerertq encloselb.t I ?it:F ! ! ii{fi:*"*'"'1""eil'it'reio'J}i"i'1?3 L-------rr-r rr{

RADIO-TV ETPENIMENTER New GuideGives Terms, Definirions, Formulos, Ghoris ond Diogrolns. . . quick at your tingertipr. Examinq this New Practical Dlstionary of Electricity and Electronlcs FREE lor l0 days at our rlsk. A Gary way to put ncedod inlormation THE ,WORKING VOCABUI.ARY YOU MUST HAVE. Jom-packed with both staDdard elec-lf You Ke.p lt t4c&l -t9rms. ald lhe latest developments tD the neld, wrltten clearly aud simply tor besln Only$$95 ner aDd veteran alike. TermB esentlal lu TV. others Cost up Radlo, X-Ray, Radar, Automation and ali to S20.00 lDdwtrlal eDDllcations are covered. fict|,0ts flfi0to|}x PAC|(ED WtH DESCRIPTIVE PICTURES. Scoreg ol photos, dmwlDgs, sketcheB so clear you can't PartialConteBts: gg-wrong. Ilelp make terms like . Fotmulat "amplldyne," "khes@pe," "dyuamotor" easy tograsD. Many Eletrical tables, clrarts, grapbs, most-used symbols. Eleclronics Inductance SEND NO MONEY. JUST 9END NAllE. Ftll ln Capacitance ooupon below aud get The Pr&ctical DlctloBary ol Electrlclty end Electronics lor FREE lodet . Tables trlal exemlnatlon. Psy nothlng trow. P&y noth-Measurgmgnt Ing to postman on dellvery. LetterSymbols Color Coding AtEnlCtil IICHlll(Al SOCIETY, . Diagrams Depf.Uoz t{t t. 5Erh Sfteet-Chitogo 37, lllinois . GraphicalSymbols SO gASy ,7rS SltOCKfiilG.tF

AilERICAN TECHNICAL SOCIETY, Dopt. Uoz 8|8 E,58lh Chlcaso 3?, llllnols gttoet, Slnd ms THE PRACTICAL DICTI0NARY0F ELICTRICITY AND ILECTRot{tCS lor to-day FREE EXAMlNATlotl. lf I keep the book I will sendyou$5.95 Dtus $i0plng within l0 days,otheiliso, I will return it and owe you nothins. tilY l{AilE TARM TETEPHO]IE CABIIIETS Slightly used craDk style CABINETS (once used everwhere) lor Ilome Hobby Shops. Cohlrlete wil.h tlaasmitter, aeceiver, bells. crank atrd shelf (Less Generetor). Ha6 all ot the outlide part3. Make beautiful. unique Radlo Cabinets, Liquor Chests, Slrice Cabinets, Flower Plantera, etc. Immediate deliveries ssued. S7.OO, F.O.B. Chicago. TETEPHONES TALK ROOMTOROOM to the house across the roed, etc. Enjoy you! own private telephoneEystem! Reconditionedcradle phones Guaranteedl o,.?l3loo$3.0J. We can supply everylbrng you need. WRITE FOR ILLUSTRATED BULLETIN BB.5 lllCROPHOllE, Dept.BB-5,'ii%lh?# fi,: rr-vguor4er two ormorecrqtt . . . SAYE MONEY!

r.egutsrpflceor.erchprlnr. ,n"3,"tfrtf'r#js;'rt r3ldu"tj,i# #i? Enree prtn-ts, ?sC, etc. Use handy coupon below. SaflststtoD guaranteed or money back. IIIITIIIIITIIIIIIII SCIENCEqnd MECHANIGS,Dept. 2ae 450 Eqst Ohio S+,. Chicogo ll. lllinols Enclosedis $.--. Pleasesend me lhe circled plans. Theseplans are 91.00each l9t 227 258 254 265 Theseplans are $1.50each 243 NAME ctTY& zoN STATE._---fl Her-e'a 2Od. -Plea3e sdd me your lllustr.ted cstrtog of 196 LJ craft Dlanr. prlil

RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTEN LET R,CA TR,AIN YOII IN ELECTRONICS RCA Institutes, one ol the world's largest electrontc technical schools, offers a Home Stud,y Course xn. . . ELECTRONICSFOR AUTOMATION ". . Nowyouhavelour comptehensive for your courses electronictraining. . . from basic electronic theory to the more advancedprinciplesof color TV and Automation. Sendfor our 64pageHome StudyCatalog FREE! R SIDENT SCHOOI ofrerr T..h ni.ol lnstitute ond Vocolionol Schol Courses in Electronicr. Doy ond Evcning clo3ser ston 4 timct coch y.or. Resident School Cotalo9 sent ftoe on r qu.st Practical work with the very first lesson. Pay-as-you-learn. You need pay for only one study group at a time. RCA INSTITUTEST InC. Hone Rx-so study schoot,oept. A Serviceof Rodio Corporotion of Ameriao 350 WestFourlh SfreeL New York 14, N. Y. Without obligotion, rend me the FREE coiolog o, Hom6 Study Courtol No rlermon will coll. Nonc,.. ...Agc..,............. Addrc$ . , . Ciry ...,...,. ,zon.... ..Stot..,. Vai{qnlr Entor ditchorgo dolr . CANADIANS lolc odvqntog. of the.. .oma RCA cos,tca ot nc

odditionol cort. No porrog.. no .c!lomr, no deloy. tcnd .oupcn lo: RCAVictor Company, Ltd., 5581 Royalmount Ave., Montreal 9, Quebec To roye time, posls cgupon oo potlco.d

I u RADIO-TVEXPERIMENTER I I . BECOMEA Hffi * HOW TO BECOMEA RADIO A|'IA?EUR * THERADIO AMATEUR'SIICENSEMANUAL * LEARNING CODE THERADIOTETEGRAPH * OPERATINGAN AMATEURRADIOSTATION o'+ir$1.50 *, AIrFour I Porrpoia Booklets All you needto knowto get your fiam licenseis conloined in thesefour booklets,writlen by smoleurs, for omoteurs,ond publishedby lhe omoteurs'own orgonizoiion.Eosylo underslond,yetthorough,these ARRL publicolions ore iruly your GATEWAY TO AMATEURRADIO. tilERl0AtlRADIORETAY lnc. IEAGUE, Wetl Hqrlford 7, Conneclicut t--r---r-r-Nome.. . . . ........ ..| .| ......... ............. . f L-----Erri .gft:l Elecfrosfqfic Generqfors I]l -t Itl I[ Il -t -l

It E .rlre ..! :ir:!]m '' .. .+jiw ri ::::::.,i:.i$W. ij,lii:], ffi @i:: ffit ffi Wr, IwwHI:: (Yan de craaff Type) SOO,OOO VOLTS. Tlris model svallable in kit form is ov r 3 feet tall and has a 1i" diameter spherical charge rollector. Iilt inclu,iesli" hemispheres,plastic rubr, pulleys, bearings, belt. ftame. and ags ebIy directions. g3 LsO PostDaid 2oo'ooo VOLTS. This model shown at ] fi) is 1?" hish and has a 6%,, diam -ODerstes te! spheroidal chalge collector. on Il0 rolt AC. Full] assembled,posipald S3.9..5O: liit rorm $24.50. tltner models to 1,000,000V. Vacuum Equipment, Ilech. pumps for pr ssule }ange I Atmosphere dowtr to 150 f,Ii sigt',?"3.2i*9'"?l'H:19fr ?li8i'fft8l;i;

$25.OO. Jlclcoci sauges for ranse i Micron to 1000 Nicrons tS| 4.OO. High Vacuum Equipment rinrir '.^ohtly lhis field was Driced out of thc alerasp experimpnter's rcach. We ha\o:l;-;^-;;i"l :-''___-"' ,,,,,. ,,,, ,hp mechanial pumD, S I O.OO " iTt S.|.4.OO. rtcl.md sause ald .$ | 6.00 qescrloes I numDer or e:periments that can be performed only ln hiqh vacuum, Included are direrlions for maklng raLliometers,'gas di"s: I rof rnaKlng radlomeIeIs, gas disTheilogozine Thct ShowsYouHow ' lf you're o mqn (or womon) inlerested in news of science . . . . lf you're s workshop or olher hobby qficionqdo... . lf you're o do-it-yourselfer (by choice orofherwise)... . lf you're oll or ony of fhese, yourll wont to subscribe now to Science snd /Vlechqnics.Alwoys o leoder in its field, 5&M (now q Dovis Publicqtion) is berfer, ond bigger lhon ever. . The S&l\{Featuressectionregularlycontains oneor morecarperformancetestreports,new productinformationof interestto everyhouseholderorhobbyist, andentertaining,authoritative

writeupsof everythingnewand exciting underthe sunfrom spacesatellitesto talking goif balls,radarto rat traps,jet aircraft to self-sealingrivets. . The S&M How-to-Do-It sectionhas-every issue-boat-buildingplans,homeimprovement andworkshopprojects,electricalandelectronic projects,and articleson hobby-craft,auto maintenance,patents,andinventions.You're toldandshownhowto doit thequickest,easiest, thriftiestrvay,becauseS&M'show-to-do-it articlesare written by craftsmenwho have doneand,built thethingstheywrite about. For your convenience,a handycouponis at ', .iSi'Trt'13i"'l'k-JJif'"*!,'"lJ,jlo;.l',,'"'#?f"i::; (osh enrlosed :.ril rhan sFo.oo if you follow the direc-| ! :;:-:-v rlon5ln olrrbooklets. Ilaking A vacuum .,,llYT9 .r'sed Refrisemror lom-t....._ ,f'rgnl i :.. , presJor"$2.OO. (t'omprr'sjorralallable NAME -l ""' ,;i;"H-l***:rr fi}:{tii '''-"'-' r Etru"u, I "Experiments I49ppgg5 in High Vacuum., g |,OO, tached. \rrrrlIItII-IIrIrrrl I Scienceond Mechonics,Dept, 622 1450 EostOhio St.,Chicogoll, lll. Pleoseenter my subscripiionfor: i 12issues,$4.fl)f 24issues,97.00

| ! [ I r i 36issues,$10.00I ! PlecsebillmeI I I , I chorge chorgechorge tubes, tubes,tubes, evaporated evaporatedevaporated ulms. ulms.ulms. simole .xnerimenrs "i,.h-;-;. and andand simple FxperimenB "uci asii-I clTY -ZONE-STATE-tlmathg tbe eass of the electron. Alsrlow priced Stroboscope_ I lt lescopes-Components for all equipmetrt eenlioned above. jCna 1 Oulside U. 5. an d Canada, add 91.00for every 12issuesl for Free Catalocue. lrrrrr-rrrrrrrrrrrrl MORRIS & LEE, 294 Elm, Buffato 3, N. y.

l3 RADIO.TVEXPERIMENTER Superior'sNew ModelTOUTILITYTESTER@ MPINilCES ffi e,ndful0tilOBllE CIRCUIIS rORNEPANIrcAtl EtECTRrcT[ As on efeclricsl nouble shooter the Model 7O: Pods, Clocks, Fons, Vccuum Cleoners' . Will test Tooslers, lrons, Broilers, leoting Refrigerqtors, [qmps, Fluorescent3,Switchee,Ttermoslols' elc' . iirJit""i"t A.t. qnd o'C' vJtr-"s;' h.C. ona o'c' currenl, Resistqnces'Leqkqge:' etc' *"ffi:iffi i*l,n:*g;"ru:l''*itllililx**,*f,*T@."-n"od*i*i'*ifi iesistqnce. commonly used in electricql opplionces, totoJ!;o"5;., o teokoge detecling circuit will indicote continuity from to 5 megohms (5,000,000ohms). As an Aulomotive fesler the Model 7O will tes]: o Both 6 Volt qnd 12 Volt Storoge Botteries o Generolots o slqrlers Distribulors r ignition Coils . Regulqtors . RJloys o Circuit Breokers--oCigorelle Lighters o -Stop ligh-ts c Condenserso Direclionot3ignolSystemso AlltqmPsqndBulbs^r r Fuses Syslemso Horns o Also wiit locoie poor grounds, breoks in wiring' poor o ieEting conn clions,ctc. / ittCtUOgO FREEfl;r 64.pageboo&-prooicollyo condensedcoursein electricity,leatn bv daing. \ Just reod the lollowing pstrisl tist opplioncesond molors using o sim-Only lri-l'""r"-tri, Whqt is ildcrricitv? o plified trouble'shoofing technique' ilodel 70 cc

Simplifiedversionof Ohms lqw' zi,:I#f *i'f,l&#ilJ'itirrtllp,1,! ll""",l;;: ,!ii$l585 ;,Li-.1,".,1i,:.".:1j"1,"",,T volloge, c.urrenl, ..esislqnce.ond iiirUit"il-,iJirrili. leokoge .o How HowHow lo lolo testlest ssll electricol '8tE Superior's New Model Atrruly do-l1-yourself rYPe TUBETESTER TESTANY TUBEIN IO SECONDSFLAT! Iserl lt lnto a Dun' b rcit sockel as ileslg' suar' nat al otr our chart 6 (over 600 tyDes lD' @,"in',*nthc o*i*i",.":}lTfnx"t clualeit). THAT'S AlL! necdemissionquolilydireclonbod'goodmetetsco'e' FEAIURES: C.O.D. N0ltt0NEYWTilORDER-NO --------1 FFI Moss'J""i. EtEcrRoNlc.lNc. -r trt ctt cf lb. cbov. Nme " -"'-'--| lnrtaudarll fct l0 t o"tt itir t"nrr a'"., NewYork34,N' Y' drtt bcfo.. Yoe buy' I

""."--'Add'..es lf.cnDletclt r.tbflcd ilmnmt"ns":BiH,lll'dl%1-",XJ-lerxli:-Ji&ie-"T rGnd down PoY. with no lnterest o, nn"t-"e "to,giitiaiii"6trieiwtse' !!9! . I iitter.a 10d&y trtal posltivelvcancelung .Zone ... tate..... franl ond tl, bolonco iiuireiiiii, "'" City........ . .t indicbfcd cn acupon. iri'iiiriLerijtteitton. ;ii;;r"*;;i. ro.s, N.v.c. I Sr|'mtg!!"-:9 s33:38 t ''i';I'l'$"TI11"" Cfrorg.r Add.d! It nol ';o' sil83 aa6!lctrlt 3alislicd i';frltt'iilt? #H'ilf"**'*' I o,*r*'*?rtr,i;' I rclutn unil to ua, nC c:tlco!flan n$ctrery. I iuonthlv for 3 months' E rnclude Modet 82A picture Tube Adaeier at $5.5:J i---L---

tl NADIO.TVEXPEBIMENTER COIhPIETE rRAttItc SERVICT . . . wrillen so you cq,n understandit! OnlY$17 for lhc completc 2.voluns coune .iiil#i'iiii* filanyIt|orRadio Ever il|ade EASIER-BEttER-FASTERI $" g*plle!"-a tleory or mathematics! I'hese tamous chirardip99tf gS! rlght dom t o brass racks in "t"wi.i.--"o tiir*'i" randle _all types of AM, prof.alor.t -FM and fi se;ic; N;;E t6" .o'ir-..i""a metho-ds, Almost _lb0O pus.i-al.I ;i,J"" Sdd "'f"." rllurtrationa rhgw l-ro1v to handle phase eyery of troubleshootingand aewicing. Each book is co_author;d'bt A. ;. bhi"-;;i ';"h;.huuals have helped-tnin more servicemei tnao "nv-ott.i [oJ[. oI couses of their kiadt l-Rndio andTelevisionReeiver TROUB]ISIIOOTIIIG IilD RTPAIR gulde to profltable professional methods. the .-4_9l"Dlgt For ",Ti:11i"1'T;Tj1?qef ii_3:i'":1i1"'i.-?.:fr ff$,l.s.jl,"S;1"",A;

*:1";l;y_.,1:ie l""Hi,l?.i?Hl:3'..#3;,J;1.*f*ii'""r'.Ts."li,iffl " ud"$i:"":il?i,ll*?"ll'#":lgi"tnff.6Bi"o,.r""i-J *l'Ji"2Rldio ondlelevisionReceiver _. CIRCUITRYATD OPERAIIOII dH:i.:l*p*-".iJiHr;'#l;lgiila'$f "'".t""1T#.*"ji"t+s "tick" -co;tieG receivers and why. Cives a ;;-J;;;i";;'i;'.i basic circuits and circuit vdiations; Slece; bow to eliminate cuess\ how to -recognize them_at'a lsel"* testias iE sew' iciog trem. {r? p.:." illus. "$"ulX,Hf Speciollow prire . . . lou srye $2.00 .-It brcken lnb lesEons and sent vou'd resard [email protected] books as a o*.","to,,"o$'id6 3"';i""",:i""' books *":1"3:o3!1X"#"X","t |:$tl5g"l"'h roronlt gr? oo . vou youu;e them! Nijtd;nfii-io'liirlr8il'1".,1'r33i{ i::fljTf'liltl!',. ---STUDYl0 l DAYSIREE!---z ,xc., I *g'*giliiL:+ fitlitfl'""1,*'nsroN, I .-oi; I 4"t"iu*?ir'5i,n:"?"x-rr9'";*3il" $PE ExAMrNArroN' ;:i"Hrn 10 |

a'";;;';' I Dexs rsrpard andoweyou"iu,iilit"': r I O E44io _&fr Receiver TROUBLESHOOTTNG& REPATR (hice I $lO.OO separately) r I I maio & Tv ctRcurTRy & opERATtON rhice $9.oo) coMBrNArroN I orr:n :iTi"+S"$r.t36. I fl %?Xot1.sf"'|c I II I #l"Tii.lig3*.T3"f"11. i:#* ors"etiuiboiu-eJa-rL;id I -p!!e oro!!v-qri.oor.,.n" ,J"1.",fi!&Ii."b'S.P"T{"'BLeo:"|,! a monlhfoi 3 monlhs I uur the tokl of gr?.oo nr" *""fT"P"? r r SAYEI Send cash wlth order and we pay postage. Sare I --"'Etrn prtvttete wtth rey prompdy .iiinb.a.---I ; Namc" " '. ....'....'..... I I ^ddr.r ,. ,...,...,...,.

I I citv'.zoe ............. I _sbte r il{::iiqblil.$Tl="x11','$!f lii'i'fu 'f_, iir?l?"'ll'lr i"ili%'/i,"',1"r,iJ.",{ i:j #1?'f lim*#.f tlfr*?J,l!:#t'"'j$t#_. Buyingq lVew or Used Car? t:: =_..:= i::-. ::: ::-;--::: =-r: === SCIEIICE 455555O Ohlo St. E6t Prolecf Yourself wifh o Checklist l\{ake sure you know what you're getting-and what you're paying-compare deals, break down optional equipment costs, new and used car charges and financ ing termswith the Car Buy

er's Checklist. A packet of 8 four-page, money-saving Checklistsfor 91.00. AND iIECHANTCS Dept.7t4 ahtcaso tt, ilt. WiIhl{EWPATEI{TSATESAGREEMETT IigyVou cansellyour patentandbe SUREyou ar Dm -'Ui"tie tecting your interests 100 percent. prepareaDean of a leadinglaw scho6l,this S&M 'puteni"Surii 99_ltll"! will help you protectyoursetfanO-mitelu*ii "+filt'Jo""$i3:ks^no deta''xotebl&nk' ffiHf il.* gur*t-*i*ui:t3r;!"1 $;go,r$l00 Agreemenr. t a SOLD EXCLUSIVELY BY i",#ffi,fi:.lsyri##"tt',f\3ifi:#1,s;*,y#,,t,,1::"i,"!;i SGIENCE & MECHANICS MAG'IZITE IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Ohio Street. DepL 4t91 Chlcogc ll. !fO_:g:t ll[;b

BADIO-nIEXPERIMENTEB NOtl/! elePttce .,tt*tt ,10i,'rii > (0mPLEIE...LowtR (0sT..i BEITIR...moRE WITHNATIONAI. SHOP.MEIHOD s(HOOIs ! HOMTTRAINING BIITIR,,.Trainins that is prored rnd tcsted in Rcrid-entSchoolshoP' ,lnd laboratories.b1 a Schoolthat is the OLDEST ind LARGEST of its kind in thc sorld' ffiORE (OfilPltft'..You learnALL PHASESof Teletision'Radio'Elecrronics' t0WtR (OtT.'.Orher OrherOrher schools schoolsschools make makemake sevcral sevcralsevcral ccourscs out of rhc mrrcrial in our ONE I\{ASi'Ento0nSr . . . andvouI Davmote for lesstrrining than yoir get i,l out (outse rt ONE *** LOW TUITION: TOPPAY...UillIMIilDOPPORTU}IIflES TITEIIME CAII SICURITY BEYOURS!

You are needed in the Television, Radio, and Electronics industry ! i;r;e technicians are in grosjing demand at excelle-nt P.aY-iq aii FgaSfS, including Seriicing,Manufacturing, Broadcasting and Communications, Automation, Radar"Government Missile Proiects SHOP.METHOD LE'sONSANDIt{'IRU(TIOXMATERIAIARE IRAltllNG,with newly added.lessons UP.IO.DAIE, IIITERESIII{G. NAIIOT{AIS(HOOTS HOME PRACTI(AI, ln lveri Natibnal Schools Shop'Mcrhod and equipment. trarns )ou )our spare rimi at home, Jor-these unlim' lcssonis madc er:1 ro undcr-st.tndby ited oDDortunrttcS,Includlng many numerout illu:trrtions Jnd d!.ttrdms. techniiai iobs leading to supenisory All instruction material has bcen de' positions. ietoocd and restcd in our os'n Rcsi' WIIH deni School Shops, Laboratoricsand YOUTEARIIBYEUItDIXGEQUIPITIEI{T Studios. (lIS AND PARTSwE sEt{DYoU. Your National Schoolscourse includcs SEtlotORINFORMAIIoNToDAY. . i( cin ihoroueh Praclical training-YOU meao the difierencebet*cen SUCCESS fEARN BY DolNCl wc scnd ;ou "Your and failure for you ! Send for Your comolete standardequipment of pro' FI{EE BOOK Iuture tn fessibnalquality-for building-'arious Television-Radio-Electronics" and ixperimcnial and rcst-unirs.You adFREI SampleLesson'Do it TODAY' uahce sc"p by stcp, perform more thrn white you-arc rhinking about 1'our 100 expiririrenis, and You build a futrre,'It doesn't cost 1ou anlthing comoleic TV set from the ground uP' to investigateI

rhat'is vours to keep! A big' new TV oicture'tube is includcd at no cxtra Gfi Tlll B:xltlls ot ouRoYER iharge. EARIIAS You LEARN.We'll shoq' ]ou TXPERIEIICT 50YEARS how to earn xtra money right from

the starr. Many of our srudcnrsPaY for rheir courie-and morc-$hile t5 qil... Y^a o 19 Bis Xits-YOURS TO KEEP! . Friendly.lnstruction andGuidanc . lob PlacementService . unlimitedConsullation . DiDloma-Recognizedby IndustrY . EVERYTHIilGYOUTIEEDfOR succEss! HOMETRAINING COVERSALLPHASESOF INDUSTRY 1..Telerision,includingColorTV SHOP.METHOD 2. RadioAM & FM 3. Electronicsfor GuidedMissiles 4. SoundRecordingand Hi'Fidelity 5. FCCLicense 6. Automationand Computers 7. Radar& Micro-Waves Trtrr'

r6 NADTO-TVEXPERIMENTEN ()iIIY2' I(INGSHO(}TSTHRUIOOI PAGES.THISr POWERFULIIETTINVETITI(IN, B00K! y-opr'B_B_$hof and fire against this magazine. Notice that itdrives BB's through more than_t00 pigei. ttrbultiL',iir'j; Iong x l'l in diameter. this pocket-si2e-device hals amaiins power and accuracy. Use it for targets. pests and huntingiScientifically designed for high poiler, operating ease an? saietv. FREE!Sl"'iifFf#,;;,"-HEg1.'l;'Juff J;'"fi:I -ppa.-Ivtoiiiv penser^. ,13_";f all for only sl.go ppd. 3 loi Ss,ooEackEacE -cuar!}4tee.Guarantee, soldsotd N.-V .y. c. residenLs';i m];;r;. Not NotNot to toto N. C. resid;;ts-;i ;G;G PR0p., GRAYS0N tNC.,0epr.8.12,210rimlivi.,nJ.iii,'ii.i. Effilr-.tLt:'EE OSTATIC GENERATORS irOW-3 Models-t50,000250,000qnd400,000yO[fS Bulld you om Laboratory Model electrostatic generab described tn Science & Mshanics. rnese qenerators have be n scien(iffcattybsted and produ.e charEes up to l5O,OOO, 25O.OOO. or

4OO.OOO votls depending on rhe xrr. More powerful than units many itmes larger. for Schoots. Labora@riea, phys tteal lcs and ScieDce prcjects and aU experimental puposes using static electricity. Usd by many leading companies and coileges, Klt, complete and ready for easy assembly, alI pilts ma.hined and drilted. Includes base, @lumn. sphere. motor, puneys, belt and aii ereclrrcat parts and hardware. (For infomatron vot! kir. ,on-4OO.OOO write for circutar.l r5-g,9gO vglt ktL$22.9b postpaid. 250,ooo volt kir$32.95 postpald, postal Send U. S. Money Order or check. ptease, No COD.s. FORESTPRODUCTS. IIIC, Dqf. RT4 porfland l3l Sheet THE I95OEDITION Everyone interestedin uving money on his car.s runningcostswril want a copy of Car Repair Eandbooh. In it, l g easy-to-followservicingarticlesshow you how to do it your_ selt-tune up the engine,servicethe distriburor, fix a balkychoke. repair faulty brakes,etc . In addition, there are ri:, n,'T t::1 rep.ortson rhe Big 3 compacts,the Italian Fiat, the t nglish Hillman, and the dieselMercedes_Benz.pLUS

a oetarled, tear-out blueprint for a paking_lot speedcart. ror. your_copy send 75f for Handbook No. 566 to Sri?zreand Mechailics, Dcpt. 349 , 450 E. Ohio St., Chicago 11. SENDTODAY FOR YOUR COPY Gasoline! Powerlul coDtlnual thrust for models: -----------lboats,b_oats, cars, cars,cars, planes. planes.planes. i-L:ilil:"ffH;,"1i:"#,::': $t,o0 .:y.::::: .i:":i. po$liEfr n Fr.iL""EfE'dThTiEti dHXTo GGt U. S. Gov't tS2O,OOtWhtle ttey Last Onty g3,95 O.nerates Up To 1OO Votts, I Ue electricitv. to qenerde to ring bells, light up lishts, , a6 a mdical batterv. detiver : terrrfic electric shock a3 joke. many electrial experiments, Toysqnd Gqmes YouConMqke a..If the high cost oI giving is you Eetting down, get-q copy oI ?oys ond Gc-mes ?ou io;-M;i":; Dooa-conrcintngi delciled plcns

cnd buildinc in_ s_Eucuons tor over 80 diflerent toys, gdmes cnd ilavthings. Idect lor gitrs ro cUitdien'_cfriiail" iiri" rwo to rwenty-lbe conslrucuon proiecls in this bookwul sqve you 'lmoney while you enioy youraelt . m_qarng thrl6m. oys and Games you Cqi Mdke {No._556) is cvcilcble in c deluxe, i"qE.t"p""i"j hcrdbound edition lor your shop reteirince ifurcrv trom Dept. 5I2. SCIENCE AND -eSO MECHANICS, --Ecst Ohio Streer. Chiccgo ll, nlinois. $tJt5. IHE HANOIESTTHING {flatP_"AtlNID The rRom6 rNcHEs TAP IO tOfEEIIONG Hcrndiest in lomp or opplionce sfores Thing providesmultipletops from o single power source.Sqfe -conceoledconduclors ligh-f-posilive conlqcls eosy to instoll in ony position. Sold by Clecrricot, Ele.rrohic ond Since lfordwsre Jobbers aad Oeolets LINE -V.. A11 Top-A-lineMfg. Co. Elecrricify P.O. Box 553 Pompono Beoch.tlc.

RADIO.TVEXPERIMENTEN MILD 20 RADIO ATHOME CIRGUITS 'zff' with the PROGRESSIYE to [nowledgeolRadlollecessatY l{ow Includes I * T2 RECEIVERS * llo AdditionalParisorToolsNeeded BACKGROUIID FORTY t SJlfl;Yt'."iEio'o"* EXCELLEIIT SchoolInquiries * srctral TRAcER Invited FREEEXTRAS * AMPLIFIER * + srcnlt lxJEcroR Soldln 19Gounities * coor osclLLAtoR * @ VOUOON'THAVETO SPEND_. couRsE HUNDRE;tOF DOLTARSFOR4 !4!lo rdck-bottom Price. our Krt rs des tn'1,::t,j:":Lj"s:Ji:,Tf."il"'g learn how to burrd. rar in a trofessional manneri how to ! pullched metar "*1"-, y.ili, Yoir wrlt .cias ::, J i:tft"-ir:*l'iFi;i:i*i{:ii'n'ii:!::i.ti1e:l{fl:fr''.l",:ftlii"'ir.ixiir'*'+,*

i&;tktlii*ff$l*l*:ti*i::ti""'"'.x{fr*a3fi:iF{'"".":'*t"i:mr.;*:k;""'wi"". ''"9:'""'i''ii'J::l;;'tliining ro'.tn'-1"r'l-'-',.T^'-'h+i'-':l-iLl-'9'J.iill"cw*" cenerator' u@e SERVICINg ;Hfrt #siilF.ufiffi tr*{**$*{:H*; prunreoclRculrRY send ,,Edu.Kit,, postpaid. I enclosefutl pavmentof $26'95' n -'ftig#; p.staro'.-.... ,,ii"-iip elus b.o.o.I vill Dav$26.e5 E iiii "Edu'Klt"' ftw rwnnr Thls revolutloErY information E i.io t.-inee additional doscribinc .:iii.'ii,iiiiiti6 i3 now b*onrns ;:;;"t-';;;;;tciat radio and.Tv eets' ""f,';'.i;i;;'6i."ult ts a speclal lnsu' trlh*:il+;irlrl,"i:t'i'inii':it'";lilii t" l?illtffE*"l.rv ls the basisol mod' INC. J',i;i;;;ii;'fieetronlcs. A knowl-PROGRESSIYE''EDU.KITS'' i:l;""*"-: "'*r.:J3""ffi""fiJ:il:3fJ 1186Broodwov'Dept' 507NN'Hewletl' n' I I-----i L-----

t8 BADIO.TVEXPERIMENTER HOW-Getthis expertSELF-TRAIIilNG in ensationalClearance RADIOSERVICING ! by ABRAHAM MARCUS EACH --------1 rl----I PRENTTCE-HALL, lrc., Dept.5Z4Z_XI ; Englewood Ctifts, N. J. "u:r LIMITED QUANTITY HOW.TO-DO.ITS ff1,1*-r",ry;!;+iJf.-$il""r{il,i."#s,tifu 5-:"S'" 1 Clearance Sale with a capital S for savinss! While they tasr, the fotrowins SOCrro*_t6_a-o_iilrii.?"Address . books are beins ofiered at ju-st 3'3f "i"n-i-siiiy"'rl duction. For 92.00you can get all seven_arii'"ave CityvruJ ... ...... $r.Ju,a savlngsot over 40qal So ACT NOW! .....State. ( ) SAVE! S nd '-95 1\ ITH CoilpoN* pry s26 CRAFTWORT(Vot. 3 $?.95 MTrr COUPON{e no.tog., L______ j I _:. ::":l:':::: ______J jj]"j""';,?,'"?'1,?*l#*loil,fl?ult*;

i:"*eF",l1_*lfli, ; *Ll.';rr**""":,.l,gi*,;,:TS:lk{{-i#d"ih3?.it*,yJf 5-2A PHOTO GRAFTSMA,{ Ho_w_to make your own photographic WHERE7() FIND .guns, boom ljght, enlarsers. Lrmef sl-$?31: ruli:,in[lrl#"li:*J't'''?il?i:'3t'""11?iliff 52O SPORTS CRAFT How to select, make. imDr( o8iii !i.*srutL;ig""i 3liliol""i,l "i;1T"ii.:ffii# 533 MODEL CRAFT HANDBOOK ffi-"ffii;,ii""ti -,iril[ri:]"tr*r#$ $"ftJlu" 541 CRAFTWORK Vol, 4 i",?t$ iii#il..:'J**txFr"ls*{:.i,.r".,x,""*,P"",' s42 H9ME ELECTRICAL HANDBOOK "Bti",ffd |ii$j"*'t"i,L"ffl ";",i,X,!lEi i*,'{'"f}}J,t"?Si 543 SPORTSMAN'S HANDBOOK How to repair sports equipment, rrs make

frans tor huntins.r. ne CIoSsbow-aorablabaa h, six l:tt'*',"*,li;hlT":;H:llf,Jg$gh,"i,l"fr action-tested :ii4'#,"t! camp craft, basic naviga_ ilon course. ,st-][_[ul|_ItB:S__0|l.|_D-E_ --ilyJ5"Y"oI"f"Yt,*"!1:60.'T"Si3"""fl,i"&" ...t,rr.r.t i;g+::l;"':trt*::l,';,],*i l i : SCIENCE and MEGHANTCS, Dept. 355 : 45O East Ohio St., Chicago lt, lltinois ! L Enclosed.is i i .. .. .. : $. pleasesendme the how.to_do.lt I ' ----': books whose numbers I have circled: : i 526 s2a s2g s33 s4r g1ft$*fil;s$inqffisri.l'l:".'"*..ill;jffi s42 "n" i ! Encloseais g2,Oo. Send m6 all seven books. ! NAME.. a ADDRESS crTY...

,....... zoNE........ STATE... tpj",;d rij,Tiiii* F",,.i$"t' lirii,t*\#;ti";H;r' t-_ : : _ _ :'1"::"j _TT _ _ _ _ _l

BADIO.TV EXPEBIMENTEA Grantham training is the easy way to learn more quickly-to prepare mo-re thoroughly-ror r'u.'w' UUtrorEYfirst class license is the qui95""i.-i"""ti"i..-etid vour i-ast;;t to prove to your employerthat you are wortn -$ ffi:#*ff #em;X Grantham resid'entschoolsare located in four -a ii.".l ii. t Hottvw ood, Seattl e,K-a!sas.City' and Washington,D' C' Regularlyscheduled,classes in F. C. C. licensepreparation are ofiereo ar arr three i6.iii"'t.. NL* a"v ilass"s begin .everv months,and new eveningclassesbegtnlourrlmes a year.'The day classesmeet 5 days-a-weekanc f6r a first classF.C'C' licensein i.t""t"-uou meet3 nights aweek ii;;"k":iti; eve"i"g classes and preDare you for a first classllcenseln zu **.ifi. i"i" -dre information about the Grantham -."ti""t., ;;".;a;;t indicate in the coupon the ci,tv of vour choiceand then mail the coupon.lo-tne 3.fioof* no-e office in Hollvwood,Calif' Free details will be mailed to you promptty' more money. This correspondence courseis directed torryard.two m":o"'iui!"ii"6"-(rl to tedch you a sreat deal about

eleitronici, and (2) to prepare-vou to .pd'sstl] 9r--11" F. C. C. eximinations required for a tirst classcommer" iri "oli"io.'. license.We teach vou step.by step and have iou practice with FCC-type tests-vr'hrcnyou seno to tfre .ctt6otfor grading and comment'You prepare tor under the watchful direc-tion R C. c. u**illtiti*t 6f an instructor who is especially qualif,edin this field' i;il . . EIECTR0]{ICS. GETyour llrst class commercial F.C.C,LIGENSE o youneedthepropertrain' To set aheadinelectronics-first, Your u* n..Jl;pioot"ofyour'knowledge.firstclass ir"1-tn".n. "diploma" F.C. C. licenseis a in communlcatlons colmmerciai whenyoupass awarded electronics, by the U. S' Government byemployers' .riiiin eiilnin.tions.T'hisdiplomais recognized you in preparlng School specializes to earnthisdiPloma. Grantham

Grantham of Electronics triiningis offeredin residentclassesor by-cor"* onitn.t. Ou,fieebookletgivescompletedetails'lf.you foryourF' C' C'license' in preparing mall.me areinterested home at1505N'Western ofiice ii"rt'i-iiii-tt the'scno6t's giveninthecoupin address -and ouifreebookletwillbe mailed toyoupromptty' 27, California-the nurl-Hoffv"ooU no charge-noobligation. F.C.C. LicensebYtrainingat i@ i@ IO:GRANTHAM (lFETECTR|}I{ICS SCH()()T II l5O5 N. Western Ave., Hollywood 27, Calif. Pleqse:end mc your free booklet telling how I con- gel -r ii.."t.i"t F.C.C. li."nt" quickty. t enderrtond thcra This frec booklet ir no obligotion ond no sqlermqn will cqll' givcr dctcill of '',g*d,u out troining ond cxPlsins whot on F.C.C. I Addrcr:liccnrc ccn do fol

I crv----=...--.=.--.-----srqle-=--your fututr. siiyL I Cityclasses,E'oP t in:E HomeStudy,E Kansas copy lodoy. | classes,tl Seattleclasses'E Washington Scnd for Your I qminterccted tlryt 6 Hotlywood -: sI--

NADIO.TVEXPERIMEI{TEB lbultoFindaBuyer forhurInvdiltidi' Manufacturers ! Are You looktne tor iet! prodsci roeas, tmproved Frocesses, Xew Invenfions? so. writeus rnrormatton If ror fult teilins ii3[i:]'tHfi'-:"1f.' Drrnd -new iDven_ t-or's suid6. yoor nrE_name wilt be iD ciudedjn a suDDlemenkt trtt of hanu ractulers. avaitabl. oDon requost to aI I Dutchssers of th6 curlebt edition.

Electric }|YPl{OTICRTCORD I|YP}IOTIS]YI \it' I XITWITHFASCINATIIIG\ ECHO.CHAMBER BACKGROUND ANDFREEEYEFIXATION 1|lAC}|I}IE r,u.SPOIS Plug in -put this efrec' Play side one to help you hypnotize others. Record passes tive machine to work lor hvonotic control to vbu! Ends like this: "the next voice you you. The 10" HyPnotic W itl,ir Jirl take compiete control of your hypnotic sleep . . ." Spiral disc reYolvesat 59 then YOU take over! i6m. causins tremendouseye-fixationand hypnotic motion Side Two is for Self-Hypn osis. The hypnotist weaves llis -to "deep. well of rirat'seems-iilulutJdbring your subjects-into a. comDellins sussestions tround t he unique echo-chamber -Professional ii."o';. b"y Hvpnotists and serious metrcnome beat. Gives you a suggestionfor re -hypnotizing stud-entsalike, it is effectivevisually and createspreslige yourself at will, th en awakensyou. ihat is so very important. Use it for Self-Hvpnosis and t^q Srudv this record, s et vour own hypnotic technique.Learn tripnotize others -in groups or individurllv. Has an-8' how-a real hypnotiit sou nds.Imitate his words, timing and eieitric cord, on-ofi su:itch. carrying handle and fine sussestions. a quality 110V AC motor. Complete with disc and simplc tutihe of unbreakabie vinyl , this is a quality ?8 rpm Ex' instructions, tended Play recording -complete with simple instructions and FREE Eye-Fixation spots, #Cx-l...$13.95PPd. ppd.

#cx-2.. .$4.95 ELECTR(lNIC oRlcNtrhypNoflgllr METR(}N{)ME Written in Calcutta, India with the coCombines 2 trance stimulating operation of Sadhu Satish Kumar. . . effects:Flashinglight (framed this astonishing manuscript reveals the by a hypnotic disc) and a secretOriental techniquesfor inducingMetronome bert, C ompletelY ,i a hypnotic trance even in the most adiustable sPeedsfrom 40 to :ir difficult of subjects. Crammed full 208 beats per minute. Sound of easyto understand, easyto foland tone from a loud click to $-] low methods that have proven so a low "tifi successfulin India now avail hollow taP. Completely automatic a Precision instru' abletoyou.CX-4 ppd. ment 4Vt" wide x 57:" high. . . .91.95ppd. #CX.3... $18.95 HYPNOTIST MECHANICAT HANDB(|OK A fascinatins device that folds uo and can be carried in Your OfSEtF-HYPN(}SIS oocket. There is a design Print-byHatryAtons ed on the front acetate window One of the few books writ "out and another on the rear ten abouf Self-Hypnosis, of focus" This volume has clear easy disc. BY revolving the disc you create a Yariety of

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intointo mo(ion mo(ionmo(ion lhat lhatlhat is isis so soso lr'cinal_ in!. it .inLu,i. vour subject'sga7e.-.Nowgi!e !our tr cx-1@$13,s5, @$4.s5, @$18' ss' iira.holas E CX.2 E CX-3 hvinotic.sucgestions!Cet lhis amazinghynnolic ard complele qiih FREE retealinEbookleto[ \eclelsrnd rnstructronslhcl tr cx-4@ $1.e5,n cx-5@$ l.ss,tr cx-7@ $4.00' a *trar to say aid do ho* to commi,n.l rnd re-hvnnoti/e -trFREs. teiilou them with nxB-g@ $2.e5,trCX.8@$1.00, *.-i-ttt'it'esnup of i finger. how lo lhlill anLl !mi/e trviti..iiii si";r.. etc. cet the colN' Booklet rn,l Strnd for Self iivlnotis -only $1.00 npd. Sen! in a Pldin srrpper. Monev I am enclosing $-----( ) check, ( ) cash' back if not dcli8hted! ,( ) Money Order -You PaYPostage! ... $1.00 #CX-8 PPd. Sendto: Name..........,,....,.. Address,.....,....,..,. FREE! li?"rffilfir,fli?I . Broadway, l0 o HYPll0TlC.AloSDeptXP'39,1133 N.Y.C'

NADIO.TVEXPERIMENTER SjPfl$Uil: NewEyeonTheUniverse SATELLITE /',/r,? \\\ \\ RECEJ VER should have remained undetected, but didn,t. Why not? The reason is SPASUR,'a new elecbuilt by Bendix Radio for the Jlof",*yige unrred Dtates government. Such an important new system should involve some sweeping new discovery_but that doesn't happen to be the case. SPASUR makes.use of two very well known principles or radro reception, proving again that what man does rvith his discoveries is even more important than the discoveries themselves. part of the SPASUR -First system consists of a VHF transmitter fed into a non-direc tional antenna. VHF signals are not normallv reflected back to Earth unless they happen t"o strike a solid object. This is pretisely'what happens when the SPASUR (SpAce SUR_ veillance) transmission strikes an object in space. Once the r.eflected signal is picked upby a properly equipped receiving s tation. poisition and attitude are determined. Each SPASUR chain consists of a transmitter and _two receiving locations, 250 miles either side of the transmitter. Thus the chain i:. sp^rea{-out along a 500 mile strip (see

Fig. 2). There are presently a pair of^chiins operating,, centered on Jordan Lake, Alabarna, and Gila River, Arizona. A satellite orbiting the Earth musi eventually pass with in range of at least one of these chains. At a receiving station, the bearing is first taken and then the angle between signal and Earth is measuled. From the latter. i-t is sirn 250 MILES E A TYPICAL SPASUROPERATION THE TRANSi,4ITTER SENDSOUT! coNTrNUous oi nabro wave Euiacv. 250 MtLES WHENTHJSENERGY STRIKESAN OBJECTlN SPACE tT TSREFLECTED ANDRECEIVEDBY THE RECEIVING STATIONS ply a matter of mathematics to calculate the a-ltitude. The angle of arrival is indi;;ted b; the phase difference between two parallel antennas. Again this method is nothing new, n s Deen used tor many years in short_wave research.,However, when applied to SpASUR it is much more accurate since signals arrive via.only one path while on short-irave multipath reception is common. The received data is fed into

a computerand _after three sightings both "ou"r" ,r,dspeed are revealed. Working with MINI_ TRACK_. another Bendix systet which keepstabs on broadcasting satellites, SpASUR pr^o ,,nearby" complete picture of (near :rde:.a .Eiarth) space activities.-C. M. SraNsuny II i:ffixi;:. %s ARZ. 5, BROWN FIELD,CALIF, U 4. G:-ARIVER, U 6, ELEPHANT BUTTE, N.M, SpAsuRSTAtrcNs Z The opproximote positions of the six stotions of the U. 5, Novy Spoce Surveillonce deiection net. The sldlions ore divided inlo fwo complexes (eostern ond weslern). eoch consisfing of o tronsmiiting sfqtion ond two receiver stulions. The stotions arJ locoted olong o greol circle trock between Forl Stewdrr, Georgio, ond fhe Novol Air Stotion, Brown Field, iust south of Son Diego, Cqliforniq.

NADIO.TV EXPL'RIMENTER HowTo Geton Accrcdlled by lhc Nqtlord Home Sludy Gouncil good lrclnlag Get Your fCC does'fcosf.. ft payrt ficense Gluickly Clevelqnd lnstitute Announcesqn EXCIUSIYE TechnicicnTroining Progrcm in Computers, ServoMechanisms,Magnetic Amplifiers and others other advaneed fields covered include Basic Math. A. C, Circuit Analysis,Pulse Gircuitry, C0l0r Tv, Radar, Advanced Measuring lechniql|es,lrdustrial Electronics, Aut0mati0n, Instrumentation, nadio Telemetry, Send for information today. We guarantee Get to train you until you receiYe YourFeCLicense All 3 -or yourmoney back FREE The Master Course In Electronics will provide you with the mental tools of the electronics technicianandprepareyoufor a First Class FCC License (Commercial) with a radarendorssment. whenyou successfullycomplete the Master Course, lf you fail to passthe FCC examination, you will receive a full refund of all tuitionpayments. itL*-"l.]*-t?ilHt":#nil"?;;;;i

GET THIS HANDY POCKET I eet ahead ln Electronics and a free copy or You! I I nPocket Electronlcs Dat& Gulde." I have had l ELECTRONICS DATA GUIDE I traintng.or experience ln Electronlcs as indlII cated below: I Broadcastins ;;;';;;; tr ! Freg . r I I 6 naaio-tv servlcltxg E Home ExperiDentlrg Puts all the commonly I Poc(r, I E Manufacturtng E Telephone Compeny used conversion faeI tors, formulas, tables, I amateurRadio ft Otherand color codes at 6 OA?AI r you.r fingertlps. Yours I absolutely free if you GT,IDE I In wtrat kind of work In what branch ot mail the coupon in 30 t"" now e[gaged? Electronics are you I I v"" days. No further obli-,f.T-1",*. I lnterested? .I gation! 1 I TO GET THIS I Name

age-| FREE GIFT, MAIL COUPONWithin 30 Days! I aaar"u. ! ! ;;;'-zo''e-..gtut",*r. Gleveland of Electronics I ! Institute III'I'ID 4100 Euclld Ave. DresksM-6 Clevelsnd 3' Ohlo II I III I IIII

RADIO-W EXPERIMENTEN Mmorandunt t9L5 SubJect: Ra.dioMuslc I N 1915, David Sarnoff was Assistant Traffic I Manager of the Mar-coni Wireless TeleI graph Company of America. In September of that year he sent to the Vice President and General Manager of the company the fotlow ing memorandum: "I have in mind a plan of development 'household which would make radio a utitity' in the same sense as the piano or phonograpir. The idea is to bring muiic into the houseby wlreless. "While this has been tried in the past bv wires, it has been a failure because wir"s dL not lend themselves to this scheme. With radio, however, it would seem to be entirelv feasible. For example-a radio telephonL transmitter having a range of, say, 25-to 50 miles can be installed at a fixed point where instrumental or vocal music or both are produced. The problem of transmitting music has a_lready been solved in principle and therefore all the receivers attuned to the transmitting wave length should be capable of receiving such music. The receiver cin be 'Radio designed in the form of a simple Music Box' and arranged for several different wave lengths, which should be changeable with the throwing of a single switch oi pressing of a single button. "The 'Radio Music Box' can be supplied

with amplifying tubes and a loud .p"ukine telephone, all of which can be neatly mounted in one box. The box can be placed-on a table in the parlor or living room, the switch set The serious young execufive qbove iunior is David Scrnoff os he looked 40 yeors ogo; fodoy he is RCA's Chqirmon of rhe Board of Direoors qnd Chief Executive Offcer. accordingly and the transmitted music received. There should be no difficulty in receiving music perfectly when transmitted within a radius of 25 to 50 miles. Within such a radius there hundreds reside of thousands of families... "The manufacture of the ,Radio Music Box' including antenna, in large quantities, would make possible their sale it a-moderate figure of perhaps $75.00 per outfit. The main r-evenue to be derived will be from the sale of 'Radio Music Boxes' . . ." Hindsight tells us Marconi Wireless should have seized opportunity by the antenna. Instead, they ignored the memo. Five vears later, after the Radio Corporation of Arnerica was organized, Sarnoff pulled his copy of the memo out of his files and revived his recommendation of 1915 in a report to Owen D. Young, Chairman of the Bloard of the new company. Four weeks later, on March 3. 1920. Sarnofi was asked for an estimate of prospective radio business. He replied: "The 'Radio Music Box' proposition . . . lequires considerable experimentation and development; but, having given the matter much thought, I feel confident in expressing the opinionlhat the problems i""ot"ui """ UE met. With reasonable speed in design and development, a commercial product can be placed on the market within i yeat or so. "Should

this plan materialize it would seem reasonable to expect sales of one million (1,000,000) 'Radio Music Boxes' within a qeriod_ of three years. Roughly estimating, the selling price at $75 per set, $75,000,000can _ be expected. as follows: First Year 100,000Radio Second Year 300,000Radio Third Year 600,000Radio RCA's actual This may be divided approximately Music Boxes. .. .$ 2,500,000 Music Boxes.... 22.500.000 Music Boxes. . . . 45,000,000 sales of "Radio

Music Boxes" during the first three years of its activities in this field. were: 1st year. ...1922. ..911",000,000 2nd year. ..1923. .. 22,500,000 3rd year. .. .7924. . . 50,000,000 Total.. .......$83.b00.000 Broadcastinghad beenborn.

NtrDIO.WEXPERIMENTZN STQUA1ITY INSISTON RAD.TEI.FOREVERY TETEVISION AND RADIOTUBENEED Up To 75/o OFFon BRANDNEV/TUBES Not Used -Nol Pulled Out Of Old Sefs. EochTube lndividuolly ond Attroctively Box ed! olt, Tt!! Prlcc| ott, Ttp. ?tlc. I ett. Ttpr Prlca I Qtt, Typr Pric. | 0l!. Iyp! Price| oty. Tyte Pricc| oty. Trpe pric. -024M .79l-4827 .96| -6AvB .40l-60t5 .s8I-12AE6 .43| -12cRG .s4| -1704 .69 -1Ax2 .62l-4CS6 .61I -6Av{8 .89l-60G6 .s9l_r2AF3 .73| -12CUs .s8| -17006 1.06 -1830T .79| _4088 .62| _6AX4 .65l_6006 1.10l_t2AF6 .4s| _12CU61.06| _1716 .s8 -10N5 .55| _40K6 .60| _6AX7 .64l_J0r5 .66| _12At5 .46| _12Cx5 .54| 17w6 .70 -1c3 .73| -40T6 .ss| -68A6 .49l-60T6 .S3l_12ArS .4s| -l2DB5 .ssI lslul .s3 _1r3 .73| _sAMs .79| _68C5 .54l_6ru8 .19I _12ALs .9sI _l2Dt8 .7sI r9Bc6.1.39 _tK3 .73| _5AN8 .86| _68C7 .94l_6EA8 .7sl_12A0s .s2| _l2Dt8 .8s| _tsr8 .80 _116 1.05| _sA05 .52| _68C8 .e?l_6H6GL58 I_rzlrs .43I _t2DM7 .67| _2lEx6 1.49 _rt!5 .s9| _5Ar8 -6tr6 ':;d l.1l':ii .80I _6806 -ito(; .5sl_6J5GT .51l_12Ar7 .76| _120A6 r.04l_2s806 =iRs-si l--Siiiir :6tI :;;l-61;-' :6;l-itlub :s0| I:z5c;rv, 've -1S5 .51| _s807 .97| _68F5e .tr | -vrre .63l_12AU7| _t.As, .0u I _.IZOZO_l.utc . 56.Js II _25CA5 .59--vv^s I -vvr .44l_6K6 .soI -1T4 .sBl-58R8 .79I -68c5 1.66l-654 .48l-12Avs .s7| -12t16 .50| -2sC06 1.44 -tU4 .s7I -SCG8 .76| _68H6 .65l_6SA7GT.76l_r2Av6 .41| _t2EG6 .54| 2scUB1.ll -1U5 .50| -s0t8 .76| -6BHO .87l-65l(7 .741_j2[u7 .7s| -12t26 .s3l-250NG 1.42 _tX2B .BZ| -!qA8 .80| -68J0 .52l-6St7 .80I -12Ax4 .57| -l2rs .66| -2stH5 .ss 'ggr-tisl 5ir-12xs'6sr-2szs'66 =,tti:l=ilt',iil-]ifi',lil=ilr,iil=iilfl ,ff1=il!] [il=iir-l, fi r;li; :;fljli :3ll-[BIi :ill-tlt jB| -;ffilii:9! -ryq .1rt-ryq .ql|-+!q!_qq|-q{ecT:3il=;Bi8 |r:iii :ii -9qNq .!! l-!vq .s6| -6B06cTr.0sI -5w4 .s?I=i;t; .5i| _rzsnr .67| -3s\ry4 .sz -3BCs .54| -5xB .78| -6807 .9sI -6w6 .59| rzrrs .oaI _rzSolN .73| ---JszsCT.60

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BADIO.TVEXPENIMENTER "All personnel clear the firing area standby for countdown. minus10. . o + a J...2, 1 . .tt I I I I I I I I I Y(lUMAYHANDLE LIKE ASITUATI(IN THIS... If you measureap to tle AerospaceTeam A man in this situation requires cool judge. will have the opportunity to work w ith the ment and an aptitude for advanced technical intricate equipment of theAerospaceA ge-the training. This is the kind of man who can age of air and space travel. You will enjoy measure up to the qualificationsof the U. S. steady advancement and solid securi ty: And Air Force. He is the kind of man who can you will besuperblypreparedfor the futu re. build a career in the Aerospace Age that will If you would like to learn more ab out the be meaningful and rewarding. many unique advantagesthat go with a

Areyouthat man?Asa trained and ex-career in Air Force blue. fill in and mail thi s perienced specialist, coupontoday. Air Forcetechnical you U.S.AIR FORCE There'sa p/acefor tznxzrrlus /eaders on the AerospaceTeam -;;-*il;;ffi,*;l---l AirmanInformation, MRT09,Box7608, 4, D. C. Dept. Washington I Pleasesend information in the U.S. AirForce.I am between I me more onmyopportunities the agesof17-34 in U.S.A. and reside orposses'sions, I I I Address l city-Zone-County-state-|

NADIO-TVEXPERIMENTER 2t TWO.I'IETER Sfation Amateur (omputlond eosy to build, this twomelerstolionusesstondordportsond tubesthroughoul,providesbolhvoite and moduloled code dnd communi(olion moy be used for portobleoperotion You ccn build rhis lrdnsceiver for less lhon holf of whot any similor, presently ovoilqble commerciqlrig sells for. by(. F. R0CKEY, w9s(tr/wgEDC to holders of all classes of ama[ | teur license, the 144-megacycle, twoV meter amateur band offers interesting possibilities to the experimentally inclined ham. This little rig provides an excellent starting setup, or a nice little extra i'ig. Begin construction by drilling and punching the major holes in the front panel and chassis (Figs. 2 and 3). Mount the panel temporarily upon the chassis while drilling the holes for the two potentiometers and the ReceiveTransmit switch. With all major holes drilled, mount the power transformer, then the rectifier tube socket and the Jones barrier terminal strip. Temporarily mount the regeneration control potentiometer upon the panel; it includes the On-Off power-line switch, which is wired-in immediately. Now complete the power supply wiring (see Fig. 7) first connecting the transformer leads to the rectifier tube socket, then wiring in the 120-o primary leads. The electrolytic capacitors are held in place by their mount }\PEN "hot"

ing brackets, as are the positive leads which are supported by a two-lug, insulated tie-point strip. Last of all, install and connect the filter choke. Ground one side of the 6.3-u heater winding and bring the other end out to one of the unused rectifier socket lugs, rvhich will serve as a tie-point for connection to the heater of each of the tubes (except the rectifier, oI coulse). 1i,' " 1.ti: l,l : t*:j : iiii:::!! '::.. i; T ::tttt:t:;i4i.:1 i:il::i tfl..rl;iIii . ..;!9 After you've wired and carefully checked the power supply, measure the resistance between the positive high-voltage terminal and ground. There should be more than 10,000 ohms. Less indicates a wrong connection, ot short. When the high-voltage circuit has been checked out, connect the line cord to its terminals on the terminal strip and insert the rectifiel tube in its socket. When the switch is tulned on, the rectifier tube filaments should glow dull red and a dc voltage of at least 250 o (more won't hurt) should be observed from the positive terminal of the last filter capacitor to ground. Audio Secfion. When the power supply is operational, remove the rectifier tube and line cord and fasten in the sockets for the audio frequency section, including the 12AT7, half of which is used for an AF amplifier. (The other half is the crystal oscillator, which is wired-in later.) The AF section includes one and one-half 12AT7's, and the 6V6GT. The 12AT7 sockets are mounted with 4-36x r/a-in. rh

machine-screws and nuts. Be sure to put a soldering-lug under one of the mounting screws for each socket to provide a ground point for that part of the circuit. Pin No. 9 on each 12AT7 socket, and pin No. 7 on the 6V6GT are connected to the 6.3-o heater' winding (ungrounded green lead) of the power: transfolmer. Ground pins 4 and 5 on each 12AT7 socket, as well as the metal tube

RADIO.TV EXPENIMENTER SOUND HOLES FOR SPEAKER POWER XFMR DIfuIENSION S ; HoLEs ON_2I CIRCLE FROMUNIT TUNINGEYE HOLE [tG. RECEIVER FEGENERAT ION CONTROL ANO LINE SWITCH in the center. On the 6V6 socket, ground pins 1 and 2. Work backwards from the output transformer through the 6V6 (seeFig. 6). Ground the "common" terminal on tfre output transformer secondary; leave the other secondary terminal alone for the moment. The output transformer is mounted with 6-32 rh irachine screws and nuts. When the 6V6 has been wired, temporarilg connect the loudspeaker (between unused secondary lead and ground), insert the 6V6 and rectifier tube, plug in line cord and turn on power. Both tubes should light and, when warm, a screwdriver touched to pin No. 5 (control grid) of the 6V6 should produce a characteristic clicky bvzz in loudspeaker. With the audio output stage connected and operating, unhook external connections, remove tubes, and wire the 12AT? stage that feeds the signal to the 6V6. Use 2-and 4point insulated tie-lugs as needed to hold small parts firmly in place by their leads. After you've wired and checked this next stage, put in tubes, re-connect speaker and plug in line. When all tubes are warm, carefully touch a screwdriver to the control grid,

terminal (pin No. 7) of the 72LT7. A much louder clicky buzz should be heard. To complete further AF circuit wiring, you'll have to temporarily install both the RECEIVER SUB.UNIT (FrG.il) HOLES: a=rl"ora. 6 e. 1 ora, 4 VERNIER DIAL FOR RECEIVER TUNING pl ,*or, ,o*r.-.orr*o. .oro' Receive-Transmit switch and the volume control potentiometer. Figure 8 shows connections for the non-shorting type R-T switch. Continue wiring by completing the 12AT7 amplifier stage that serves the receiver (see Fig. 9). Make all ground leads short. To test this stage, set up as previously de "Receive." scribed, throw the R-T switch to and check for the characteristic buzz at the grid. Advance the volume control, of course. Because of the relatively high amplification involved here, it should be possible to hear a faint hiss of tube noise when the volume control is fully advanced.

RADIO-TVEXPENIMENTEN nal strip. When the toggle switch is in the openposition, a loud, clean musical tone should emerge from the speaker. (Note that the volume control, since it is associated with the r_eceiver only, does not affect the strength of the tone.) llhrow the togggle switch into the closed position and connect a single-button carbon (Type "F-1," microphone from Telephone Engine_eringCompany, Simpson, Penn., or other similar single-button carbon mike) to the microphone terminals. Now, the system should .. MATERIALSLIST_2.METERSTATION flo. Req'd DescriptionL 2 x 7 x 10'aluminumchassis | 7 x 1O, aluninumoanel 3 knobsfor rhtt shati I liationaltvie BM dial I tuning eye assembly for 6E5 tuhe (includesbracket.sockel and bezel) I PM loudspeaker,4,, sizeJensen ! 2Ull3.r/t/ aluminun sheet,for detector (seetext) 5 octal 0lastictube sockets,Amphenol4 9.pin miniaturesockets,high freqrencyplast ic insulation, AmDhenol I 7-pin miniaturesocket.Amnhenol I 6-terminalCinch-Jonesbarrierterminalstrip 1 SPSTtosgleswitch,H&n I 100K linear.taper potentiometer& switch (Mallorv) I 500K audio.taper potentiometer(Mailory)' Type pM.640g r fittef choke,Chicago-Standard. + pgyer transformer,Chicago.Standard Type C.I70g gltput transformer, Chicago.Standard, z -l.0..'afd.electrolyticfilter capacitors,450 working volt. Mallorv 2 9.5..mfd.papercapacitors,200 working volt, Cornell Dubilier 3 ohnite type2.144,z-meterRF chokes 3 Nationa-ltype XR-50 coil forms, with iron slugs f' four.pole,double-throw,non-shortingwafer sriitch,

CentralabNo. 1409 I l! mmfvariabletuningcapacitor,HammarlundHF.ls r * Type A.3B23 15 nmf BUD variahletuning canacitor typeMG.IB50,with . one0lateremoved(seetext) | 47 ohm, one.wattcarbon resistor 6 100K one.wattcarbonresistors 2 47K, one-wattcarbonresistort 4 22K, one.wattcarbonresistors 2 ?.2K, one-wattcarbon resistors 5 220K, one.watt carbon resistors (includesone newoperation) | 220 ohm, on .wattcarbonresistor I 470K, one-wattcarbon resistor I IK, one.wattcarbonresisror X I m g., one-watt carbon resistor I lQ-qtf 600 W.V. disk.type ceramiccapacitors q $00 mmf. 600 W.V. disk-typeceramicdapacitors I !-!'!nf, 600 W.V. disk-typeceranic capaiitors ? I I I 1000 '!rmJ.,600 W.V. disk-type ceramii capacitors bfassshaft coupling U4n lo tt6tishaft (femaieto female) lypg 48, 2-volt, 60-ma dial lamp butb (for tuning) 1N34 crystaldiode,Svlvanra

xtra for

"overtone'' I crystal approximately 35 me0acycles, -Texas CrystalCo., River Grove. tll. lf you are a Generalilass operator,you may select a crystal anywherebetw en36 lo 36.975 riegacyclis, Novicel and Techniciansmust select one betweent6,25 and 36.75 Ma. lf you wish a ceftain frequencywithin the 144-mega. cycleband,dividethat frequendy by-fourto get your crysiilfrequ ncy.Ask for the ada pteritd adaot th-enin diarietei to fit octal socketspins. Texas Crysial Co. will suonlv thesegratis when requested in ofder. 1 ! I 3 L line cord and plug pc plastic rod t/at, dia., 3,t long1 5U4cB vacuuin tuhe 6V6GT vacuum tube l2AT7 vacuum tuhe 5A05 vacuumtuhe

I 12BH 7 vacuum tube I 6E5 vacuuntube I m.icrophone.car6on. type F-I (TelephoneEngineeringCo., Simpson,Penna.) I telegraphkey (optional)JohnsonModeltl4-I00 I directionalantennafor 144.Mc.amateurhand,(the S ele. ment "Hi.Gain," or similar type is recornmdnded.) With Go-axial transmission line and rotator wire, rosin-cote solder, screws, nuts, tie.points,etc. (1 \= 5000 +3^i,'# l,'5 Li,i},s5T POINTA IN AUOIO AMPLJFIERSECTION LINE POWERSUPPLY TERM INALS TOALL S CHEMATI (ON STRIP) HEATERS C TO SPEAKERVC. POINTF POINTD AUDIO $' FREOUENCY COAX.CABLE SECTION TO TRANS. (6V6 PLATE) POINTZ POINTE IN TRANS, a" COAX.CABLE TO ANT. TERMS.

TO RECEIVER POINTX SECT ION, ETC" POINTC COAX.CABLE TO RECEIVER POINTY EJ 949,f lEg-9l-8E!-ryq:Tl4ltiNrrr swrrcH rer, pHiTitf.l1.v}+u *' ?.,??!E',.^?JA?ts behave exactly like a good, low-power public-I address amqlifier. (Do not use i crystil or a I dynamic mike.) Make sure the srvitch is in n l'transmit" position, before making these latD ter tests. The unit as so-far constructed will serve very well as a code-practice oscillator with the toggle switch open, or as a small pA am plifier, with the switch closed. If it's too loud for you, connect a 50,000-ohm variable resistor from the grid of the last 12ATT to ground (see Fig. 6). Varying this control will vary volume, but it may also have some effect rlpon the tone of the oscillation. To use the audio system so-far constructed for a code practice oscillator, connect an ordinary telegraph key, in series with a 220K. one-watt carbon resistor to tJrreMilce-KeA terminals. The frame of the key should bJ connected directly to the grounded side, the 220K resistor in series with the other side. At full outpu-t,,the signal is strong enough to serve a loomfql of ,students; the volume may be re duced by the temporary volume control desclibed above. Be sure the toggle switch is in the open position, and the R-T switch in the Transmit position, of course"

Receiver Secfion. Start by connecting the

RADIO.TVEXPERIMEIITEB 3l regeneration control, 100K potentiometer and 47K voltage-dropping resistor, along with the 100K detector plate load resistor (see Fig. 9). These parts are installed beneath'the chassis -using insulated tie-lugs where appropriate to hold the resistors firmly in place. With this under-chassis receiver wiring done. drill and assemble the receiver sub-unit (Figs. 10 and 11). Since this receiver operates at the high frequency of 144-million cycles per second, short and direct leads are of paramount importance. This applies especially to grid, plate and bypass-capacitor leads. It is important to return cathode leads and highfrequency bypass capacitors in the same stage to the same ground where possible. TO POINT Y ON RECEIVE T RANSI\,,1IT SWITC H ''[ ( THRoucH t, Y T'oool coAX oABLE) = Ll\= 2(, ; 'l 5ooo uoo'rrrEo ) | It;;RFC 47 7--/ '?o ALL WITHINDOTTEDLINES REcETvER

sggrroN scHEr,4ATrc ON SUB-UNIT) RECEIVERSUB-UNIT (RECEIVER POINT c ON R-T SWITCH The 15 mmf Bud receiver tuning capacitor is modified by removing one of its rotary plates. Grasp one of the rotary plates firmly in the jaws of a long-nosed pliers, twist and pull, and the plate will slip cleanly out of its slot. This will leave one rotor and one stator plate. The two remaining plates should not scrape against each other. You may increase the band-spread (number of dial-degrees occupied by the amateur band) by cautiously bending the two plates away from each other. Do not make this adjustment, however, until the receiver is performing properly. Wind coil L1 (see Fig. 13A) carefully and complete as much of the wiring as possible, before mounting the sub-unit upon the chassis. It is fastened in place with 6-32 rh machine screws and nuts. Next, connect heater, dc power, and signal output leads to the appropriate points under the chassis. Do. not connect the antenna coaxial lead until later. With the receiver wiring completed, insert tubes, connect loud speaker temporarily, and apply power. With the R-T switch at Receive, advance the volume control to full-on. Then slowly advance the regeneration control potentiometer. As this control is advanced. a loud. smooth hiss should be heard from the speaker. T'lris hiss indicates sryer-regeneration, lhe condition for high sensitivity in a receiver of this type. By varying this control, it should be possible to increase the hiss level from zero to strong. Also, a super-regenerative condition should be possible over the entire range of the tuning clpacitor. When the receiver super-regenerates properly, check the tuning range with a grid-dip meter. My receiver covers from about 140 to about 150 megacycles, with the 144-148 megacycle amateur band falling between about 60/6 and70/6 of maximum capacitance of the tuning capacitor. The exact tuning range is not critical as long as the 144-148 megacyele amateur band is conveniently included.

"'f POINT IN A.F, SECTION O.5['lF 200w.v. PAPER r00 K PoT, (REGENERATIOf! coNlRoLl +s* Squeeze the turns of the coil together or spread them slightly for minor changes. If you live in or near a large city, you should now be able to hear two-meter amateurs on the air within range when a good antenna is connected between the antenna input tie point and ground. In addition, police, taxicab dispatchers, and aircraft operating adjacent to the amateur band may be heard in many areas. If yoq have not yet in -antenna, stalled a good two-meter a high, clear outdoor TV antenna may serve temporarily to test the receiver. (Install a knob temporarily on the capacitor shaft to aid in tuning. To use a TV antenna to test receiver, connect one of tfre lead-in line wires to the antenna input tie point, the other to chassis.) Trqnsnitfer. Start wiring with the crystal oscillator and work forward (see Fig. 11). The crystal plugs into any two alternate pins of the octal crystal socket; other unused pins may be used for tie-points for other circuits if desired. The crystal oscillator tube is the half of the 12AT7 that was nof used for the AF amplifi.er circuit. The only critical part of the circuit is the coil, and this will cause no trouble if it is wound exactly as described in Fig. 138.

NADIO.TV HI(PE?IMENTEN 32 After carefully checking the crystal oscillator circuit, proceed to the 6AQ5 frequency doubler ptage. Again, this stage is straightforward; only the coil being critical. Wind this coil exactly as shown in Fig. 13C, being careful to get the tap in the exact center. Ground the cathode and the screen bypass capacitor to the same point on the chassis, as close to the socket as possible. The 1K resistor should be fastened to a two-point insulated tie lug mounted elose by the coil. When this doubler stage is complete, wire the final amplifier stage. Although a frequency doubler, this circuit develops practically the same efficiency as a straight-through amplifier while at the same time avoiding the self-oscillation troubles which plague the lat ter. Its push-push feature also helps to eliminate odd harmonics which could get into TV receivers and cause interference, The ordinary distortion-type frequency doubler, often used in simple VIIF transmitter arrangements, provides none of this added spuriousharmonic suppression. Again, since the output circuit is tuned to 144 megacycles, you rnusf keep all leads as short and direct as possible. An extra quarterinch of wire here can spell the difierence between successand failure. Wind coil L4 exactly as shown in Fig. 13A and keep the leads short! Wire the entire final amplifier circuit carefully, but do not connect the antenna coax cable yet or the plus high-voltage lead. In the final stage, return all ground connections to the same point near the tube socket. \[hen the wiring of the transmitter RF stages is completed, insert tubes. Do not apply power yet, however. Instead, get your grid-dip meter, and carefully adjust each of the coils as closely as possible to its correct resonant frequency; 36 megacycles for the crystal oscillator, 72 megacycles for the doubler, and set the final tank to resonance at 144 megacycles. Be sure the tubes are in their proper sockets for this operation; their capacitance plays a big part in determining the resonant frequencies. If properly wound and installed, each of the coils should resonate at the correct frequency, with considerable

extra slug-adjustment range available in either direction. The final tank coil may be adjusted by squeezing or spreading its turns. When all coils have been pre-tuned, plug 16 GA. ALUMINUM : HOLE FOR U TUNING CAPACITOR EI MAJOR HOLES IN RECEIVERSUB.UNIT in the crystal, and apply power. Tune the grid dipper to 36 megacyclesand immediately adjust the crystal oscillator coil for maximum oscillator output. If the crystal oscillator doesn't oscillate, recheck the wiring, and try another tube. When you find oscillation, screw the slug down until you get maximum output, then screw the slug out about three turns in the interest of stability and reliability of oscillation. Then immediately adjust the doubler coil slug for maximum output' Take a No. 48, or No. 49 dial light bulb (pink head) and solder a small loop of wire between its terminals. Then couple this loop closely about the doubler coil. If the doubler is operating properly, the lamp will light noticeably. Now connect the positive high-voltage lead \''

03 NADIO.TVXPERIMENTER l2aH7 5n 6AQ5 22 K /)736 MC XTAL TRANSMITTER SCHEIvIATlC TO POINTZ TO POINTE TOPOINTB ON RECEIVE.TRANSMIT SWITCHTHROUGHCOAX ON RECEIVE-TRANSMITSWITCH ON RECEIVE-TRANSMITSWITCH wlRE+22 DCC CLOSEWOUNDr a 7' WINDONNATIONAL T N FIVE xR-50 rRoN-sLUg TURNS TURNS COIL FORM L4 TRANS.COIL TAPPEDFORANTENNA CENTER ONETURNFROM\^ TAP GROUNDED END "i Bc L3 cnvsrnl FREOUENCY osc,DOUBLER c0tL c0tL A urar'ror+ +runrusj''tttstoeota.

+I4 COPPER SELF-SUPPORTING, TINNEO WIRE to the final amplifier, apply power, and tune the final tank -capacitor to maximum 144megacycle output with the grid-dip meter. If you find plenty with the grid-dip meter, "soup-loop" iouple vour tuning lamp to the finai coit and slightly re-tune. The bulb should glow brightly if the lamp is closely coupled. If you get weak, or no output, check tte wiring again, or try another 12BH7 tube. Now temporarily shut off power and plugin the audio amplifier tubes. Connect your carbon mike to the Mike-Keg terminals. Set the toggle switch to the closed position. Re applv power and speak clearly into the mike. ftri U"tt around the final amplifier tank should flicker markedly in step with your voice, indicating proper modulation. FinishinoTouches.r '.rrrrrrrrt out outout i tubes The TheThe Finishing Pull PullPull all and remove all external connections. Mount the loudspeaker, the tuning-eye assembly, and the vernier dial upon the panel. Now ve ootentiometer and andand r remove the thethe potentiometer ReceiveReceive-ReceiveTransmit switch binding nuts and install the rnel with the binding nuts and with selfLpping metal screws.Place knobs on potenti-

Bonds TheVHFAmoteur bands provide the gr atest.opportunity and challenge to the experimentally minded ham. Ihese frequencies above 144 megacycles seem to be th ..onty onei left wherein simple, low-powered equipment still can Today the VHF "store-bought compete effectively against expensive, geat. " Nobodv knows for sure the exact distance limitations on VHF communication. The first signal bounced off the moon by the U. S. Army back in 1946 was in the VHF range. On the other hand, it is the consistent, interferencefree-. short-haul communication, up to 50 miles or so, that is the operaiing bread-and-butter of the VHF amateur' Occasionil long-distance sPurts are to be considered as interesting div-ersions, rather than da'ily fare. . Distance chasing, i-nitself, is not the whole of amateur radio. You'll have a" lot of fun, face some stimulating problems, and meet some nice people on the two-meter band, believe me' Those frequencies between 145 and 147 megacycles are available to both novice and technician class licenses, as well as the general-class operator. But do make sure that "Citivou have a ijcense before you do any transmitting. iens Band" license is not sufficient. You must have an Amateur license. (Write to the Federal Communications Commissionotfice in the largecity nearestyou for details') ln addition to the license, and to the usual hand tools owned by all radio experimenters,you should have available:

I ) A Sood beam," a directional antenna for "two-meter Such an antenna is not expensive or unwieldvl in'fact it is smaller than the usual outdoor TV antenna. A five-element antenna is sufficient, and can be ourchased at a reasonable price from Newark Electric Co', Altiea Radio, or any similar Amateur jobber. You should equip your beam antenna with a suitable rotatins-device. ione ol those sold for TV antenna use wilL do veri wellt and vou should get the 144-iregacycle band. it as high above the pround as you can. A "quick and dirty" rule is that yol. Ian reliably work one mile of range per foot of antenna height (above average ground) beyond ten feet. In other *oid., thir is your consistent communication range, in mlles. While vou can make a number of contacts, particularly in the New York, New England, and Chicago areas, with a dioole in the attic, a good beam will do more for your morale than anYthing else. 2) A grid-dip meter. Stray ca,pacitance and inductance being unpredictable in most cases, it becomes necessary to individually trim VHF tuned circuits by trial in nearly ev,ery case. The-proper tool for establishing these resonant freeuencies is the grid-diPPer. 3) A volt-ohm-milliammeter. n : /lt

NADIO-TVEXPEEIMENTEB TO PLATESOF I2BH7 6E5 TUNINGEYE (AMPHENOLUNIT) T R ANSI\4IT TER FINALTANK ( sEEcolL tNsrRucloNs t 22AK COAX TO RECEI V E ' TRANSIilIT SWITCH [fl ometer and R-T switch. Connect the receiver tuning capacitor to the vernier tuning diai wilh g piece of 7+-in. fiber or plastic ,o"d "rrd a shaft g9qniinS. A setting of-zero ,rpon th" tuning dial should correspond to mdximum capacity, lowest frequency. P-1ug thg 6E5 tuning-eye tube into its socket, and fit it into thE ciamp provided on its bracket. Bring the cable from the tunine eye,socket.through the chassis through a a/sl rn. nole wrth rubber grommet. Connect the black and blue wires of this cable to er""rra. the green wire to the 6.3-o heater rrrpp-ly,"rrd ' the red-wire to the positive high voltige. Install the 1N34 crystal diode, tf,e 5000 mmf. capacitor, and the 220K resistor in the

tuning meter circuit upon a two-lug insulated tie point, being care.ful to observe the polaritv of the crystal diode. Install the diode-^resistor assembly close to the final amplifier tank coil. Connect the yellow wire from the tunins eve tube to the ungrounded end of the 220K iesistor as indicated in Fig. 14. Now is the time to connect the receiver input-and the transmitter output to the R-T switch through RG-59-U coaxial cable. Ground the outer sheath of each piece of cable firmly to the chassis at both ends of its run. The coaxial cable from the transmitter (center conductor.) is tapped one turn from the glounded end of the final tank coil. L4. as shown in Fig. 13A. The receiver cable is run flom the R-T switch to the input tie-point on the receiver sub-unit. Bring-inthe "ible uo through a grommeted hole the chassii. Next, run piece cable from the a of R-T switch to the antenna terminals on the terminal strip. Connect a short piece of -wirenot over }e in. long-from the-center conductor of the coax cable (where it connects to the transmittel tank) to the tuning diode. Finally, run the wire fi,om the R-T switch THIS LEAOI,4AY 8E ANY LENGTH_ e \) YELLOW CABLEON TUNI NG EYE TO UN IT POINT B ON RECEIVE. TRANSIVITSWITCH TO 6.3 V A.C. PIN+9 OF ANT I2AT7 ,rr,ro "rrERcrRcurr

t-o 9ne side of the speaker, passing it thru a de-burred 7s-in. hole in the- chassi"s.Ground the_other speaker voice-coil lug. Connect the power cord, ant microphone to the proper terminals on the terminaistrip. Then connect a No. 48 pilot lamp bulb across the antenna terminals. Apply-power and, when the tubes are warm-.-throw the R-T switch to Transmit. The butb should elow brightly and the tuning-eye should rnorrE toward closed position. (If it opens, reverse the connections to the IN34.) Re-tune the final amplifier tank and buffer tank for maximum glow from the bulb. Note also that the eve closes most when the output is at a maiimum. Speak into the mike ind note the variation in bulb brilliance and eye closing as you speak, indicating proper modulation. Now, remove the lamp bulb, and connect a 144-megacycl.e antenna system, preferably a good, high, beam antenna. Make sure the grounded terminal of the antenna feed coax ial cable is connected to the grounded terminal on the terminal strip. Throw the R-T switch to Receive and adjust regeneration for a smooth hiss, If there are any other twometer amateur stations operating in your vicinity, you should hear them with no difficulty. Now throw the switch to Transmit position and adjust the final tank capacitor to close the eye as completely as possible. You're tuned-up and ready to go. Novices learning the code, may r,r,ish to operate in the modulated code, MCW mode. which is legal in the 144-megacycle band. To use, throrv the toggie switch into the open (MCW) position, and substitute a telegriph key, in series rvith a 220K resistor, for the 'microphone. Otherwise operation is identicar to voice. The smooth, tbnc-modulated CW signal radiated can be lead bv other amateurs, regardless qf the r.eceiver employed,

nlDtotlr ExPmrMElrTEE Frequsncy Econolny Standard LI SLUG RF OUT POWERCORD TO CHASSTS LUG 8-, AB+ A+ (sHowN WIRED FOR 6V A+) Hereis o yersotilefrequenty stsndord thot the omcteur, SW[, or expe]imenter ton build in one evening for obout five dollors 8y JOE A. R0LF, K5J0K -|HIS compact frequency standard will enable I you to calibrate your receiver and check its acI curacy at will. It can also be employed as a beat frequency oscillator for receiving CW signals, and for other applications requiring a stable 400 Kc to 1200 Kc RF generator. The circuit shown in Fig. 3 is a high-C Colpitts oscillator using a parallel connected 12AU7A. Excellent frequency stability is achieved by the use of a high-Q loopstick as tank coil and a large value of tank capacity. Two NE-2 neon lamps regulate the oscillator plate voltage for added stability. With rigid construction and good shielding, the circuit has negligible drift after initial warm-up. For maximum compactness, the unit is constructed in a 15lex21/ex23/a in. Minibox (CU2100). Construction details are shown in Figs. 2

and 4. The 12AU7A is mounted outside the cabinet to avoid heating frequency-determining components. The output jack, J1, and tank coil, L1, are mounted beside the tube socket. Inductance L1 should be securely mounted and reinforced with a bead of Duco cement to insure against possible viFrequency stondord is powered from qn exlernol source, Designed primorily for 500 Kc, it cqn be funed from 400 Kc ro 1200 Kc. J-l 'rACK L.I LOOPSTICK ANTENNA PICTORIAL CompohenrsC3, C4, C5 qndRl qre mountedto th6 tube socketbeneothCI. Jqck Jl is mo unfed bchind Ll. i /,',

g g SCHEMATIC c3 .0r MF 3OOOMMF SILVER MICA 12 VOLTS 6 VOLTS c4 RI I E7O MMF lo0,ooon iw I8gllr_SlAq bration. Jack J1 may be a small feed-throueh insulator, miniature coax jack, or phone t]o jack. Power is furnished by an-externa^l source and brought into the cabinet by a three-conductor cable. -It is important, from the standpoint of sta bility, that wiring be as-rigid as possible. uonnectrons bctween socket pins 2 and T. and pins 1 and 6, should be made with heavv solid copper wire. Pins 3, 8, and 9 arl grounded at the tube socket; other leads should be kept short and rigid to avoid vlbration. Keep components away from L1 as much as possible and use quality sil.ver: mica capacitors for C1 and C2. The oscillator is designed to operate with -at plate voltages from 225 to 250 v about 15 ma. In most cases these voltages are available from the receiver with which this frequency standard will be used. Less than 2ZS v can be used if R3 is replaced with a 500 ohm, 1 watt resistor. Filament connections for either 6 or 12 v ar.e shorvn in Fie. 3. The oscillator is tunred on and off by-a SpST switch in the external B-plus lead. If desired,

BADIO-TVEXPERIMENTEN Jl Rr ourPur I MATERIALSDesig * cs sournar LIST-FBEQUENCYSTANDARD Descrintion c1 c2 c4 c5 JI L1 N E.2 R1 82 R3 t 1 1 I 1 1000 mmf silver micacaracitor 3000 mmf silvermica canacidor ,01 mfd disc ceramic 270 mmf nica caFacitor 50 mmf micaor disc ceranie smallfeed-throu-gh.insulator, coaxJack, or phonetip jack ferri-loopstick antennacoil NE.2neonlamp(two reouired) 100,000ohm,Z4 watt resistor' 1,500ohm,% wett 3,300 ohm:l-watt Cu.2100Minibox 12AU7Atube 3-conductorcable,lengthasdesired c.ruglermtnatstnp9.pin miniaturetuhe socket t/sxt/a't machine screwsand nuts 5/5" rubbergrommet

tuheshield,decals,etc. this switch can be included B-8A-B+ in the Minibox. ?25-250v Adjustment of the slus on L1 permits the unit to be sel at any frequency from about 400 Kc to 1200 Kc. This permits a number of applications, the most obvious, of course, as a 500 Kc or 1000 Kc frequency standard. When tuned to 500 Kc, useful harmonics will appear at 500 Kc. intervals un to about 15 Mc. Above 15 Mc,^500 Kc harmonics rapidly become too weak for easy receiver calibration -Q.; and it is necessary to shift the, standard's setting to 1000 Kc to I ED (Lr get harmonics of useful amplitude above 35 Mc. The unit carrbe accurately adjusted to either frequency by zelo beating WWV at 2.5 Mc, 5 Mc or 10 Mc. As a flequency standard, the unit is small enough to fit inside most receiver cabinets. In most cases, a short length of insulated wire connected to J1 and brought near the re ceiver input circuit will provide sufficient coupling. However, you may find that with some receivers or with less than 225-v plate voltage, it majr be necessary to connect the standaid

directly to the receiver antenna terminal with a 5-30 mmf mica capacitor. Another useful application, for the SWL or .amateur,-is as a BFO (beat frequency oscillator) for 455-Kc IF receivers. Th; standard can be tuned to the IF frequencv and connected to the grid or plate lead-of th-e receiver's last IF stage with a 2 to 5 mmf capacitor for CW reception employing an all wave set or an automobile receiver. Note that Fig. 2 is shown wired for a 6-v filament supply, pin 9 of the 12AUTA grounded, pins 4 and 5 tied together. If you are using a 12-v filament supply, pin g will have no connection, pin 5 is grounded, and pln 4 is wired to the 12 volts (see Fig.3).

RADIO.TV EI(PERIMENTER longWove Two-Tube Retelver fhis rompoct oc-dcreteiverfeoturesgoodsensitiviry,beiler lhon overoge seleclivity,ondsimplifiedtonstruction.lt hcs on odiustoble tuning ronge of 85 ro 550kc. qnd is eosily modifiedfor broodcost.bond re(eption ByJOE A. R0lt, K5J0K THE circuit of this economical receiver (see I fig. +) employs two miniature high-gain I TV tubes. The 6AN8 is a legenelative detector: the pentode section of the 6AU8 is an audio amplifier: The triode of the 6AU8 serves as an ac-dc tyPe rectifier' The heart of the circuit is the detector' a re( enerative cathode-follower type commonly "Regenode." fror"tr as the If you'r'e not familiar with this hybrid circuit, here's how it works: The pentode section of the 6AN8 is a conventional grid-leak detector, with the exception of the signal grid which is-seqarated from the tuned antenna circuit by- the cathode-follower connected triode section of tte tube. This arrangement permits a degree of selectivity not possible with the detector grid connected directly to the antenna circuit, since the signal-grid loads the tuned circuit and reduces its Q, or selectivity ability. The cathode-follower isolates the detector from its input circuit and allows a great improvement in selectivity. The circuit operates smoothly, is easily adjusted, and eliminates hand-capacity effects commort to most regenerators. These advantages are particularly desirable in a LW receiver. Since hand capacity does not afiect operation, an all-wood chassis constructed with simple hand tools can be used. Chassis details are shown in Fig. 5. Large holes (for tube sockets and controls) ean be made with a

coping saw; fastener holes can be made with a hot ice-pick in the absence of a drill. A /.

NADIO-TVEIPERIMENTEN I Whqf to listen To on tW N The long wcvesprovideup-to-the-minute reporlr on wedher ond flying condilions, codeprodire ond some goodDX Au The most popular are the navigational aids, or radiobeacons, heard between 200 Kc. and tK5 Kc. Some are marine beacons, others aeronautical. Both employ very slow ampli tude modulated code and are easily distinguished from one another by their signals. Marine beacons usually transmit their call signs continuously in an omni-directional pat roNE I l&corurrruuous tern. In some cases the call, consisting ofnffi* n 8ffligHeh?f,ifrom two to four letters or numerals, is sepOU'LL be pleasantly surprised at the V I number of interesting signals to be heard below the standard broadcast band, though at first they may sound like nothing but jumbled dots and dashes intermixed with weird howls and squeals. Careful listening, however, will reveal this apparent bedlam to be important communication services which make unusual listening and challenging DX. The main divisions of the 10 Kc. to 535 Kc. band are shown in Table A. It is occupied mainly by aeronautical and marine services, although 150-535 Kc. is part of the standard BC band in Europe and Asia. However, without discounting the possibility of logging some of these BC stations, the marine and aeronautical stations are of prime interest to most LW listeners. metal chassis will afford more compact construction,

but a wooden panel and cabinet should be used to avoid accidental grounding of the chassis. Construction is not critical and will pose no difficulty if the general layout shown in Figs. 2, 3, and 5 is followed. Keep RF and AF leads separated and away from ac lejads. This is best accomplished by wiring the filaments and power supply first, then the AF and detector stages. Ground connections are made to solder lugs mounted to the socket and tuning capacit6r fastenerS. Components R4, R6, R9 and R10 mount on a ?-lug terminal strip at the rear underside of the chassis (see Figs. 3 and 4). The filter capacitor, C11, can be wedged between the 6AU8 socket and chassis leg, or secured with a mounting clip. Two sections of thiscapacitorareusedin thepowersupply arated by a number of dashes. Many marine beacons can be heard constantly over a con siderable range, while the less powerful can be logged at great distances under favorable conditions. Aeronautical range stations transmit a combination A-N signal in a four-leaf pattern like that of Fig. L. They identify themselves every thirty seconds and employ two pairs of antennas to obtain the four-leaf radiation pattern. The transmitter is operated continuousIy and is alternately switched between the two antenna systems so that an A (dit dah) is radiated in the directions marked A in Fig. 2, and an N (dah dit) in the directions marked N. Midway between the A and N patterns, the signals merge as a steady tone which aircraft follow to or from the station. If the pilot leaves this course, he wiII hear either the A or the N. These radiobeacons ofter an unlimited filter, the third is used as a cathode bypass for the audio stage. Other components under the chassis, except R3, C7 and C9, mount to respective tube sockets. Capacitor C9 is connected from J2 to the grounded terminal on R5. Resistors R3 and C7 connect to a machine screw and solder lug placed between L1 and C2. One lead of

L2 connects to a solder lug on the same screw on the chassis top. The antenna trimmer, CI, is secured by the antenna terminal mounting screw as shown in Fig. 3. This component requires only infrequent adjustment, but it can be mounted on the front panel for easier access, if desired. Inductance L1. a standard TV replacement coil, is mounted last. Before inserting the core, as explained in the manufacturer's instruction leaflet, thread on the 7'rc-in. mounting clip and remove -Vpin, from the slotted

RADIO.TV SXPESIMENTER TABLE A-LONG WAVE ALLOCATIOI,IS Frequency(Kc.) CommunicationsService tlight DX SunsetSkip 10-14 Radionavigation 14-200 Fixed Public S rvices andCoastal.llarin CW 28$325 MarineBadiobeacons 325-405 AeronauticalBeacons and Comnunications 405-415 Radio Direction Finding 415-490 Coastal and MarineCW InternationalCalling andDistress Frequency 5fF535 Misc. Badiobeacons l{otr: Frequenciesbetween150 Kc. and 535 Kc. also used hy foreion BC stations. source of unusual DX. At first sight, these stations seem to ofier poor DX since most are relatively low powered and have a daytime range of less than 200 miles. However, their range is greatly increased at night-best times for night DX are given in Fig. 1. These hours will vary somewhat with the seasons' with the choicest DX being heard from early fall to late spring. Above 325 Kc. sunset skip is often heard for a half-hour during early darkness. Notable examples are PJG, 343 Kc. in the Netherlands Antilles; ASN, 350 Kc. on Ascension Island; and SWA, 406 Kc. from Swan Island. Since beacons identify continuously or every thirty seconds,less than a minute is required

to log a station. However, in order to determine the locations of the stations you end of the core adjustment screw' otherwise it will protrude below the chassis when the coil is mounted. Clamp the section to be removed in a vise and cut it off with a hacksaw, then cut a new screwdriver slot. Take care not to break or fracture the fragile ferrite coil. Inductance L2 consists of 35 turns of.#26 (or smaller) enameled wire scramble-wound over a %ain. ID tube which slides freely over L1. If not available, this form can be made by winding four or five layers of moist gummed tape, sticky side out, over L1. When dry, slip the tube off and trim to proper length with a razor blade. With L2 in place, secure Ll to the chassis with a bead of Duco cement. For maximum sensitivity, the position of L2 onLl should be adjusted for the individual receiver. This simple adjustment is well TABLE B-STATION LISTS TheAirman'sCuide Superintendent of Documents, Washington 2t D. C. 25t per copy. A bi-we kly publication listingall U. S. aeronauticalradio beacons, Locationld ntiliers Superintendentof Documents, Washington 25, D. C. $f,50 for copy.and one-year supplement service. General listingof all domestic b acons. Broadcastingstations of Documents, Washington 25, Superintendent ofTheWorld, Part 0.C.. $2.00. lncludes Europ an LW broadll, According to casting stations. Frequency Departmentof Transport, Air SerYiceBranch, :Li:"1',11"-' 0ttawa, 0ntario, canada. complete list of canadian Radi0Beacons,publishedeverytwononths' Radio FacilityCharts ACIC, USAF, znd & Arsenal Streets, St. Louis -Caribbean & 16, Mo. ()neyear subscription$3.50. Listing South America of Caribbean & South Anerican beacons. Badio Navigational HydrographicOfiice,U. S. Navy. An annual Aids publicationlisting worldwide marine beacons. List of CoastStations Secretary General, International Telecommuni. (4.I0 Swissfrancs) cations UIioni Geneva,Srlitzerland:Very comList of Ship Stations plet listings of worldwide stations. (12.80 Swiss francs)

List of Call Signs (2L Swiss francs) hear, you need a reference log listing the stations you are interested in. Such listings can be purchased (see Table B). Range stations also transmit verbal weather reports. for air fields in their area 15 minutes before and 15 minutes after the hour. In addition to radiobeap,onsj many CW sta tions operate on long wavds for inaritime, aeronautical, and public seryice communica tion. For the CW enthusiast, these are inter esting to copy and the slower stations, some times sending as slow as eight words a min uite, provide plenty of code practice. Many good DX signals can be heard between 415 Kc. and 500 Kc., particulgrly on the 500 Kc. international calling and distress frequency. T'he frequencies below 200 Kc. are also widely used by public service and maritime CW stations. worth the efiort and can be made with a long antenna, 455 Kc signal generator, or a BCB receiver with a 455 Kc intermediate fre quency. If possible,use a signal geneiator or BCB receiver, since this will permit adjust ment of L2 and the core of L1 at the same time. Short out L2 temporarily by connecting a short piece of wire from the R3-C7 solder lug

to pin No. 7 of the 6AN8 socket. Turn the core adjustment screw full counterclockwise and connect the antenna, signal generatot, or BCB receiver to the antenna terminal. If a BCB set is used, tune to a strong BCB station and turn the setls volume down. Con nect a short piece of insulated wire to your LW receiver antenna terminal and place it near'the underside of the BCB set's IF tube socket or IF transformer to hear the 455 Kc IF signal of the BCB receiver.

RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTEN ROUNoOFF SLtcHIL PANEL tllasoNtTE * PANEL r" ZHOLE C-2 1w rI 4 "'4 CHASSIS I trC f-unsorurre PANEL cHASSIS FASTENERS "---l o l ilLLl $Horen;zI q DIA,I o l rHRU-c-r I i , {'r,,rasor.rrre I I _H a('Hevrrrrq I r tl ot'o"l\-\. i -e(-i-Ja ti .+/6AU8 3 :ri-?.ffiiie J i STRIP c oPTIoNAL COVER CHASSTS

and adjustment is similar to that of LW operation. Ihe lead from C1 should be conneited to the grid end of the loopstick. long-wire antenna give 4 hlgh, will -a best all-'round LW reception, short -though length of wire will give' satisfictory local rece,ption. Capacitor Cl should be adjusted for best.reception on each band and the receiver should not be grounded. In some localities, interference from strong BQB stations may be bothersome, a trouble cotrrmonly encounter d with LW receivers hdving only a single tuned circuit. Such inSHORT LEAD TO !r-l 2 GANG 10-365 MMF VARIABLE CAPACITORTRFTYPE NOTE: DO NOT EI PI ANTENNATUNER GROUNDRECEIVER terference can be minimized by reducing the anten-nacoupling or, in severe cases,by the use of the simple Pi antenna tuner (shown in Fig. 6). The tuner can be built on a small pine block. Adjust Cl and CZ Lor minimum BCB interference. Four or five feet of hookup wire is sufficient antennafor BCB reception. The receiverwill give good loudspeaker volume on the BC band and on the sttonger LW stations. Due to the low poyer used by most LW stations, however, headphones are recorrunended for seriousI W listening. For speaker operationplug a 5000-3.5ohm, 3-watt, output tr ans former into J2. Inverled Brush Cleqns Gun's Tip o-To k-eepthe lip of your soldering gun clean of scale, woodscrew-fasten a brass-bristle suede shoe brush to one end of your workFur" Jt. Wipe the soldering-gun tip across the brush occasionally to keep it clean for efficient

soldering.-J.A.C. Why lnside Gun.TipCqre? o To receive maximum solderinq efficiencv and long-tip life, be sure that cl-eaning and tinning -operations of your soldering gun's tip also include ltle inside surfaces of tlie tip. A gun's tip that is maintained on the ouGide. but allowed to deteriorate on the inside. is sure_to give lower_ed soldering efficiency ind it will shorten tip life.

BADIO.TV EXPERIMENTES This smqll grey box performs the elec. lronic hocus-pocusfhol will converl sine wqves into vqried wsveforms. Thisinexpensiveinstrumenl(onverls 60-cycleoc or oudiogenerotorsine wovesto sowtooft,holf sine,clipped holf-sine,ondsquorewoves By FRANKWOODS,Jr. 'fhis waveformer is inexpensive (cost: less I thttt $5) and simple to construct. The I waveforms generated by it can be used to drive sweep circuits, test amplih,ers, checK amplifier response, synchronize other equipment. and a host of other test and experimental iobs. A sine wave is applied to the input terminals, and the switch next to the input terminals is set for the desired waveform; the leveL control is set for the desired output level. The desired voltage waveform will then be present at the output terminals on the right-of the case. It's almost that simple. Conifrucfion. Lay out the front half of the metal case as shown in Fig. 2' All components mount on this half of the case; the back is merely a cover. Mark hole starter marks on the cise with an ice pick' Then, with the front and back of the case fastened together, .|DA.r" \ar tl dL i \ .u..-]," 2{-v 'p ---1 \*-E" TI *rJ

I l* | A 2 9=rP I-l' l1.ora r" r"r" ld-ora" g, l1.brn. l*-ora" .b. l' \ib,Al I is *_'r. til t rd -_-5,,---------i..1 L-,l J O @ @ @ sawroort HALFSINE souARE +cLtP

@-ct tP 3@ NOTE: =INDICATESCOMMON @ coNNEctoN drill Ya-in. holes for all positions. Separate the front and back of the case and enlarge the specified larger holes to the required dia. with a taper reamer. File the edges to remove burrs. Saw the shaft of the switch to a length of 7z in. Saw the level control shaft to a length of 3/8in. To avoid damaging switch and level controls, grip shafts in a vise when sawing. This prevents side pressure on bushings. Catch the switch or control when it is cut free from the shaft. The switch is ruggedly constructed, but it is subject to easy damage since its wafers are brittle. Mount the input and output terminal binding posts. The bottom-chassis terminals are the common terminals; they make electrical contact to the metal case. The top-chassis terminals are insulated from ground by fiber washers between the binding post and the front of the case and between the retaining nut and the rear of the case, and by centering the binding posts. Note that the holes for the top binding posts are larger than those for ttre bottom. In the original model soldering lugs were used to permit soldering of binding

noit leads. A second nut on each binding post holds the soldering lug in place. But, the E arei-Lareq

RADIO-TVEXPENIMENTER D2.BETWEEN WAFERS MATERIALS LIST_WAVEFORMER Desig. Descriotion RI W.carbonresistor10% \99f-,Yz toterance B2 J]JuK.porenttometer(LafayetteVC_37) cL, C2, .-I mfd, 50 y.c ramiccapacitor(SpragueTG.plo) s (A,B,C,D) 4:p:0le:s-positionswitch (CentratibiA.fOffl-' 01,D2 It'|54A diode ( RCA) 81, 82 penlite cell (Burqess#7) 2-penlite.cell holder (LafayetteM5.138) pornt r tnob (comeswith switch) miniatureknob(MS.185) bindjngposts (H. H. Smith Z20R-redand 2208. black) Zt/ax?r/axYtnetal box (Bud GU.2104) soldering lugs are unnecessary since the con necting wires may be fastened between the two nuts. Mount the switch and the level control on the case. Ilse retaining hex nuts on these controls behind the panel. Adjust to allow only enough of the control to protr-ude through the case to enable the hex nuts to b. fastened on the front of the panel. Retaining washers between the rear retaining nuts and the rear of the panel will prevent the controls from slipping. At this point in the construction the components which fasten to the case are mounted-except for the battery holder. NEW WAVEFORIlI When wiring, make connections to the switch so that they can readily be disconnected

without damage. This approach will save Szougrief if you make a mistake in your wiring. Be very careful not to exert undue pressure on the switch terminals or vou mav twist them out of place or break i wafei. Componentlayoutof Woveformer. T-,imit the length of time that you applv heat during soldering. The diodes in particulir are susceptible to heat damage. Use a clean soldering iron capable o{ zupplying a large amount of heat. A lot of heat app[ed for-a short time will do a better solderine iob with l".sschance of damage than a reduce"d amount oI heat applied for a long time. Use rosin core solder onlyl Figure 3, the circuit diagram. and Fisure 4, a pictorial view, are used as a guide-for wiring. Wire the switch first. Note that its sections are designated SA, SB, SC, and SD. Section SA is the lower half of the rear wafer: SB is the upper half of the rear wafer: SC ii the lower half of the front (nearest the front panel) wafer; SD is the upper half of the front wafer. Connect the wir-es between terminals as shown and wire in components R1, Dl, and D2. Next, connect capacitors Cl and C2. Then connect the and and Now wires which run from the switch capacitors to the terminals. level control battery holder. mount the battery holder and make

connections to it. The battery holder is mounted with a small hardware bracket s/sin. wide with 1-in. and s/s-in. sides. Solder-fill the battery holder eyelets which form the battery contacts to insure good connection to the batteries. Insert batteries the and fasten the knobs on the switch and level control. Fasten the back case. to the The markings for panel are made on a strip $e {o1t or paper 78 x b rn.

Free-hand the waveform syrnbols which identify switch positions and fisten the strip to the front of the case with a G-in. strip of cel^ I 5 t, I ft

NADIO.TVEXPERIMENTER lophane tape. You maY have to realign the switch knob to match the wavef orm markings. Operofion. To use the waveformer connect a source of sine wave signals to the input terminals as shown in Fig. 5. The signal generator may be a 6.3-v filament transf ormer (supplies 60 cycles only) or an audio signal generator such as the Heathkit AG-9 (frequency 10 cycles upward). The Waveformer operates through a bioad range of frequencies; princiPal Iimitations of frequency are imposed bY the signalgenerator tor most waveforms. A sienal input level of 5 to-15 v ii desirable to achieve the best waveforms. Simuhqneous viewing of Clean saw-tooth waveforms from about iO "v"f"t to about 10,000cycles 1t '3 v will be produced by a 10-v sine wave. Clean clipped *aves from 1.5 to several volts, with a fre 20,000 quency range from 20-cycles to over rycles, can be exPected. Science Foir Denonsfrqlion. To demonstrate the performance of the Waveformer, a Heathkit AG-g Audio Generator fed a sine wave to the Waveformer and to a Heathkit S-3

Electronic Switch. The output of the Waveformer was fed to the other set of Electronic Switch input terminals. The output-of the Electronic Switch was connected to the ver tical input of the oscilloscope. This arrangement pirrnitted simultaneous viewing of the Waveformet input and output waveforms. Fieure 6,{ shows the waveform output with the ftavelormer switch set for saw-tooth outout. Figure 68 shows the output with the Wavefo-rmer sw.itch set for square wave. In Fig. 6C the input and output waveforms, at'e superimposed with gains adjusted to show how the Waveformer clips the sine wave.-The "squareness' of the output waveform wiII dep"nd on the magnitude of the input sine wave ilg.rais. With larger sine wave input..signals, "squarer' th-eclipping action produces waves. Figure 6D shows the superimposed waveforms with the Waveformer switch set to one o{ tLe half-clip positions. input lo, ond output of Woveformer. Explonotion is given in fext. Principles of Operofion. When the Waveformer switch is set to the sawtooth-wave oosition. the basic waveforming circuit con -nections are those shown in Fig. 7A. First passes consider only D1 and C1. Diode D1 only the negative portion of the sine wave. As the sine *aue goes negative. capacitor--Cl charges rapidly in the negative direction. This produces fhe steep portion of the curve. As ihe input signal filli from the negative peak to the zero line, the charge on C1 prev,ents further passageof current through -D1and ca

-Ct pacitor t"tdt to discharge,slowly throrlSh inv load resistance connected across it. The use of D2 and C2 in the circuit improves the performance by providing additional storage and switch action. When the switch is in the half-wave posi tion the waveforming circuit reduces to that shown in Fig. ?B with diode D2 only in the

t8 RADIO-TVEXPERIMENTER pl ,rr-ur ro*.oror. *ou. o*r.,.,.. ,.rr,rn "i*yil. It passes qnly the negative half cycles. wrth the switch in the square_wave nosi ^that tion, the basic waveforming circuit is shown in Fig. 8. As the inpit voltagu b"ilJ, !p from zero, current flows throuih nt lo the output. But when the voltage-becomes s_ufficientlyhigh (greater than 1.5Iy) to cause diode Dl to conduct, the current is shorted a,nd the straight top of the wave results. As tfre,voltage decreases toward the zero line diode Dl ceases to conduct *h.;-th";;lt ;; to the anode becomes 1.5 v, and the return io zero portion of the waveform results. Diode D2 and.bias battery 82 operate on the negative half cycle in the sahe way. Onlv fr.1 Dl, and B1 or R1, D2 and 82 are "o;;;"i;ain the circuit to produce the half-clip ped sine waves. ,The level control R2 is a potentiometer which permits the setting of a d-esired outputsignal level. It is common to all switch p6sitions. The Waveformer is useful as a teaching tooi to explain the operation of diodes, "uprEito." and pulse circuits, but it has more immediate practical applications. The sawtooth waveform may be used to provide sweeD voltage for an oscilloscope. Soine of the older 'scopes inexpensive employ sweep circuits that extremely non-linear _are and tend to bunch a sine wave applied to the vertical

input. If the sawtooth wave of the Waveformer is- applied to the horizontal amplifier input of the oscilloscope, the linearity will be improved-if the amplifier has sufficient gain ano lrequency response. -The half-wave waveform may be used to drive a relay or any other dc device at a gpec_ifiedfrequency. Of course, the device to be driven must be of sufficientlv low power to nllow_operation with the signal genlrator used and the diode in the waveforirer. The driven device cannot be operated at freouencies above those to which it can norrirallv respond. The half-clipped sine waves mav b-e used in similar fashion whele an opposite "off bias" is desired. Squore.Wove Anplifier Tesfing. Clipped sine -amplifier waves may be used to test audio frequency response. The square *.ue l, uoplied to the input terminali of the amplifier and the waveform is observed on an oicillo scope connected across the output terminals of the amplifier (see Fig. 9). A square wave contains a fundamental fregue_ ncy sine wave and a large number of higher sine wave components. Figure J.0 ;''4*:q-^ 4-Lrs ry-:rf @ UitrF'4te shows the fundamental frequency, the thiri harmonic, and the fifth harrnonic. and how they to produce a waveform ap ,combine proacnrng a square wave. As more odd har_

monics of pr.oper phase and amplitude are added, the resulting waveform more nearlyapproaches a square wave. Now, if a square wave is passed throueh an amplifier, amplifier defects will distorl the waveform. Discrimination against frequencv. and phase shift dependent on frequen"li 1po6" Irequency response) will produce distinct dis_ tortions. If the response of the amplifier is poor at the fundamental frequencv. the scooe connected at the amplifier output witt disptiy a_ square wave with drooping midsections as shown in Fig. 11A. Phase s[ift is indicated by a waveform such as that shown in Fie. 118. Attenuation and phase shift at high fre-quencies is indicated by an output waveform like that in Fig. 11C. Overshoot and ripples in the displayed waveform, as shown in iris. 11D, are also indicative of high-frequencv dis-r.sotortion. A pronounced high--frequlrrcl, nance in the amplifier under test wili cause the overshoot to be further accented. Mousetrop Third Hond o Need an additional hand to hold small wires and parts while you solder them? To make certain an extra hand is alwavs available when needed, mount the spring mechamsm ot a_ mousetrap on the top of your spool of solder as shown. Screw-iasteri the mechanism to a tight-fitting cork inserted into the center of the spool.-JonN A. CorvrsTocK.

BADIO.TVEXPERIMENTEN !i.itiiii i{]i:ii: n ii!!i:!:i proiect, thi3 A simple demonslrslion construGtion oscillotor employs q lunnel diode which, even in its cose (obova right), is dworfed by o vocuum tube. HIS oscillator is one of the earliest tunnel diode construction projects designed for experimenters. It is an effective .4"T9tstration device, and it will attract attention by virtue of its simplicity and the fact -that the tunnel diodeis a novelty. For the builder, it is a painlessintroduction to the operation and us6 of the tunnel diode. In July 1959the General Electric Research Laboratory announced progress in the-developmentoltunnel diodes,and offered them in Iimited quantities at $?5per unit for laboraDiode Broadcast 0scillator Tunnel Thetunnetdiode-newestmemberin the fcst-growingfomilyof semi'tonductors ls givingits first Gousin, fhetronsistor,on Inferiority(omplex.Here'so proie(l which helpsto exPloin whY torv use. Prices have been decreasing-thank goJdttess!-since that time and at the time goes to the printer are below $10get il on the grouno

itri"-utti"t" Obtain one now' and floor of an exciting new electroruc ctevtce' diode prices Within a vear or two tunnel should havL dropped to a dollar or two a unit, and you will have sufficient knowledge to f"ita th" many circuits that are possible with this device. Tlie tunnel diode will be the subiect of manv science fair and engineering day displays, and it will soon be a common comp.ri."i in TV, communications, computer, and other electronic units. - -iie circuit of the tunnel diode oscillator

NADIO-W EXPERIMENTER LECTRON " ROLLSUP" SLOPE TO ENTER VACANT Unique SITE CirtuitSimplilier *tP--rE@@ orX-$:'o @ o THE ito @'* -r t TUNNET e;*ei-;..wp" DIODE Here-in on exfremely simplified diogrom-is how the tunnel diode operotes. Drowing representso structure similor to q Chinese checkerboord,with onq side slighrly roised. Holeson fhe leff side (which representon n-type semiconducfor)ore filled with morbles, with c few left over ond sitting on top, Right side (representing q p-fype semiconductor) o , r . ? . 3 , 4 . 5 hos q few holes vqcont. Thesloperepresenls fhe pofenfiol bqrrier. A morble (or electron)from the ieft, VOLTS con-sfter being given o push-enter o hole on the righr side by TUNNELDIODE rolling.up the slope ond dropping in. Or, wirhout rhe fush, it coi CHARACTERISTT CS CURRENT-VOLTAGE miroculously"tunnel,, through rhe boord ond oppeoi in o hole. ers posrnvE REsrsrANcE Qro @ The former processis usedin conventionol diodesLnd lronsistors. PTS (9 -NEGAT|VE RESTSTANCE The lqfier rep.esentswhot hoppens in tunnel diodes. 9ro Pr (9ON POS|T|VERESISTANCE tunnel diode was first I tist-Dr. Leo Esaki-in 1958. lt takes its name from the phenomenon that makes its operation possible: quantummechanicaltunneling. As with transisiors, it depends on the transfer of an electrical charge across a p-n junction,

THE reported by a Japanese scien the region between a p-type semiconductor, which has ah excesl of oositive "holes" carrier or (empty electron states), and an n-type, which has an excess of free electrons The opposite sides of this junction take on charge a which resists the movement of the .,holes" and electrons across it. In the transistor, a charge carrier must be emitted into a region where its energy can be boosted by an outside voltage. lt is then collected on an outDut elec_ trode. The speed of this process is limited by the time it takes the charge carrier-having left the emitter-to tra verse the control region and appear on the collector. This time limits the frequency at which the device can function and is quite long compared to, say, the time needed for a signal to travel an equivalent distance along a copper wire. The quantum-mechanical theory says thefe is another way in which the particles can pa6sthe barrier: an electron has a small, but definite possibility of disappearing from one side of the potential barrier and re-appearing simul_ taneously on the other-even though it does not have enough energy to surmount the barrier, lt is as though the particles "tunnel" under the barrier, setting up almost in_ stantaneous surges of current. Thus, in the tunnel diode. the signal moves with the same speed as it would in a copper wirtsthe speed of light. The construction of a tunnel diode gives it some other

interesting characteristics. lts p-n junction is made of materials more heavily loaded-or doped-with imourities than convenfional diodes, and made so that the barrier between p and n sections is extremely thin, less than a millionth of an inch thick. So long as no outside voltage is applied across the p_n Junction, there is no net current-since the electrons tunnel back and forth easily through the barrier in both directions, Aqqly a small voltage, however, and current appears. Add still more volta,ge, and current decreases. Add more. and current increaseSagain. In the range where an increase in voltage results in a fall-off of current, the tunnel diode is said to have.,negative" resistanc+making it suited for use as an amplifier or oscillator. This negative resistance quality, combined with speedoflight operation, makes possible a very high frequency response. Engineers confidently expect osciIation frequencies of more than 1 0,OOO megacycles. Some other outstanding fearures: . It is smaller than a transistor and, because of its simplicity, ultimately will be iust a fraction of lts present . lt is affected very little by environment. The tunnel diode can operate at the near-absolute zero temperature of liquid helium or-at the other end of the thermometerat temperatures up to 6500 F, while conventional silicon diodes won't operate above 4000 F. . lt has a low noise level, only parametric amolifiers and masers competing closely with it. And of these, only the tunnel diode can operate directly from a battery. ;;; ffi;;;,** il; ;;ffi ;";;; ;ffi ; ;",;;;;; ffi;;: -m. the voltage from the 1.5-o battery d-own to about 0.15r:,the approximatevoltage for nega.tive resislance opjration of the tunnel diode. Resistors R1 and R2 were chosenso that R2

wpuld be a fractio-n (about %th in this case) of the tunnel diode. negaliv_e r,esistance(which is about 150 ohms). Inductor L and tr6k the oscillations .f tn" i"""ui ii.J", (Several symbolsfor tunnel aioa"r h;;;'b;"" suggestedind are presently "r"d bv ditre.u"t ""y*Uof ma-nufacture"s. Tli. convdntional it shown in Fig. 2). Co,rrect p-ota,iityof the voltage applied to the diode i-s impoitant-ne "areiul ijf to ""

NADIO.TV EXPERIMENTER Four holes are required in the plastic case' Ltsr-TU NNELDI0DE0sclLLAToR Start these holes with ilATERTALs a heated ice pick' L:aDescriPtion Desit. are the-case 27 ohn. t/c watt carhonresistor.10% o."ito" C and the switch S on RI 270 ohn, watt carbonresistor,10o'o [""t"ttitt". The hole for the capacitor is 7e in' L [ioiuiisi 6i'tu territe l00pantenna(Miller 6300) the top ef the case. The mounting hole R2 -!,/2 (Laravette from capacitor M-s.'445) c ;b-sriiii.-ilirriii,ie-tunins TD i;;;i ;i;; c;;;'ut et.*ii. ilzgrg (zlsel or 1ri2e40 for switch 3 is centered on the bottorn side (zJ56A) o}-tfr" ftottt half of the case. Locate !he-b3! contactswitch (Giavhill 400I) S miriia'tuiemomentarv cell (Burgess i"t" [o]a"" -ounting holes by using the holdB L5 v. P nlite #7) penlitecell holder (LafavetteM5'137) er. against the back half of the case, as a I y 121r,x 227"t plasticcase(Lafayett M5-157) capacitol and n"ia"l---n"i.tee the tuning Componentsfor this proiectmaybe obtained ffom LafayetteRadio' to %e in. dia' wit h a Iwitch mouniing holes roo o{tr Avenue, NewYork 13' N. Y. case with soap ano'

taper reamer. Wash the clear water to remove witer and rinse with d;;p;dtt after all of the holes have been made. Mount the switch S, the capacitor C ald the Then wire the circuit' Use a battery holder. iron and rosin core solder I,Z ili;;];"; soldering TD ;;;k;;;";ectio"ns. Minimize the danger. of diode by grasping 3 heat damage to the tunnel "with needle nose pliers between lit" t""at conneetion ihe tunnel diode case and the point during soldering' Wh.en wiri" g is comPlete, insert the batterY in the holder. This oscillator oPerates in the broadcast band. To demonstrate its operation. tune in a relatively weali station on a broadcast rethe ceiver. Push the switch S on oscillator. A momentarY contact "on" switch. it is onlY when depressed. Hold the tunnel diode or"ill.tot near the bloadcast receiver antenna and tune C till a is heard. At this point, the wtristle tunnel diode oscillator is tuned to the frequency of the received station. The short length of wire furnished on coil L *as removed, b-ut

if you have trouble Picking uP qe siinal on your receiver, simPlY cJnnect a 6- to 8-in. length of wire at point A (Fie. 2) and Provide a hole for it in tlie plastic case' This lead 1q 1q will act as a short antenna and provide better couPling of the sienal to the receiver. ahe unmodulated signal from this oscillator will not be audible in a receiver unless the receiver is tuned to a station. The oscillator Reqr view of oscillstor with cose open' signal bea* against the received signal. verse it. The General Electric 1N2939,1N-294-0' If vou haie dififrcultv check th e battery and check capacitor C fol a possible voltaie. ""JiNig+t tfotmerlv designatedasthe ZJ-56 short] Remove the battery and th.e tunnel series) are housed in TO-18 casesand have diode when checking any portion ot the crr ;h;ffi connectionsshown in Fig-2' Note that in the cuit with an ohmmeter. A change i."a-r i and 2 are both connected to the posi, r"tnu of R2 may be required. Pisconnect it tive electrode. "^ variable reslstor' "iew of the tunnel diode o.scillator and substitute a 100-ohm ift" "!". then. disc,onnect open is shown in Fig'-3' Use Figs' Adjust until unit -operates, *ith;;;

and find value, and permanently rns-tau a leZ ."a g for^guidance in assembling the unit sistor of this value for R2.-FnaNK WooDs, JR. and wiring it.

RADIO-TVEXPENIMENTEB Ee Naer,rer @ E rrreror_r p senrruo prvoT AND E @ r'.rerrn corr ( )t il \ \ D'Arsonvql mefer moyemenl. Meters andMuftinreters ByFORRIST H.IRAIITZ,SR. HE type of meter we are concerned with has an electromagnetic mechanis* kno*r, as a d'Arsonval movement. From it I,ll show you how to make voltmeters and am meters and ohmmeters. How Melers Work. The d'Arsonval meter (Fig. 1) contains a permanent magnet. a coil that is free to rotate about its pivot axis. a needle attached to the coil and i spring that resists displacement of the coil from zeri and tends to restore the coil to zero. _ Th_etorque that eauses the coil to turn is

developed when a current passes througt lh; meter coil. The amount is proportionallo the culrent passing through the meter coil. The coil and needle are supported by low friction bearings so that mechanical resistance is low. The pole pieces conduct the flux from the magnet poles and the circular iron core over which the coil rotates. This core and the curved pole piece faces assure that the maenet's flux is_always cutting the coil windinis at right angles. The most common basic d'Arsonval meter movement is the 0-to-1 milliampere dc meter. Designing Your Own Meler lnsfrurnenfs.Cs_ sume for simplicity in the examples, that all ot the work ts being done with a 0_1 ma. meter. The resistance of the meter. if not !1ow^n,ga,nbe determined by the circuit ofFle, ?. Adjust pot R, whichis ;";;;GJ ;; a h^rgh resistance rheostat, for full scale meter deflection. Connect shuni RS "".;;;1h;-;;_ ter_terminals, and adjust it until the meter detlection is reduced to hall scale. The resist_ ance to which RS is adjusted is the resistance of the,meter morremetrt-. The resistance;f -; RS 3r_ay be measured with an .hm;;1* Wheatstone bridee. Once you knoiv the basic movement (I-) and .the resistance (R-) of the metl", yoir can rncrease the current range with a shunt resistance (R" in Fig. 3.). The value of the

shunt resistance for new a range is deter_ mined using these formulas: (a) I" : I-I( b) R": rT r R_(i:) You can buy a 7/6 shunt resistor, or vou can make the shunt by winding insuiated resistance_ or magnet wire on a form, 'O.such as a matchstick or a Bakelite bobbin. Vou c"" use a rheqsta,t, adjust it to the propei .u.iri_ ance,-and lock it with a cement-seall between the shaft.and bushing. Most .f,,r"t ,urirt.rr"uvalues will be so low, though, that it,s best to wlnd your own. In designing an extended-range meter

5l BJTDIO-TVEXPERIMENTER Circuit for meosuring meler resi3lonce. With RS out of the circuit ddiust R for full-scole meter de' flectioh. Then connect R5 ocross the meler os shown cnd adiusl ir rill rhe meter reqds holf scole. The meter lesiston e is equol fo lhe volue to which R is odiusred. Exfending the ronge of o currenl meter wifh o shunl resislonce. Converting o milliommeter to o vohmelet wifh o series resislonce' a o + a Im Rs a a a a a using a basic meter movement, try -to select a tange that is a convenient multiple of- the meteiscale range. Multiples of 10 are best since you can read the meter directly, and have tb supply only the decimal point. Two and five ai. ih" next best choices for scale number multipliers, and of course' multiples (Same ap of 10 can be used with these also. plies to voltmeters.) The circuit for converting a milliammeter to a voltmeter is given in Figure 4. These formulas are used: rVr (a) H:[ , I \Im/ (b) R:B-RBy. connecting a switch (Fig. 5) you can make a multi-range voltmeter. These current range extensions and voltmeter

conversions are solved by applying Ohm's law. In the ammeter application of Fig. and shunt are in parallel. Thus, the voltage across the meter equals the voltage acrosl the shunt. Therefore, the current throueh the meter the meter 3. the meter times resistance equalJ current through the shunt times the sliunt resistance. And the current into the combination equals shunt plus meter current' The voltmet"t u""attg"tttent ol the second problem (Fig. a) was based on the idea that ihe current thtbugh the shunt must equal the eurrent through the meter, and the sum oi th" voltage drops across the meter and the series resistor equals the voltage drop across the combination. What about measuring resistance with a meter? There are several approaches. The first (Fie. 6) utilizes an ammeter and a volt metei tJ measure the current through, and the voltage across' an unknown resistance R" Then R'ls caiculated from Ohm's law. For <-V example, if V is 4.5 v and I is '005 amp (5 ma.), using: v45 R.:-i. ThenR":ff, andR":900 ohms. Thismethodis cumbersome, so let's seeif we can get around it. If we know the voltage-E of tli'e battery, do we need to measure V? No, if R- is much greater than the resistance of the meter measuring the current I. This leads us to the circuit of Fig. 7, where a pot P is employed to adjust the voltage V to a value around which we'll design our ohm meter. Assuming that we'll use a 1-ma, 27

ohm meter movement, as before, we'll want the resistance of P to be about 500 ohms. This choice is made on the assumption that the current from the battery should be 10 or more times the current through the meter, for accurate results. The resistance across A and B is zero, if we short these terminals' Therefore the resistance of R and the meter should be 5v (the design voltage) divided by the meter current, .001 amp. Resistance R, therefore, is 5000 ohms, minus the-meter-^r^e^ sistance of 27 ohms, or 4973 ohms. Since 5000 and 49?3 ohms differ by only about YzVo,you can let R equal 5000 ohms without noticeable error. The bhms scale may be calculated in terms of the I scale on the meter by assuming different values this of R* using formula: t-V '-R + RThus, R" in ohms I in ma. 0 1.000 500 0.909 1000 0.832 2000 0.715 3000 0.625 4000 0.555 5000 0.500

NADIO.TVEXPENIMENTER c l<.-9" voLrs. | t h:J P 8000 10,000 15,000 20,000 30,000 50,000 100,000 200,000 can compute ,You self. Note that the half-scale meter defleciion is, equal to R for any meter combinatiorr wtrich uses-this arrangement. That,s . t ""dv piece of information for estimates, before vou begin.design. The ohm readings *"v b""ob_ tained using a table such as that "to,r". o" an ohms scale may be pasted on the meter glass. The switch S is turned on only when the ohmmeter is being used. _The potentiometer p may be made up of a 100-ohm pot in series with a 400-ohm,^fixed resistance. This arrangement makes the zero resistance adjustment less critical. you can dou.ble battery life by doubling the value o] P (use a 200-ohm pot and an 800-ohm re_ sistance) with a decrease in accuracy that's negligible. To convert a basic dc meter movement for ac--measurements, rectifiers are used. Their

diflerence in forward and back resistance is so great that we generally assume a rectifier acts as a switch. The rectifier circuit of Fie. 8A, not often used with meters, conducis during only half the ac input cycte. tne futiwavehalf bridge of 88 passes current during all of the input cycle. A 2.7K resistor foi each R works well with most germanium diodes. The output current is ibout 0J2 times the input current. The full bridse of Fig. 8C-passescurrent during the entire input cycle also, but presents a greater output ior a given input current. The output cuirent is 0.9 times the input current. The rectifiers may be germanium diodes or copper oxide types. Germanium diodes are more readily available and cover a broader range of frequencies. The GE 1N64, Sylvania + 0.384 0.333 0.250 0.200 0.143 0.091 0.048 0.024 additional values vour_ o z r\x u a A simple 3-range vohmeter. Resislance volues

were obtoined by the method of Fig. 4 ond rounded ofi to procticol volues, Determining 6 resistcnce by the volt-currenr (Ohm,s low) method. A the text, P is 500 ohms, For less criricol ,"i"-"i-_ iustment, substitute (for p) o t0O-ohm 7 7 simple ohmmeter circuit, ln fhe exomple in pot in series with o 400-ohm resisfor, INjIA 'I_he and the Raytheon IN66 are suitable. shunt resistances for current meters ald the series resistances for "oft*"iu"r-of the ac variety may be determineti; th;;;;. way as _they,were determined for dc inslru_ ments, but bear in mind that the t."rs]"r. factor oJ the rectifier arrangement alters theval.-r's.1 the ac voltage requfred to"]"tt ,""i" detlection, ald that the apparent meter re_ $ptarlce-is changed, too. Use the circuit-of r rg. .:z tor experimentation, considering therectifier input terminals as the "t"" iE"-i_ nals and an ac voltage source instead of abattery to determine Ih" "pp"r".rt;;;* ;"_ sistance. The current through th" m"i"" is the vol_lage across R divided 6y the "".i.il* 9f R. the formulas of Fig. B ;d-A-;;; Jhen, be applied. Mullimelers, T'here are many meter kits availab.le at low prices. They're-calleJVOfit

(volt-ohm-milliammeter) or multimeter kits and. are-goo4 for measuring ac arrd dc cur_ rent and voltage, and for measuring resisi_ ance. Although many factors enter lnto the cnorce ot a meter kit, the primary considera_ tron ls meter sensitivity: the number of ohms resistance that the meter movement and the series resistance present between the input terminals of the meter, divided bv the cor_ responding voltage range. This is"e*p"essld in ohms/volt. This number is a funcltion of meter movement current for full scale de! Sg!iol. A 1-ma meter has . ,""riti"iiy"Jf1000-ohms/volt; a 200 microamp. ."tur"t m a .sensitivity of 5000 ohms/volt; and a 50microam_p. meter has a sensitivity of 20,00b_ ohms/volt. The sensitiviy is important, because when you connect a voltmeter into a circuit to maKe a measurement, you're connecting aresistance across the cireuit. tf vorr-"o""-""i t-oo low a resistance across the "ir""it, vo"ii draw enough current from the "ir";lt io ;;; a wrong voltage reading. Figure 9 illustrjes -ih"

what can happen. When you "orrr""t meter across AB, its resistance is in parallel ( 5 , I 1 t t d D li G g ll & Y] ft

NADIO-TVHXPERIMEMER A-: Av a a a a o REcrlFlER HALF-WAVE a A E with the bottom 5K resistor and the ance of the combination is lower. With 1000-ohm/volt meter (0-1 ma movement) to the 5 v range the resistance between A and B looks like 2500 ohms. This increases total circuit current to l-.33ma from the value of 1 ma which flowed prior to meter connection. The voltage drop between A and B is only 3.33v now instead of,the actual 5 v that would exist under normal circuit condi -a big error. However, if a 20,000ohm/volt -s vr5 measurement' the resistance paralleling R2 would be 100,000 ohms on the 5-v range' and the resistance between AB would be 4760 ohms. The total current through the circuit would meter metermeter were werewere used usedused to toto make makemake the thethe measu be 1'023 ma. and the voltage between A and B would be 4.87 volts, very close to exactUsing o Muitineier. My young son uses his meter to check the resistance of a toy motor'

If it's open, the needle reads infinite resistarrce (nb deflection). Sometimes he checks his toy motors by using them as generators, switching the meter to a low dc voltage -or current iange and looking for a meter de flection as lie rotates the motdr shaft. The motor used as a generator with a meter indicating output voltage-across or current through a resistance makes a gooct rnm indicator for lathes, drills, motors and engines (including cars). The same scheme *Jv be used for a speedometer for bicycles or i child's wagon. Equipped with a propeller or vane that is outfitted to face into the wind or equipped with anemometer type cups, this sa.tt" ul""ttical arrangement may be used to measure wind speed' The hook-up of Fig. 10 may be used for any of these applic-ations. The size of the series rheostat must be de termined experimentally and may include-a series resistance in the meter if you use the dc voltage range of a VOM for the meter. A more veisatile approach is to use a dc current range. Uiually the pot adjustment can be made to calibrate the meter so the existing meter scale with a suitable fraction or multiple of

10 will provide the desired range of rpm or mph. Sometimes, though, you'll have to pro .rri-d"a paper and ink scale, and you'll have to fieure but the mechanical coupling. *multitester's A ac volts range can be used nn C rur-u-wnvEFULLBRTDGE Meler reclifier circuits. with an audio amplifier to produce an audio millivoltmeter, a sound survey meter or an applause meter (Fig. 11A). Figure 11B shows resistance-capacitance meter coupling, and 11C shows transformer coupling to the meter. You can rig up a calibration template for the amplifier volume control so you can use it -as yorr'd ut" a range switch. You can use the meter's decibel or voltage scales. The ac voltmeter ranges may be used to measure capacitance of paper, oil or mica dielectric capacitors. Use the circuit arrang-ement of Fig: 12. Adjust the pot till the volt ages at A and B are equal. Then disconnect tlie pot and measure its resistance R. For the &pacitance in microfarads, substitute the value of R in this formula: 1,000,000 377R This circuit works best with higher ac volt-t ases. but 30 v is the top, safe limit. (The voltaees across C and R won't add up to the appliJd voltage.) Get the 60-cycle ac volt rg" fro* a lransformer-either a filament t[nsformer or a train transformer will do. And, don't use this arrangement to measure low-voltage electrolytic capacitors, or you

may ruin them! You can use a 6.3-v trans former in the circuit to test electrolytic ca pacitors rated 100 v or more, without dam age. Beginners can use a meter to get a gooc undeistanding of electricity. Use it to find out: What happens when you connect bat teries ih series and parallel; what happens to the battery voltage when you decrease the resistance connected to it; what happens to the voltage and current when resistors are connectedin series or parallel; how to apply

BADIO.TV EXPENIMENTEN Ohm's law; the difference in the resistance of a light bulb before it's turned on and after it has been on a while. Incidentally, never use the ohms scales to measure resiitance in a circuit under power. Always disconnect the voltage from the circuit before you meas ure resistance. The rgrsistsn_ceranges may be used to check ,. rrght bulbs and lamp wiring. If the ohmmeter needle deflects at all on the low ohm range, the.bulb (or lamp wiring with a good bu-lb rn the lamp and the switch on) isn,t open and if the meter needle doesn't hit zero. the bulb or lamp isn't shorted. In the case of a table or floor lamp, if you get this kind of indication, everything's good, except that you're not sure that the switch will work. When vou turn the switch off, the meter needle will return to its normal rest position if the switch !. operating properly. This is the techniquefor trouble-shooting radios, electri cal appliances and home and car electrical wiiing. -Another example of the continuity check just outlined is locating-If tubes wiih openheaters in a radio or TV. none of th e tubes in an ac-dc (tlansformerless) radio lieht uo when_the radio is on, the pfobable "irrre oi trouble is-an,open tube heater. An open tube heater will also cause a TV set to b6 inoperative, but won't necessarily prevent all tubes from lighting up. To check tube filaments for Usingcn omplifier with on oc vohmeter qs sn qudio ll millivoltmeter, sound survey meter or on opplouse meter (o); R- coupling mefer to dm

plifier (b); ond meter-conne*ed omplifier outpul frunsformer (c). l( U tr = A-ro tnarusrsroR col a a a a GENERATOR a a a to 3l\,'Jt+i,'J,T, a a lllustroting how o low sensitivity vohmeter up_ 9sets low currenl circuit operotion ond gives folse reodings (seetext), t.l motor used os o generqtorin this simple | 0 t circuil hos mony proclicol uses, DelermineR experimentally. opens, use the ohmmeter test leads across the heater pins (power disconnected). The pin numbers may be obtained from tube manuals.

An ac voltmeter is useful in checking _-ac line voltages, transformers. circuit wirline oscillator-output, model trii"oud ""J dv "iii cuits and for numerous other applicaiions. The dc voltmeter is useful checkine in batteries , (check them for voltage witf, the normal load connected), checking dc power supplies, trouble-shooting in .adios and car wiring, and for numerous other applications. You should have little difficulty^in voltage measurement. Current measurements are not used as commonly in routine trouble-shooting and experimenting, but are becoming moie important with the advent of the transistor. The important thing to remember in making dc current measurements is that the meter is connected in series with source and load. That is, one of the leads connects to the source of voltage and the corresponding connecting point on the device that is receivins power. .You m_ightlook at it as simply cuttin[ one of the leads in the circuit and connectini the current meter to the lead ends that vou,vE created. The microampere range o-n the meter is also useful as a current detector in Wheatstone bridge circuits. aU 2 rf 6 TO30

VOLTS .6 LECTOROR TUBE PLATE B-ro avpltrrrR GRoUND a(o 3tlffii E

RADIO-W EXPERIMENTER I (e? Kict I{aI By HOMERL. DAVIDSON I ^ |HEN the children are out playing, \A/ tttev can never be found when V V wanted. With this unit, however, simolv bv pushing in on a push-button switch you you can hear their i,"" d'"ti them. And then replv or listen in on the outdoor happenings' e-OpOt two-position is used to switch from Talk to Listen position. A SPST switch of the momentarY-{' ' , ! hold type ;frlts |;iil,f. r*;1."fi:','1 the unit off. BY ! ,,: t':'.64.'' usingthis type of l, t;Y'S"'f"':X m#*i* only when oushed. and out3id" noise will be present onlY when listening. The unit responds at once ',ihen pushed on, since there are no tubestowarmuP. Circuil DescriP. lion. This inter * 0 a0* *o''ule6sss ,r.* s**

.* '...%^,_, ;.;:n;; :: Kid Kaller cqn be in. stolled in kirchen cqbinel, os here, for inslant communicolionoutdoors. Oulside speoker con be loccted neqr bock door, on post in yord or on 9Oaoge. ffi-ffi com caller is built around four transistors' The first three are 2N107-PNP low-cost tvoes.A 2N255 CBS power transistor is used inihe output circuit for greatervolume.From the input of the house unit a 45-ohm voice coil permanent magnet speaker is placed, in the bise circuit of the first cascadestage. This speaker, used as a microphone, is couple4 to the base circuit through a 5 mfd electrolytic capacitor. The signal is amplified, then capacitively coupled to the second transistor stag-e through a small volume control that controls the output volume. Both emitters of the first two stages are grounded. A base resistor is tied to each collector terminal

NADIO.TVEXPENIMENTER TRI 3j!en ou 32Nroz 3 ztrto1 5\rF 5MFt TR+ :Y'3:[ Cz ilj* C:

I 2N255 L = SWITCH i NG oraonar,l ARRANGEI\,IENT flaasr_c_ M I D-45 UN]VERSI iY sP( /1 HOLE FOR 9.PIN 3" HoLE TUBE SOCKET ; T I I t 1Z 1' I i T

I 2i O---.-*O 1 HOLESTO MOUNT 4-PtN * WAFER SOCKETS I ( I I /o o o o d ooo / p Ib ooooo a! O O Or\ l,'o p o\ F O i -\ 3iroues L/.,, \l s"PKr{oLES : HoLES pl e ot Ci Amplifier t:nd its cqse (5) ond bock view of complete unit (5A),excepf for outsidespeoker, or In the third audio stage the collector is tied resistor is tied to the collector circuit of tp directly to the battery, while the emitter the power transistor. A 45-ohm, pagin g terminal is wired directly to the base circuit type speaker is switched into the output of of the power transistor. The base return the 2N255 collector circuit. As the out put

NADIO.TVEXPERTMENTEN s7 MATEBIALS LIST-KID KALLEB Desig. Description CL,C2,C3 5 nfd miniature elect.capacitors RL I2,000-ohm, /2.watt carbon resistor RZ 120,000.0hm,/2.watt carbonresistor R3, R7 l0,000-ohn, !/2-watt carbon resistor 10,000-ohml.R,C,yolumecontrol R5 220,000.0hm,Z2-watt carbon resistor R6, R9 47,000-ohm,,/2-watt carbon resistor R8 270-ohm, y2-watl. carbon resistof TRl, TRz, TR3 2N107 GE transistors TR4 2N255 CBS powertransistor SWl SPST hold.type pushswitch SW2 Rotary DPDT two-position switch 0peradio 45.0hm 4,' PM spkf. (microphone) Mid-45 University paging-typespkr. (outside) 6-volt battery, lantern type impedance of the power transistor is around 48 ohms, this insures a perfect match for amplification There will be no need for an output transformer in this type of circuit. The power or voltage to be applied to the circuit is furnished by a heavy duty lantern battery. Since the unit is used only intermittently, the battery lasts a long time. Consfruclion. Construet the amplifier inside an ICA aluminum case (see Materials List), or make your case, as shown in Fig. 5A, from thin-gage aluminum. Mount all 2N107 transistors directly on a three-lug terminal strip; the power transistor, in a standard 9-pin miniature socket insulated from the metal chassis (see Fig. 6,4'). There is no need to construct a heat sink for the power transistor since the unit is not on long enough to get warm. Cut the front panel from hard-tempered Masonite and drill necessary holes before painting (see Fig.58). I used a white enamel spray paint so that the small unit would match the kitchen walls. The wire lead to the outside speaker can go directly through the wall through a small hole. Place colored putty around the hole so there will be no danger of weather damage. Fasten the amplifier unit to the front panel

with four small bolts and nuts and secure the PM speaker to the panel also. Mount the double wafer switch directly above the amplifier chassis (see Fig. 6A). A small metal bracket was constructed from aluminum stock to hold the lantern battery to the front panel. The switching circuit is shown in Fig. 4. Operotion. When the wiring has been completed and the unit installed, except for the outside speaker (which should be wired into circuit but not secured outside), push down on the switch and-with volume half-way up -feedback should occur between outside speaker and microphone speaker, Then turn the switch to listen position and press the switch again. Again feedback should occur. If it does not, check the wiring of the double waler switctr. Now place the"oulside speaker outdoors so that feedback will not occur with someone talking into the microphone speaker. There are many uses for this small unit. The caller can be used as a regular intercom simply by placing a switch on the back of the volume control. Or the outside speaker can be placed on a post in the farn yard so the housewife can speak to her husband outside. Or you may be a rabid bird watcher. The outside speaker can be placed near a bird house and you can hear them while watching them. Tope Cur-Off . Rolls of plastic, rubber, and friction electrician's tape have no cutting blade to cut strips to length. A piece of metal cut-ofi blade removed from a wax paper box makes a good cutting edge. Simply cut ofi a length of blade that will fit loosely around the roll, overlap it on the inside and solder.-Jonw A. Coustocx. RqzorShunlslron Heql . T'hat discarded razor can serve a useful purpose as a heat shunt when soldering radio parts leads. Clamp the razor over the lead

and it will absorb the soldering heat that might otherwise damage or change the value of theradiopart,

; ;"i. BADIO-I-\IEXPENMENTEN ''''F TheHidden DX Here'ssomethingnew in DX funing FfUl subtorriers By(. [tl. STAIIIURY ll wculd produce a supersonic audio note which your audio circuits would reject, no speaker could reproduce. and of course you couldn't hear it anyway. Thus WSOM may transmit background music around 105167(the subcarrier) and no ordinary FM lhe experimenler's DX speciol for hidden DX, consisting of q Hqmmorlund HQ set c ould ever receive l2O X qnd o Grqnco 780. Almost ony combinotion of short-wove ond FM it. receivers will do, bur it is beiter if the 5W set is equipped with bond spreod. But an AM receiver (detector) responds to l\O YOU own an FM receiver? Chances variations in amplitude, and in this sense, not | | are pretty good you do, or could, be-to frequency deviation. The subcarrier does l./ s4115sthere are sets in the stores selling produce amplitude variations. Thu s if you for as little as $29.95.Secondquestion, are could tune an AM receiver to 105167 it would you a DXer? If you are, then you're missing pick up WSOM's subcarrier. The sound s one tremendous bet on the FM band. would not be enjoyable listening but recog We're crazy? FM DX is a eross between nizable as music, and-more important from that found on the Broadcast Band and VHF a DX standpoint-loggable.

TV' channels. Ilowever, DX listeners are But you don't have an AM receiver that missing some very rare catches between 88 will tune the FM band? You don't need one, and 108 mc, loggings which compare with the the FM set will do it for you. Doubl e talk? most unusual to be found anywhere in the No. radio spectrum. Hidden on the band are sig-An FM set receives a signal from the an. nals which the ordinary FM receiver will tenna, passes it through one stage of R F never pick up, which even local listeners will amplification (a few have two) th en feeds it probably never hear. But if you have a short-into a mixer tube where it's conver ted to an wave receiver, you can. And at a distance, intermediate frequency, the most comm on of Rare enough for you? Most of our readers will be familiar with QSL's received one class of station in this "hidden" group, "Dear Mr. Stanbury: the satellites on 108 mc, but unless you have "Thank you for your reporl on reception of WRRA special equipment, these require a tremen localed on Conneclicut Hill,9 miles souihwesf of dous amount of patience. A much more invitIthaca,New York. ing target are the subcarriers used for back-"The subcarrieryou detected was our 67 kc multipiex ground music and storecasting. Believe it or subcarrier{or background music not, such signals you will be able to detect "You may . . . be able to deieci bu rsts of high fre (for DX purposes only), log and QSL with quencytoni (t9 kc +o 29 kc) af sfation identification time and also our 45 kc ielemetering frequency at odd only a reasonable amount of effort. iniervals." How'sil done? By using AM detection in-

Norlheast Radio Corporaiion stead of FM. An FM detector measures the deviation between the frequency transmitted "Dear :&** Mr, Slanbury: .l and the carrier frequency, subtracts them, "This will acknowledge your leller of 7 August 1959, and the result is an audio frequency. We have relative io recepiion of radio signals from ihe Dis-I taken WSOM as an example, carrier fre-coverer Satellite. "Time, quency 105100 kc (105.1mc). If the signal {requency and emission would certainly in-t deviated to L05101 (or 105099) the result dicaie that the signals you received w ere from the ( would be a 1 kc or 1000 cps audio note. How-Satelliie..." From a Government Agency I ever, should the deviation exceed 15 kc, it

RADIO-TVEXPENIMENTER I--*rorrn F]"."rrroo or' tne luscmnrnr or il 5 tr It ,**,o"'o f,y Q51 for on FM subcorrier. The cord wos prepored by rhe curhor to expedite verificafion. which is 10.7 mc. So far, simple. But what you may not know is that the mixer tube radiates a small portion of the signal at the IF frequency. Such radiation passesback into the antenna circuit. If a shortwave receivet is hooked up to the same antenna, there will be no difficulty picking up the FM signal at 10.7 mc (or whatever the IF is). Once you pick it up on your shortwave receiver, you will of course be using that all-important AM detection. Now that we've reached the antenna. let's consider it a moment. Subcarriers usually produce weak signals. Thus your antenna must receive signals well from that direction. Which direetion? Well, that depends upon which DX station you're after. In other words, your antenna must function in oll directions. The best solution is a rotor, the kind used for TV antennas. But if you don't already have one, this is also the most expensive. A compromise would be the old fashioned longwire. Which brings us to a second use for the hidden-DX receivers: That very tough space reception. Most American satellites use either .{1 (on/off) or F1 (frequency shift, in this case producing beep effect) modulation to identify their carriers. Both can be received much better on the narrow band set-up described here than on an ordinary broad-band FM receiver. Now that the equipment is set, you're ready to use it. The first step would be to listen to one or more of your local FM stations so you become familiar with their sound when detected via AM. If you know one of them has a subcarrier, listen to it (look for a subcarrier when the orthodox programming is other than music). Among other things you will note that mixed with the background music will be transmissions from the standard carrier.

Findingq Subcarrier. The process is the same for both local and DX stations. Tune in the stations as well as possible on your FM set, then turn the volume down to nil (but not off). If your shortwave receiver is equipped with band spread, plaeeit at the maximum No inlernol odiustmenls ore required on the rig, only o common ontennd, setting and find the carrier frequency on the main dial (around 10.7 mc or whatever the FM IF is). The carrier will be at the point of peak signal, but it can be found much more accurately by waiting for a moment of dead air (even while the announcer takes a breath). It will then appear as a distinctive hum at just one frequency. (In actual practice this extremely fine tuning is accomplished by a slight adjustment of the bandspread.) Once you find the carrier, look for the subcarrier with the bandspread. Assuming the station has a strong signal, if you fail to find it after a couple tries, place the bandspread at its lowest reading, retune the carrier via the main dial and start searching for your quarry again. If you don't have bandspread, tune in the standard carrier, note the frequency reading carefully, then tune back and forth for the subcarrier. When you find it, note that dial setting also. Although these procedures sound complicated, they will-with a little practice-become simple routine and in the long run prove much easier than any haphazard approach. Except for identification, which will be obtained from the nornal FM transmission, you'll have to garner enough information from the subcarrier to authenticate reception of same. First item is frequency. If the subcarrier appears above the carrier on your shortwave receiver, it will actually be below it and vice versa. Ifowever the indicated frequency difference will be correct. Such readings should be as accurate as possible, A bandspread may be calculated via 31-meter SWBC images or more easily by using a 100 kc crystal calibrator. For space reception, pinpoint accuracy is absolutely indispensable. Other verification data might include timing between records (to the second) and possibly song titles, although many stations keep no record qf the latter, so don't depend upen it.

BADIO-W EXPESIMENTEA A speoker connecled ro the HiQuol Pre-Amp inpul con function os o mike sensitive enough to record heqrt beots. The Hi-Qual Pre-Amp meets the specifications out lined, and it can perform the jobs outlined, plus numer ous others. In addition to the characteristics men tioned below the title of this article, it is: 1) transistor ized-uses two high gain GE 2N508 transistors; 2) dc op erated from 6 v-no line cords to get in your way; 3) battery economy is good requires less than 2 ma; 4) stabilized for variations in transistor characteristics and temperature; 5) handles in puts from zero to 3 millivolts with minimum distortion. The rbnge may be extended by connecting a volume con trol in the input circuit (Fig.

4); 3 millivolts input pro duces a 1.5 v output; 6) input impedance is greater than 10,000 ohms; 7) compact eon struction-3/s x2Tre x 3% in. including self-contained bat tery (Figs. 1 and 2); 8) sim ple construction-can be built in about an hour with minimum chances of wiring Hi-OuslPre-Amp Thispreampis inexpensive, eosylo consfruct.lt hos c mistakes; 9) flexible-can be goinof about 500flot from l0 rycleslo 20,000 cy(les. built into other equipment or as a separate lab instrument It noy be used in opporotus requiringo quolitypre-a nd can be modified to meet omplifierrircuil, or os o loborolory tool varying requirements. TIIE electronics and scientific experimenter I frequently needs a high quality preampliI fier. The preamp must have a low value of internal noise, hum, and hiss. It should have a reasonably high input impedance, high gain, and the gain should be relatively independent of the power supply voltage. The frequency response should be relatively flat over a wide range of frequencies, and distortion should be low. An amplifier that meets these specifications may be used as a phonograph, microphone, or tape recorder pick-up preamplifier. It may be used with a crystal detector tuner to drive a power amplifier for hi-fi listening. As a lab preamp a unit meeting the outlined specs can be used to detect small ac voltages, as a meter amplifier for a conv'entional meter, as a preamp for older, less sensitive oscilloscopes,

and for a host of other uses. Consfruclion. The top and bottom views of the completed amplifier are shown in Figs. 1 and 2; the circuit diagram is shown in Fig. 3. Using these as a guide, proceed as follows: 1) Drill two Ya-in. dia. holes in the perforated board for the battery holder. There are four small perforations left between these two holes, and the two holes line up on the second row of perforations. Mount the battery holder and connect the terminals for series connection of the batteries. This is accomplished by turning the battery holder lugs till they eontact each other, then soldering them together. Fill the inside eyelets of the battery holders which will contact the batteries with solder. This will minimize the chance of poor-contact or no-contact problems later. 2) Insert the transistor, resistor, and capacitor pigtails through the appropriate board perforations. Note that one pigtail of R2 and

BADIO-TVEXPERIMENTER ,' "OuT .*csr"r$rcT{*{}T* ruRrs*{,J Top view of Pre-Amp. nur{\ .\ S tcct',lruot*l M${jNTll'jGs{ftgwS ni Bollom view of Pre-Amp, the collector pigtail of T1 both pass thr:ough the same perforation. The same applies to Rl and base T1; R3 and emitter T1. This also occurs for similar elements of T2 and the counterpart resistors. Be careful to position the capacitors with polarities as shown in Fig. 1. g) The instructions which follow refer to connections made on the bottom side of the perforated board. Connect C1 (-) to junclion R1-base T1. Solder and clip ofT the extra lead length. '\ru t I junction of R3 and R6 is the common terminal for input and output. A lead may be solderedatthispointforconnectionpurposes. Minigator clips may be attached to these inputoutput leads, or other terninals of the user's choice may be provided. A volume control or volume control with switch may be connected at the input of the amplifier as shown in Fig. 4. The amplifier will begin to distort when the input level exceeds 3 millivolts. The vohrme control divides higher voltage levels and can be set within 6t 4) Connect free end R1 and C2 (-) to collector T1.

Solder and clip off extra lead length. 5) Solder RB and T1 emitter junction; clip off extra lead length. 6) Connect free end C2 (i) to junction R4 and T2 base. Solder and clip excess. 7) Connect free end R4 and C3 (-) to junction R5 and T2 collector. 8) Solder junction R6 and T2 emitter; clip excess lead. 9) Bend free R3 and R6 pigtails against board and solder. Connect a 2-in. length of wire from this junction to the (*) battery holder terminal. 10) Bend free pigtails of R2 and R5 against the board and solder. Connect a 3-in. length of wire to this junction. Solder a Mueller Minigator clip to the other end of this wire. The clip is the On-Off switch for the amplifier. To turn the amplifier on, fasten the clip to the (-) battery holder terminal. The clip lead switch may be replaced with a more sophisticated switch, but this isn't feasible unless the amplifier is housed in a case which has mounting space. The case may be the case which enclosesanother piece of equipment of which you want to make the preamp a permanent part, or the amplifier may be housed in its own case. The Lafayette MS-159 plastic case is a good fit, and there's room for a switch or control with switch. The (*) pigtails of Cl and C3 are the "high" inputoutput terminals of the amplifier respectively. The "low"

62 the amplifier input limits. The Lafayette VC-28 miniature control (10K with switch) is suitable for this application and will fit in the plastic case mentioned previously. The 0.5 mfd, 200 v capacitor shown in Fig. 4 should be used i{ the input signal contains a dc component. However, if the dc voltage involved is greater than 200, a capaeitor with a larger voltage rating must be used. The input impedance of this high-quality pre-amplifier may be increased by connecting a 68,000-ohm resistor in series with the preamplifier's high input lead as shown in Fig. 5. This increases the unit's input impedance to approximately E MATEBIALS LIST_H I.QUAL PRE.AMP Desig. Description R6 L0 ohn, V2 walt, 200/6 carbon resistor R3 100 ohm, V2 watt, 20o/o carbon resistor R2, RS 2.7K, /2 w^lt.20ok carhonresistor R1, R4 680K. t/2 watt,20ok carbon resistor GL 30 mfd. 15 v miniature electrolytic CZ,C3 capacitor(SprasueTE-1I56) TI. T2 2N506 transistor(G neralElectric) B four I.5 v penlitec lls (RCA VS0-74) battery holder (LafayetteMS-UO) l\ 5 x 33/sttminiaturep rforated board (LafayetteM5-304) Minigatorclip (Mueller30) 80,000 ohms (80K), adequate for most high-impedance sources. Of course, this results in a reduction of gain to approximately Tsth of the previous 500 value.

Ai happens so often as to establish itself as a general rule, conflicting objectives of high voltage gain and high input impedance in transistor amplifiers must be accepted as a fact of life. The preamp may be used as an amplifier for any reasonably senRADIO.TV HXPENIMENTEN ) F BOTTOM f--) VIEW \5 TI, T2 scHEMA.c E .5MF,200V (sEETEXT) ---lF ADDING VOLUME CONTROL AND SWITCH rent meter or the low alternatingcurrent range of a multimeter (Fig. 6). The Heathkit MM-1 Multimeter has a low range of 1.5 v which is ideally suited to this amplifier. Meters with low ranges greater than that of Heath's MM-1 Multimeter may be used with the amplifier by using the scale only up to 1.5 v. T'hepreamp output may of course be used to driv! an earphone or a power amplifier. The earphone arrangement might be used T---r--I cl !JRHF I I l-

I INCREASING E ffi^'* Pre-Amp cqn be used with oc voltmeler lo meosure oc sitive low-voltage alternating-cur millivolts. with the amplifier for signal tracing or it might be used in conjunction with a crystal radio input. Another, but not quite so obvious application of the prearnp capitalizes on the distortion created by overdriving. If a signal of 0.1 to 0.2 v is applied to the amplifier input, the output waveform will be clipped and will approach a square wave.-Fonnnsr H. Fnenrz, Sn.

I I NADIO-T]TEI(PENIMENTEN 83 1 I A ilusiccll Annuncieitor Ii Withftis devitehooked inlo yourfronrdoor-bell tirtuil,yousubstitutethe soft, tinkling fonesof o musi( box for theiongle of bell, rospof buzzer or rou(ouscling-dong! of rhimes By HARIIANDB; SMITH, WSVVD An electronicolly cmplified Swiss musicol movement (ot left fronr) mokes plecson l door onnunciolor, o HE heart of this annunciator is its Swiss musical movement. Powered by a minia ture 110-v, shaded-pole motor, this move ment will play a 2O-secondexcerpt from one of your favorite melodies. (The available tunes range from Ad,este Fideles to the Third, Man Theme, so you should have little diffi culty in finding a composition to suit your

taste.) If this tiny music maker is to be heard throughout your home, however, some form of amplification must be employed-and the amplifier must be ready to operate the instant the front door button is pressed. For economy's sake, no power should be drawn by the unit during standby periods. Consequently, heater-type vacuum tubes cannot be used. The choice. therefore. lies be tween battery tubes and transistors. Despite continued transistor price reductions, the ca-nA pacitors, transformers, etc. needed for tran-CAM ON NJUSC 8OX sistor circuitry are still relatively expensive. SIAFT In contrast, the parts requit.ed for a vacuum tube amplifier are quite reasonable and, in addition, many are likely to be found in'the average experimenter's junk box. For this reason, the unit shown in Fig. 1 utilizes filamenttype tubes rather than tlansistors. An inexpensive high-output crystal lapel mike converts the sound produced by the mu sical n-rovement into electrical impulses. Thcsc impulses ale fed to the contlol erid of vacuum tube V1 (see Fig. 2). A dynamic i tnike cannot be empioyed at this point, be il l rl -l

6{ RADIO.TV ETPTNIMENTEN cause it would be sensitive to the hum resulting from the magnetic field that surrounds the motor. A vibration pickup mike, as used for electric guitars and similar musical instruments is also impractical, because of its sensitivity to the mechanical noises generated as the motor and its associated gearing operates. Because of this mechanically generated noise, a relatively shockproof bracket (see Fig. 6) must be used to mount the mike. This bracket makes use of a small section of plastic spongeto deaden vibrations which would otherwise travel up the mount and excite the mike. In most respects, the four-tube amplifier is of conventional de-fop-chossis sign. Since the power capability of a single 3Q5GT is rather limited, two of these tubes are operated in parallel. The extra 3Q5GT provides a very useful increase in power output, Parallel, instead of push-pull operation was chosen becauseno phase inverter tube is needed and an inexpensive output transformer can be employed. Preliminary tests of the completed amplfier showed that its overall gain was so high that there was a tendency toward self-oscillation when the volume control was well advsnced, but the addition of resistor R9 (see Fig. 2) provided sufficient inverse feedback to lower the gain and completely eliminate the oscillation problem. The use of inverse feedback also improved the frequency response and minimized distortion in the output stage. When the annunciator is first plugged into the line, no power can be drawn becauserelay RL2 is open. However, as soon as the pushbutton is pressed current from the 9-v battery will flow through the coils of RL1, RL2, and RL3. Relay RL2 closesand applies 110 volts to the primary of T2, to the heater of delay relay (RL4), and to the motor of the musical movement. Relay RL1 closes and applies filament power to the tubes. The amplifier

becomes operative at once and the tones of the musical movement are heard via loudspeakers placed in convenient spots tbroughout the home. Relay RL3 also closes at the instant the button is pressed. The contacts of RL3-as long as RL4 or 51 remain closed-act as a short across the pushbutton. Thus, current continues to be supplied to the coils of RL1, RL2 and RL3 via the contacts of RL3, even (obove) ond bottom-chossis (below) views of qnnunciofor circuitry. after the visitor stopspressing the button. As the unit operates,the heater in RL4 warms up. After a period of approximately 10 seconds, it becomes so hot that the bi metal arm in RL4 bends far enough to open the normally closed contacts of this relay. At the moment, this action has no effect on the operation of the musical movement or amplifier because the points of RL4 are paralleled by those of 51, the miniature snap action switch operated by the cam on the shaft of the musical movement. As soon as the 20second tune has been completed, the cam opens 51, breaking the current path from the 9-v battery to the coils of RL1-, RL2 and RL3. The relays open and the entire unit shuts down until such time as it is reactivated by the push-button. The cam on the music box is constructed from a short length of volume control shaft and a 6-32 machine screw (see Fig. 5). This

RADIO-TVEIPERIMENTER PARTS LAYOUT cam must be so positioned that it actuates the lever of S1 when the tune on the barrel has been completed. The power transformer T2 in Fig. 3A happens to be a surplus unit designed to provide 125 v at 25 ma and 6.3 v at 1 amp. A suitable substitute would be a Knight OiGOO8which furnishes 125 volts each side of center-tap, SHAFTEXTENSION ON DRUI\,,l OF IIUSIC / N,4OVEMENT ACTUATING LEAF SPRING OF SWITCH ,/ / L 6-32X; uacs,u'scrrw D esiq. RI, R6, R8 R2 R3, R7 ! aruvtt'iuttt STRIP SUPPORTBKT 1"reruorHopf ssarr CUT FROM OLD VOLUN4E CONTROL. DRI LLED R9 R10 Rll R12 LENGTHWISETOSLIP R4 METHODOF ACTUATING SI OVER MUSICAL MOVEI/ ENTSHAFT.DRILLAND TAP FOR 6.32 SCREW R5 cL, c2,83, C4 c5 c6 6 :X6 | l; 4 t" XF1 CUTFROM SOFT RLI, RL2, RL3

RL4 TI PLASTICSPO'NGE BI 82 SRI SI TS1, TS2 Mac Battery Holder Fuse vI, v2 v3, v4 Musical movement MICROPHONE BANDOF SCOTCH ELEC,TAPE MOUNTINGHOLE plus 6.3 v. Only half of the high-voltage seeondary on the 62G008 should be employed with the center-tap going to R12 and one end of the high-voltage winding going to R10. Since the other end of the secondary and the 6.3-v leads are not required, clip them short and insulate with electrical tape. The two small batteries 81 and B2 are subjected to so little use in this particular device that they can be expected to have almost shelf life. Consequently, the battery cost per month will be insignificant. Constructed on a 1r/z x 5r/zx 9-in. aluminum chassis, the amplifier is easy to wire since there is plenty of room between the components for the tip of a soldering iron. The armatures of the three small relays are directly connected to the frames. Therefore, RL2 and RL3 should be insulated from the chassis. Figure 38 shows how these relays are mounted on a thin sheet of Bakelite. Any easily worked plastic can be substituted for the Bakelite. No knob is needed on the shaft of R4. Once the volume has been set to the desired level, no further adjustment is necessary. Battery 81 is kept in place with a home-made baltgry holder (or uie a commercially built holder, such as a Keystone type 1?5). Two L-shaped brackets bent from small pieces of aluminum clamp battery 82 in position. Since the No. 5 MATERIALSLIST*MUSICAL AN NUNCIATOR D escri ntion lzr rvatt(AlliedIMM000)

I rneuohm. watt (AltiedtMM000) 2.2 meqohnr, f" ZZO.OOO otrmlt, watt (AlliedlM M000) 330,000ohn, t; watt (AlliedllVllvl000) 75 ohnt,lc watf (AlliedIM M000) -tZ 560 ohm, watt (Allied1MM000) 330 ohm.r.lwatt (Alliedf MM000) 500,000chfr volumecontrol(Allied29M773) 33.000ohrn.I watt (Allied1MM020) .01 mfd. rlisc cerailic capacitors(Alli d11L437) 12 mf., 150-v electrolyticcapacitor(Allied151194) 20-20 mf., 150 v electrolytic capacitor(Allied15L247) 100 mf.. 15 v. electrolyticcapacitor(Allied161236) sioma 1IF-I000G-slL SPDT Relav(Allied75P068) AmperiteII5C10T miniaturedelayrelay(Allied/tPP296\ StaircorA-3822 4 wett universal outputtransformer(Allied64G005) Knight powertransformer125-0-125v, 25 ma; 6.3 v' I amp (Allied 62G00E) lttc v size D A battery (Allied 80J903) 9'v-batteryVS-305(Allied80J838) Federal 10024, 65 ma. rectifier(Allied 4A606) Unimax USltdL SPDT Subminiatur leaf switch (Allied34B8zE) 2 screwterminalstri0 (Allied4IH505) Crystallapel Mike (LafayettePA-9) for I size D cell (LafayetteMS-I75) 3AG lz anp (Allied 528232) lU5 tube 305GT tube Reuge ELR 1.18 lto v, 60 cps with extended shaft. From Noveltieg of Distinction, I31 West 42nd St., New York 36, N. Y., or direct from the manufacturer,R uge S.A., 26, Rue des Rasses, Ste. Croix, Switzerland. two octal tube sockets (Allied40H056) one9.prongminiature socket for RL4 (Allied41H534) two 7-pron0 tube sockets with shield (Allied40HL94) two l3l4r,tube shields (Allied 40H196) open.endchassis7/zxSVzx9 (Allied80P440) fuse clip (Allied528292) three terminal tie-point strip (Allied41H501) 5" loudspeaker, 3.2-ohmvoice coil (Allied81D617) wall baffle for 5'sDeaker wire, power plug, assorted 4-36 and 6-32 screws and nuts Components from Allied Radio Corp.,100 N. Western Ave., Chicago 80, available lllinois, and Lafayette Radio, 165-08 Liberty Avenue, Jamaica 33, New York.

FOR MICROPHONE SHOCKPROOFMOUNT

R.EDIO.TV EXPERIMENTER pin on a 1U5 and the No. 1 and 6 pins of a 3Q5GT are not connected to elemenis within the tubes, those terminals on the sockets can be used as convenient tie points to support resistors and capacitors. Grid bias for the 3Q5GT's is obtained from the voltage drop across R12. Capacitor C7, the bias filter ca pacitor, must be wired with its positive termi nal grounded Locate the amplifier where output from the speakers cannot get back into the microphone to produce acoustical feedback-put it in the basement or. if you have no basement, in a utility room. Wherever you put the amplifier, make certain that it is out of reach ol vour youngsters. With the exception of the termi nals on the motor of the musical movement. which ought to be insulated with electrical tape, all high voltages appear only on the under side of the chassis. A fuse has been included as a protection against overheating which might result from a shorted component. Once it has been permanently installed, plug the amplifier into the power line and run a pair of wires from TS2 to a pushbutton near the front door. Run a second pair of wires from TS1 to the main speaker which may be a 4-in. or 5-in. unit with an impedance of 3.2 ohms. Mounted in a wooden baffle, this speaker can be placed at a convenient point in the most lived-in section of vour ,4, /Ll_-to8tl""u volume in any one part of the house need not be high, since additional

speakers can be placed in those areas where the sound of the main speaker does not pene trate adequately. These extra speakers can be wired in parallel with the main speaker as shown in Fig. 2. Since the desired volume level at remote locations will normallv be Iess than that of the main speaker. inteicom replacement unils with 45--ohm voice coils will work elTectively in these spots. Each intercom speakel will give adequate acoustical output to cover a room or two, but because of the relatively high impedances involved, even when several are connected in parallel. they will not seriously shunt the i.2-ohm main speaker. The electronically amplified music box, as a replacement for an ordinary door bell or chime has a number of important features, in addition to its basic one of providing pleasant music. Unlike the ordinary bell or solenoidoperated chime, it plays for a period of 20 seconds, whether or not the pushbutton is held down. The sound of a doorbell is usually of rather short duration and is often masked by noises around the house. On the other hand, the continued output from the music box tends to get through such distractions as children's voices, loud hi-fi's, clacking typewriters, pounding hammers, etc. /) /f/)2 -/ --z-'z (( L ;)r*1r" Jii

RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTER 67 TAKEUP TAPEGUTDES UPPER DRIVE Stqndord f,oshlighr bofieries or fhe new, D-size, re chargeoble storoge boiteries moy be used in this instcnt-reody recorder. tls mofor-driven fost rewind ond erose feqfures moke ir possible lo use the some tdpe over qnd over. Depending on where you buy, ond whqi you hove on hond, drive ports should cosi between $40 qnd $60. High precision is nof required, the_mike switch and this battery_ I-LICK porvered, 4Jb.. midget stalts recording irirI I mediately._ There's no waiting lor lube warm-up and no searching for an electrical outlet. And since playback ipeed is the stand atd 33/4-ips used on home recorders, vou can -volume play your tapes with loudspeaker thro_ugh a radio or hi-fi unitf instead of the combination mike-speaker; or-if more volume is required on-playback-you can play tnem on any standard home-type recorder that has 33/s ips speed. A built-in jack plug input also perrnits you to record voice oi

music directly from your radio or TV. The switch on the mike case starts and stops the record motor. For dictation, you can wire in a 4-prong plug and foot switch for the convenience of a typist. If you need loud-speaker volume, feed the output into an amplifier, or use the input jacks on suitable the amplifier sectionof tape re: lli.Jr.* Conslruclion starts with the metal parts detailed in Fig. 6. First scribe lines oi the desired points for cuts and saw and then clamp in a vise along the line, using a square to make sure that the metal is vertical to the vise jaws. Next, lay out the hole locations with scriber and center punch and, with the part held firmly in a drill press vise, start the lzlo-in center holes with a drill chucked in a &ill press. Use oil and finish the holes to size with sharp drills. File the three notches in the forrvard-reverse idler lever. but leave the FEtT PRESSURE PAD CRASECOIL PRESSURE ROttER Minioture TopeRerorder ByJAMTS E.PUGH center notch slightly shallow, since it must be deepened later. Locate the holes in the plastic case with a machinist square and scriber as in Fig. 7, and back up the plastic with a wooden block to prevent chipping when drilling. For the holes for the two tape spindles, use the metal bracket that goes inside the case as a template to assure matching center-to-center spacing. Countersink each hole requiring a Nyliner bushing inside the case and enlarge them with a tapered hand reamer just

enough to obtain a free-turning fit with the shaft when bushing is installed. Each shaft must spin freely in its bushing for smooth tape motion, but it cannot be so loose that it wobbles. Nyliner bushings are split at one side to facilitate this kind of adjustment. Insert them by pressing the lower pointed end, of the bushing inward and spiraling clockwise into the hole with your fingers, working from the outside of the case. so the broad flange will be on top. Next, make up the tape drive parts shown in Fig. 8. The three idler wheels must turn l freely on their shafts. Mount the forward and i rewind idler lever as in Fig. 9. Tighten the I screw on the threaded shaft until the compression washer holds the shaft firm1y, but i not locked in place. Then, holding the first ! ! lock nut with a thin wrench to keen the shaft i I from turning, tighten the second lock nut. t 4i It should now be possible to slide the idler I along the length of its slot without rocking.

RADIO.TVEXPENIMENTER TENsroN|-3' GOYERNOR LowERBEiRtNc spn nc 6"i-. AOJUSTMENTHOLE 1{fi4 nereea LOWER DRIVE WHEEL DRIVE SHAFI Speed of lhe tqpe drive motor is reduced through c rubber rim idler wheel. A spring holds the mofor shoft in contoct. BAKELITECLAIV1P FOR HEAD ) rQ / tEttstOtrt/n SPRING ltl Iu {'r}'sro.i* +-+oxf rHs (C'SUNK) FELTPRESSURE PAD -GUIDE Tope guides gudrqnfee precise trocking of the tope qcross lhe recording heod. Adjusr felt-covered pres sure pod so it lightly presses tqpe ogoinsf the heod. KEYSTONE z-CELLCLlp*t76-7 4,.10RHSCREWS r _,, *'7;ffi:li'RN\;i

I' ll'1",|.--/ \-> i_ \": '",42--'..J-.' tz'.\\l \" *',;W \r-.d>,a<--\ +-+o'nnr o.oor*tlB) '*.)g\-0"-,--l , {' \ n''ttoNEcr rP''/s Vr5-,, 1) L-"2! El .*-., "... Four rechorgeoble botteries (or four floshlight-type D-size dry cells) qre mounled on the bottom ponel. After all tape drive parts are made and rotating parts operating smoothly, carefully remove the Nyliner bushings and clean all parts thoroughly. Then replace the bushings and coat the inner and flange surfaces with light machine oil. Adiustment. Put the various shafts and wheels in place (Fig. 9) and tighten the wheel set screws allowing .001-.002in. clearance between wheel and bushing flange. Oil the idler shafts and adjust, making sure that no oil gets on the rubber wheels or on the metal friction surfaces, MATERIALS LIST_TAPE RECORDER No. Size and Description Allied. No. Req'd Tape Drive Mechanism t 25Aox 5Tzz x 613/t6tthlackplasticcase with nanel 86P287,86P289 2//0.D. takerp idler wheel (Walsco1433) 43N388 2" 0.D. rewind wheel(Walsco1433) 2'r0. D. lowerdrive wheel (Walsc01483) SPECI AL 1" 0.D. r wind idler wheel (Walsco1450) SPECIAL

3/4"0.D. pressureroller (Walsco1458) SPECI AL /s't dia. x 6/' brass for hubs, wheels and tape guidest/t^ttrJia.xL2t, drill rod for reel, drive and idler shafts /a" dia. x 3,, drill rod for pfessureand function lever shafts,functionleverhub 1L+xt/zx 18,,precisiongroundflat stock for hangers andlevers sDifaltensionwashers /a't dia. x aa,' 6-32 threaded bushings3/t6xl.D. 3LL-FF flanged Nylinefs(Thomson Indus. tries. lnc.) 3/t6nLD.3L2.FFflangedNyliners(Thomson) t/axl.D. 4LI.FF flangedNyliners(Thomson) t /4n l.O. 4L2-FFllanqed Nyliners (Thomson) J/6't dia. x qe',tensionspring(GeneralCement H420-Fassortment) t/stt dia. x 78,, tension spring (GenetalCement H420-F) t/2tt dia. rubberfeet (GeneralCement H052.F as. sortment) SPECIAL Amplifier I Bl batterypackconsisting0f 4 Sonotonerecharge. ablenickel.cadrniurn typeS-103D batteries or4 EvereadyType D99 leakproof flashlightcells I M 1-6.volt rewind motor (Wils0n's of Cleyeland, Nlodel6-100) I M2-6.volt DC record motor(Barber-Coleman BYQM zozz) 1 D1-3.9-volt voltage regulator Zener Di0de (Texas InstrumentlN748A) VL, V2, U4-2N217 PNP Transistor (RCA) 1 V3-2N647 NPNTransistor(RCA) f 11, L2-Record-PB-Erase head(Shure8t5H) I Magneticnicrophone,1000 ohm (ShureMCIIJ) I SI-SPST slideswitch I S2-5.pole, 3-position wafer switch (Ceniralab PA-201s) Caoacitors

SPECIAL 80J903 76p642 6E808 5E877 5E986 65R584 SPECIAL 348422 348928 Cl, C2, C3, C5, GG-2uf, 8-v ultra-miniature electr0lytic capacitors (BarcoPT6.2) 10L660 I Ca-)?ttl: 75-v ceramic capacitor(LafayetteRadio C7, Cg-tOOuf, 25.v ultra-miniature electrolytic capacltors I3L626 I C8-I50uf, 20-vultra.miniatureel ctfolyticcapacitor 18L504 Resistors )RI, R4, Rf3.3K, V2-watl, 10% carbon resistors IMM000 2 R2, R5, R10-721(, t/z-watt, 10% carbonresistorslMM000 t R3-4.71<, Vz-watt,I0% carbon resistor 1MM000 I R7-5K miniaturetrlmmer potentiometer(Bourns WirewoundTrinit 271) 3tMM397 1 R8-I0K, t/2-wall, L0o/6 carbon resistor LMM000 R9-3.3K, /2-watt, I0o/o carbon resistor 1MM000 I 811-150 ohm,t/2-wall, l0% carbon resistor I R12-1.6K, t/2-watt,I0o/o carbon resistor Tape Cartridge t/c x y{ 6.32 threaded bushinqs (NewarkElectric Go.) 2 23/a x 6s/sx 3/32,tlhick Bakelite sheet 6 .020 dia. Diano wire 3tt reel ol 0f long play I mil tape 96R237 3'l empty reel Hardware Jl, J2-phono pin jacks(RCA) 46H2L3 J3, J4-sub.min phonejacks (Switchcraft42A) 41H517 battery clips for 1 type.D cell (l(eystone175) 54J040 batteryclip for 2 type.D cell (Keystone176) 54J060

NADIO.IV EXPERIMENTER 69 MATERTALSLtST (cont'd) -{ 8 I 3/a x L3/s x 23/a,t plaslic box for mike and St 1 3 ft. length, 4.conductor cabte (Belden8444) 47't37L 2I turret terminalsUSEC0 1350C L 2 x 2t3/to x %2,, Bakelitesheet 12 4-40x/2tt lh screwswith nuts 4 4-40 x3/eil /t screwswith nuts 5 4-40 x3/e,t f/r screws with nuts 12 6-32x3/st, ff screwswith nurs 1 0 I 6-32x5/gt, rh sctew with nuts 6-32THDSPACER L 6-32xLt/4,, th stew with nuts Detoilsof tope corriidge. 4 6-32xt/2t, r/r screwswith nuts L 6-32x/zt, lh sctew with nuts 2 8-32xIV4r th sctews with nuts SHAPETOFITBOX 2 fi6 xbrt dia. washers (for cams) 2 carryingstrap brackets I shoulderstrap (camerastores, Misc. fock washerc,t/at,decals.plasticspray(Krylon), rosin core solder Allied Radio,100 N. Western Ave., Chicago80, ilt. other sup pilersate: LafayetteRadio,165.08 Liherty Ave.,Jamaica33, N. y. '28DR|LLL NewarlElectricEo., 223 W. MadisonSt., Chicago 6, llt. e .il" I sonot0necorp.,E|msford,NewYort(batteriesstockedbVmoste|ec.'. tronicsupplyhouses,suchas Allied. Lafayette,Newaik,etc.) TAPEcARTRtocE--.]il'pll strc_ulre2TApEcARrRtocE t

F _ _j., ellsrrc _ulre z *i,Ti,',i1.,,'illi,',,|I;jl'i,ft:;;Ji3,'i1f*;.l;,o"in,i,[fil13'l'i,Tj,,,,'i EA,.oun,r.r,"*.oinr**oLEs,ropANDBorroM] seeyettow supplyhouses. pasesof the phonebooi.-orwiiti iiitoii I0r name 0t dealer- ) Wilson'sof Cleveland,650216th Street N.W.. F0rt Lauderdale. With all of the-tape transport parts in place, Florida. (Motorssoldin most modeland hobby stores,) put the lower function lever in the notch GeneralCementC0., 400 S. Wyman St., Rockford, lll. (G.C oarts nearest the drive shaft. Press the rubber stockedby almost everyactive electronic supplyhouse.) pressure roller firmly against the upper drive WalscoElectronicsCorp.,3602 Crenshaw Califor. Blvd., Los Anoeles. nia. (Partsstockedat Allied Radioand other electronic suppliers.) Neit. adiust wheel and tighten the set screw. the spiral washer at the notch nearest the drive shaft until the takeup hub rotates when the drive shaft is turned. but when a light pressure is applied to the takeup hub the idler wheel slips. This I allows the takeup reel to LOVIERHANGEF --STFIF-F6F-3!Fpr-y wind up all slack tape, ;.--,9" H --,#-,1 -36 DRILL AND TAKEUP SHAFTS 6-32 TAP but prevents it from pull ao trl $'orL.o*..]io, *ru,"-rrs

.2 REo'D;xZ srRAP ing tape through the drive mechanism. Now "+J ontLL uorontnteeaC connect the motors with a4 ,/4-4O TAP L-.l1iI *,r"aDr--r temporary leads to the *+-+o-rae {l^rlLOWERBEARING -Li; p*-l fx{'sr"ar-uarer battery for testing. +_tg HAI{GER FOR r]...fuJ IEEL T PINS E The rewind idler is add DRIVE SHAFT t" I SELECTOR ARM :F justed by Y 4'vi--------l------\ F setting the -w_-.fr= Tr: srRAP RETAI NE R -8RASS 4 *xt 5,, \i____f__-_ll+ function lever to the outTIAKE I MAKE I roR -z--;!,,,-[s'l L]r" er position and adjusting .go"o to to B D the outer spiral washer 3LI-FF NYLINER UPPERSELECTOR ARM until the rewind motor ALLxoLEs"3sontLL,6-52THD

4-40 TAP turns the rewind shaft at t' just below its highest.3" speed. At this point the JI r16 BRASSIUBING -I be very lif ll MOUNTAT"X' slippage should t wlTH 4-40 X 3" a' i small, but the pressure STRIP RHs !' _{ 64 o! M ETAL should not be great en 6.32 TAPr36 DRILL J'^r".tt PARTS ough to retard the motor I r"-, $'o* 0r,.. I ;R1H \ t speed excessively. Now "x'-d'xoue '2ffi' FoR 4Lr-FF I ----{roqrT O ) set the function lever to 'O NYLTNER-- FILE UNDER. ." l..-FYtrc" SIDE OF STRAP FOR the Neutral (center) po iF+|+l+-l I : TIGHT FIT AGAINST 7 3' sition and file the center E NYLINER FLANGES {n to I notch in the forward-reFORWARD-REVERSE !o!!!l! I'EII e!l!!!!Iq I

IOLERLEVER wind idler lever until uaxer uaxer fixt'srnre-$xf"srnae-both idler wheels are free )

70 it USE LOWER HANGER STRAP(64) AS PATTERN TO LOCATEEEARING HOLES t6,( HOLESFOR FASTENING STRAPBRACKETS I **+-\ r''F I i {r9 | I tlv*-t i+@r I Ilaa '9' 'St9' I 'r" 23" l" jli 32 1| el*ss, I 8 f*ss,, l , 64 '9- -96^,.f., I I cT'StNX P-.;P: |<-l;--ri l*'" qINF I FFT cAsE 3Z RE..RDER RADIO.TVEXPERIIVIENTEB

r .L -lnr. o*,,-.4 i"9 "r" cTsrNK , I 32 REARVIEW illlH:'"-31-:,*" I or,.r*td.fiJ\-,a1" --E-tl I f1.-q-'B'!F:T cT'srNK r-3r? roPVrEw ; .1. i,, I _+.1 | i+ ja #t9 --O._ j_ DRTLLT, :'7,,l[rrz ^o,, , \ |-,gzl DR|LL I I ;', 9' ,4" e '12 lb ,ffit'ffi;r'"'[Lx from the other wheels and both takeup and rewind shafts turn freely. Cover the idler' wheels and clean this part carefully each time from getting on it is filed to prevent fiIings the wheels and inside the case. To set the record motor tension, fasten the drive wheel surface about 3/s-in.above lower the lower bearing hanger. Adjust the motor spring tension lever until the drive wheel can be roitated but a noticeable drag from the motor is felt. Too light a tension will allow slippage between motor and tape drive shafts,

will cause pres,sur-e rnd too heavy a tension marks in the-rubber rim of the drive wheel' The record motor speed is adjusted with a small screw through a hole in the motor case, turning clockwise for more spee4, W-h-enthe -drive upper wheel rotates at 120 RPM, the tape wiII move at 33/4ips. hfter these adjustments have been made, run the mechanism both forward and in reverse for several minutes. Then put the tape reels on and check to see that the tape feeds throush the drive smoothly and is not pulled too ti[htly by the takeup. If a slig!'t loop is left in the portion of tape between takeup reel and drive wheel it should hold the loop smoothly, gradually becoming smaller as ,",..i llj--r q,, 32 | DRlLLi4, ,9i '32 -+I ,r,lonrur-#ss lld itt"** -l'r91+ I it" -!g--18 -,1! 64 l:, 1l oRrLu"33 I 6 cT'srNK-'->a { , -M-J

l-Qar more tape is wound on the takeup reel. Wiring. The amplifier is wired as in Figs. 10 and 11. It is best to solder in resistors first, capacitors next, then diodes and transistors. Some of the wire in the four-conductor microphone cable is excellent for wiring as it is smill and color coded. Also, short seitions of the insulation can be removed from this wire for making color-coded spaghetti. After the amplifier is completed, wire the upper section of switch 52 (Fig. 11). Mount it in the case and wire in the tape head, motors, and jacks cutting all wires that connect to the amplifier to the approximate length needed. Mount the amplifier in place and finish the wiring. The microphone-speaker is housed in a small plastic box (Fig. 12). Throw the function switch (S,2) to PIagbaclc (PB) and listen for a weak motor noise in the earphone. Also check to see that both motors rotate in the correct direction. (If not, reverse the motor leads.) Then adjust the tape pressure pad to hold tape lightly against thL tape head. Now you can make a recording. Set the potentiometer R7 about two turns above the full counterclockwise (minimum) position, and the function switch, func,tion lever, and microphone switch to Record,.

RADIO.TV HI(PENIMENTER fl Hold the microphone about 8 in. from-your mouth and speak in a normal voice. Play the recording back and adjust the tape pressure LOWER TAKEUE]{HEELpad for maximum volume ERASS'MAKEI but be sure that it is not tight enough to drag on 19" 3" the tape. Now make an-64 ,t6 ,\-!1 other recording and, if i I S dii-oi.t .458ir 't 4-4OTHO, it's weak, turn the vol--t' T f i-i FORSETSCREW ume control up Yz turn (clockwise) and try 32 L-rf *l again. Repeat until the TAPEORIVEWHEELS SUPPLYAND BRASS.HAKE2 recording is of a suitable RECOROING HEADCLAMP .TAKEUP SHAFTS volume but not distorted "oo-uaxez $" er-rsrrc-naxer fi'o^u-rfrom over-driving. Minor iadjustments can now be T-I{ ,24o / \made in the tape trans-., +q3DRTLL :t\ REAM FORg|6 SHAFT nptr t 5' 4-qfAP -""-{SHoRTENHU8THIsEI'ID}

port mechanism f or rE7 \ r" smoothest recordings, (waLsco t45ol Fdh bn-le REwTNDrDLER and the recorder is ready i f$/l' |;ll-r-r 1_;irr E1Tl: to use. -f6,* 8 n 2:d* How il Works. The tape 4t 0 HoLE PRESSFlr wtfl{ SHAFT ia ilz" feeds from the supply -*i2 (left) reel across the first .7" LOIA'ER BEARING .ra'\-en-$o tape guide. From here it L#i HANGER FOR * r',tl FUNCTIONSELECT passes across the erase a" T-tcl]llr+ s FUNCTIONSELECTOR coil (on the right side of :ZD ;r:-F6-32 rHD , 321; ; il-iTt l,l g^ DRILLRoD!.stzf the head). The erase coil I I + Fl6" PRESSUREWHEEL thus wipes off any pre-SUPPLYANO TAKEUP HUBS SHAFJ-MAKEI vious recording before it SRASS:MAKE2 reaches the record coil, lrt T'he pressure pad holds EXTENDS2 J: FRoM LowER END JZ

OF DRIVE HUB the tape in contact with /e" the head. fr-21i---1 r---i--.---------.1 After the tape leaves TAPEGUID -8RASS TAKEUP IDLER (WALSCO the recording head it -14331 onruesrrrr -J'oRrLLRoo-MAKE2 ro MAKE I passes between the upper 2 LAYERS drive wheel and pressure r%0 roller and from here to -,/ DRTLL. f",^. the takeup reel. On play-*2gX)y'rB-rt" ( u7nu senr*os(g+sexof back the erase coil is dis--ll +Fr r" r NOTCH' )S connected by switch (S2) and the recorded signal 4pllgruE!rcall !-dll rt L" ltlh RECORDERHEAOSHIM snape on the tape energizes the I'wasnEn *_14__r z 1 j,o.oxaI" record-playback coil + HARD RUBBER-MAXE t . BRASSTUBE which is now connected PRESSURE PADBRACKET '

(SPRING to the amplifier input. BRASS) The amplified signal is fed to the magnetic microphone-now used as an earpnone. REW I NO REWINO A simple three-stage common-emitter am-MOTOR IOLER\ plifier is used. The first two transistors are the PNP and the last the NPN type to allow F the mike and record coil return leads to conMqIOR nect directly to common, on both record and .IOLER playback, without using decoupling filters. High-frequency pre-emphasis is used on ReFECbRD cord with flat response being used on PLay-r,rorpR boclc providing better quality with minimum I FORWARD.REVERSE It j distortion. REWIN O IOLERLEVER Ii WHEEL Motor noise is removed from the amplifier LowERTAXEUPi VTHEEL .l dc power source with V4, which acts as stable Ela l_ _ )

BADIO.TVEXPERIMENTEN voltage regulator. The voltage across the zener diode (D1) is constant at 3.9 as long as the input voltage does not fall below this value. Because this diode is in the base circuit. it determines the voltage output level at the emitter of V4. Since the base voltage is constant, the output voltage will thus be constant regardless of variations at the input (at V4 collector); therefore, variations due to motor noise will be filtered out. REWIND WXEEL LOWER TAPE ORIVE WHEEL Boftery Notes. You can use either rechargeable Sonotone nickel-cadmium, or flashlight cells. The nickel-cadmium cells provide nearly constant output voltage LOWERTAXEUP throughout their char.ge,whereas the WHEEL flashlight cells drop off as they are BACX SIDEoF cAsE used. Constant voltage is an advantage in maintaining motor speed; PRESS FIT however, the 5-volt level approiches the lower limit for best governor operation. The nickel -cadmium cells are slightly shorter than flashlight cells and a short 4-40 rh screw is threaded pl assErura.v into the positive terminal of each battery clip to compensate for the difference (Fig. ). VOL, CONTROL c6 JZ cl .2MF?n tOUTPUT 2IVF Jeo i RECCRD PLAYBi : cotL ls2dl AUX.POWERSUPPLY Ml-REWTNDMoToR 2N217 PNP BATTERY CHARGER YELLow | /\ uoroR DI BI

5.O ot 6.OV-T:+ 3,9VOLT ZENERDIODE lN748A ,#ABOUT3.3.K.ADJUSTFORAPPROX..5 MA.LI CURRENT i( *ABOUT I.8K,ADJUST FOR APPROX. I MA. OIODE CURRENT -,L2=RECORo ", l-r =orrOUTPUTFROMV4 EMITTER SHOULD BE ABOUT 3-9 VOLTS REWTND s2 l2=REcoRD/oFF l-t , = PLAYBACK scHEMAlc DTAGRAM L3 [[l

NADIO.TVEXPENIMENTEB [|f ,rcronrar IO RECORDA ERASECOILS TOLI TOL2 OUTPUTJACK J2 BAI CHARGER JACK-J4 O r-O r<g OtEO TOP VIEWOF TERMINAL BOARD BoiroMvtEwoFTERMtNAL rrtrrr) BoARp USE ACTUALSIZE AS ORILLING TEMORAWING PLATE, PLASTIC NOVELTY BOX MICROPHONE SPEAKER GREEN SLIOE swI TcH BLAC GROI,|t'.IET IE TO RECORD MOTOR_M2 (c7 ACRtoSSM-oTORLEADS) TO REWIND MOTOR_MI TO IVIKEA SWITCH BLAcK I I T0 SWTTCH ncu J sl GREEN-TOMIKE INPUT JACK AUX.POWERSUPPLY Ji JACK-J3

16 oR N ffi If y9q use,flashlight cells, select Eveready _ Tyqe D99, a Ieakproof type, to avoid damagl to the recorder. Jacks are provided to allow recording an external signai; to feed the amplifier output to an external power amplifier; to connect an external power source such as a 6-volt automobile battery or an auxiliary ac p_owersupply; and to connect the charger to the batteries. When the external power supply is connected, internal batteries are disconrrected; when the charger is connected, amplifier and motors are disconnected. Accessories.The tape cartridge (Fig. 5), allows the lecorder to be carried as a r:ortable unit in any position. Plans for a separate power supply appeal. overleaf this handbook.

RADIO.W EXPEBIMENTER $$##*r-ffi Dual Pvrpose RecorderSupply Tape Power ,r" / '" 7l //..: //' ,t' ,t6 ,k r-$'Hor-e a-$ nor-es = o-f noles ri o-Snor-es / t\ /,/ e-{xorrs HOLE LOCATIONS zG ALUMINUM rn zlxsxs^!' V Flip the toggle swirch. chonge the plug, ond the power supply becomes o bottery charger. lt will restore fhe sforoge botlery pock in the recorder cose lo full srrengrh overnighl. :.lri,ITT By JAlflES E. PUGII ESIGNED as an accessory for the port|

| l\ able tape recorder, this combination l/ power supply will either recharge the recorder storage batteries, or permit you to operate the recorder without batteries on house current. The unit can double as an exoerimenter's power supply, and to charge miniature storage batteries used in other types of equipment, provided that the charging current (225 ma.) and the charging voltage (5,1, or 6.2-volt) are the same. While the four Sonofone rechargeable batteries used in the portable tape recorder 5volt power pack will operate continuously for many hours, they must be eventually recharged. This a-c power supply unit guarantees that you'll be able to use the tape recorder for continuous dictation or desk use. even though the batteries may be exhausted.

RADIO-TVEXPERMENTER 75 Begin construction by drilling all of the holes (Fig. 2) in the aluminum box. Wire the switches and other parts according to Figs. V.I TRANSISTOR 3 and4. tr'lexfule#)4 speaker cable is suitable for the a-c bower cord and the connecting cord since the wattage of this unit is very row. The power supply regulator, transistor Vl, is mounted on tou of the aluminum boi to plovide suitable heat dissipation. Drilthe mounting holes in the box first, and then scribe the outline of the transistor case. Scrape away all paint within this outline to allow better thermal contact with the box; sand the surf ace smooth, and remove all burrs from the insulator holes to pre vent puncturing the mounting insulator. Make a thin mica PICTORIAL mounting washer bv scr-ibing the transistoi case outline on a piece of thin mica. Driil the two mounting holes, cut along the outline rvith sharp scissors, and then split the mica into thin layers about .002, or .003-in. thick.

5.r0R6.2VOLT Coat both sides of the ZENERDIODE washer with lighttrgnt oil,ort, lrNs36 "^ '", !75tA ORrN753A wasner wlrn I I l"',",ancl mount the tl'ansts-*ABOUT *ABOUT*ABOUT IOOON.FOR FORFOROIODECURRENT CURRENTCURRENTOFI rO rOMA. our, E rOOOn. O|ODE OFSTO IOMA. OUTPUTFROMV.I EMITTERsHouLD8E APPROXtMATELY 5.t OR6.2VOLTS(SEETEXT) iff1X1'JiL:':J.',:ff;.:iT',J:::,;i :::^Y.:th.9-^3^2'T:.li: ElscHevarrc**i[?',.f,3i screws. washet's. and nuts. Use an ohmmeter to make sure that the insulation between Rect. 1, and Rect. 2. Transistor V1 and Zener the aluminum box, and the transistor case is diode D1 form a voltage regulator that filters good. and maintains the output voltage at the deClip off the ends of one of the unused mica sired level. The same kind of cilcui t was used mounting washers, and use it as an insulator in the motor noise filter of the re corder am on the underside of the box. Make the emitter plifier circuit. and base contactors from the contacts of a The power supply output voltage shoul d miniature 7 pin wa{er tube socket. When sol-correspond closely to that of the batteries dering to the transistor contacts, remove the used so as to maintain more consistent motor

transistor to avoid heat damage. Mark the speed. For example, with four 1.25-volt nick letters B and E near the base and emitter el cadmium cells, use a 5.1-volt Zener diodepins to identify them. (IN751A). On the other hand, if you use four Tlansformer T1 steps the line voltage down flashlight dly cells, 6 volts will result; there to 13.4 volts i a-c after which it is chaneed to fore use a 6.2-volt zener diode (IN753A) ford-c by the full wave reetifier consisting of D1.

RADIO.TV EXPERIMENTER MATERIALSLIST TAPE RECORDER POWER SUPPLY No. Req'd Size and Description 1 D1-5,1 or 6.2-volt voltagerequlator Zener Diode (Texas Instrument lN751A 0r lN753A, seetext) L FI*/+ amperefuse, type 3AG; fuse holder (Littelfuse 35r0011) I P1-a"c powerPlug I P2-sub-min phoneplug (Switchcraft 750) 2 Rect. 1, Rect. 2-1N535 siliconrectiliers(RCA) S1-SPDT to0sle switch S2-SPST toggleswitch T1-26.8 v., 1A. filament transformet(Triad F'40X) VI-2N301 ttansistor (RcA) PLI-NE-51 neonlamp CaPacitors I G1-250uf, 50-v. electrolyticcapacitor(Mallorv TC'50025) G2-50uf, Lz-'t. ultra-miniature electrolvtic capacitor (BarcoP12-50) Resistors 1 B1-120 K, V2 \., I\ok carbonresistor I R2{bout ]-K: t/" watt, I0% carbonresistor(see Fi0. 4) I R}-about 75 ohfr, 5 w., resistor (Sprague27E) Hardware I 2/sx3x5/4tt grey hammertonealuminumbox (Bud GU' 2106A) 0n.off tooole switch plate cahle(Belden 7 tt. tenuth 2-i6nductor chromeYinvlspeaker 8782) insulat dtie point t nriniature7-pin wafertube socket I pilot light socket, miniatrre bayonet(Dialco 720) I V.il sitot tioht iewet,white (Diatco 10006.435) misc luiber gromnrets.screws,nuts' s0lderlu0s, mica, insulated' extrudedwashers, decals, plastic spray or lacquer'wlre

resin core s6lder Parts available from Allied Radio, 100 N' WesternAve'' Chicago80, lllinois When charging the Sonotonebatteries, re sistor R3 bypassesthe regulator circuit to provide a constantcurrent. Between200and llAC't l'itil'[\*TV N PAIA I?,"'H",9., f tt'l TvTn ov4tL4, 4r<--l C'+'v Ftr. . 't7" 7 225 ma. is required for proper charging. About 16 hours are required for a full charge at this rate, though the batteries may be left connected on charge for much longer time without harm. The pilot light, indicating that the power supply or charger is ready for use, is lit whenever plug P1 is in the 115-volt socket, since the on-off switch does not control this oart of the circuit. ^ When you connect the accessory unit (Fi,g. 1) to the recolder, always be sure that toggle switch 51 in Fig. 3 is thrown to the position " corresponding to the jack to which the plug P2 is connected. When plug P2 is connected to the auxiliary power supply jack on the' recorder, the internal battery pack is automatically disconnected. Be sure that 52 is at Of when connecting and removing plug P2. Also remove the plug from the charger jack when not charging to prevent the batteries from draining back into the charger circuit.

Polish "Locks" TY Adiustment r Whenyou'vejust finishedmaking a critical adjustment on the service control of a "lock" TV set, the screw firmly against me chanical shocks by coating its threads with fingernail polish. If the control ever needs readjustment, a drop or two of fingernail polish remover will unlock it in a matter of seconds.-JonN A. Connsrocx. llAct {!F?,e N ftef'sR ,,Lody wonted to know could we do onyrhing wilh this. Hosn't rnode o move for tw o weeks."

il TheTypacode ByBERNARDDICKMAN I I I NADIO.TVEXPERIMENTER ,, With +he Typacode you can sendMorsecodeasfasfasvou cdn type-whether you Lnow the code or nof. Thus,evena person whodoesnotknowMorse code can test you on vour knowledgeof it \ A /lTH the Typacode.you pressa button.indicatingtfre teiter-o? VV ' v your choice and this letter is automatically translated into the cor_ rectllorse code pulses. The number of *9fdl per. minute you can send out wrrn typacode depends upon the soeed I ol the motor you use to turn the s[ort_ | ,,br.ain" tng.r'otaly slvitch, the

of the I devrce. Assuming five letters to the average word, a 100-rpnr motor will L. permit you to send 20 words per min_ The number of words the device is capa ute.; a 60-rpm motor, 12 wordi per minute, ble o-f sending per minute may also'be and so on. _ varied by the introduction of a vaiiable volt -But motors aren't usually built to run that age transformer to control the speed of the fJoylv, and a gear train is"needea t" ,"a"". motor. This will help in adjusting word out therr speed (and increase their torque). J used a worm gear with an g0-tooth gear to Stondo_rd rotqly sw;tch is shown in A; stop get an 80:1 gear ratio and r.educe tt"e O,OOO to be twisied off or bent down. beorings to be rimoved.rpms of the motor I used to 7S rei--Wii i In B is shown q minioture rotory swilch, lts stop my Typqg_o{e I can send about 15 ;o;ds ;;; must be twisted ofi or bent down, or plote tokenminute. With speed reduced g0 times, t*";; ofr; beoring to be removed. tn C is shown on ollered rs rncreased 80-fold. from (os described in texr) slide swirch oz.-Ln. 'I'he motor I used consumes version of Typocode. 1.5 oz._in. to i20 for slide-swirch

seven watts. The motor you use should t """ tl"ru itti ri,i,lrll approximate specifications in order to be able to.turn the rota-ry switch. Most sewing ma_ cntne or small lan motors are adequate. or try such a motor as the Hurst 60 rprn (p"SM_ 60). Allied Radio catalog No. ?6pb62 li!:t:t i1i{i atli+ tr,1l'l g Bolfom view of Typocode, showing logged wiring,

RADIO.TVEXPERIMENTEB 78 ONE MAKE tS TO BE WITH MORSE put to the sender's tYPing abilitY POS.EACH CONNECTED COOE ON SW ,... TO WIRE(S) EQUIVALENT ind the auditor's understanding. A----------9A Consfruction. First remove the (SEEFIG.8) bearings which cause the rotarY 5 B----------r,15 switchlo click when turned (see __ I,rl il lO-l 4 c-_______ Fig. 3). Pry them out with a aO D----------l sciewdriver.-Also, remove all of "stops" the the which Prevent switch from turning continuouslY in one direction. r3,7 There are two basic versions of H---a----------2 the device. One uses Push-button, and the other uses sPring-J----------s,t6 return slide switches. The spring-K----------r,7 return slide switch version is L --qrs somewhat cheaPer, but a bit more M---------5 difficult to operate' Choose the N t2 you to build (Figs' o ---------s,3 version want 1 and 2 show the Push-button P ver----------g,tt sion), buy materials, and in either Q) ---------5,16 case. wire the shorting gang R ---------s t2 switch first (Fig. 5 for Push-but-s ---------13 t3 ton unit, Fig. 6 for slide-switch T e 6+ 14 unit).' - -------- 6,13 .o*{

u 7a{ .Dl l/ If the gang switch is to be v ---*-----r'ts J. "t*lturned clockwise bY the motor, ------T^ tl lO-.*--{ w ---zs 'Qy''.-r6 Fig. 5 (and Fig. 6) is shown as X ---------r,4 on-e looks at the front of the Y ---------r.re vensroN switch. If, on the other hand, the P 18l?NrgooiPusH-eurroru ---------t tt switch shaft is to be turned coun-Z eEnroD-------9A OF INOTCATING terclockwise' reverse the connec-(HOLDFORTHREEFLASHES LIGHT sEEFIG,8) change the direction of tions. That is, assume that the dia rotation of the switch gram shows the gang switch as shaft.) For convenience, iou would look at it from the @a*or, ,o* *,*,*n,rr, ,rrro* uu*a'o, label the wires with tabs iear, and wire accordinglY. (Re numbered as shown in member that gears sometimes I the diagram. Allow aPiproximately 5 in. of wire t MATERIALSLIST_TYPACODE for connecting the rotarY Push-ButtonVersion

switch to the push-button I No.Req'd DescriPtion it P' Q' U' or slide switches. ie Disf notmallyopenpushbutton switchesfor lettersB, C, F, G, H' J' K' L' 0' pV, W, X, Y, Z and Ptriod (Allied 34 B 997) Now drill the holes in ir Z Spii n6t*irryopenpushbuttonswitihesfor lettersD, l, M, N, R, S, T (Allied34899 4\ the chassis. Arrangement 1 SPDTpush-buttonswitchfor letter A (Allied348996) r( i-i,iui'pi|;,'ij poliiions per piid, sit'oriin'srotlry sit;h..(only ten position sare needed of the keyboard is left to ioi "irinti; two extra need'edfor spacinsbetweenlett-9rs,(Allied34 B 906) but it will be is needed tor pushbuttonkevboard' the builder, t ixixi'i'chassis (Allierl80pxqe+1. onlv 7x8" rur,, itre tesi of the spaceneededis'estimatedwith ample found convenient to imi but since size of the motor *iti allmancefor variations. tate that of the standard * motor of the type specifiedin article and gearassembly as f tvrrewriter as closelY L Lr/z v. flashlishi battery noisibie. Centers of holes I indlcatorli0ht assembly (Allied 52 E 475) I miniaturebulb (Allied 52E33O) ior the Allied push-butI two-pole, 3 positionsper Pole,shortingrotary switch (Allied 34 B 303) 3/4-in. ton switches are I SPST normally open micro switch (Allied 35 B 028) * Gears for either push.buttonor slide switch versionare availablefrom the Bosto n Geaf apart in rows; the rows

Workswith its mjin ofiice at 14 HaywardSt., Quincy7I, aie spaced 2 in. Mass'and oJficesthroughoutthe country. Gear conbinationsare as follows: If you are using sPring for a i00-l gearratio, a 100'tooth worm gear (BostonGear G1023; hole dia Vatt) a rd a worm(BostonGear HLSH; hole dia. 3/roT) areneeded. retuin slide switches, adFor an 80.1 Uearratio, an 80'tooth worm gear (Boston GearG1022; hole dia tAtt) a nd a just the sliding mechaworm( BostonGear HLSH; hol dia.%6") ate needed. For a 60-l gearratio, a 60.tooth worm gear (Boston Gear G1024; hole dia. vatt) and a nism a s shown in Fig. 3. worm(BostonGear HLSH; hole dia. 3/rr'l)are needed. Next, install the switch1 couplin0 betwe n motor and switch or gearassembly es. There is a ground lug EXAMPLESOF WIRINGFROM CHART FlG.4ON -PUSH BUTTO-ILVERSION TOWrRE-t5 + 1ro wrnrFr I TowlRE+gB f------------t : *eA 'or \--ti wrRE 5**rl*,$I,l pl roR"nl'rHE H FOR B" A TYPICALLY swrrcx oltv rxcEprror rornEcxanr: i ''

RADIO-TVEXPERIMENTER, 7gj then glued to the surface of the button. ,-:_.o:: ffi...&t[. t%lRr"Irro wiring,]rsingthechartFig. __-_____4, : : ;_:__:____]ill,:.,u ,4for.push_button-.tii"il;;,"i"i.TFrej"iy^-.-Tfl:,r",the !:--: l:: ---------6,8,ro for slide switches.The first "ol"L" ,"..-; :--in the i c--------------s,ro,'1charts refers to th" s*ii"h, ii'i,,,orj----_.--the second-to , D-____________6,ro _T__ the labeledwire or wires whi"h-ilh;;r;; ,o E___________-_r connectionsto switches. .'"1 F------------e,rs.r+ Use' The micro switch is thrown when 5r s. you youyou want wantwant to toto indicate indicateindicate the thethe end endend of ofof a aa word; ,=________n . _.^ word: 6*--r-rr e-------------s'zro otherwisethe retter "{-u-.rrort ' -------------s' prrlru.ii :Jt z rs automati;"iiv *"i.scrrl. r.nls e Is a simplify y rrt"ir''t'iiJ" ll ^8*_ ,,r2' T, stmplrtv_ l------------r, 3

F il ,ist+ ing.factor in wiring, sinceall t"tt"rrlt."r.t i ii,f1--'i '"vitha.pulse. Jhis pulseis ulongateJio, a o J--------____rr,16,17 -automatict II trl -K____________ro,,beginning dash. Tie ,,e,,and 't-," ar9"tnninat;;-;^"th"-rp'i.'g .-ll]l I r-----------*:;,., mlcro-swjtch ^:i|P _u.J M_-____-____.,;" return slide switch unit, the micro suritcf, ' ---:::J'o"#;"J,:ifhT,:U;de;*',"1t.;.;;" il:--:"Vr| " ,,:=, ,, to,tsconnect to the power source for the motor -l] 'll 'l-fi-i :-----------5, l---------::i:;; .. lll',1J. fi:il*':JT*'i:*l*l*tfl'T* :: R-----------.,,t'" :th",.wise connectedto tt*-r""ai"g k"t ;; zE-1-rBAr3A urs uu4zur. uuue pl'actrlce OSCrIIalOr., etc. t i | ^7F1 , S___________u_,,S--_________s, tS the buzzer,codepr,acticeoscillator,etc. TERMNA' -a' rurn ; .': the two-pole, three-position switch t" ;il;";;;d H ,."19i"1:I=_* ],___________! , ;;j;." rhemotorison,but U-*---------rs, El yslpFkfE,lpu",.i,^n,u*,*,,." rq ib";tt ;'-r,:;":;"o"b[":i"SJiiiir*;.r?11 V------------s, r:,rsNext turn the switch to the third p?riUorr. w----------.-1,17 Fachtime the motor makes",""otritiorrlie ontheAllied,push-button

X-------__-_e,ro,rz bulb will 1ight, and shortly after a short switches. Solder two dif-y__________;,,.," wgflbe sent (only on..thepush-button l:fs "spacing', ferent poles of eachtw'-unit)._ Depressthe mitro "*it"h 7__________. ^'o 4E--_-------s'ro'r8A (93 th.e-push-button unit only);"ttte pole switch, and one pole lufl oJeachone-poleswitchto -----,3.4 will still light. but no pulsewiil'be sent. pERroD--theselugs. This saveson 3P'i^,5i.]--;."1t0'-iit"lt Directly after the liulb ligh ts press the wiring since n o w the letter "a". A distinct "didah'iwill'1" rr"""a. poles on eachswitch ar-e -llArR.T^Fqtyllllc Release"a" and press "b" when the bu lb interconnected through lights again._Continue throughout tfre af [lSiBit'i]iiiTt*t'onr-the metal chassis.Other-phabet, checking against a stlanda rdtable wise (on slide switches) showing codeequivalentsfor letters. interconnect the different poles oneachswitch.rhe ,#il.:*ilh.r!i;]-.;,llfi,?R[" interconnected poles are N^"Tl^{ .. Descrintion ::Tr"d to as.i'ground"'i ;;:i"l:"fr:iil3B:l:Biiii;:llil:lii::y,l*.:l,:.i.1.,,,,, fi,!,ol ,,C,, andperiod,i i, ,,K,M,R,s,r,u,w and are connected to -" return switches qr the terminal strip. irl"r',oijtol'?1'toln[:*'r:oi!'",opensprins slide fortett ersB,c, F,G, Now install the motor, ro-sprins. stide fortetrer

retu/n switch 1 ll,r^rr"*lirl,1:lLle*throw, Z+ tary. switche-s, shortinsrotarvswitch(Allied micro i iil.t'"iJtlfithiHii:i; o" pole, 34B303) (l],'i;l:"f,it,n:'\ i ii'i!',',n;?,1:,;llll;l itll14i.iii-i'iill*yisne ded t[ifil r0r swirch s,id keyb'ard. iseiiimafei-wiitl-nipr; bulb socket. "rd t"tt?l -:li:Jiff:i;i',;: l:i,jii,tT;iit'i,iv'ii.-Jl'i ;iihJ''pu ,,neeuer r rour_pote,Lz nositions-,per pole,.shorting rotaryswitch (()nlyten positions the SWitcheS. For t] "--are neededfor push-button rirs-ioa)swit"hustf,! t li'di:1;,tT,,:itl'^;;:f$ri'lll{l;;-;;i;'.*'[ii-;;'<"irri,u ' (Allieds2E47s) letters were typed on a iillli'liloliltl,assemblv 'r'.'"i,[ :ffi"#i tJiil"rulf"",i .il!lul,:"1i" ;lilff,i,','#,iiilf l'i,yi,i,fl,,:T,1,,,',,1liJ'i,#!.Joilit', EXAMPLESOF WIRINGFROMCHARTFIG,7ON SLIDESWIICHVERSION TowtRr*6 ?' a REro a wl t l[l swrrcnron"zl'rxEoNr-yercrprror,rrorur +ranr I I I

RADIO.TVEI(PERIMENTER Antenna AnElectronlc RelaY tor the onoleurwho srill throwson onlennoswil(h, this inexpensiveeleclronic reloywill do fte iob oulomotitollyononybonduPto fwo nefers,ondit will in' (reosethesensitivitYof moslle(eivers ByJOEA. ROLF' K5JOK fIE one-tube relaY shown in Fie. 1 will handle uP to 100watls CW, or 85 watts nhone. It is designed for use *ith.ttv amateur antenna havins an impedance of 25 to 300 instant ohins, and it Permits greatlY CW break-in and simplifies AM transmitter conas a low-gain trol. It also acts RF amPlifier to imProve receiver performance. Fieuie 2 shows the circuit, -3 Fie. the connections to transmiit"", teceiver, and antenna' ifrl i-n switch is inserted antenna feedline, in parallel with the transmitter' With the transmitter across the

inoPerative. the relaY acts as a ,ti: #i ii The completedelectronicqntennd reloy' or T'R 5-wilch'-withthe cobinef (obove).Thisunit will permir instontbreok-inoperolionwith fl-1. piJ* 100 wqtts input' lt cqn qlso be used wilh iw iionr.itt"ts of up to Interiorof the reloy cobinet ohonerronsmittersrunning uP to 85 wolis' ii.*i"" .t"ttttction qnJ layout (below)' The 5C4 is mounted on q .-ott oiu.lnr. brocket(seeiig' a) rh"r olso servesos o shieldbetween Theplote leod on the tube sockef is the input qnd outPut.o.pon"it.. Lrougltrthriugh rhe brocketwith o feed'throughinsulofor' ,,,::.111,11.t::..r, :.;,1.','li l''.' ' ' , : q4 ..: ! :.:,,,.., r.,.,.;r,i,,,.L:i,,i,'i, Ri 01.:,rC2l: " THRU RFC ?lr: C5,l,Co ffi ;;;;d"d;'td-amplifier, -allowing signals Irom the antennato pass through to tne re;;;;; r:-wh"n the transmitter is keved' how 6C4is blockedand eflectivelv

;;;;;til";;I'y's isolalesthe receiverfrom the antenna' 'ih" t;;;" biasing resistor R1 permits the OC+t. ".ia"ct ver:y weak RF signals to the r"""i*i-*ttile the strong-signal from, the transmitter createsa cut-oft biason tne tuoe to the receiver' th"i pt".t"ttts conduction power is taken {rom the antenna V""" iittt" amount ot RF is lequired ;il ;;F i t-"tt to block the 6C4. --ThL entire relay is built inside a 7s/ax?Ya x +-itt-.lnittiUo*' For compactness and simrrli" itu. the unit is poweredby the station re ^ceivei'or transmitter. A Cinch-Joneschassrs the power cable; a miniature t"""ines tiug coax antenna jack mounted beside it connects the unit to the antenna terminals of the re;; 1";;. A standard coax jack at the other end of the Minibox connects the unit to the anienna feedline. Construction and drilling details are shown in tr'ig. 4. plug The author used a six-prong power (Cinch-Jones P-306-AB) on his unit to match an existing cable from his receiver' A three

or four-prong power plug can be used ',f desired. Also, if the builder prefers, phono lacKs can be substituted for the coax antenna jacks --though coax jacks are recommended for hieh-frequency use to avoid losses and to in suie adequate shielding. The 6C4 is mounted on a srnall alumlnum bracket (see Fig. 4) fastened to the botto:n "i tft" fvri*U.x. the'bracket is set at an anlle

NADIO-W EXPERIMENTEN EVERYONE wl.o uses vacuum tubes NEEDS tbis new 1960 Expanded Editlon TUBE CUIDE. Contalns over 2?00 substitutes for over 1500 tubes, lncludlng radlo & TV receiving tubes, tubes used in Hl-Fi & Stereo, foreign tubes and TV ptcture tubes, All tubes suggested for substltution have char acterlsticsslmllar to those they are to replace. FIT INTO SAMESOCKET & NEED NO WIEING CHANGE. Two chapters cover complete listing of TV Pix tube replacements in cluding newest 1l0o tubes. Substitutes glven tor over 225 foreign tubes. Last chaDter lists transistor substitutes. The onlv comDlete GUIDE featuring aU r,e,celv-i4g irt"e suusfitutlons WITHoUT socKET CHANGING OR REWIRING. ThiS VAIUAbIE book will save You n TIIIIE & MONEY and Dermit operation of your set even Of tnou-Sn orisinal tubes are unobtalnn:: |

GuarantoodMoneyBackin 5 Daysif Not Satisfled Consulting Engineer9ept. SM-25 H, G. ClStN, I I r Amaqansett, N. Y. ffnd Rush TUBE REPLACEMENT GUIDE. t mcrosed $1. I Name. ....'......... I 1 ' Aoo."g I arrr. ...2o1e,...,srate...,...,.. I -r-rrrrrrrrrErrrrll in coupon for a FREE Ore Year Subscription. toFill -t-bw,Fanta.ticRarsainPa(kedcatalos bll;oir-Tiotobi3cjil-nh-olo'SS Fantastic n"igq'!-Il'.\ld lslglgF Ilii"rl"*J-"i lorv. !(HoLESALE PRlcEs o" ii"nJN"-. Sfeakers,Chingers,-Tubc'Tools,HiFi'r. S....o Amps, Tuners and other Bargains' ADDRESS.ctTY=---zol{ E--sTATE=__If vou havea friend intere"tedin elecronicssendhis ""ritl and address for a fREE subscription also' t03 3. Forge 51.' Aklon 8, Ohio 1 a rI a f-)

I !-1' r6 {;t"'a DETAILS CONSTRUCTION relay as shown in Fig. 3. The receiver should not be connected during initial tests. Apply power to the T-R Switch and reload the transmitter to the antenna. If the relay is working properly, the transmitter should require only slight readjustment, if any. The neon buib NE-2 is a salety device to in dicate any the output glows when indication dangerous amount of RF across terminals of the relay. If this bulb the transmitter is keyed, it is an that the relay is not working

oroperlv. Check for a bad tube or wire-up. ^ If ttr6 unit is carefully constructed, only enough RF will reach the receiver to provide comfortable monitoring. If the receiver overloads while transmitting, it is probable that RF is entering the receiver through ventilation louvers or an exposed antenna connection (if the receiver has a terminal strip antenna post). But a coax antenna jack and coPPer window screen taped over ventilation openings in the receiver cabinet will generally cure this. In some cases,shielding the trans mitter cabinet will help. Another remedy for overloading on CW, or feedback on phone, is to reduce the receiver gain control when transmitting. The cost of this simple electronic antenna relay is only slightly more than that of a

qood antenna relay, but this unit has the advantage of permitting srvitchlessCW oper ation with a single antenna system' To trans mit, just start keying and the receiver is auto matically disconnected frorn the antenna. On phone, only one switch is needed to put the transmitter on the air.

NADIO.TII EXPERTMENTEN " { APortahle lntercoln Wireless 't H.FRANTZ, By F0RREST Sr. # # ili.,iLi A neot, compqci, lwo-trqnsislor device, lhis portoble iniercom qlso functions as o broqdcost bond receiver. Ihis lrqnsceivermokeson excellenl THERE'S no need to be stuck with intercom stations at fixed locations week-end(onsfructionproiect.lt does r I in your home. This portable wireless intercom can be carried wherever nofrequireo litense! you wish to use it. It operates in the broadcast band under FCC limited radiation rules, and therefore does ./t, not require a license c4 0d\ (limit communication distance to 75 ft.), and the receiver can be used for BCB reception. Com ponents will cost between $10 and $15.For two-way GREEN S2C S2D communications, of aI course, you need two units. But with one unit you can indulge in one

ll-qil SPKRI way communication by*'lnsjilEi*u.,,*n 9 l using a broadcast receivI er as the second station. TI Trouble.Free ConslrucTRANSISTOR BASE coNNEcroNS I h1 ) fion. The leads connecting to the Send-Receive'3"'isJlgt'" switch, and those in the t:5, 3.": 8 IS THE RECEIVE AND g IS THE SEND RF portion of the unit PoslnoN should be kept short and E direct. When construcSCHEMATIC WIRE

8l RADIO.W EXPERIMENTER Circuit boord wiring. 52 {LTTTERSSHOW swlTcHSEC'|ONL$cAnoN$) cl c'0 Psrts coll-out in cqse. tion is completed, you may have to redress them to elimi nate oscillation. First, remove antenna coil L1 from its Ma sonite mounting strip. Then cut shaft of volume control R4 to a length of 7/4 in. Then turn connection of battery holder lugs over with pliers to form series connections and solder (see Fig. 3). Fill contact eye lets with solder. Jumble-wind coupling coil L2 from 25 ft. of. 7 /41 litz wire 3/a-in. length on of Ya-in. dia. ferrite core. Leave 7r/z in. connecting leads. Apply a coat of Duco cement to hold the wind ings in place. Clean and tin the ends of the leads. Drilling ond Cuf.Ouls.The cir cuit board as purchased is cut

to correct size. Holes must be drilled in it as shorvn in Fig. 4. The front panel as purchased is cut to correct size and contains the four corner holes reouired to fasten it in the "ase. The other hole and switch cut-out locations are shown in Fie. 5. The cut-out for the SendIRe ceive switch is made bv drill ing a series of adjacen[ holes, finished with a kevhole saw and a file. The hole in the case for mounting the antenna is %z in. dia. placed 1in. from the front and 1 in. from the rieht hand side on the top of the case. Fronl Ponel Conponeni Mounf. ing. Mount Cl and C2. The dials are removed by loosening the knurled decorative head screws. These capacitors, because of their compact construction, sometimes develop shorts. Connect an ohmmeter across each of them in turn and rotate the shafts. If either of the capacitors is shorted, send it back to the supplier for replacement. Don't attempt a repair. Mount the volume control (R4), the Talk-Listen switch (52) and the loudspeaker (SPKR). Place the knob on

R4 and the handle on 52. Fasten the 1-in. machine scr.ews (which hold the circuit board in the final assembly) to the front panel. Circuit Boord Wiring. Mount transformers L3 and L4, and mount the antenna coil Ll.

RADIO.W EXPERIMENTER tl Fasten the coil with insulated hook-up wire or cord passed through the circuit board and tied around the coil. A few drops of Duco cement will hold it in place. Using Figs. 1, 2, and 3 for guidance, wire the circuit board. Mount the components as required in the progress of the wiring. Note that most of the component pigtails pass through the circuit board. The pigtails are bent over and soldered together to form the circuit wiring. This produces a neat job, permits you to make short connections, and makes the compact size of the unit possible. The leads which are to be connected between the cireuit board and the panel wiring of the circuit board should be connected during the wiring of the circuit board. Leave these leads about 6 in. long and cut to length later when the wiring board and panel assemblies are integrated. Use wires of different colors and keep a record of the code to make integration of the circuit board and front panel easier. Front Pqnel Wiring. Wire R4-S, C1, C2 and the portion of the S-2 connections that do not tie into the circuit board wiring. The gimmick C3 is simply a piece of hook-up wire connected to S2 and twisted loosely around the lead from 52 to C2. Wire insulation acts as the dielectric. In making connections to 52, be careful to avoid bending or exerting undue pressure on the switch contacts and lugs. Also be cautious about exerting pres sure on the switch wafer. Mount the circuit board on the 1-in. machine screws provided on the front panel for this purpose. The nuts near the ends of these screws (Fig. 2) should be adjusted for cor rect spacing of the mounting board from the

panel. Be sure that there aren't any shorts between the switch 51 and the circuit board. The lugs of 51 may have to be bent slightiy to the side. Make the interconnections between the front panel and the circuit board. The second ary of L4 connects to SPKR and several leads from the circuit board connect to R4-S1 and 52. Mount the battery holder on the speaker magnet frame by passing a loop of wire around the holder and frame on each side of the mag net. Twist the ends together on the bottom side. A drop of Duco between the speaker and the battery holder will tend to make the mounting more solid. Connect the battery holder into the circuit. Insert the batteries in the holder, observing correct polarity. Then provide a lead from S2A to the antenna and place the assembly in the case. But don't fasten the four panel holding screws yet. Tesling Operolion. Turn switch 51 on and turn R4 clockwise for maximum volume. Tune C1 to a local broadcast station. If you can't pick up a station, extend the antenna. If you still can't pick up a station (assuming fr'o'4. j'oro. JI IT I I+

ooo o oooo CIRCUITBOARD,FRONTVIEW 32"'-. FOUR CORNER HOLES IN PANEL AS 3: 8 E PANEL, FRONT VIEW you're within 5 miles of a 250-watt station or within 10 miles of a 5 KW or more powerful station), recheck the wiring. Incorrect positioning of the S2C and S2D leads may cause audio feedback. To cure consistent squealing and whistling, redress these leads. When you have broadcast reception, re move the set from the case and move the position of the lead on the antenna end of L1 relative to C4 for maximum gain at the highfrequency end of the broadcast band. Then decrease the volume control setting to about half of full setting. If the set squeals, decrease the coupling between the L1 lead and C4 till squealing quits. Turn a broadcast receiver on and tune to a frequency at which you don't receive a broadcast station. Then, from a position near the receiver. with the intercom on and the antenna pushed down, push 52 to the send position. Adjust C2 tiU the intercom carrier comes in on the broadcast receiver. The

t RADIO.TVEXPENIMENTEN eitr,ttulCr Side view of front-ponel mountings. coupling of gimmick C3 rnay have to be increased to attain a signal or decreased to minimize squealing and distortion at the receiver. Audio feedback due to coupling between intercom and receiver causes soueals also-but occurs only when r.eceiver and in audible "hearing" tercom are within distance. MATERIALSLIST_WI RELESSI NTERCOM Desiq. R2,R6 R3 R5 RI R4.S c3 c4 c6,c6, ctr c5, c7, c9 c10, clz cI, c2 TI T2 D s2 L1 L2 L3 L4 SPKB A B Description 270 ohm,/2 watt carion resistor, 10lo 331(, /2 watt carbon resistor, I0o/oL00K, t/2 watt carbon resistor, 10!/o 270K, t/2watt, carbonresistor,10!l 101(miniaturevolumec0ntrol with switch(Lafavette

vc.28) gimmick(seetext) 100 mmf., 1000 v. ceramiccapacitor 5 GA-Tl) (Spra0ue .0I mfd., 50 v. ceramic capacit0r(SpragueTG-SI0) 25 mfd.,6 v. miniature electrolyticcapacitor (Spragu TE-1091) 100 mfd., 5 v. miniature lectrolyticcapacitor (SprasueTE-1102) 365 mmf. miniature variable capacit0r (Lafayette MS-445) 2N1684 transistor (GeneralElectric) 2N407 transistor(Sylvania) 1N56 diode (Raytheon) 4P2T spring relurn lever action switch (Ceiltralab 1457) ferrileantennaloop coil (Miller2004) 25' 7/4L litz wire woundon 7atl lenqth, tAtt dia. feftile core. (Lafayelte MS"33I is a 7/2tt length ol leftite coreandBelden8817 is a 100, lenqth of the wire) 10K to 2K miniature driver transformer (Lafayette TR-96) 2l( to t0 ohm miniature output transformer (Lafayette TR-93) L0 ohm,2/2r loudspeaker (LafayetteSK.55) miniaturetelescopirrg (Lafayette antenna F.343) four L5 v. penlitecells, series (Burgess connected No.7) batteryholder(LafayetteNlS.170) miniature knob (LafayetteNIS-185) 27/th x 33/at, miniatureperforatedcircuit board (LafayeiteMS-304) 2 x 334 x 6t/4ttBakelilecase(LafayetteMS-216) front panelfor case (LafayetteMS-217) Componentsfor this projectmay be obtained fr0m Lafayette Radio, 100 6th Avenue. New York 13. N. Y. The antenna may be extended to increase range, but don't open it far enough to permit reception beyond 75 ft. The intercom will

function best for communication when held upright with the antenna vertical. It rvill function best as a broadcast receiver when the antenna loop is horizontal. It is extremely directional and selective in this plane. OpercfinE Principles. The remote wireless intercom is an intercom that oermits talkandlisten operation with another unit without requiring connecting wires. The speaker functions as mike and speaker. Separate talk and listen tuning contlols permit tuning to any desired flequency with easy srvitching flom talk to listen without havins to retune. To leceive, Ct must be set .[or the flequency that C2 of a second intercom is tuned to in order to receive it. It is best to tune the two intercoms and then lock the capacitors. Don't depend on dial calibration to do the job. The wireless intercom employs only two transistors and one diode. In the listen function T1 acts as an RF amplifier. and diode Dl recl.ifies the signal to provide an audio voltage signai. This signal is fed back through T1 which amplifies the signal again. Then the signal progresses to output stage T2 and the loudspeaker. The receiving circuit achieves considerable gain and selectivity with minimum equipment through the use of good components and the exercise of design innovations. On the talk function, the coupling from the collector of T1 to the antenna and base of T1 is increased by C2 to produce broadcast frequency oscillation. The input and output connections to T2 are changed by 52 to make the speaker function as a mike and to make 'I2 function as a modulator for T1, I \ i I t s tr rl t( u lc lc p'

la fr F R a P(

DryBattery Tester-Charger A singleunit to test cnd chorge flcsh light, tronsistor radio ond olher smoll bofieries By W. F. GEPHART nECHARGING or boosting small dry batftf teries can be worthwhile if you have sev| \ eral flashlights, battery radios or other battery-powered equipment. Properly used, a charger can triple or quadruple the lift of batteries, making the investment in a charger worthwhile. The unit shown in Fig. 1 also "recharging" includes a tester to show when is desirable. (Since dry batteries are essentially primary cells in which a chemical reaction takes place, true recharging is not possible. However, rejuvenation, which will extend the life of the cells, is possible. We'll call this recharging.) Recharging must be done before the battery is completely exhausted. New batteries usually read about 1.5 o per cell (without load) on the average meter. Under normal load (about 25 ma for a battery made up of penlight cells, and about 150 ma for the larger flashlight batteries) the voltage of a fresh cell should not drop more than 10/p. "D" Ttrus, a type flashlight battery in top condition ought to test at 1.5 .uor better without load, and not less than 1.35 o with a 150 NADIO.TV EXPENIMENTER Overoll view of chorger. Bolfery clip arrongemenl moy be voried to meet ill SI ("CHARGING VOLTAGE")

Pos I -LOW POS.2. MEOIUIVLOW POS.3-MEDIUMHIGI' POS.4- HIGH s2 ("FUNcloN") Pos.l -t.5voLT'l r-^ I IEJI POS.2 -15 VOLT J -1 POS.3- l50lvlA. ^..^-^ tt^no' Pos.4-15 MA. J \e_/ 3-\ .ll_J" if'^' a2 I .. i 'i '.i 'l a3\l I l\l l. \.1 ,r=! individucl needs, maload. When it drops below these levels, it should be recharged. Recharging is not too effective when the voltage (with or without load) is below twothirds of the new-condition voltage.

Bear in mind. too. that the battery must be placed in service promptly after recharging. The shelf life of recharged batteries is short (probably due to the limited chemical actionthattakes ,3 i' ]l

7 83 NADIO.TV EXPERIMENTEN lnside view of unir, All ports ore mounted on back of fronf ponel, place). Even so, the drop in voltage after charging is the greatest in the first 24 hours. No one seems ouite sure what actuallv happens in dry batfery recharging, and soml experimenters claim the best results with ac charging voltages, some with dc, and some with a combination. This unit uses unfiltered, fluctuating dc, which seems to give the best results in the shortest time. Filtered dc (secured by placing a large capacitor across rectifier output) seems to give about the same results, but requires a charging time of 12-20 n0urs. Here are some results with unfiltered dc and an hour's charging time: Type Battery & Service Two "D" Cells No Load Befofe lmmediately Charge After Charge l.:st 1^s2 Y 2-5 Days Later* r4o v (Flashliqht) Three"0" Cells (Strobeli0ht) Two "C" Cells Load No Load Load No Load 1.20 v L3t | 1.15 v 1.35v 1.37 | L.40v I.33| 1.50 v I.35 v 1.35v 1.30 Y 1.45 v (Flashlisht) Load l.I5 Y 1.50v 1.35v 9 v Transistor# No Load 7.5v 8.7v 8.0 v (Radio) Load 2.0 v 7.?v 6.0 Y

* shelf life time; not in service #charged at 9 ma; all others charged at 100 ma We see that particularly in the case of the transistor battery, recharging is not too effective when the battery nears exhaustion. The charging rate must be fairly low, with a range of 5-30 ma recommended for batteries made up of penlight cells, and a range of "C", 50-200 ma for the larger cells, such as "D", "A" and cells. Schematic Fig. 2 shows that switch 53 controls the function of the unit. On Positions 1 and 2, used for testing, proper meter multipliers are switched into the circuit for reading the battery voltages, and load resistors are cut in by pressing switch S:. When switch Sa, is on Positions 3 and 4, oc power is on, and the dc output is fed through the meter (with proper current shunts) to the MATERIALS LIST_BATTERY CHARGER Desiq. Description Rx 56K, /2watt (requiredonly if not included in PL) RI 20 ohm, I watt R? 200 ohm, 4 watt potentiometer (MalloryM200PK) R3 R4 R5 R6 1500 ohm l% precision (see t xt) 151(1% precision (see text) I0 ohm, l,/2watt 330 ohn, t/2 watt

R7 .66 ohm1% precision(seetext) Rg 7.I4 ohm 1% precision (see text) SI two-pofe,4.position rotary switch (Mallory 3226J) 52 SPSTpushbutton, normally open 53 five.pole,4.positionrotary switch (Mallofy 13351) TI 6.3v CT 1 amp filament transformer(lvlerit P-2944) T2 6.3u t/2 amp filament transformer(Nlerit P-2964) Rect. bridge-connected rectifief:a-c input-15 selenium y maxi. mum, at 200 na (Federal1016) PL pilot light holder for NE.51 lamp (DialcoSeries95406X

and942208have built.in resistor Rx) M 0.1 milliammeter Steel cabinet, 6/2x7/a x9fl (Bud C-1585), NE-51 lamp, 3 knobs,2 bindingposts,battefyholdersas desir d, line cord,nlscellaneous hatdware battery, with terminal polarity reversed. The proper charging voltage and current is selected by switch Sr and rheostat R:. Two filament transformers, with their secondaries wired in series through Sr, provide oc input voltqges to the rectifier of 3.15, 6.3, 9.45, and 12.6, which are sufficient for all batteries up to 9 volts. Resistor Rr is a limiting resistor to prevent the current from reaching excessive levels. All parts (except battery holders and terminals) are mounted on the front panel of a small sloping-front cabinet, as shown in '.r-.^'--{--G-;--:":.,'--^ : sta-t \\ ] / co: vi< be Figs. 4 and 5. The layout for the panel is tht shown in Fig. 3, except for the meter mounting screw holes, which should be drilled to fit the meter being used. The values shown for resistors Rg, R+, Ri and Rs are applicable only to a 0-1 ma meter with an internal resistance of 100 ohms. This is a standard 1000 ohms/volt movement, but values for other meter movements can be calculated with the formulas top of opposite page for the ranges shown on Fig. 2:

RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTER METER( REAR WAFER R6 BATTERY(-} [4IDDLE WAFER r:g sza{ R4f l BATTER./(+) L_g s3c oa-FRONT WAFER TERM.STRIP 6 TI T2 PR]. PRI. PL swtTcHs3 WIRING DEIAILS 15-(ImxRm) 15 R4: Im Im Im XRm ImXRm R7: R8: .014 .150 Im is the full scale deflection of meter 1n amperes, Rm is the internal resistance of meter in ohms. Wire the primaries of the transformers and pilot light first. Then check polarity of the secondary leads of the transformers so series wiring will give 72.6 u. If the is incorrect, the two secondaries will each other, and give no output voltage wired in series. Complete the wiring. that polarity buck when

The selection of the number and types of battery holders mounted on the cabinet will depend on individual needs. Two binding posts, wired in parallel with the battery hclders, are also provided. Several sets of leads, using the most often needed battery plugs can then be used with the binding posts for those batteries that do not fit in the holders.

To use the unit, plug it in, turn Sr to "Lo'w", Rz to full counterclockwise position, "15V and Ss to Test." Put the batteries in the proper holder (or attach to leads), and switch Sr to the appropriate scale and read the no-Ioad voltage. Then press Sz to read the voltage under load. Resistor Rr provides a I50 ma load with 1.5 t-r, and Re provides a load of about 14 ma at 4.5 o,78 ma at 6 o, and 27 ma at 9 o. Next, switch S, to the desired charging current range, and set the charging rate by adjusting Sr and Rs. Generally, charging for an hour or two at the rates mentioned above will be effective. The rate may be increased, but under no conditions should the battery be permitted to get warm. Longer charging times can be used, with varying effectiveness, depending on the charging rate and battery condition, but the unit should be watched. Sometimes excessive charging, either in current rate or time, seems to break the cell down, and the current rises, increasing the damage. Aascrewiag the lnscrutable ThoseDqrn Decibels! by OI'Rock Few terms are as frequently misused or widely misunderstood in electronics as is the decLbel The decibel system merely conr,pores signal power levels. Properly used, it makes possible a great simplification of arithmetic. Decibels can be used to compare any two signal power levels of the same kind, in either an ecoustical or electrical system. Or, one may pare the power of a given signal witJr a previously agreed-upon standard. When the signal being considered is compared to a similar, hypothetical, one-milliwatt signal, we speak of the " of the signal concerned, in DBM. Further, may compare, in decibels, the strength of a signal to that of the noise power in the "signal

me system-the to noise ratio." Let's get straight on the basic facts: First, the bel measures rati.os, that is, how many times ter or less-powerful is the signal concerned, compared to the reference signal. Second, ibels are not measured upon an ordinary scale, but rather upon what engi neers call a Logarithmic scale. This is perhaps the most confusing point to the uninitiated. Twice as many decibels do not mean twice as strong a signal, for instance. Here's how a decibel scale works: Ratio of Signal Power DB Greater DB Less Signal powersequal 0 DB ODB First signal twice as strong, 0r one-half as strongas the other + 3 DB 3DB _ First four tim s as strong or weak + 6 DB 6 DB -10 Fifst ten times stronger or weaker +10 DB DB -20 First I00 times greateror less +20 DB DB _30 DB First 1000 times greater0r less +30 DB -60 First one million times greateror less +60 DB DB Any good electrical engineering reference book will show you how to obtain decibel values or corresponding power ratios for the intermediate values. such as DB, *57 DB, etc. -36 A convenient feature of the decibel system is that amplifier gains and circuit losses, when each is expressed in DB, may be added and subtracted by simple arithmetic directly, to evaluate simply

the performance of an entire communieation system.

7 90 RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTEB ThelittleRedHot Thiscompocl,qftrodiyereflexreceiveris sosmollit fils eosilyintopocketorpurse ByFORREST Sr. H.FRANTZ, L tB lL I D ELUE L4 GREEN +T =\ I = A set thqt's smqll but one fhor will scoop up rock 'n' roll from locol broodcost. ers, commerciols snd oll. O get plenty of gain f I in the Little Red I Hot transistor T1 (see Fig. 2) amplifies the signal twice, once while it is still RF and then again when it is AF after detection bv diode D. The audi-o output of T1 is introduced to the base of transistor T2 throueh the audio driver transformer

L4. The impedance match between T1 and T2 provided by L4 affords considerably more gain than you could expect from resistancecapacitance coupling. Though not apparent from the circuit, and though not enough to make the set oscil late, there is positive feedback in the RF stage, resulting from the relative placement of the components in the case. This feedback feature and the hieh Q of the antenna coil (L1) make the set quite selective in spite of the fact that it has only one tuned circuit. Cost of the eomponents for the Liltle Red Hot will be a little tl 1 over $15. Construc)tion time will vary with the builder's ex-X I perience, but the compact construction makes this project a delightful experience in miniaturization. Conslruction. The construction of this receiver may be accomplished most efficiently by pursuing the task in these phases: 1) Adapt parts. 2) Make the circuit

board.

RADIO-TVEXPERIMENTEB 9l R7-g ruft 'i.M* I I I I l l i I i AACK *F BOARCI Bock view before ossembly. 3) Mount parts. +i Wi"" thi circuit board. 5) Complete wiring and assemble. 6) Test, adjust and debug. Begin by cutting the volume control shaft to a length of 3/8in. Place the portion of the shaft to be eliminated in a vise and cut with a hacksaw. Now remove antenna coil L1 from its Masonite mounting board. Replace the paper tape around the coil ends to hold and protect the windings. Make coils L2 and L3 using the data shown in the Materials List. Coat these coils with Duco cement to prevent unwinding of the turns. The number of turns is not too critical, so if you slip a bit in counting them, don't worry about it. Next, place two layers of cellophane -tape about 3/s in. wide around the edges of the speaker frame on the back of the speaker to pr vent the speaker frame from shorting sorie of the receiver wiring which it would

otherwise touch. The circuit board is cut from a miniature perforated board according to the layout iho*n in Fig. 4. Speaker and tuning capacitor cut-outs are made by using the hacksaw blade removed from the saw frame. Starter holes can be made with drill and taper reamer. The slots for the transformers (L4 and L5) are also made with the hacksaw blade. Drill a Ys-in. starter hole for the volume control shaft and ream to size, or simply drill using a a/s-in bit. When cutting and drilling is completed, dress the edges of the board and the cutouts with a file. Use Fig. 3 as a guide for mounting parts' Mount volume control-switch R7-S and transformers L4 and L5 first. The transformers are mounted by bending their mounting lugs down 90o so they can be inserted in the circuit board slits. With the transformer mountjn ing lugs inserted the circuit board, slits, press the transformer against the board, and bend the lugs over on the front of the circuit board. Duco cement placed between the base SLITSFOR MOUNTING l" DIA. TRANSFORMER CIRCUITBOARDLAYOUT-BACKVIEW I ,.{ I 'r.

t. (r r 92 NADIO.TV EXPERIMENTER I , ,,ii:,1,:::ii:::: The circuit board is wired by inserting component pigtails through the perforations and making connections on the front of the board. Where several component pigtails form a common junction, the pigtails may be inserted in a common perforation. The connection routes on the front of the board are short enough in most cases to permit direct connection with component pigtails. Fronl view of circuit board. Solder the con-f I of the transformers and the circuit board will stabilize the mounting-and may bail you out if you break a transformer lug in ihe mounting process. Mount L2 and L3 by fastening with Duco cement, but go easy o-nthe cem"entt;.;;; you may have to loosen and re-orient these coils. The remaining componentsare mounted in the processof wiring the circuit board. along.usea hotctean#fit':ffi ;:"f""ij: solder. Solder quickly. Miniatureruluer', JolQ.er qurcr<ry. Ivlrnlature compo_ nents, particularly transistors and diodes. Tav_!e damagedT3y, b"e dama-ged by byby soldering solderingsoldering iron ironiron heat heatheat apap-applied for too long a time. Be cautious aboi.t electrolytic capacitor and battery polarities in making connections. Mount T2 first and then wire C3. CT. R5. R6, R4, and C5 into the circuit. Then wire R3, Rl and C2. The connection of C4. L2 a

b n fl tl cl ol in MATERIALSLIST_LITTLE RED HOT Desig, Description yz watl carbonresistors,l0fl, tolerance R5 lfi) ohms BZ 470 ohms R5 Z.7K Rl lOK R4, R8 l5K 83 47K R7-S 10K miniatureyolumecontrolwith switch (LafayetteVC.28) C6 100 mmf. Mini Kap ceramiccapacitor(LafayetteDM.I0t) C2,C4,C8 .01 mfd. 75v. subminiaturecapacitor(LafayetteC-612) C9 I nfd., 6v. subminiatureelectrolyticcapacitor(LafayetteP6.l) C3,C7 30 mJd.,6v. miniatureelectrolyticcapacitor(LafayetteCF.I04) C5 100 mfd., 15v. niniature electr0lyticcapacitor(LafayetteCF-126) Cl 365 mmf. miniaturetuningcapacitor(LafayetteMS-2145, includestuningdial) LI flat ferrite antennaloopcoil (Miller 2004) L4 10,000 ohmto 2,000 ohmsubminiaturetransformer (LafayetteTR-98) L5 2,000 ohmto 10 ohmminiatureoutputtransformer (LafayetteTR.93) L2,L3 CoilsL2 and L3 arejumble-woundwith Beldeng617 litz wire on t/4tt dia. ferrite cores(saw 0r breakoff of LafayetteM5.331). Wind 25, of wire 0n a ya,, lenqthof corefor L2. and 15, on t/2't of corefor L3' T1 21i412transistor(RCA) 12 2N321transistor(cE) D 1N60diode(Raytheon) SPKR ll,/2" PM loudspeaker(LafayetteSK-61) B 9r. transistorradio battery (MalloryTR-146R) volumecontrolknob (LafayetteMS_IES) miniatureperforatedhoard(LafayetteMS-305) case(LafayetteMS-424ivoryor MS.427maroon) All componentsfor this projectare availablefrom LafavetteRadio. Dept. SM, 165-08 Liherty Ayenue,Jamaica33, Newyotk. and L3 follows. Don't cut L2 and L3 leads too short; you may have to reverse connections later. Next, mount diode D and connect C6. R?. R8 and C9 into the circuit. Mount T1 and complete connections to L2. Mount and connect R2 and C3. Now recheck the wiring for correctness and examine the circuit boird for poor connections and shorts. Then attach leads for C1 and for battery connections. Solder battery connection lugs on the battery leads. connect C1, and connect the L5 secondarv leads to the loudspeaker voice coil lugs. Connect L1 into the circuit. Whether it is best to place the Little Red

Hot in the case or leave it out for test, adjustment and debugging is a tossup. If you don't place it in the case, care must be exercised to prevent shorting of components, and the tuning capacitor (C1) is difficult to adjust. If yoq placg the receiver in the case, you'll probably have to pull it out if there are difficulties. To test, adjust, and debug, connect the battery to the set (if it's available, use another less expensive 9-v battery-six series-connected penlite or flashlight cells are fine-for first tests), turn the volume on, and tune for a station. If the set is insensitive over the entire broadcast band, interchange the A and D Ct in I be in sIi ve rel tio

RADIO.TV EXPEBIMENTEB lead connections of L2-L3. Sensitivity should increase as L1 is moved toward the position ap "in proaching the case" mounting relationship of L1 and L2-L3. If the set is insensitive at one end of the band only, interchange L2's AB connections or L3's CD connections. Try the possible combinations till you arrive at the best results. Next mount the set in the case and try it again. Slide L1 back and forth ;t""c lh"..;e"' .i 6l the case till you get best sensitivity. It may be possible to reach a point where the set will oscillate (squeal). Simply change the position of L1 till the squeal ing stops. The position of C6 relative to L1 influences sensitivity. The sensitivity of the set may also be increased by tilting L2 and L3 slightly from their vertical orientation relative to the circuit board if oscillations

did not occur during the previous adjustment of the position of L1. Ex-B Bock view of enfire ossembywithout (A) ond wirh (B) bottery . periment with tiltini to right and left with the set in the case. W"hen oplimum position is found, fasten L2L3 in piace perinanently with cement, and fasten L1 against the side of the case with cellophane tipe. --The circuit^board assembly is held in the case with two machine s"""*s. Pressure between the circuit board and the case holds tir" ip"rk"r in place. Position the speaker so that maximum cone area is visible through the cabinet speaker openings. Fasten C1 directly to the case with the two small machine s"..*r provided with the capacitor for this pu"por". Install the dial provid"d with the itor and fasten the ,roiu-e control knob. the battery so the back of the case can be snapped on.-Insulate the battery lugs and any p-oition of the battery outer metal shell that might touch connections with cellophane tape' The Little Red Hot will give rea-son -youable performance up to 10 or 15-miles frorn a broldcast station. It's extremely directive. A short (1 to 3 ft.) antenna lead connected to the junction 9f th-9C1 stator and the top of L1 will reduce this directivity. Removing Enqmel Wire Insulqtion . Tq remove enamel insulation on magnet and hook-up wire quickly and cleanly, wrap a piece of sandpaper around the wire and give a twisting, rotary motion.-E. L. BunNna.

F 9l NADIO-W EKPERIMENTEB Underwgiter Inlercom This unusualiniercom providesconstan+con+acfbetween boat anddiver,amplifyingyourvoicethrougha loudspeaker ByC. L. HENRY fi\ESIGNED for rough boat service or I J dockside operation, the amplifier of this v intercom is transistorized for batterv economy. Its simple circuitry and reliabll operation make it ideal for Scuba divers. or "hard even hat" professionals. The diver weats a throat mike and earphone (Figs. 1, 3). When he talks, his voice is amplified to speaker volume and can be heard by anyone within earshot on the boat or dock above. Unlike an ordinary telephone s_et, there is no push button or ringer, and the diver's hands are always free. Also, o special sidetone circuit enables him to hear his voice in the earphone and know that the surface is also hearins him. the "upstairst -At end (Fig. 2) operation is ultra-simple, with a push-to-taik switch and loudsp_eaker volume control as the only live controls. A separate volume control, R12. (Fig. 58) is equipped with a Millen shaft Iock so that the vol-ime fed to the diver's earphone cannot be changed accidentally. Also, an auxiliary audio output jack enables you to connect in a remote speaker. One diver r,eported that this interphone, which uses less than $20 worth of parts, paid for itself quickly in helping to salvage'Ibst articles. Itb fine I'or treasure hunting or coaching Scuba students and since the ihroat mike riould enable it to work well in very noisy locations, it might have many uses on dry land as well.

Power for the microphone circuit is supplied by two D-size flaihlight cells mount6d inside the case. T}re 300-rna. amnlifier requires an outside battery. You &n use a lantern size dry cell, which will give you up to 15 hours of continuous operation, equal t-o many days of diving. Or, using the 6-12 volt selector switch, you can tap any convenient storage battery. Consiruclion. Begin by marking, drilling and punching all of the holes in the case, the lront and back covers, Fig. 4 and in the internal chassis box (Fig. 6). Even though the case itself will be sealed later by rubber gaskets, it is necessary for salt water lc lp operation especially, to protect all ,ir metal surfaces against accidental 'a. wetting. 'si Coat the inside of the case and the surfaces of parts that you al si can't reach later riith several iay r ers of acrylic or silicone resin 'ul spray, which both insulates and providescorrosion resistance. th Completely waterproof the speak in er with 4 to 6 heavy coats of the s'l plastic spray. Pl,

fu. Wecring o woterproof eorphone ond (s' throot mike, the diver is olwoys in in ta1 slqni contqct wirh rhe surfoce. The phone must be worn loosely to ovoid unequol-tio ized eor pressure which could rupture cel ffi the ebrdrum.

NADIO.TV EXPEBIMENTEN The diver's voice, ot loudspeoker volume con be cleorly heard on boct or dock. Mon on surfoce presses push-to-tolk bullon on top of cmplifier cose. How lt Works. In the amplifier, two transistors are used to obtain a full 2-watt output with a carbon mike input. Mike power is supplied by two flashlight cells mounted inside the amplifier case. They will provide months of use. Tl:e diver's carbon mike is connected through a transformer. T1. and volume control R4 to the input o{ the first transistor, TR1, a Sylvania type 2N35. An NPN type, this transistor is operated in a common emitter type of circuit. Resistors R5 and R6 determine the bias or operating point of the transistor, and it requires about 4 ma collector eurrent. The collector or output lead of the 2N35 is connected to the transNext mount all the parts as shown in Figs. 5A, 58, using lock washers or lock nuts. The transistors are located on the cover of a small 4 x 2 x 23/+-in.chassis box (Fig. 6) which in turn is mounted on the inside of the back panel of the amplifier case. Bolt the 2N155 transistor directly to the box, after scraping the box paint off to provide tight contact and effective heat dissipation. Transformer T1 is mounted inside the chassis box along with the resistors and capacitors in the transistor circuitry. Positioning of parts is not critical, but keep the input and output circuits as far apart as possible, since feedback or whistling may occur if they are close enough to couple. Wire the transistor circuit (Fig. 5C) and then complete the rest of the amplifier, using color coded hookup wire.

Now check your wiring carefully against the schematic. If the transistors are wired incorrectly, they will be ruined instantly when power is applied to the circuit. Complete construction by lacing the wiring carefully, and then coat the entire assembly (switch contacts protected temporarily with tape) with the waterproofing sprays mentioned earlier. Cut strips of rubber and cement them to the case to make a watertight gasket for the front and back panels. former T2. The winding of T2 is bypassed with C5 to correct the high frequency response of the amplifier, The secondary of T2 connects to the second transistor, fR2, a CBS type 2N155. Output of TR2 feeds to transformer T3 where the collector current W-E HA-I CANNON CANNON NOI!1S3IO6BIOSL.3S OR EQU]V NO.r!1531068r25-3PWITFir\4S3057-44 W]TH MS3O57-4A CABLE CLAIIIP 50 oHM OPTIoNAL IOOFT 3 COND. AMPHENOL TI-jROATMIKE CABLE CABLE NO 90- MC3l\4 ARI\,4YOR AIR CoNNECTOR BELDEN FORCE SURP:US lNOr SHOWN N0,8453 rN FrG. | ) LOW IMPEOANCEEARPHONE WITH HEAOBAND ( WATERPROOF O ) THROAT MIKE E WIRINGDIAGRAM SCUBA DIVER'S EQUIPMENT WIRESCAN BE CLAMPED TO SHOULOER STRAE SO STRAIN WILL NOT 8E

96 is about 350 ma. The 2N155 output circuit is unusual: in effect, it is a com mon emitter-type amplifier, with two feedback windinss on T3 canceling each othe"r to aliow the 2N155 collector to be connected directly to chassis in older to provide an effective heat sink. The T3 secondary is connected to the push-to-talk switch, and in normal position, through this switch to the loudspeaker mounted in the case. When the push-to-talk switch is pressed, the output of the amplifier output connects through the remote volume control, R12, to the diver's earphone. Capacitor C8 supplies a sidetone circuit which allows the diver to hear himself talk. When he can't hear himself. it warns him that there is no communication to the surface. If you want more sidetone, increase the size of this capacitor. Wqler Proof inE Mike ond Phone. The amplifiel serves either the scuba or skin diver, or the hard-hat suit diving rig. RADIO.TV EXPENIMENTER R8 C?. C8 il, c2 R7 Rtl Rlo RI T3 rz Rr3 c3 R2 R3 MI

S2 R4 SPEAKER !iffi:"JJ"". rTlliJEla ;;toJ,,gilil mouthpiece, speech in the ordinary manner would be impossible; hence a surplus throat ]'uourlrrNcuoLes E LocATE FRoM MIKE i,'l z'li r,;lE-l I t!'/ 4 t" _t" ORILL 3" t6 6 | 3-l Wiring inside the cqse is not crowded. Besure to sepdroto the inpuf from lhe outpuf circuii wiring to prevent oudio howl, The specker must be cocted heovily with woterproofing sproy. 6' RIGHTsIDE i onrur t6 ;HoLE l;HorE ORILL "lI l*-,--! 3" t6

RADIO-TVEXPENIMENTER Tronsistors cre mounled on the top of the smoll cirtuif box cover. Moke woterprooffng gcskets for both front ond bock covers of Vz-in, rubber strip. BCX ]\IOUNTJNG HOLES. 3 DRILL; Ea BATTERYHOLDER R5 TRz R6 tl I I I I II GROMMET HOLE I t :i"t, \' /, A'.. Ut /G' :" t 't,r:Yil t;; \ c c +xzrz|'Box cHAssrs mike is used. Sound is picked up via throat contact and while the results JI R12 J3 FUSE are not hi-fi, a little pracTRr C5 C4 C6 RUBBERSEAL tice makes simple words

J3 RIz SHAFT LOCK JI understandable. Seal the edge of the throat mike rvith Scotchkote (or equivalent) Electrical Coating. REAR Select an earphone of low impedance for VI EW greatest volume. Remove the diaphragm, spray it and the wiring, and then seal the entire assembly with plastic electrical tape covered with Scotchkote. For extreme depths, you may want to do some experimenting with the alternate R2 RI4 R6' c6 220-t 47AA MFl6V j00 method cf drilling ,42 c3MF holes in the earphone /zAa\ 8MF SV case, and allowing water -+ to enter and equalize ltl pl'essure. Underwater, the earphone is almost as clear sounding as on dry R8 land, since the short dist2a OFF tance to the ear is not -2 6V tzv enough to muffie the sound. You ean use an earphone clip, or attach both throat mike and earphone to an elastic headRro I et 22a ) L;)tMF board. One important caution: When in the TRI u)ater, d,o not fit the head

2N35 -!a 4-| 2^ rt s-l tr; phone ttghtly ouer the ear ;?:\, Ril\ l l'\7t1. sinc e pr essur e o ariations St \ t-T[ z--.1 T" '..Sf --. nusuo-IALK. , U i,n descent can rupture WIRING BATTERY' coNNECTro$ts 4" LOUDSPEAKER, 60R t2V aour eardrum. 0.c, WATERPROOF.SEE TEXT fl ..n."or,. Fig. 9 details the in

RADIO-TVEXPERIMEI'ITEA w This type of foce mosk connecls to qn qir hose, Sinca the diver hos no mouthpiece, ihe microphone csn be insrolled neqr the boitom of the plostic foceplofe. EARPHONE MOUNTIN FACFPLATE AS N FlG.B \ IVlOUNTTHROUGH S]DEOF HELI\4ET ,wlaiNq_aE DiVING HELMET OR AND WATERPROOF HOSETYPE I\4ASK stallation of a single button type microphone in the faceplate of the hard-ha.t diving rig. Waterproof the microphone, and install the earphone, also waterproofed, in the head covering of the suit. Both mike and phones are connected to the 3-wire eable with a surplus AN waterproof connector. Tape the cable directly to the air hose. Connect the cable to the skin diver's mike and earphone directly-taping and covering the wire joint with Scotchkote. For extensive Scuba diving and exploration, a wire reel and about 150-feet of the 3-wire cable can be arranged for easy operation. Lines to several divers can be connected to the amplifier, simply by wiring in parallel. If the Scuba diver needs complete freedom of movernent, he can shed his phone, mike and cable, and tie it to an underwater marker MATERIALSLIST_UNDERWATERTELEPHONE No. Req'd Size and Descfintion AMPLIFIER R1-4.7K. 1 watt, 10o,/, carh0n resistof A R2. .R3, Rto, 811-220 0hm, I watt, Iojl carbon tesistors I R4-51(, 2 watt, variable resistor(volumecontrol)

ohmitetypeAB Rs-lK, V2 tratt, 10% cafbon resistor R6-561(, 0 watt, 10% carbon resrstor B7-22 shm,2 wall, !\oL carbon fesistor R8-120 ohn, 2 watt, Llo/. carbon resistcr R9-270 ohrn,2 watl, IOo/o carbon resistor R12-60 ohn,4 watt, variableresistor(rentotevolume control)IRCtype60 Rl3-47 ohm, 2 watt, !0o/o carbon resistor RI4-4.7K, I watt, I0% carbon resistor C1, C2, C5, C7, C8-0.1 mfd., 200.vott papercapacitors I C3-0.02 mfd., 200.volt papercaparitor G4-8 mfd., 50-volt electrolytic capacitor r C6-100 mfd., 6.volt caDacitof I SI-Telever type 160061,push.to.talkswitch(Alternate SwitchcraftII006) I S2-Arrow-Haft and Hegeman bat handle toggte, type 82024-D t TI-transforner, ArgonneAR.l23 I T2-transformer,ArgonneAR.IO5 I T3 transformer. Motorolatype 25C53676! onty (auto ra. di0 replacement) available IVlotorola parts distributors I TRl-Sylvania type 2N35 transistor,NpN TR2-CBS type 2N155 transistor,PNp I Ml-carb0n microphone, Western Electric type F.L or equiv.'r(Surplusitem availableColumbiaElectronics:2251 W. WashingtonBlvd.,L0s Angeles, Calif.) I speaker,4 in. PM type, cone speaker HARDWARE I Jl-connector, 3 conductor,Amphenoltype 9l.pC3F I J2-teleph0nejack, Mallorytype Xp4B J3-connector, 2 conductor, Amphenoltype 80-pC2F I 9x6l.5" steelcarryingcase,Bud #CC.1095, black wrinklefinish, with handle I 4x2x23t'tt box chassis,LMB ModelI02 fuse retainer, Buss type 34200I 1 shaft lock for R12, Mallory type 1241496 t gocket,transistof I battefy holder, Keystone type Misc. plasticspray, rubber feet, m0untinq screws,nuts, lockwashers, decals tlnlessindicatedotherwise,all partsare available from La.

fayett Electronics,165.58 Liberty Ave., Jamaica 33, N.y. PARTS FOR SCUBAOR 5I(IN DIVER I micrcphone,throat type, Army or Air Force surplus,avail. able from Roscoe Ward Barqain Bazaar,3831 Hixson pike. Chattanooga 5, Tenn. I headphone, ohm, low impedance type, Western Electric 1I HAI or qual I Pl-Cannon MS3L06Bl2S-3P,with Cannon MS3057-4A cable clanrp (optional) I P2-Cannon lvl53106BI05L-35, with M53057.44 cabte clamp (optional) I P}-Anphenol 91-MC3M 100 ft 3.conductor cable, rubher covered Belden 8453 with snool. or windup reel PARTS FOR SUIT DIVER'S FACE MASK I rnicrophone-Western Electrictype Nt, single button car. bon'50 ohm* J. headphone,WesternElectric type HAl, or eoual I J1-Amphenol MS3I02A10SL.3P I Pl-Amphenol M53106810SL-3S,with Cann0n tvt53057.44 cable clarnp I Pz-AmFhenol9I-MC3M I00 ft 3.conductorcable,rubber.coveredBelden8453x'Telephoneparts are also availa ble from Telephone Repair and Supply Company, 1760 Lunt Avenue, Chicago26, lll. anchored in position. Brightly colored, it will be easy to find for use at any time. Such a completed underwater intercom will add an immense safety lactor for novice divers,

RADIO-TVEXPENIMEMER It's fun to build gcdgers. bui the serious experimenler soon reqlizes thot lhis is but o preliminary lo reol electronic undelstonding. To moster ony bronch of science. one musi leorn to toke, grqph, o nd onolyze guonfifo. five dqto. With rhis convenieni tronsistor chorocferistics onolyzer you do iust rhor, By C. F. ROCKEY LOCK diagram (Fig. 2) and schematic (Fig. 3) show how this transistor analyzer works. A relatively low-voltage dc source "signal" provides a which may be applied in either polarity to either the base or emitter circuit of the transistor under test. Likewise, a variable supply dc source may be connected at will to any electrode. Appropriate currentmeasuring instruments are associated with each source, and either positive or negative terminals of either source may be made the common point by grounding switches. All significant points of the circuit are brought out to terminal screws for convenient reading of all important circuit potentials. Thus voltage/current relationships in any parts of a three-terminal semiconductor element may be conveniently adjusted and measured. Two-terminal crystal diodes may also be studied by connecting to the two appropriate terminals. You can build this device easily in a couple of evenings. Total cost to build will be approximately $50 (including batteries and at least one experimenter's transistor for dem onstration). You will also need a volt-ohmmilliammeter of the ordinary radio-servicing sort. Conslructing the Unif. Begin by drilling the major chassis holes (see Fig. 4). Any lineartaper, radio-replacement potentiometers of the right value may be used. They need not be equipped with switches. Multi-element function switches were used, even though so few positions were utilized, because these switches cost no more than those rvith fewer positions, and the manufacturer provides an adjustable stop so that the user may readily select as many positions as he needs; also, the additional switch positions provide for expansion

as the transistor art advances. You may use appropriate switches you have on hand, but make sure that they are of the nonshortzng type. After drilling the major holes, drill ehassis and mount the Cinch-Jones terminql strips using 6-32 steel machine screws and nuts. Then fasten into place each of the potentiometers and switches. Solder each connection carefully with rosin-core solder, avoiding short-circuits between lugs or to the chassis. The exact order of the wiring is not critical; just be sure you

RADIO.TVEXPENIMNNTEA tery connections. Be sure to observe cor lect polar:ity. I rec "lantern ommend a 6-u l.attery," avaiiable at rnost large hardware stores, for the supply battery. Provide connections to it by sol dering wires to the -I3,*. i r,t spring temrinals usualo,\,'-," "e,1 ." \;{ ly used. Make sure the ffi#WffiffiW *-ir"f r o3-..t.I battery switch is in of position. ,,#, 'ffi' Next, connect the mrui ffi Ieads of the transistor .tt"a&'w you wish to examine to the terminals provided. Be sure to first ascertain whether it is ffi{ a PNP or an NPN rnis unit; incorrect infor' S mation here wiil cause confusion in the measurements, and may re

follow an orderly procedure, and check each step carefully. Finally, install and connect the meters. Be sure to observe the little plus-sign, and polarize these correctly. When the meters have been installed, and the wiring checked, clean ci" l, -*-t off the top of the chassis with carbon tetrachloride, or other greasesolvent and mark the terminals and switch positions with a steel pen, using draftsman's ink. When the markings are complete and dry, give the chassis a coat of clear, water-white spray lacquer. Using the Tronsistor Anolyzer. Prepare the instrument for use by connecting a single 1.5-r-r flashlight battery to Signal Battery terminals, a 4.5- to 6-o battery to Supply BatTRANS]STOR UNDER sult in transistor or TEST meter damage. so:lEr',larrc Perhaps the most [! significant first determination that can be made is that of the l00K loo K ERC POT POT, grounded-emitter current transfer characteristic. This property ERE clearly illustrates the control impedance NOTE: property of the transisSWTCHTS SET FOR GROUNDED tor, and thus its ability EIVITTER O!'IRATION, to amplify. In this meas-

PNP TRANS]STOR urement we hold the emitter-collector voltage constant, and vary "l "l the base curlent. The s'c'u,lr-suoelv corresponding variao-too BATT BATT. o-3 tions in collector curM IC RO. GND. GND, t\4tLLtAM[, 4ETER TER rent are then observed and tabulated. Before turning-on SUPPLY BATTERYSWITCH BATTERY the battery switch, set

RADIO-TVEXPERIMENIER MATERIALS LIST_TRANSISTORANALYZER l{o. Req'd Size and Description L aluminumchassis4 x 10 x 17,, I 0 to 100 nicroammeter,Triplett Model327 + g193 milliammeter,TriptettModet327 I DPSTtossleswitch 2 SPDTtoggleswitches 3 10K.,_wire-woundlineartaper potentiometers,Mallory z rwK., ltn-eartapef potenti0meters, Mallory 5 non-shortingsingledeckrotary switches,[iallory, Number131I.L I 3 terminal,Cinch.Jonesterminalstrip I 4 terminal,Cinch.Jonesterminalstri'p 3 2 terminal, Cinch-Jonesterminalstrii 5 27e dial plates,Croname 6 bar frnobs I Fahnestockclio &32 nachine-screws,t/2t, long,steel hex nuts,steelfor aboye.prasttcInsutatedhookupwite, rosincote solder Alsoneededfor measurements, if not alreadyon hand: I 1.5 v flashlight cell I 6vlanternbatterv I yolt.oim.milliammetrr,or vacuum-tube volt.ohmmeter r expeflmentets juncti0ntfansistor up the other controls as follows: c VTVM from the collector to ground. Connec tion to the collector may be ieached directly at the upper terminal of-the pair marked End, an{ ground connection may-be made to the Fahnestock clip.

Turn.on the-battery switch and adjust the sup-pLAbattery potentiometer to 1.5 o from collector to ground. This may cause the Isigmicroammeter to read backwirds. If it doesl slowly advance the Signal battery potentio-i (This ,,back eter untrl tt reads at zero. cur_ rent" is due to normal interaction within-{hetransistor.) After this change has been made you will probably have to reset the Supplvbattery_pot to the correct voltage. (T he in_ put and output circuits of a tiansiitor are interrelated, unlike those of a vacuum-tube at low frequencies which are isolated.) . With the collector voltage at 1.5 o Jnd the base current (Isig) at zer6, obse"v" ."a t"l: For an NPN transistor (grounded ; emitter connection): Baseselector switch, * sig; Emitter selector switch, sup; Collector selector switch, * sup; Signal battery grounding switch, -ground; supply bat grounding switch, -ground. For a PNP transistor: Basese lector switch, sig; Emitter selector switch, * sup; Collector selector switch, sup; Sig bat grounding switch, * ground; Supbat grounding switch, * ground. A cHASStS

In either case, the potentiomLAYOUT eters in series with each element of the transistor should be set to zero resistanceposition. Set both of the.battery potentiometers to zero voltage position.Now, using the 10-o (or similarly-scaled) range, connect a radio-serviceman's voM or ' -L-&*' METERHOLESACCORDINGTO MANUFACTURER TEMPLATE -> t +''r&.,.o* " SELEcToR r,, A swtTcHEs t HoLIS FOR TOGGLESWITCH TYPICALCORNER glate the collector current, which will be read from-Isup,__the0-3 milliam-"t"r. i.ir*,-t ""ping the Collector voltage at 1.5 u. b.y ;aj;;ment of the Supply 6"tt"r, ,"t""iio]ill.r" "poienti";;;;;; advance the Signil batterv ' stii.to"*peres. Jockey the two battery pots aS necessary to achieve this condition. Again, observe and tabulate the collector

current, Isup. Repeat, in 5 -microampere (base current) steps until the maximum collector current of 3 milliamperes is reached. Be sure that the voltage from collector to ground remains at , 1#i+:fitr'#:::: 1 , , Under<hsssisview of compleredonolyzer, has been taken, floi ii HOLESFoR POT,

NADIO.TVEXPERIMENTEN in graphic form. It is customary to plot the independent variable, in this instance the base current, along the horizontal axis (abscissa) and the dependent variable, the collector current, along the vertical (ordinate) axis. Figure 6 represents a set of curves taken in this manner using a popular brand of experimenter's NPN junction transistor. When completed, such a graph may give rise to a number of significant conclusions. One of these might be that since with an Ec of 4.5 u an approximate base current change of 12 microamperes gives rise to a collector current change of one milliampere, or 1000 microamperes, this transistor provides a current amplification of about 80 times. Is there any doubt as to why such a transistor is useful in practical electronics? Another useful transistor relationship is that between the collector current and the collector voltage, when the base current is kept constant (grounded collector connection). A family of such curves run by the author (using the same NPN unit) is shown in Fig. 7. The identical switch setup, as used fo,r the transfer curves is used for this investigation. Such a family of curves is of first importance to an engineer, who must match a given transistor to a given load resistance, in a practical design problem. With increasing experience in the use of this analyzer, a student may plan and execute many interesting measurements and experiments. Curves resulting from several such TABLE A-SWITCH SETTINGS FOR TRANSISTOR CIRCUITCONFIGUBATIONS: COMMON EMITIER: NPN PNP BasqSelector Switch *sig -siu Enitter Selector Switch +suF -sup CollectorSelector Switch +sup -sup Signal Battery Grounding +ground -ground SupplyBatteryGrounding +ground

-ground lsig reads base current, lsup reads c0llector current. Load resistance pt0videdby Colleclot s fies potentiometer. COMMON BASE: NPN PNP BaseSelectorSwitch f sig -siq EmitterSelectorSwitch *sig -si0 Coll ctorSelector Switch +sup -sup SignalBatteryGroundin0 +ground -ground Supply Battery Groundi0g -ground +0round lsig reads emittercurfent, lsun reads collector current. Load resistanceprovided by Collector series potentiometer. COMMON COLLECTQR: Same as for common emitter,except that the load resistance is provideo by the potentionet rin seri s with lhe Emitter. investigations, as made by the writer, are shown in Figs. 8, 9, and 10. All of the usual transistor circuit configurations can be investigated by merely selecting the appropriate switch settings (see Table A). Due to the non-uniformity of experimenter'stype transistors, you should not expect your measurements to agree with the author's. Corresponding curves should be of approximately the same shape, however. Pt ,o IT ta ahr n( Xe tli & FI

RADIO.TV EXPERIMENTER r03 Turn o comero loose in o rqdio-electronichobbyist's shop ond it will come up with some odd-looking pictures. Do you hove o good "eye" for solving pholo quizzes? Write in the Photo Ouiz nomes of the obiects in the spoces provided, then checkyour onswers ogoinst lhose on poge 122. 3 I6 ,*l{illi: Sendtor(lrVne:o 7-Uolume Set fob-Training FREE r';:; 1,likellaring{n Eleclrcnics iii*niint,i[ut..sucr.11 IRIAT! Answers ALL Servicing Problems QUICKLY YOf. l-ltrfErltrlnc 0X IV-Y('., 5+EU f,YlI} [ilG]t:OIt::Nf :::::: :' .. filolo FSlrgPrrs! 3 [,t*s iie{ii!*i: :.lI InOUBIESXOOIttBI . . . Makes You Worth More On The Job! , , bl trrtlidl #pl$alidq hs. Etol sl wlt . +gr F!&q llld dEdrdf i[urkqtioDi, lr.tioa$, di.ga6a. Put money-making, time-saving TV-RADIO-ELECTRONICS know-how at 'vou your fingertips+xmine Coyne's all-new ?-Volume TV-RADIO-ELEC-a-rvtewnnc ot w-nr. 6+L1t:Cictroff 401 DLrn$i*rtri BtDlO.til f,ECE!Y FS; TRONICS Reference Set for 7 days at our expense! Shows you the way practical : : Fgr$ fullt illElrit d. lad r!*i$:ddres:ni;:r-lt:tdb9:;i:

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t0r BADIO.TVEXPERIMENTEN eral experimental work. By using surplus or imported meters, and adapting the common ac voltmeter to the more scarce oc ammeter, costs can be kept down to a reasonable figure. Excluding the cabinet, and by using 2tl-in. meters, the unit shown can be built with surplus parts for less than $20, as compared to nearly $40 if built with new parts. Basically, the unit consists of a variable unit, showing psrtr plqcement, control knob in center, voltage auto-transformer, an oc voltmeter and oc ammeter. Switches transfer the voltmeter connections, cut the ammeter and auto-transf ormer in and out of the circuit and (in the unit ACPower Panel Simpleunit checks powerinputond shown) provide two furnishesYoriousoc voltoges ammeter ranges. Figure 1 and the schematic (Fig. 2) also show a neon pilot light f...trtrrrrrrrrrrrrrr..r Problem: A TV or radio set that goes bad MATERIALSLIST_POWEBPANEL only between 5:30 and 7:00 PM, or on rainy Monday mornings. (Applicableto unit shown in Fig. I)

Problem: An electric motor that heats up Desig. Description excessively, even though the shaft turns Rl 56,000 ohns, t/2 wall (not requiredi f included in PL) RZ 27,000 ohms, ,/2 watt (see text)freely. TI 7.5 amp variahle auto.transformef( SuperiorElectricIt6U, Standard Electric 5008U or T5lU. 0hmite VT.8, 0r sur. Problem: Can a small radio output trans plus unit of desired anpere capacity) former be used as a step-down voltige trans-T2 "Current Transformer"(see text) former for a given load? 51 DPST toqqle (seetext) 52 DPDT toggle (seetext) The solution to all of these problems lies 53, 54 SPDT tossle, 3 amp 55 SPSTtoqgle,3 amp in the metered variable-voltage power unit PL neonpilot lisht holder (Dialco 9540SX or equivalent) shown in Fig. 1. By reducing the normal line Ml 0.150 volt a-c meter M2 low.rangea-c yoltmeter(seetext) voltage to the TV set and radio (as happens SOL fenale panelreceptacle(Amphenol6I.Fl) when electric stoves create a peak load at 6 x 7 x Izt, cabinet(Bud CU.1124), bi nding posts (op. tional), plastic scraps, miscellaneous hardware diiner time, or when electric clothes dryers are being used on rainy Mondays), adjust-Somecompanies handling surplus material where auto.transformers and meters might be secured: ments can be made to the set to provide Adyance Electr0nics, 6 West Broadway,New York 7, N. Y. proper operation at lower line voltages. By Bafry Electronics Corp., 5I2 Broadway, New York 12, N. Y. Columbia Electronics, 2251 W. Washinoton Blyd., Los Anseles 18, checking the current being drawn by the mo-Calif. tor. evidence of shorted windines can be G & G RadioSupply,5I Ves yStreet, New York 7, N, Y. Hi-Mu Electronics, I33 Hamilton St., New Haven, Conn. found. And by checking the curreirt into the Peak Electronics, 66 W. Broadway,Ne w York 7, N. Y. transformer as the voltage is increased, and StandardSurplus, 1230 MarketStreet, San Francisco 3, Calif.

TAB, Ill-WD Liberty Street, l,lew York 6, N. Y. comparing with its rating, its suitability for a given job can be determined. Also refer to localClassifi dTelephoneDir ctoriesunde r the head. ings of: There are many other uses for a high-"Radio Equipnent and Supplies" powered, metered, variable oc power source "ElectfonicEquipmentand Supplies" "Surplus Materials" in servicing work, appliance repair, and gen ( I t a t. n n b dr lo IA a or sh po teI sol l.!'t. of ma

and binding posts paralleling the outlet socket, neither of which is absolutely essential. The only unusual item is the "current home-made trans former" (T2), the details of which are shown in Figs. 3 and 4. AC ammeters are scarce in surplus stocks, and sinee any ammeter's scale is non-linear, Iower values are hard to read. Both of these problems are overcome by using a simple low voltage oc meter, the "cur rent transformer," and multi pliers to provide two or more ranges. The transformer shown was made by wrapping insulated ff14 wire around an old relay eoil. The coil used was from a surplus relay, has a dc re sistance of nearly 7000 ohms, and is about 2 in. long and of 1 in. dia. The f14 wire (top winding of T2 in Fig. 2) is in series with the power line

through the unit, and current flowing through these turns of heav5rwire induce a voltage in the relay coil, which deflects meter M2. The action is fairlv linear, and the meter can read' ily be calibrated in amperes. The meter used was a 0-2 volt ac meter. About 8 turns of ft74 wire give a full-scale deflection (2 volts) when 3 am peres flow through the circuit. Smaller wire, with more turns, could be used to get greater deflection. For example, 3 amps flowing through the additionil turns permitted by using 18 f wire might give induced voltages of over 5 volts, permitting the use of a higher range voltmeter. To make the transformer, first decide on the current to be required to give a full-scale deflection of the meter on the lowest range (if more than one range is desired). Then make a mounting for the relay coil on the back of the meter, as shown in Figs. 3 and 4. Temporarily connect the relay coil terminals to the voltmeter and solder one end of the heavv wire to the lug at one "or.,"-, of the mounting plate. Wrap as many turns oI heavy wire as RADIO.TVEXPERIMENTEN

TI il5 Iva.c.I rJtils46 ttrt/ f'- ^Q" .o9 \.o tl '*o' I t Nore: I ne. wattage ratan0of domestic lampsis usually quite accurate.Due to thicom0rnal0nsusedl0r most t adings. any inaccuracies tend to ofiset each other. However,onlynew0r relatively new lampi shouldbe uied toi ttre greatestaccuiaiy. FORCURRENT WATTSREQUIRED (anp res) .125 rf ,4J 30 50 90 1.0 L20 I.25 150 li 180 1.75 2L0 2.0 240 z.zt 270 z,J 300 1, td 330 3.0 360 t,za 390 3.5 420 t,lJ 450 4.0 480 4.25 510 AF 540 c, I5 570 5.0 600 630 5.5 660 5.75 590 6.0 72O

Lanls requiredto calibrate to 3 am,pef s:two l0 100 watt, one 150 watt. one 200 watt LAMPSREOUIRED (connected in parallel) l3 t5+15 60 50+15+15 100+ l0 + 10 150 r50 + Is + 15 150+ 60 200+15+15+10 200+60+r0 200+ r00 200+100+15+15 200+100+60 200+150+2s+15 200+150+60+10 200+150+100 300+r50+15+15 300+150+60 300+200+2s+15 300 + 200 300+ 200+ 300 + 200 300 + 200 300 + 200 300 + 200 + 60 + I0 100 + 100+ 25 (minus5W) + r00 + 60 + 150 + 40 + I50 + 50 (minus10W)

watt, two-15 wltt, oni tsOuiattl-oni, Additional..lamps requiredto calibrate to G amperes: one 25 watt, one 40 watt, one 300 watt. Four socketswill be maximum requifed for either calibration. "Current trqnsformer" ond meter, showing ot left fhe type of reloy coil ond heovywire used,

NADIO-TV EXPENTMENTER NUTS ON METER SCREWSFASTEN PLATE TO METER \"%; 7/ &/ COIL MOUNTING BOLT ,-'4) -Ru $:f.uGSAr LOWER CORNERS OF PLATE El .rrrrnr r^o*rro^"r,uorrr,*n possible around the relay coil (single layer) ind hold the turns in place with a turn or two of plastic electrician's tape. Conneet, the coil of heavy wire in series with the load desired for full-scale reading (see Table A). If the meter goes off-scale, reduce the number of turns of heavy wire by unwinding the free end of the coil, a turn at a time. Continue checking the meter reading, and as the exact full-scale point is approached, reduce the turns by half-and quarter-turns, to get the exact winding required to give full-scale deflection when the desired current is flow ing. When this point is reached, tape the fre,e end of heavy wire on the relay coil, and solder the end to the lug at the other corner. If the full number of turns will not give full scale deflection for the desired current, these are several alternatives. One, use a meter ot greater sensitivity; two, try winding a.second laver of heavv-wire; three, increase the cur re-nt desired for full-scale deflection; and

four. use smaller wire. The second layer of wire may reduce induced voltage unless wound carefully, and the use of smaller wire mav be undesirable if it has insufficient cur rerit capacity for the full load required,-par ticularly if several ranges are to be used. In miking the transformer mounting, make the plastic-rod spacer as long as possible (within the limits of the cabinet ehosen) to keep the relay coil away from the meter. This is particularly important if the meter is in a noir-metallic case,-as it reduces the possibility of the magnetic field around the coil affecting the meter action. To determine the multiplier used for the higher range (R2), use a variable resistance or resistance decade. Set the value high (50K or more), and connect the load required to give the desired deflection at fullscale on the higher range. The meter should read less than full-scale, and gradually reducing the resistance to the value reouired for full-scale deflection will give the multiplier (R2) value reaulreo. 'io ealibrate the meter, place the metertransformer assembly

in the panel (if a metal panel is used)' and, using the lamp combinations shown in Table A, note the meter readings on the -existing scale at different current values, for both ranges (if more than one is used) ' In the un-it shown, intermediate markings were not made up to 3 amps on the 6-amp scale, since those lrilrr"" *ould be read on the Iower range. There are definite reasons for the voltmeter switch (S3), the voltage control switch (S2), and the ammeter switch (S5). The voltrireter switch permits the voltmeter to be switched to read either direct line voltage or controlled voltage. The voltage control sryit+ allows the contiol to be switched out of the circuit to permit measurement of current at "artificial" direct Iine voltage, without adjust ment. The ammeter switch permits the ammeter to be switched out of the circuit when using devices that have a high starting currentln excess of meter capacity, but a lower running current. No dimensions are given, as they will vary with individual needs and the exact surplus parts secured. For most use, a 3-amp auto lransformer will do, as it will handle up to 360 watts, although a larger unit might be needed if much work is done with fractional horsepower motors. Two-in. meters will do, although three-in. meter faces give longer scale length and only cost a dollar more at most surplus houses. Switches 51 and 52 must have a current ca

oacitv eoual to the maximum to be handled bv the unit; the others can be standard 3-amp switches.

RtrDIO.TvH(PERIMENTER 0ne-Tube TinConRereiver Here is an inexpensive one-tubebroadcastband receiver fhaf will give four-tube performance. S+a+ionsnearly70 miles away come in with good loudspeakervolume By JOE A. ROLF,KsJOK A one-lb, tobocco ccn contdins the receiver ond its 4" PM speoker. Tuning ond volume controls qre on top of rhe lid. specker is mounted in the bottom of the con. Power cord ond onlenno leod olso enter the csbinet from the bofiom. B I F you're a pipe smoker, you no doubt alI ready have a cabinet for this receiver. If I not, you probably have a friend who buys his tobacco in a one-lb. can. An empty cigar tin or a two-lb. cofiee tin can also be used or. if desired, the unit can be easily built on a small standard chassis. A Prince Albert tobacco can, 5 in. high and 5 in. dia., was used as cabinet by the author. Some tobaccos are packaged in slightly smaller containers and using one of these may make it necessary to alter the parts layoul slightly from that shown in Figs. 3 and 4. However, with care there will be no difficulty in getting the components to fit easily in any one-lb. tin you use. If you're an old-timer in radio, you'll prob _ ably recognize the circuit shown in Fig. 2. Similar to those popular in the days when multi-tubers were large and cumbersome and vacuum tubes expensive, it's a reflex circuit designed for economy and compactness and making a single tube do the work of twoboth RF and AF amp1ifier. Here's how the reflex circuit shown in Fig. 2 works:

The 117N7/GT contains a rectifier and power pentode section in the same envelope, The rectifier is employed as a half-wave pow signal appearing er supply, the pentode works as a combination RF-AF amplifier. A crystal diode (CR) is used for an RF detector. Radio signals enter the receiver from the antenna through Cl and the desired station is selected by the tuned circuit formed by C2 and L1. The selected signal is then amplified by the tube rvhich is biased for RF amplification by the cathode resistor Rl. The amplified signal appears across L3 in the plate lead of the tube and, since L3 and L2 form an RF transformer, RF is transferred to L2; RF does not flow through the primary of the output transformer T1, but is passed to ground by CG which offers very little impedance to RF. The amplitude of the across L2 is controlled by R4 (the volume control). This voltage is rectified by diode CR, and an AF voltage appears across the detector load, R2 and R3. Any RF still present at this point is passed to ground by C4 and C5 which have low impedance to radio frequencies, but high to audio frequencies. The grid of the tube is connected between *'I !rvt Cl

roo plr"r.ra.t" :{+ ca iio! vr CR ':n lE fll n IB flI 'U\ R5 lK c8c7 -----T----zOMFI 2O]VF T .o05MF J. =?

t08 R2 and R3 where the negative with respect negative audio voltage, L1 (low AF impedance) AF voltage is to ground' Thls acting through biases the tube automatically and causes it to act as an AF amplifier. The AF signal i^ th" tube's plate lead is not affected by L3, nor is it transferred to L2. Nor is it erounded bv C6. icross former to the Instead, it appeat's the primary of the audio transT1 to operate the speaker connected secondarY winding.

Construction. The receiver is built with the speaker and outPut transformer mounted in the bottom of the can and other components mounted on an L-shaped chassis which is fastened to the lid-of the can by the volume control shaft and two machine 5s1gw5.The chassis may either be of aluminum or sheet metai. Sheet metal will be somewhat harder to work, but will allow the builder to solder ground eonnections directly to the chassis without using solder lugs. Form the chassisfrom a Pieceof matefial 3L/+x 5 in. bent to a right angle with sides measuring2x31/+in. and 3 x 3r/+ :lrt.The 2-in. side {astens to the lid wllh the other leg of the angle centered about 3/+in. from one edge of the lid' The 2 x 3Ya-in. covers most of the lid to reinforce the thin material to which it is attached. The 3-in. leg is used for mounting the comPonents. Tunine capacitor,C2 and volume con trol R4 ite placed'so that their shafts

are centered-in the lid. The tube socket is placedbehind C2 as closeas-possible' Trinsformer L2-L3 is mounted horizontally'next to the tube as shown in Fig' a. wtrite Ll is mounted in a vertical position between the tuning capacitor and volume control. A two-lug terminal strip on the top of the chassis,at.the NADIO.I5' EXPERIMENTER rielit rear edge, is used to connect the output trinsformer leads to the chassis.Capacitors C6 and C7 are alsomounted on this strip. Filter capacitor C8 is placed on the right underside of the chassis and next to it, to ward the front, is a two-lug terminal strip for mounting R2, R3, and C5. The layout -ofthe remaininlg components is not critical,.-but ."". sttoita be taken that the lid will fit p"op"ttv wit!' everything mounted and that the grid and plate leads are separaleq as possiEleto avoid the possibility of *".n" .. feedback.lt is particularly important that L1 and L2 be mounted at right angles !9.o1" another and separatedas much as possible in order to minimize couPling. The RF transformer L2-L3 is made bY (obtainable -ittdirre ?5 turns of litz wire f.om a-discarded RF or IF coil) over the *itraittgt of a ferite antenna coil. The added C2 c7 t\ cd r.r r,rrcl or'r s'-1.*..cjl, a r'r r: Chqssisfor the receiver is on L-shapedbracketwhich fostens to the fobqcco con lid. This photo shows the loyout of po?t3 on the topside of the chqssis. leods from lhe outpul lrons' former are soldered to the terminol strip ot the reor edgc.

c3 c5 Underside of chossis. Holes for bringing leods from thc top of rhe chossisshould be plcced so fhof plcfe ond grid leqds are shorl ond seporoled from one onoihel. winding should be secured with several coats of coil dope or finger'-nail polish' The original winding ii L2; the added winding, L3' A 12-in. piece o{ hookup wire brought out of the cabinet with the power cord serves as an antenna lead-in to the chassis. A pin-jack from a discarded tube socket can be soldered to this wire and shielded with tape or plastic tubing to make a handy antenna jac!. Mount the speaker in the bottom of the can with four machine screws. Output transformer T1 can be mounted with screws or soldered in place. If the recommended speaker is not used, its replacement should not extend above the bottom of the can more than L3/+in., otherwise the chassis may have to be made smaller. Small holes in the bottom of the can serve as a speaker grille. Or, for better tone, cut a 4-in. dia. hole in the bottom with a sharp

RADIO.TVEXPERIMENTER r09 IVIATERIALS LtST_TIN CAN RECEIVER Desi0. Descrintion 100 nrmf.mica capacitol 365 mmf. variable (dcuble-beafing replacementtype) ca. pacitorc3 .05 rnf.200 WV nridget tubular capacitor .001 mf. disc ceraniccanacitorc5 500 mmf. nica capacitor .001 mf. disc cefamiccaoacitor .005 nt. disc ceramiccapacitorc8 20-20_flf.-150 WV dual electrolytic(CornellDubi tierBBRD 2215) canacitorCr 1N34 or CK-705diode LI hi.Q ferriteantennacoil L2 hi-Q ferriteantennacoilL3 75 turns of litz wire woundover L2 (seetext)RI 56 ohn, t/2 watt resistor I I R2 22,000 ohm, l,/awatt resistor R3 1 megohm,t/a watt resistor R4 ohm,,./4watt volumecontr0l (with SpSTswitch) _1,-0-0_0 B5 1,000 ohm,I watt resistorspk 4" PM.replacenent 4J6 typespeaker,3.2.ohmcoil (Jensen or CletronPM-4p2) Swl SPSTswitch(on volumecontrolR4)

T1 3,000/j.2 ohm,3-watt output transformer VI 117N7/GTtube I w:fer or saddle.m0untoctal socket,2 terminalstri0s(<-fug.type)-,twenty t/axt/4,t nachinescrews.5, nower c0r0 wrth pluS,jt/4 x 5'r pc. of +16 or g18 ca. alu. IlnrT 0r..sheet.metal, l2r Eg copperwire, plain or ilnneo,sotder& hook.uD wire. knife. But watch the sharp edgesl When the mounting holes for speakei and output trans_ tormer have been drilled plus a hole at one edge for the.power cord, giue a piece;f-p;;_ rorared cardboard over the bottom of the can to plotect the speaker cone. Then make fhree hairpin legs of #g sil_ y"tg{ Soppgr wire formed into-V .fr"p", iln in. high and soldered in place. foi' eojJ l"n; use untinned copper.wire that tu, E""" f8fi rsned and grven a coat of clear finger_nail polish to retald tar.nishins. With completion of cLassis wiring and speaker mounting, bring the power "";h ;;jante.nna lead through the holi in the bottom ot the can and attach a power plug. Next, solder.the outgut transforiner pri-uiy l"uJ, to the_lugs of the terminal strip at th" ,"rl -l;"goi the chassis. These leads should b"

enough to permit the chassis to be ,emovei t.rom the cabinet with the speaker in place, To tcst.the unit, use a tong antenni. (Theset snould never be grounded or operated on a metal surface.) With an antenna connected. turn the set on and advance the volume con_ trol to maximum. Check and see if the fila_ ments are lit before tuning across the band. If wolking pr,operly, the receiver will receive stations clearly-or with a rvhistle. In either c.ase,find a stro_ng station at the high end of the band and adjust L2's slug for bEst "u""ol tion. At some point of adjustment the audio rvill become distorted. Set the slug just below this point. Because of the metal cabinet and the ab_ sence of a loop antenna, a short external an_ tenna is necessary. For.local stations, 4 f't. of hook-up wire is sufficient. For distant stil tions,.a lo_n_gerleirgth str.ung around the r.oom wrll do. When the set is working proper.ly, co,nnecta short antenna and adjust L1 so that C2 tunes the entire broadcast tu"a ""a tfrl" adjust the slug on L2 again for best ,"""rrilo". '-the receiver is now ready to be placed-in its cabinet. A small amount regeneration reorrires the initial adjustment of to "uoial'irirr_ tion,or oscillation at the upper edge of the band. This _ of "L2 also tends to mlke thJreceiver more sensitive on the high end of the band.

but volume for all station"si. """rfvlir" ,"*? -Ui"" d_ue to the AVC action of tt " J"aio _ While not as selective. the receiver ti".-U"1i". tone than most small table_models. desoite the.small speaker and tin cabinet. Ii'p;;r:;;_ lectivity js noticed rvhen the set is operated near loca-I. high-powcr stations, reduce the value o[ C1 by about half. Noie: To avoid the possibilitv of shock. either': 1) always plug the po*". "ola into the 110-v outlet with the ca6inet common to the ground side of the power line (this will also give best reception); ol Zl "o.pLt"iv -chassis rsolate the line from the cabinet and by making all ground connections to a termrnal lug insulated from the chassis.Capaci_ tor C4, howevei-. should be grounded to ihe chasststo provide an FF retur.n to the tuning capacitor frame. Coil-WindingTlp o Amateur r:adio RUBBER operators who wind BAND their own short wave coils know PE[] how dif f icult it MARKS sometimes is to propell.y space and anchor just a {ew E I slor turns of wire. The .lj'oeep

solution is to sarv l6 or file two opposite slots 7s in. wide and about I rc in. deep on the top edge of the coil Iorm. Place a wide, flat No. 32 rubber band in these slots and stretch it over the form and between two pails of prongs. Fountain pen or ball pen marks are easily made on the rubb. er band, exactly where each turn of wire should pass. Draw the wire tightly to embed it in the insulating rubber and hoid it neatlv in place without thc use of cement. Invert Aeriql lo Speed Insfqllqlion o The neighbors may think you're crazy if. you stai't the installation of a TV or ridio aelial upside down, but doing this will helo you to quickly and easily align a bracket oir the g-dSeof your house.-By iaving the masi "one parallel a corner of the building, of the windorvs, or some other velticii part. it is e_asyto sight the alignment while-adjustirrl the mounting br.acket. Then you need ollJ leve.rse the mast to finish the-job. f ,

EXPERIMENIE'N NADIO-TTT u0 iil i$ (B) Blue iloshes will qnd chclges lo tingle your scclp' (A) Standing close to the sphere stqnds your hcir o-n end toyourtinsersherdrz"i"."i'ili'l-"*;:r,. iump fl-91'111,":'::,11".*:"?i':*^ll?,::"i-:1J"tX\T.:1t"h:*:i; i.u" is teta ctosetvto sphere..smcll streqmersoI blue dischcrses liff"t: il"fi'i:i'id=#"i"";"t;r;-1""."""3.t lqws. ot qttrqction cnd repulsion' ""4 i"*p ffqht"' (E) Cloth "ttip "tto*" eleciroslatic burn lron the lcmp termincls sphere, lt becones -'chcged ii-ro-remcin horlzontql. when eud touches ctlptreie ciuses io its polqdty cnd is violently repelled' Tossing c strip ol cotton ctottr VondeGrooflGenerotgr Experimentol The small counterpart of these Van de Graafi volts-on DevelopuP to 380,000 generators will perform a variety of expe,rithe same'princiPleas scuffing (Fig. 1) and develop up to 380,000 volts irents under ideal atmospheric conditions' Dampness in acrossa heavy rug the air reduces the efficiency of the unit causing ' of the static charges from the belt' the col-

By HAROLDP. STRAND i""f.. umn and the sphere to the air. When this unit of the *.r t".t"a at ihe high-voltage laboratory r. , OU can build a simplified version of a large university in dry air, -ihe short-circuit electrostaticgenerator developed in 1931by .curY ren*twas 18 microamps at the calculated voltage' J. Van de Graaff that aided in the --ittu ir.Robert ttigtt voltages generated are not usually development of the atomic bomb' The full-size y-ot "ut feel a-good slrle if volts on an a""e"to"i. althoulh q"n"..iorc produce several million j.t^p to your fingertips when too of an insulated rprikt leld if""*t"* iphere at the top electrlcal power close to the ball. There is no column.

I I I RADIO.TVEXPERIMENTER lltI supplied to the belt; it picks up chargesas the velvet rubs over plastic. Static chare-eson the surfaceof the plastic are positiveand a"ttractnesative chargcs from the ground through a brush near the bottom end of the belt. Theie neeative chargesare carried upward on the moving-belt, picked off by one of the two brushes in tie top and carried to the surface of the sphere througir the corona gap. The other brush is called tf,e chargingbrush becauseit insures a positivepolar_ ity of the belt on the way down (Fig. B). Aiter a few minutes of operation, voltage builds up on the sphereto the maximum possible with the insula_ tion provided and atmosphericconditions present. The model stands3972 in. high and only weighs 18.pounds. The only requirement for operating it is a 115-volt a-cor d-c outlet for the moior. An inexpensive motor for driving the belt can , be salvagedfrom an old Hoover vu"urr-cleaner. A slide-wire resistor or rheostat controls the speed to around 3000-4000rpzz. These motors are usually available at repair shopsfor $5 or $6 and develop about r/+hp. Be sure to select one with tight bearings that runs fast, smooth and without excessivesparking. It's a good idea to disassemblethe motor, clean out dirt and old oii first. While the armature is out, turn the threaded end of the shaft to a !/4-in.diameter (Fig. 5). To reversethe direction of rotation to drive the vel Toble-top Van de Grcafl throws hecvy, noisy dis_ chqrge to hqnd electrode up to S in. or ihinner dischqrges up to I or 10 in. This model simulqtes the full-size generqtors thqt helped in qtomic reseqrch.

COPPER EANO LUCITE COLUMN +fu'xzo'r-onc-{ rx,cxwau TO GROUNO TERM]NAL !a eerow uroeasroeor roe MAPLEEASE RING 52.O.D.PRESSFtT z|'veuveraeur ONCOLUMNUSE MOIOR T0 LOCAI! cENTER SHELLAC FOR CEMENT lUC I' PILLEY IN COIIJMN : LUCITECOLUHI{ toovEn LUCITE POSIIIVELY AC-0C 8Y BELI fOTOR LUCIIE PULLEY\ /\$'auaarnnosr ,4?' / lxsrel'prvwooo I, XEGATIVEELECTROilSATTRACTEO rROX GROUNDTOIWIX BRUSHq TO FUBBERWISHERS AELT(UNLIXECHAR6ES ITRACTI \ 4.'=,.N FUBBER K{Og

NADIO.TV EXPENIMENTER '2I DRILL TAP FOR lo-32 ,4 LOTER ?ULLEY LUCITE ROOSTOCT iffiar-v I the brush leads by soldering on extensions' When you test on the line with the re vet belt counter clock-wise, reverse th" .""st"*bled motor sistance in series, loosen the two screws securmg Adiustinq compressionof rubber mountshelps to clign i#!i'ir:ir"v I teep belt trackins' sides cqn be litted niith too"otit" pcnels if desired' rffr)/ *2r oRILL $ cot TAP lo-12 FORALLEN rlr SET SCREW $ ALutrilux TURNDOWNIN LATHE brush yoke and move to to-32 SCREfl ATO ilUT the position that gener

atesmaximum torque on the shaft; you can de-t.t ,.orrEo "o,, termine this Point bY holding the shaft in Your hand lightly to feel maximum turning force. JxI, {'CLEARLUCIIEPLASTIC . Z 4 PLACEDEACK oF SELT ri .i $ DEEP N,ffi 7 Below, noisy dischdrge spcrks iump trom iop oI sphere to hqnd electrode suspended wiihout its hdndle lrom cerr' ing with ground wire' Air sPcce is 5 to 0 in. InterYql betw en spqrks depends on ctmosPheric conditions cnd speed ol bell' qhcrging Below lett, Pulley' brush, collector brush cnd sPcrk slrips qt lop end oI column. Pul' ley supports qre mcde oI BqketiG tor strengthened insulctio!'

RI.DIO.TVEXPE?IMEMEN A plywood cabinet enclosesthe motor and the base of the plastic column (Fig. ). fhe motor mounts on two angle brackets bent up from fi6 x a/a-in.mild steel or aluminum. Make a base for the motor from %-in. birch plywood and mount it on large rubber knobs at the four corners to re duce vibration and to allow the belt to be tieht ened by compressingthe rubber. Adjust "orrrp-."r sion on rubber mounts to align pulley. A turned hardwood ring with its inside diam eter of about 47Aa,in. should be a tieht fit around the Lucite column. Shellac or varnish makes an efiective cement to hold the column in the rinE. A flat copper wire (salvaged from the field wincl-ing of an old automobile starter) around the column keeps lower end of unit at ground potential. The lower belt pulley mounts directly on the end of the motor shaft (Fig. 5). Turn a slight crown on the solid Lucite pulley to help keep the belt centered. Turn the center rod parts from brassstocl<and assemble pulley to thJend of the motor shaft with set screw. Turning and center hole boring must be done accurately. A bent-up piece of .064 aiuminum supports the ground inductor brush (Fig. 6). Two pieces of copper screening,{2-in. mesh,give numerous arcing points and are adjusted with screws to about /s in. from the moving belt after it is in place. A piece of Lucite sheet must be fitted inside the cabinet so the back of the belt rubs it (Fig. 7). Fit the Balceiite supports after the belt is in place, When you complete the base cabinet. mount ro"DrAx.o50' ALUM,SPHERE the driving motor, lower

brush pickup and pulley, you're ready to add the top pulley assembly, make the belt and top sphere. The top pulley and brush collector assembly inside the aluminum SAKELITE sphere mounts on two SUPPORIS ALUM. STRIP chunks of paperbase Bakelite screwed and tgl 8R,!!i.'{ Pliobond. cemented to the PLASTIC EASE CEMENIEO TO inside of the Lucite co7 COLUMN umn (Fig. 10). These blocks are curved to fit the column and must be mounted directly opposite each other and centered. The vertical Usupports that hold the top pulley must be bored lo for a press fit with the bearings. Use a 3/a-in'end cutting bit or end mill .0003-'0006in. undersize in a drill press to bore out for the bearings. Or you may use a single lip type wood boring bit without a threaded center worm in a drill press if well sharpened. Bore a /a-in. center hole about .0003 in, undersize in the piece of 2-in. dia. Lucite to be used for the top pulley for a press fit with the 7+-in. DIA oo3 U6NI PRESS FIT FOR SHAFT) 95-tOO-OHilSLtDe WIRERESISIERI.5AF

PICTORIALWIRINGOIAGRAM shaft, or you can drill a full-size YE-in.hole and turn a slightly oversize steel shaft for a press fit in the hole (Fig. 11). Cut bearing seats on the ends of the shaft for a light press fit in the bearings. Use the lathe cut-ofi tool to indicate length of the shaft, remove from lathe and remove the excess length; file ends smooth. Now, cut a piece of aluminum foil long enough to wrap around the pulley and lap %a in. Pliobond to pulley. To assemble the upper pulley uni! press the bearings on the ends of the pulley shaft, then press the Bakelite side supports over the outer race of the bearings. The U-supports and the cross piece must be centered so the pulley is di 4-40 4.40 -rr ,L" I 'sl Lt_ \ l,l t";I -lj:i i 'll lu..n., l TsroE oF I r- | EELr our li_t tl. sTocKI PRESS 0,: tN wrTa :, BEARING e9!Lqg98-e8CaH TOPVIEW rectly over and in alignment with the bottom pulley. A plumb bob or weight on a string helps to align the pulleys vertlcally, but be sure the

bottom assembly is resting level. After locating the U-supports, screw them to the Bolcelite cross piece and screw the cross piece to the blocks at the top of the column. The top pulley assembly will be removed later to slip on the belt.

t14 RADIO.TVEXPERIMENTER MATERIALSLIST-VAN de GRAAFF GENERAT0R ClearLucite 1 tubirq 25'l long x 4t/2tt dia. xt/s't wall' May come about 4/15ft di?meteractual measurenrent. c0lumr 2 solid rod stock 3'l long x 2' dia., pulleys Naturalpaperbase Bakelite L t./zxs/+x3/att (Fticlionpiecesupportin base) I thxs/zxzV2tt (Friclionpiecesupport in base) I I e x s/rxzt/"" (Friction Piecesupport in base) roreit Pioducti Company Inc.,I31 Portland St'. Cambridge.Mass. will supply the above materialpostaqepaidto anv partof the U'S. Vttx2x6t/2" alum. brush bracket(base) .032x 1"3/sx 23/L't alum. alloy (top of bracket) 3/rtx 3/tx 51/2" mild steel motoranglehrackets eh6" dia.xlr/16" hftss lowerprlley s/a" dia.x !3/4" hrasslowerpulley t/2" 63//8xf4/g" hitchplywood,cabinet 7/B x 63/s" birch plywood.cabinrt fir plywoodz/ax 8/2 x L43/4" hase ll3/8x3/8" hardwood strip stock M iscel laneous 4 4 1 I ruhber knobsor feet ruhber knobs ahout 3/4l0 1" diameter for notor base universal m0t0r from an 0ld Hoovervacuumcleaner 3 x 4" copper screeninu. preferablyt/n" mesh

I flat coDEer wirefrom the lield coil of an old auto starter'a[out 24" long,groundbandaround column No. SizeandMaierial Use L Vex/zx 4fla" sheet Lucite top brush strip I t/ex3/ax3/a" sheelLucile brushbasein toP I Vorlrltrx4t/2" base paper Bakelite top sutrport 2 /4x1/15x23/4t'paperhaseBakelite

sidesupFort 2 /axs/ax/6" paperbaseBakelit

blocks,top edge

of column 2 t/axI3h6x3t/4" linen base Balelite pulleysupports (ForestProductsComPanyInc.,I3l Portland St., Cambrid0e. Mass.will supplv the above materialpostpaidto any partof the U'S.) top pulleyshaft I Y+ dia x 4Vz" cold rolled steel I .030 x 1 x 3t/a,,sheel aluminum side collector brush base 1 ,030 xhx3" sheetaluminum coronaoapstrip 2 6" dia mixing bowlsaluminum handelectrode 1 .050xI3/q x 4/4" sheet aluminum handlesupport, hand electrode 1 10" dia sphere, .050 alum. (available from Robert Towne, 49 Abbott Ave., Everett, Mass.,$8.25ppd,in U.S.) I .0I8 x 3/8x 3" hard brass sheet connectinqslrip .003 or .004 x 96 x 4" shim stock jumperto pulley 1 slidewire resistor or a rheostat95-L00ohms, I.5 to 2 amps S.P.S.T.to00leswitch I 23/a" wid,e x 6' lon0velvet ribbon belt 2 Ne* Depatture ball bearings #7035 (Availablefrom Bearin0sSpecialtycom' pany.655 BeaconStreet.Boston.Mass.) I t/r5 diax13" lono iteel or brasstod handlefor handelectrod I 3/6 f .D. x V20.D.x 12" long rubber handlefor tuhin0 hand electfode nisc,-wire,stain,shellac,screws,nuts.etc.

heavydutyaluminurnfoil, Pliobond cenent Velvet ribbon for the belt may usually be obtained ftom a large department store. You'ii need about 6 ft. of z%-in. r'ibbon of any color' To the exact length, run a string over both pulleys and allow about a/a in. for iapping at the joint (Fig. 10). Apply a generous coatinq determine cI Pliobond cement to both surfaces to be joined and clamp betvi'een two pieces of wood in C clamps. Be care{ul not to ailow cement outside oI the lap area, or it will be difficult to separate from the wood iater. Let the lap set overnight' pulley asTo install the belt, remove the top scREws TWO 6" 0rA. ALUMINUM MIXINGBOWLS aBouT.O35" ALUMINUM R IVE TS g r-il f" anrssnoo il' GoD-610 il RUBBERTUBING rltl IE HANO ELECTROO ,l 1 f,irIland electrode with direct I llrl TERM. wire connection to ground drqws longer spqrks cs I l,il /"' shown in Fig. 2.

ILLr.i I ro-gz6i e" LEro Nurs {/To oRouro sernbly at the two f 6-32 scre'ws and slip the unit through the loop of the belt. Tightening the base nuts maintains the reasonably tight tension re' quired. When the belt is running straight and true, adjust the plastrc piece in the base and fit the ground brush in place. In case you have difficulty keeping the belt running true, there are several ways to correct misalignment. Thin shims of cardboard under either base end of the top pu11eysupport or tightening front or rear motor bolts a1low considerable adjustment. For further adjustment, the holes in the cabinet base can be slotted to permit shifting the motor as required. The aluminum sphere is a metal spinning made aecording to Fig. 10. You should be able to have a local metal-spinning shop do the job for you, if not, you can get a sphere by mail from the source indicated in the Materials List. When spinning the turned-in neck that should fit tightly over the top end of the column, avoid any sharp corners or the built-up energy from the sphere will leak away. The seam between the two halves of the sphere should form a smooth joint to eliminatc an.,: edges vrhcre energy can leak off. Mqchining shqlt to be c light press lit in New Deporture boll bearings 7035.

RJTDIO.III EXPERIMENTEN tI5 A strip o1.003-in. brcss shim stock is pressed in with bearing ct left side (lccing collector brush). After stqrting the becrings in thei.r holes, qn qrbor press ccn be used to sedt them. Note other top end parts, When the bottom half of the sphere is adjusted, fit the brush collectors and the spark gap strip at the top (Fig. 10). The wiring diagram (Fig. 12) shows the necessary connections with the slidewire resistor or rheostat in the circuit to control the motor's speed. When all parts are assembledand you're ready to make the initial test, run the motor up to about 3000 rpm with the top half of the sphere ofi. After a few minutes, you should be able to draw short sparks to your finger at the belt in the region between the brushes if the generator is working right. Possible causes for non operation may be that the plastic sheet in the base is not in full contact with the belt or too much humidity. A final test is to set the half-sphere on top and connect a d-c microammeter between the sphere's surface and the ground terminal. A small chunk of modeling clay will plaster the top lead to the sphere's surface. Start the motor and, after a few moment's operation, you should read 15-20microamperes, the short-circuit current of the unit. To test the voltage output of the generator, connect a string of eleven 5000-megohmspecial highvoltage resistors (Type BBV, available from Resistance Products Co.,Harrisburg; Pa.) by screwing their ends together (Fig. 16). Connect the series resistor string to one terminal of a 0-10 d-c microammeter away from the generator, using modeling clay to hold it in constant contact with meter terminal. Attach other end of the resistor string to the sphere with clay. Enclose the resistors in a tube of plastic or other insulation. The other terminal of the meter is connected to the ground terminal of the generator, You might be able to test your generator in a nearby university or electrical testing laboratory which would probably have the special resistors and microammeter. When you complete the voltage test set up, run the motor at about 3000 rpnr, for a few minutes to allow voltage to build up on the sphere. Depending upon the humidity conditions in your test room, you should be able to read from 6 to 8 microamperes. If the meter's needle fluctuates wildly, it probably indicates the plastic piece is Set up ol resistors qnd micoummeter lor checking voltcge oI generdtor. It will vcry with humidity.

not making full contact with the back of the belt. Good contact between the sphere's surface and the resistor string and at the meter is also impor tant for correct readings. When you read the current on the meter, calculate the voltage using Ohm's law (E : I x R, where E represenLs voltage, I the current in amperes and R the resistance in ohms). One microampere is one millionth of an ampere, so 7 microamperes becomes .000007 amperes. One megohm equais 1,000,000 ohms and 55,000 megohms converts to 55,000,000,000 ohms. Completing the calculation shows the voltage at a current reading of 7 microamperes is 385,000volts. The hand electrode (Fig. 13) capacitor aids in experimenting with the Van de Graaft generator. It should be possible to get satisfactory discharges at speeds as low as 1000 rpm. Foil Aids Sef Alignment o To avoid interference, it is common practice to stop a superhet's oscillator before aligning the intermediate-frequency amplifiers. A simple way to do this, is to wedge a piece of aluminum foil between the plates of the oscillator's tuning capacitor. When the dial is rotated, the foil between the rotor plates makes contact with the stator plates and "kills" the oscillator. The Rqdiomqn's Third Hqnd o A wood clip-type clothespin fastened to tabletop by a suction cup makes a handy holder for soldering of eyelets, terminals and lugs.

Ir6 N-C.DIO-TV EXPERIMENTER BuildAn tmitter Follonter! ir:ii{ ,lu You con rouple low-innped-3 oncedevicesto high-impedon( e circuits withthise|?|itter follower.The unit conhebuilt in o few hoursfor obout$3 An emilter follower cqn be used fo connect the oudio of o rodio or TV set to c hi-fi omplifier. lf bock of set is mefol, insulole bock of emiller follower. By F0RREST H. FRANTZ,Sf. LECTRONIC expelimenters and hi-fi enthusiasts frequently need to connect a f I E low-impedance load to a high-impedance output. Typical applications are coupling a lorv-impedance microphone or phono pickup, or using a low-impedance meter to measure voltages in a high-impedance circuit. An emitter follower will do the job. Sometimes the problem of coupling high impedance devices separated by considerable distance crops up because the capacitance between the connecting wire center lead and shield is sufficiently large to affect the frequency response of the system. If an emitter follower is connected in the line, the problem can be licked. The emitter follower described in this article is relatively small in spite of the fact that no special effort was made to miniaturize it. Flashlight batteries were employed as a power source to obtain operating economy. The current drain on these batteries is less

than 1 milliampere. The emitter follor,r'er is the tlansistor equivalent of the vacuum-tube cathode follower. The voltage gain of a cathode follower is approximately r.rnity. A simplified al vacuum tube cathode follower circuit is shown in Fig. 2A. The input impedance of dl a cathode follower is high (several megohms), but the output impedance is iow (several hundred ohms). Thus, if a lcw-irn-IIJPUT pedance device such as the oc voltmeter section of a multimeter is to be used to measure oc voltage in a high-impedance circuit, it can be connected to the output terminals and the SCHE[,4AT IC

NADIO.TV EXPENIMENTER lt7 rs. Front (A) ond bqck (B) views of follower's ports plocement ond wiring. input terminals of the cathode follower become high-impedance input terminals for the meter. Probe leads connected to these input terminals can be connected across high-impedance circuits without loading them significantly. If, on the other hand, the low-impedance ac voltmeter section of the multimeter were placed across a high-impedance circuit, the circuit would be-for all practical purposes -shorted, and the voltage indicated on the meter would be very low. In addition to causing a low meter readi4g, the near-short circuit would afiect the operation of the circuit under test. An example will illustrate this more clearly: Assume that the voltage across terminals A and B in Fig. 28 is to be measured. If a meter with 5K impedance (1000 ohms per volt set to the 5-volt scale) is connected across terminals A and B, it will measure 5i (100 * 5) or ll2l oI the 10 volts. However, if, the meter is connected to the output terminals of the cathode follower, and the input terminals of the cathode follower are connected across terminals A and B, the meter will read nearly 10 volts. Assuming the input impedance of the cathode follower to be 10 megohms, the voltage across the cathode follower input is 10 x 10/10.1, which is nearly 10. The cathode follower unfortunately has the drawbacks associated with a vacuum-tube circuit: high voltage supply requirements, wasted power and large size. An emitter follower is free of these drawbaeks, but there are some differences between it and the cathode follower. The circuit of a simplified emitter follower is shown in Fig. 2C. The input impedance of this emitter follower would be approximately equal to beta times R3, if R2 were not present. The IIATERIALS LIST_EM ITTER FOLLOWER Desig. Description

R3 2.2K,V2watl carhon resistor RZ 220K, t/z watt carbon r sistor Rl 470R,t/2 watt carbonresistor CI .5 nfd, 2fi) v papercapacitor(Sprague2EP.P50) C2 30 mfd, L5 v miniature electrolytic capacitor (SpragueTElI58 Litttl Lvtic) 'B two I.5-v flashlight cells (RCA VS035 or Burgessl{0. 1) two cell battery holder (LafayetteMS-U4) lt/15 a Jz/stt niniature perforatedboard (Lafayette M5-304) minigatorclip (Mueller30) 'f 2N)62 Raytheon transistor(or any PNP tvansistor, seetext) Componentsmay be obtained frorn Lafayette Radio, 165'09 Liberty AYe,, Jamaica 33, New York. beta of the transistor is the current gain, and for the better audio driver transistors, beta is around 100. Then, if R3 is lK, the input impedance of the emitter follower would be about 100K if R2 could be neglected. But R2 acts in shunt with the input signal, and therefore if R2 is about 200K (this is a practical approximation), the input impedance would be about 67K. It might seem that the input impedance eould be increased considerably by increasing R3. Suppose R3 were 10K. Then, if R2 could be neglected, the input impedance would be l megohm! Now, assuming that R2 can be 1 megohm, the input impedance becomes Yzmegohm or 500K. Unfortunately, the size of the battery must be increased (greater voltage required) to use such values. Furthermore, the previous 1K output impedance has been increased to about 10K. This is a relatively high impedance in itself. The Circuit that was chosen for the practical emitter follower described in this article is shown in Fig. 3. This circuit contains the compromises between voltage and circuit values that produce a high ratio of input to output impedance and relatively good frequency response. Resistor R3 was chosen as

RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTER 2.2K; R2 was chosen as 220K. A series resistance R1 was added to increase the input impedance. In the original model, this resistor was 470K. The input impedance of the amplifier without this resistance was about 100K with a gain of unity. With R1 in the circuit and equal to 470K, the voltage gain was about 1/6, and the input impedance was about 570K. If R1 is 100K, the input impedance is about 200K, and voltage gain is about r/2. If a lower beta transistor such as a Rayt] l.eon CK722 or a GE2N107 is substituted for the higher beta 2N362 used in the original model, the input impedance of the emitter follower without R1 in the circuit will dedrease to about 40K. Now if R1 is made equal to 40K, the input impedance of the unit will be 80K and the voltage gain will be %. If R1 is 200K, the input impedance will be 240K and the voltage gain will be 1/5. It is easy to see that any PNP transistor that you might have will work in this circuit. but some oerformance is lost with lower beta transistors. The front and back views of the emitter follower are shown in Fig. 4. The emitter follower is constructed on a perforated Bakelite board. The on-off switch is a Minigator clip which is connected to the unconnected battery holder lug to turn the emitter follower on. Two flashlight cells connected in series furnish the 3 volts required to power the emitter follower. The input capacitor C1 is 200-u paper capacitor which permits connecting the emitter followel to vacuum-tube circuits. The output capacitor C2 is a 30 mfd. electrolytic capacitor rated at you 15 ,u. If intend to couple into a circuit that has high voltage present, a higher voltage rating is required for this capacitor, but most circuits that you'll couple to won't have high voltage present. To construct the emitter follower', drill the two battery mounting holes and the ihird mounting hole. This third hoie has been provided to allow the emitter follower to be E M ITTER FOLLOWER bolted down on other electronic equipment for permanent or semi-permanent installation.

Next, mount the battery holder. Then place all of the parts on the board as shown in Fig. 4 by inserting the pigtails through appropriate holes in the board. Then turn the board over and use Figs. 3 and 4 to guide you in rviring. Most of the connections are made with the pigtails of the component parts. The pigtails are bent against the board, and wherever a connection is to be made, the wires are run against each other and soldered. Input and output terminals consist simply of pigtail or wire ends to which Minigator' clip leads may be connected on the original model. If you wish, you may provide wire leads with clips on the ends, or you may provide terminals on the model. The input leads should be shielded. Output ]eads must not be shielded unless a long length of connecting wire is involved. The emitter follower will permit two highimpedance devices that are separated by a great distance to be connected together without high frequency attenuation. You might, for example, wish to use an inexpensive table radio as a tuner with a hi-fi amplifier since the tone quality of most inexpensive radios is quite poor. If you disconnect the radio audio amplifier from the center lug of the volume control and run a shielded lead to the amplifier as shown in Fig. 5A., you've converted the radio into a tuner for your hi-fi amplifier. But, if the shielded lead is over, say, a foot or two long, it will attenuate the high frequencies due to the inherent capacitance of the shielded lead required to minimize ac hum voltage pick-up. If the capacitance of the shielded lead was in parallel with a lorv impedance such as that of the emitter follower output, the frequency response would remain lelatively flat. Such an arrangement is shown in Fig. 58.

113 NADIO.TVEIOENIMENTEN ing in bottom of brass screw base (Fig. 4). f,f"* hfl4f Brll' Obtain an anodized hole plug at an auto accessoryor 60 watt Mazda bulb, THIS removed from a light I I socket, glows when held in the fingertips or mouth, and when placed on a suspended pane of glass. Of course. it takes a little doctoring to make it work this way. First remove the "innards" from a burned-out 60 watt frosted bulb. With pliers, crush the black com position at tip of lamp base (Fig. 2). Shake out composition and remove brass button. With brass shell opening clear, insert plier handle and tap sharply, thus breaking off glassstem inside lamp (Fig. 3). Pull out glass stem and burned out filament through openOUT 60 WATT MAZDA LAMP BURNED radio supply store, and a 1t1, volt penlight bulb and a penlight battery. Cut a 3/ein. hole in the hole plug. Insert pen-cell into plug,

brass tip doroa. Solder tip of bulb to bottom of bat tery. Connect thin insulated wire from brass shell of penlight bulb to brass shell of hollowed out Mazda bulb. Ream base with closed scissors to ad mit battery and insert pen light cell assembly into bottom of lamp base (as shown in drawing). So trick will look natural, insert bulb into a lamp which has been disconnected from the house current. When occasion arises, remove bulb from socket, and hold it in your fingers. Press a dime, small paper clip or pin concealed in your hand against bottom of bulb. This completes circuit from center cap oI inverted pen cell to outer brass shell of Mazda lamp and bulb lights up. A paper clip concealed under tongue may be used to light the bulb when held in the'teeth. To light bulb in porcelain cleat socket with no connections and resting on a suspendedpane of glass (Fig. 1)' simply previously short-circuit the two screw terminals on socket with a piece of fine wire. R. R. Dorsrrn. t;v. PENLTGHT BULB f'nor-eer-uo CAPON CELL IS CLEARED rNPLUo lil.rr SOLDER

BULBTIP e TOBOTTOMOFCELL REAMTHISOPENING 50 HOLEPLUGCAN IMPORTANT:HOLE PLU6 BE SNAPPED IN5IDE M!5TT6rcONTACTTHE ZINC 6[T-TERY CASE. PAPER,BATTERYLABEI. MAGICLIGHTBULB IS INSULATOR,.

t20 RADIO.TVEXPEATMEI.TTEI Professional Wlring Hectronic A generol-purposepower supply is shown scrcmble-wiredobove. While ir works, it looks bod ond is dif,icult to troubleshoot.The some power supplyis sho wn clecned up below. An even more workmcnlike lob would hovl resulred if the builder had been willing to rewire fhe unit complerely. By HOWARDS. PYLE \ 1 /HETHER you build hi-fi or amateur radio equipment,.you want g_earyou !/!/ v v can point to with pride. What you are building is something which you expect to be more or less permanent. If and when you have occasion to abandon it, you can ask, and leceive a far better price if your wiring, as leflected by your terminal connections and other circuitry, are of professional appearance and workmanship. Fig. 1A shows a "hay-wire" method of termination; Fig. 18 is the professional version. Which of the two would attract your cold, nard casn. Figures 2, 3, 4 and 5 illustrate the method of accomplishing the profes sional touch shown in Fie. 18. A finat touch of spiiandpolish can be given by applying a generous coating of clear lacquer (such as Fuller's ANL 232 "Synalac")

over wire, sleeving and number tape. A slack loop consists of nothing more than an ex cess wire length of 2 or 3 in. at the terminal, where it is formed into either. a horseshoe or a complete circle. Use a r/2-ii. or 3/+-in. wooden dowel to form your circles. Slack loops serve two purposes: they provide sufficient slack in the wire to permit rerouting it to an adjacent terminal in the event of later modification in circuitry and they provide for re-termination to the same terminal without a short splice in case a wire breaks at a lug or soldered connection. Shielded wire, one ol more inSulated conductors enclosed in a crosshatch weave of tinned copper, is used in both radio and audio freouency applications to pr6vent stray radiation of RF fields and to avoid nick up of nc hum and similar distulbing influenceson audio leads. Grid wiline to vacuum electron lubes is parlicularly su-sceptible to such undesirable influences which then are amplified in the tube; microphone wiring should aluays be in shielded conductors. Frequently the shield itself is used with mi

crophones of the "push-to-talk'' variety rvith a built-in switch. The shield then becomes common and forms part of both the switch and rnicrophone circuits. Before the advent of plastic insulated conductors, it u'as possible, by skillful handling, solder. "cotrar." to lun a smali aiourrd ti,e

RADIO-TVEXPERIMENTEN l2l end of the shielded braid--even include a short length of wire in the collar which could be used to terminate the shield on a chassis ground-point. This is still possible when the conductors themselves are fabric insulated, but not so with plastic which will melt completely with application of sufficient heat to the shield to permit a hot solder joint. The answer? Well, if the shield is merely to be ended or tied-off without grounding, put a drop of liquid solder or aluminum (both applied cold) on the end of the braid and form it smoothly with your fingers to make a solid collar. Such a collar will set up hard in a few minutes and requires no heat, hence there is no damage to insulation. I use either Warner's Liquid Solder or Duro Liquid Aluminum. As an alternate method of avoiding fray at the end of shielding, you can pinch the shield between spaghetti sleeving. The sleeve that goes over the conduetors, the inner sleeve, should be a snug fit, and still capable of being pushed up undet'the shield braid; the outer sleeve must be of an inside diameter whieh will permit sliding over both the shielded braid and the spaghetti on the conductors. Suppose, however, that you do have to ground the shield at either or both ends. Liquid solders are a mechanical binder only and should not be relied on for electrical connections. A far better method is to form a pig-tail directly with the end of the blaid itself. This can be done neatly and effectively by foliowing the steps illustrated in Fig. 3. First, push the shield back up the wire to form a bulge or hump in the shielding by working the braid apart. Using the same tool, pick the conductors out of the shielding, one at a time in small loops. Once you have them within easy finger grasp, withdraw them completely from the short end of the arcx-{l gARDAROUND it]lltJl l.l wrREWRAPPED ^{[{fi TERt\4lNArl.l FRAYEDENOS 0F STRANO. scREWsHouLD ED wrRE, rlN rHEr\! aLuvsl.l l0l l0 l.t _T0

ctocKwrsE l-{1] lF a LUG cAN IF NO LUG IS USED, ',,0 BEFoRMED q $l Iii GETHER -'?(\-Y]',, -----.-.-.^.. Vr{"'-EiI PREPARATION b \_\rnrveo tNsuLATtON Ifl oF wrRES A ^ B EB LAYMAN'STERMiNATION $ spacnErrt " CONDUCTORS ....F 'fo putt / CONDUCTORS ROlvlSHORT ENDOF PICKHOLE \ SHIELD 'IN SHIELD ..FISH,' BRAID8 El our. coN0ucT0Rs SKIN,TIN AND FIT WITH LUGS IIN WITH

BRAID SOLDERANOFIT COMBED GROUPSTO FORMPIGTAIL STRANDS OF BRAIDWITHSHARP-POINTED TOOLAND DIVIDE INTOTHIRDS COMBOUTINDIVIDUAL shield. WITHA LUG D Next. separate the wires of the shield which will form ihe short pig-tail by using the pick or a nail to unbraid the web. Divide the resulting individual wires into approximat-e thirdJ and braid them tightly like a small girl's hairdo. Seal the end of the pig-tail with i spot of hot solder and fit it with a lug, either the solder type or solderless, as you prefer. Cobling ond Locing. In forming your wiring prior to cabling and lacing, do-not, attempt io .un wires from point-to-point by the shortest route. Except in a few isolated instances (high-frequency carriers, for example), whether a wire is 5 in. long or 7 in. long is of no consequence. Using that reasoning, you will be able to form your wires to follow the line of the chassis, making short, rounded 90o turns at the corners and at branches leaving the main cable harness. If, by extending some individual wire for a few inches you can include it in a main cable harness, do so. If you are careful to use shielded wire wherever ihe schematic you are working flom specifies, or, if not so designated, wherever you are carrying radio or audio frequency such as microphone and speaker leads and wiring to the grid circuits of vacuum tubes, you'll have no tiouble. See that aII such shielded r,r'ires are solidly grounded to the chassis at both ends either by the pig-tail method of Fig. 3 sr.tp OVERWIRE LUG HEEL or by small wiring clamps screwed to the sLegvE, TIGHTLYOVER HJ s \ffi chassis.

Now to the actual cabling and lacing. ObW *$ \m viously if you are to run in one harness a x tffi number of wires that will term inate at scat4-t ffi:YI"?i: tered points, each wire will be of a different ry4h* 1.4 tt-,'_.:^---length. Be sure that each is long enough or lJ I Al/ -'F q you-'ll have the tedious job of uniacing all of I\ / v $IIEHHE J LUG ATTACHEO U your harness to replace the short wire. You B\.* l^','',/ can cut to exact length when you come to EXPOSEDWIRE %1"'r%'.?S3 IF SOLDER TERMINA LUGIS USED ROFESSIONAL TroN TOOL the noint of actual termination but better to

RADIO.TV EXPE?IMENTEB "ring UP TIGHT t#HtP'"^.11,#'trprefer to out" each inFIRST,LOOP B ffI., dividual wire with a bttzzer 11E_rryrNE AROUNDHARNESS, TI SIMPLEKNOT-SOONLOOSENSA SLIPS: or an ohmmeter as a double-

TO MAKEDOUBLE KNOI check, when terminating. Professional practice dic tates the use of "lock-stitch" which, while really simple, TWO LOOPS HEREIF DRAWUP TIGHT almost defies written description (see Fig. 4). Start your lacing about an inch from the main termination point of your harness . . . a connection block for instance. If it is a harness of relatively few small wires, LONG END space the twine rings around OFT the harness about 7/z in. apart. If it is a larger numt0R2 PICKUPEND OF TWINE AND ber of heavier wires. 1-in. LOOPS FEED THROUGH LOOPTHISWAY spacing will be adequate. Multi-wire h a r n e s s es of THECOMPLETED WILL'TLOCKSTITCH "Locxsrrrcn" more than 1-in. cross-section LOoK L|KE TH|S ANDHOLD TtcHT. (l cHASStS ENCLOSURE <11.^,.,t-Jo"3-'.,\,1--:

N_ r\ \ '(; ..o--l STANOARD trE-porrrdil/-\ y' (oN UPPERS|DE z-_---u wtTH TER|IINAL tr%p-l "'o*' BRANCH MAIN HARNESSES WIRING HARNESS LOCK-STITCHLACING begin by making each wire a few inches longer than necessary. In some instances you can completely preform your harness, including the laeing, right on the bench and have it fall in proper place in your chassis. Where chassis layout makes such pre-fabrication of a harness impossible, it will be necessary to place each individual wire in proper position in the chassis, routing each one carefully alongside the others with which it is to be cabled and making the final tirmination at each end. Hold the bundle in place temporarily with a few ties here and there to maintain the final harness form. Ihen, when all wiring for that particular harness run is complete, Iace it in place in the chassis. One tip on pre-fabrication: use difierent color wires for ready identification individually at each end of the harness. If your available wire stock is insufficient to permit this color coding, mark both ends of each wire with adhesive nurnber tapes or tags, Some craftsmen LAcrNG can be laced every 2 in., but if 6-cord lacing twine is used it should be doubled for added strength. A good rule to follow is to

space the twine rings for a distance about equal to the dia. of the bundled harness and use the twine doubled on any harness over 1 in. Tie-off the ends, both at the starting point of the lacing and at completion, with an ordinary square knot, double tied. Chassis wiring by the cabled and laced method does ?oof mean that all wires of the harness will terminate in the same area at each end, There will be considerable branch wiring from the main harness trunk. As your lacing progresses, you reach various points where one or more wires leave the harness to connect to an adjacent component. At this point, wrap the twin ring twice around the main harness and bend the wires leaving the harness 90o toward the terminals to which they will connect. Then proceed with your lacing to the next branch. This will result in a tapered harness (see Fig. 5). Answersio Photo Quizon Page 103 l. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Roiary wafer switch, Roll of eleclrician's rubber lape, Pilot lamp. TY lead-in sland-off insulafor. Top of spray can ol service chemical. Diagonal cullers.

RADIO.TVEXPSNMENTER 123 low-power omplifiers (20-little job with enough walwdifers) cost obout ihree lop to enable anyone to o woli to build. The dollors break his lease by popular 75-wolt Leosebreoker con lequest within three min be conslructed ot o cosl of utes! Whether or not that is one dollsr o wqll. your projected use for it, this amplifier will deliver subject to rising costs and picking up a few good buys -one watt of power per dollar of construction cost. It is an engineering maxim that when cost is an object, no element of a system should be unduly stronger, or unduly weaker:, than any other. There is no sense in paying for performance that cannot be utilized. At the outset, we gained considerThe leqsebreqker able simplification in design by deciding that the ampliNottheperfectomplifier-tholhusn'lbeenbuilt-fier would be used only to handle program material borguinin high-poweromplifiers. bul on outstonding and not sinusoidal signals. Nelprice,includin$ is$7For o dollor perwolt This is a complomise that tubes, has been used for years in

By LEEISHIRIDAN tire design of modulators for high power AM transmitI 'HEN we decided we needed a new ters. Since a sine wave contains much more \n/ "Lpiin". we knew we wanted the average energy.than does pr.ogram mate.rial V V g.""t"st possible power output per of thJsame peak amplitude, it is permissi ble dollar of"cost. What we acliieved was i drrrdy to use much lighte. components th an would R34 550 r/Zvc c3 .25 -+ Rt5 6t46 R5 ELUE HU c5 too 9 270 t0K TRIAD toK s-42A 2Vt .o5 + + Rt9 roo ill C2 R6 R tl 4700 Rl -+ .5 820K loK zv'l R9 Rt4 2W 470 K f IM too K >R7 c7 l < 47AK

Rt6 Rt2 c6 cl loo lao/25 R33 t0K t@K 2W R32 + l5K + CRA -ao 20w qo cnq 5N0r5 + A + 750 R29 68 K *12 ALL. OTHER FILS BH7 ro5 R25 too K STANCORilt# + :TI PS-8415 R20 scHEr!1Artc Z

tzl be required for continuous sinewave operation. It's only necessqry th_qtcomponents be capableof handling the occasionalpeaks in program material. For the amplifier, we felt that the simplest configuration would Fe a pentode gain stage, a splitIoad phase inverter, and the outRADIO.W EXPERIMENTER r -t" r l" ++F2" -+kiii l lF-3; t l II REARAPRoN 7. _Zl I' te,t, 16 l) ,2, r'", -"",i6 rir:t"r ,rr",16 3; -*fft+l+ r--fr+;t -r it ---l t+l .........................._]-----------i--i-1-t c li) L-t-) put stage. For the gain stage, a 6AU6 vacuum tube ls excel=lent. very low in noise and capable of high gain. In our circuit, it provides a gain of 200,with well over 200-vpeak-to-peak of signal deliv ered to the following stage. A 654 is used for the phase inverter; set to draw 10 milliamperes, it can deliver 150v peak-topeak at the output grids, which require about 100 v for full outpu_t.The heavy degeneration provides a very high impedance for the 6AU6 to work into. thus rais

ing its gain-while the 654 presents a fairly low driving impedance to the output grids. But if the end, this poses a problem due tb the low iesonant-frequency of the output transformer. We solved this problem by the joint (RS action of three devices: a series RC a_nd-C4, see Fig. 2) from plate to ground in the first acrbss of tfie hrst stage, stage,stage, another anotheranother across the thethe primary the output transformer (R19 and C?), andthe customary customarycustomary capacitor capacitorcapacitor (Cg) (Cg)(Cg) across acrossacross the thethe feedfeed-feed back resistor (R34). Low-frequency stabilization is alsoachieved by the use of a cathode capacitor in the input stage, coupling capacitors and grid resistbrs feeding the output stage, and the falling re sponse of the output transformer itself. fn consequence,The Leasebreaker is so stable that the removal of the load has absolutely no efiect on frequency response! We colsider lhat any rise in responseat the end of the passband is the mar[ of an unstable amplifier-and judging from what we've seen, unstable amplifieis are in the majority today, Our Leasebreaker. however. employs 20 db of feedback overali, and the responseat the ends of the passbandis never anything but a smooth drop below 20 cyclesand from 20 kc out to 500 kc. At this point. there is a slight resonance,but the resionse is over 30 db down from midband. No value

of capacity up to 10 mfd produced oscillation when shunted acrossthe 16-ohm load. Think we're making too much ado about this businessof stability? Remember-an amplifier of this power capacity (?5 watts) can, if it runs away, ruin a speaker in just a few seconds! ETt+jlAl ft;;.--,;--fu i.-ll"" I :UlA.-qFl ' | It i_:,ger,,,=F**',f o *r*o $i*q5{5 .'!.,;j-.,er+u +f6i"o llb-Jil rre1 z9-'---'1.-r11" NOTE:( DRILLALL TUBEANDCONDENSER HOLESTO FIT) (-Jr-..-lf-.. i ." ' i4l*t"-ll+"Ir3 | _a HOLESIZESNOT INDICATED + 27 DRILL ( I 1 t i t The power supply.We used a Stancor pC-t

8414transformer, which delivers G00volts on each side of center at 200 mits. While this v would overheat badly if the amplifier were -continuousl! driven to full output by a sinu-si soidal signal, it's perfectly capableof handling h occasionalhigh level peaks. For the rectifier, we think there's no argument about a 5R4,and one tube is adeouale. ci sl A single 15mfd, 1000-voil slug (C11) is used in the high-voltage section. The ripple here fl w is distressing (35 v peak-to-peak quiescent, sc rising to 75v at full load), but a 40-40-10mfd. dr 450-velectrolytic capacitor (C8) provides the aI filtering necessaryfor lower level stagesand the screensof the output stage, to To protect the electrolytic capacitors and to a make things easier on the tubes by giving the heaters a chanceto come up to operiting tem perature before the high voltage hits, we used Bo an Amperite thermostatic delay relay-with Ler en a 5-v heater so there is no potential difierence

RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTEf, t25 I2BH7 b t00 f^\"e+sGTOr R R30I I 9L43 too lool( TO rn rn c8c \J c ./'X-F:{;i* t0"! tY Y3 cL\-v\'! IOK 2W GND ZO,IO,t , " ''-J o.* \ fl' ?- r-{H lt ,u 270K " x;11.*i* ],o 1,,o,, ^rfi1'*";*"n zw _s<i;;_,;;;1 TO C8B between heater and contacts. We preferred the octal-based relay to the miniature for this job because the octal socket provides a longer flashover path to ground than does the miniature. A simple bias supply is provided with a configuration which permits use of a dual 40 mfd can. An OB2 glow tube holds the bias voltage constant. With the values shown, it draws about 10 mils. Some selection of the 5100 and 4700 ohm resistors may be needed to get just exactly minus-50 volts at the tap, and these should be 2-watt ttnits for best temperature stability.

Screen regulation is an absolute necessity if maximum power is to be developed. We blithely started with VR tubes and encountered troublel By the time the scr-eens ale stabilized the tubes are beyond theil latings when there's no signal. And there is also considerable additional heat dissipation. So we cast about for a simple solution and came up with that shown in Fig. 2. Note that the conditions which increase the screen drain also pull down the supply voltage considerably, due to the poor high-voltage regulation. The 12BH7 is a husky Bottom-chossis view of the Leosebresker.(Photo wos token before oddirion of Cl2.) toooozrzzvlpf Hw\--{ a g sso/z"c ,a\ TIE POINTSFOROUTPUT R30 TRANSFORIVER LEADS toK t0w E MllrA!:$lt]ry.13]rg_ twin triode, designed for use as a TV vertical deflection amplifier, with a 500-v plate voltage lating and a permissible dissipation of 3.5 watts per section. The two sections are connected in series, with the upper as pass tube and the lower as dc amplifier. The control voltage divider is returned to the minus-105-v bias supply, to keep the dc amplifier grid near glound, yei allow large swings.

In operation, this has proved an excellent little regulator, its output voltage being the sarne at full output as at zero signal, with a rise of about 10 v in the middle range. Initially, the output voltage had a tendency to drift with changes in line voltage, but the addition of R26 reduced this drift to an acceptabie range. Colrection is not complete, of course, because the dc amplifier does not have sr-rfficientgain. tr ,.8t,

RADIO.TV EXPEBIMENTER Consfrucliol. We constructed The Leasebreaker compactly on a 2x7x13-in. chassis, and the large transformers and fil ter capacitor must butt against each other in order to fit (see Figs. 1, 3 and 4). Tubes and electrolytic capacitors are placed along the front, the 6146's being staggered, rather than side by side, to reduce the heat problem. A neat terminal board effect is achieved through the use of Cinch-Jones 2000 series terminal strips mounted in parallel pairs (See Fig. 5). For the input stage, we used 2006's; a 2005 and 2007 for the phase inverter. 2005's for the screen regulator, and 2008's for mounting miscellaneous power supply resistors. This scheme is a real space saver, since tube sockets may easily be straddled. The two 15K 20-watt dropping resistors are mounted with long screws through the back apron of the chassis. Be sure to use an insulated shoulder washer here and several insulated flat washers on each end! Cinch type 2C? sockets were used for the two electrolytic cans. Note that the outer contaets are tied together to make maximum use of contact area. The bias supply capacitor should be provided with an insulated sleeve, since its can is n:gative with respect to the

cnassrs. A double ground system is used to avoid hum troubles, for the charging current through the 15 mfd capacitor is quite high and can easily give trouble if it gets into a common ground bus. For this reason, a power supply ground is made right at the negative terminal of the 15-mfd capacitor to which transformers, electrolytic capacitors and 6146 cathodes are returned. A separate signal ground is made at the input terminals, to which all other grounds are returned through separate ground wires. Good quality steatite sockets should be used, at least for the rectifier and delay relay, since these parts carry the full 750 volts. Use an aluminum chassis. beMATERIATSLIST-LEASEBBEAKER Desig. Description TI 45000 ohms plate-to-plateto 4, 8, 16 ohms (Triad S-42A) T2 600-0.600v, 220nai 5v, 3ai 2 x 6.3u, 1a (StancorPC-6414) T3 115v. l5ma; 6.3a, 0.6a (Stancor PS 8415, Tfiad R.54X) VI 64U6 v2 654 v3, v46145 V5 5R4 V6 082 v7 I2BH7 v8 AnDerite5N015 SRI 50 ma, U5-Y selenium rectifier c1 I00 nfd, 25.v electrolytic 0.5 mfd,600.v bathtub or 0.5 mfd, 400-v molded papertubular F2 0.25 mfd, 500-v moldedpapertubular c4 100 mmfd mica c5,c6 0.05 mfd, 600.v moldedpapertubular

(matched,if possibl ) c7 1500 mmfd. mica c8 40.40.10 mfd, 450.v

lectrolytic (Mal

lory FP 376.8) c9 10000/ y' Zvc-nmfd c10 40-40 mfd, 450.v electrolytic (Mallory FP-238) ctt 15 nfd, 1000.y oil cL2 0.5 mfd, 200-v moldedpapertubular (Alf resistorst/2 wattI0o/. unlessotherwise indicated) Rt 470 k R2 IOK R3 100 R4 9].0,5% R5 270K,2Y R6 820K R7 47o K R8 toK R9 I meq R10 1500 w RIl, R12t0 K, 2w matched Rl3, RI4 100 K matched Rls, R16, 1^^ Rt7, Rt8 '.."' R19 RzO R21 R22 47002w 15 620 470

metext 13tr i)33;|il'5%] R25 IOO K az6 330 K R27 1.6 fleo R26 33 KIw 829 68 K 1w R30 10 K 10w R31, R32 15 K 20 w R33 100 l( Iw R34 550/ Zvc M iscellaneous 2 Millen #36002 ceramicplate capsI SPST tossle switch t extractor fuse holder I 3AG, 3-amp fuse

2 Cinch#2008 terminalstrips z Cinch$2007 terminalstrips2 CinchS2006 terminalstri ps Cinch#2005 terninal strips Cambridge Thermionics +X2006 (or equivalent)insulatedterminals I 2x7 xL3tt aluminunchassis 2 7.pin niniature tube sockets 2 9.pin nliniatufe tube sockets 4 octal tuhe sockets 2 Ginch#2C7 FP capacitor sockets Eby #56-2 (or equival nt)screwterminal striD I Eby #56.4 (or equivalent)screwtermi. nal strip hook-up wir , rosin solder,misc.hardwarc cause the high heat conductivity of the metal makes the whole chassis surface availa ble as a radiator. While heat dissipation of this amplifier is considera bly below that of most others in its power class, its compact de sign does keep the dis sipation per unit vol ume fairly high. For this reason, The Lease breaker should never be enclosed in a smal space.

Tesling. With the 5R4 removed. a dum my load connected and the feedback loop open, the first job is to adjust the bias. Select 4700 and 5100 ohm resistors so that the bias is mi nus-50 volts. If neces sary, other resistors can be shunted across one or the other for vernier adjustment. Next, if a milliameter is available. check the current drawn by the OB2, which should be around 10 mils. Variation of R21, an 820-ohm resistor. can raise or lower this as desired. To set the screen voltage, replace the 5R4 and turn on the power. The high voltage at the 15-mfd capacitor should be around 750 v. Now check screen voltage. If it is not in the range of 200-215 v, shunt one of the resistors in the control voltage divider. Shunting R27 reduces the screen voltage; shunting R25 increases it. Use high values for the first try; the circuit is quite sensitive. When screen voltage

is set, the various other voltages can be checked. A VTVM should be used to measure the 6AU6 plate and screen, If results are

NI'DIO.TVEXPERIMENTEN r21 ?o ??.orrr., tNcYcLES stcoND PER satisfactory,-andfeed a 400-cyc1e test signal into the input tuln up its level' The a' oiifier should deliver 75 watts (33 v rms in-,o a 15-ohm load) just at the clipping level as seen on a scope. As regards the feedback loop, if the output transformer primary leads have been connected as indicated, and if the manufacturer is uniform in attaching leads to the windings, the feedback should be negative. With the oscillator providing the 400-cycle test signal set for low output, watch the output signal on a scope while touching a 22K resistor across the fledback telminals. If the output decreases, the feedback is indeed negative,and the pr'oper feedback lesistor may be installed' If the output increases, revelse the output transformer primary leads and try again. It is wise to use the 22K lesistor for the initial test so that if the feedback happens to be positive, the amplifier will be spared the,burden of violent oscillation. Resistor R34 and capacitor C9 ale chosen according to voice coil im pedance (see Materials List); but explicitly: v olce e oxL lmpedance 16 ohms R34 150 ohms C9 2500mmf 8 ohms 200 ohms 3600mmf 4 ohms 270 ohms 5000mmf With the feedback loop closed, a frequency resDonse run at a level of about l-v output *"y b" made. The amplilier should be down about 0.5 db at 20 tta ZO,OOOcycles, and should fall continuously outside of those points as discussed PreviouslY. Note palticularly-this amplifier is intended only to be flat to 20 kc, not to 100 kcl People accustomed to 100-kc bandwidth and a fanry square wave response will be 4isappointed bv this-but our aim was a stable am-

This type of t'esponse is the price of blifi"r. using a cheap output transformer. Similarly at the low end-but it should be noted that smoothly falling response below 20 cycles is beneficial in attenuating rumble from turntables. In checking the power output, the amplifier should deliver 65 watts at 30 cycles and 75 watts at 40 cycles and above, at the clipping level and just before noticeable flattening appears on the scope. Full power should not be r'un continuously above 5000 cycles since the network across the output transformer pi'imary begins to atrsorb power and the 4700 ohm "head resistor R19 will west" in a big hui'r'y. Instead, make quick checks at 10 and 15 kc by turning up the oscillator for no tnot'e than a second or two, r'eading the metel arrd immediately turning down the oscillator. Power should be 65 watts at 10 kc and 40 watts at 15 kilocycles. This drooping power response does no halm to program material where the vast bulk of power lies below 1000 cycles, and the arnplifier will break up at low frequencies long before the point where high-frequency power will endanger the 4700-ohm resistor. The Leasebreaker may be used with any standard pre-amplifier, although we don't recommend that the preamp power be drawn from the amplifier, as it is very difficult to provide sufficient plate supply decoupling to make the system really stable at sub-audible frequencies. Either the preamp should be selfpowered, or a separate power supply should be built for it. Voltage gain from input to 16ohm output is 20, hence 1 v in will produce 25 watts-a sensitivity of the same order as any usual home music amplifier. Internal impedance as measured at the 16 ohm output tap is 1.3 ohms, resulting in a damping factor of 12, which is adequate for lestricting speaker hangover. Total hum arrd noise output with the input shorted is less than

5 millivolts at the 16-ohm tap, or better than ?5 db below 60 watts output. This is predomi nantly porver-supply ripple due to imbalance in the output tubes, but 5 millivolts of hum is so low as.to be barely audible a foot from a gooo speaKer. Harmonic distortion was measured as a function of frequency for several power levels and the results were about what might be expected.. The low-level distortion is higher than that in units of the Williamson type, but not seriously, since any reasonable amplifier dis tortion pales into insignificance compared to that contributed by even the best of speakers. The curves (Fig. 7) show the usual. rise at the ends of the range, the low end curve at 60 watts being due to the onset of core satura tion. The high end rise, however, is only of academic interest since the 10-and 60-watt power levels will never be reached by pro glam material at frequencies above 1000 cycres. If you haven't seen curves like Fig. 7 before, be advised that the usual practice of using only mid-band frequencies in distortion ratings tends to make an amplifier look better than it really is.

r28 RADIO-TVEXPE?IMENTER RsdioTunerforChild'sPhono Yourchild(onhovehisphonocndrudio,too oll in onepotkoge By HOMIR L. DAVIDS0I{ ffi Enioymenr is doubled with the qddition of o rodio child's record ployer. HIS tiny RF tuner can easily be attached to the young fry's record player, converting it to a radio receiver. The tuner consists of a tuned input stage with a small, vari able capacitor. The separated signal is then rectified to audio power and amplified by a small transistor. From here the signal is ap plied to the pick-up arm and then amplified by the phono-amplifier itself. Circuif. The RF signal is picked up from a small lead that should be clipped to an outside antenna for best results, For local stations, a bed spring or metal window frame will pick up enough signal to drive the loudspeaker. A small ferrite coil with a tunable slug and a variable capacitor separates the stations. The slug can be tuned in or out to separate several local stations if one (or more) seems to bother the desired station. A fixed crystal diode detects the audio signal, which is then amplified by the 2N10? transistor. The transistor was added here to help amplify the weak detected signal, as some of the cheaper record players have only one amplifying tube. Since all phonographs have their own volume control. there waJno need to place one upon the small tuner. Also, most record players have a tone control, but Be careful not to damage the crys tal cartridge by rough handling.

Generally, a small pin or swivel screw holds the pickup arm to the horizontal swivel bracket. Re move this, and the arm can be taken off. Be sure to unsolder the two small wires that go from the amplifier to the pickup arm. Phono Arm Repcir. Drill a 96s-in. hole in the middle of the phono pickup arm. This hole should not be drilled too far back on the arm because of the sharp angle in lifting the arm before the male plug is inserted into the radio tuner. Two small, flexible wires are soldered to each terminal and brought out so they can be soldered to the crystal cartridge connection. Do not solder these connections until they are pulled off the cartridge. Heat will sometimes damage the crystal cartridge. tuner to o back Place the connections on the cartridge, and the arm is ready to go. Now remount the phono arm in its original position. All that you're doing is making a simple way to plug the phono amplifier into the radio tuner box. Ballery ond Gobinet Consfruclion. If your case is large enough, use two penlite cells in series or an Eveready 4.05 v. (E133) or an RCA 4.5 v. battery. Since my plastic case was only lr/+ x Ll/z x 2r/+ in.,I had to devise a smaller battery: Three small button mercury cells were used to furnish 4.5 v. of collector voltage. These batteries are the size of small buttons, and being so small, must be mounted in such a way that good contact is made. Cut the closed end from the zinc casing of a small penlite cell to a length of 3/+in. Clean out all loose carbon and residue from the inside of the cell. Cut a piece of thin cardboard long enough to just meet the ends when inserted inside of the penlite zinc case. Drop a small

MFD SOCKET at J OI MFD t t R3 \\ 47K RI R2 c3 ioK 220K JACK most radios do not. A small, fixed capacitor couples the audio signal to the phono pickup arm. It is best to first remove the record player arm from the A phonograph before wiring up the male jaek. SCHEMATIC

NADIO.TV EXPENIMENTEN t29 i I MATERIALSLIST_CHILD'S PHONO.RADIO Desig, Desfiiption CL C2 .0L nfd tlat ceramic capacitors D tN54 xtal tixed diode C3 365 mtd miniature variable ca0acitor (LafayetteMS-274) L ferrite coil (LafayetteMS.ll) Rt 10,000 ohm resistor, l,/2watt RZ 220,000 ohm resistor,!/2 watt R3 47,000 ohm r sistor, Z2 watt SW SPSTswitch (LafayettrVC-42 or equivalent to fit case such as Cutler-Hammer's type 8098-K3, Allied 348510) TR GE 2N107 Batt 4.5 Y (seetext) plus miniatureplug (Lafayette M5-284) _ jack miniatrrejack (LafayetteMS-283) plasticcabinet(LafayetteMS-298 or other) shiny split lock washer into the bottom of the case, and insert the first button battery. Insert all three batteries, observing correct polarity. The batteries will fit snugly, and should be pressed together as tightly as possible. The center contact connector and mounting screw are bolted to a small fiber washer (see Figure 5). Use the smallest bolt and nut combination here, so that they do not touch the crimped sides. Place the rvasher and bolt into the top of the battery. While pressing down on the bolt, crimp the edges of the zinc case over the top of the insulated washer. Be very careful not to touch the center post to the crimped edge, as this will short out the newly constructed battery. The little battery is ready to mount with its own mounting sclew. The plastic case I used was the container from an Argonne (Lafayette) interstage transformer. Any plastic box at least lYg in. high, but not too high to fit under the pickup arm can be used. If no other box is available, you will have to use Lafayette's MS-298 (17a

x 31'a x 37/a in.). Drill holes for the ferrite coil assembly, variable capacitor and on-off switch. Mount the female plug atop the case. You can use the tip of the soldering iron to make the larger holes in the plastic, as long as you don't hold the iron to the case too long. After all the holes are drilled, the large components are mounted. First, the capacitor and switch are mounted, then the batterv. Ports foyout of the RF luner in a tiny 1r/rx1thx21/z in. box. Any cos you hove ovoiloble moy be used (see text). Before mounting the ferrite coil, solder the diode and resistor into place, and solder two small pigtails to each side. This will save a lot of close soldering down inside the case. The small resistor, capacitors and transisto can be soldered as they are mounted. While the lid is open, solder two small flexible leads to the female plug and to its corresponding circuit. The unit can now be wired. Be sure the battery polarity is observed. The unit is placed directly under the pickup arm and plugged into it. Turn the record player on, and let the tube heat up a few seconds. Hook an outside antenna or long' wire to the small antenna wire. Then, turn on the radio-tuner. If there is hum, reverse the oc plug on the phono. Surprising results were obtained with the small radio-tuner on local and distant stations. The batteries should last a long time, as only 1/5th of a milliampere is pulled from them. The small plastic case can now be bolted to the phonograph mounting board. Always turn the batteries ofi rvhen only the record player is being used to play records. The pickup arm mounting holder can be removed or re-mounted closer toward the turntable if so desired. ) FX NUT -l AGAINST !-' WASHER /,,

!/\r lrtLtfot BATTERYCONSTRUCTION AE

r30 RADIO.W EXPERIMENTER ETECTRON TUBEANAGRAM Although trdnsistors ore rcpidly replocing electron Con you correctly fill in ol l fhe empty blocks with tubes in mony opplicotions, tubes still perform the correci iobs words. letlers, symbols ond obbrevioihot fronsistors connol hondle. This onogrom puzzle tions? When you hove the blocks oll filled, check pertoins enlirely to eleclron tube terminology. your solulion with the correcl one on poge 152. By JOHN A. COMSTOCK ACROSS: l) Seven-element electron lube. 4) A --cutofl tube is one in which the conlrol grid spirqls qre unilormly spcced. 7) A gcin compensqting lube v qcu um circuit (cbbr.). l0) A straight line drqwing ccross q series oI plcie currentplqte voltcge cuIveS. Iive-elemeni tube hcving two pldtes. ll) A tron is c 15) Output power (cbbr.).

16) Tcrget (cbbr.). l8) A vccuum tube circuit lhct sels upqnd mclntqins sustqined oscillqlions. (abbr.). 19) A tube in which lhe eleclron slreqm is concentrdled or "Iocused" Ior greqter cmplllication, 20)To reduce this, some lubes hqve q center-tqpped Iilqment. 2l) Unil oI current usuclly cpplied to electron lubes. (cbbr.). 22) A llocting qrid. 24) A cclhode-rcy tuning indicqtor tube is somelimes cqlled "mcgic 25) A tube noise eflecl lhdl limits high cmplilicotion. 27) Negctive potenrial cpplied lo c sontrol grid. 28) Inlerelecttode ccpqcitqnca between grid cnd plcie (letters Bymbol). 30) Pcrt ol q CRT tube. lhe point reqched when current is 32') urqtion is

mdximum oblain. cble by increcsing plqle voltcae or ccthode lemperqlure. 33) Pcrticles hecvier thqn electrons thqt qre hcrmlul lo q CRT tube's screen. 35) A vqricble resistor used in mcny vocuum lube circuils (qbbr.). 37) An electron tube's signol input element. 4l) Elecrron llow eflect in qn electron tube. 44) The "ql-rest" poienticl applied to tube elements. 46) Unit oI conduclqnce. 48) A cathode thct emils eleclrons when struck by light rqys. {9) Hecter tcp tor pilot lomp (letters symbol). 5l)-:RpxGm (supply missing lerm). 52) The ulkcli ecrth melql introduced in. lo vqcuum lube q to remove residuql gqs. 53)u = dEp (supply ._ missingterm). DOWN:

I) A-.wqverectilier hcs only one plqte. 2) Electron receiving element. ? 3)u:.dEg (suppty missing lerm). 5) A ode tube is one hcving c lolcl oI six elemenls. 6) The rctio oI q smoll chqnge in Flqte voltcge divi'cl by q smqll ch::;3e in plqte curieat (let. ters symbol). 7) A pqrticulc! yac uum lube elemcnt. 8) A tube envelope designction (c5br.). 9) Electron lube emit. ting element (cbbr.). l2) Plote potenticl (letters symbol). 13) The ncme o{ the grid lhqt wqs qdded to lriodes in 1929. dIp 14)-=_(sup. tFs!Y

ply missing term). 17) The nome oI Lee de forest's triode tube. 19) The ones used on most oclql lubes cre oI Bckelile. 23) A unilctercl vocuum tube circuit (cbbr.), 26) Mcde lo deiermine whelher or not c tube is good. 29) Tube conneclors. 3l) Plcte capqcitqnce lelters symbol, 34) A tube's second qrid (cbbr.). 36) A tube bcse hcving eight equclly spccsd pins cnd c cenirql cligning key' 38) A--cutolltube is sometimes cqlled q "supercant!gl" lube. 39) The vccuum tube invented by Fleming. 40) A tube thqt doesn't contain gcs (cbbr.). 4l) C-bics voltcge (lelters symbol). 42) Ccthode currenl {lellers symbol). 43) An inert gqs used in some gqseous eleclron tubes. 45) Plqie currenl ,Iow (letters symbol). 47)Aremole-oll tube is c vcriqble Mu tube. 49) Heater mid-tqp (letlers

symbol). 50) Grid conductqnce (lelterE symbol). 5t) Shell designction: metql tube (letters symbol).

BADIO.W EXPE"IMENTER l3t WhottolistenforonShortWqve /aU & ?Aenucl?60 INTER on short wave presents a paradox, an important one for the listener. As you probably know, ionization (caused (caused(caused when whenwhen ultra ultraultra violet radiation from the sun passesthrough the atmosphere) is responsible for both the reflection of radio waves back to earth for distant (essential reception) and the absorption (weakening) of radio waves, especially frequencies below 7000 kc. AIso commonly known, during winter with shorter days and rays from the sun received more obliquely, ionization is reduced, signals are strongel', and reflection from the ionosphere should decrease at higher frequencies. The latter is not true. Frequencies above 15 mc are rrormally reflected by the F2 layer, the uppermost portion of the ionosphere, and reflection in this region is actually improved as the earth approaches its winter solstice, the point in the earth's orbit when it is closest to the sun. Why? We don't know and neither does anybody else. Some researchers have linked this phenomenon with temperature but the theory appears to have holes in it. In any case, the result is a broader range of usable wavelengths with both higher and lower frequencies open. However, there is a second factor to consider, sunspots. Ionization, reflection and absorption all vary di "spots" rectly with the number of on tho sun and right now we have a dropping count. Result, the higher frequencies will be slightly poorer than last winter, but low frequencies will be better. Add to this little or no static on downstair channels and you have prospects for an excellent short wave season. We should say excellent for the serious listener. If you read the article Tune ln On The World in Radio-TV Experimenter f 565, you may recall that I suggested that one way to know other countries was to listen in on

local broadcasts intended only for the area from which they originate. This is usually not easy. But many countries do use the lower short wave frequencies for such pur'poses, particularly in the tropics and in such a country as Russia where one transmitter must cover a good many square miles of sparsely populated territory. Of course you'll still face a language barrier. Which leaves the music. However this is sometimes more revealing than words particularly when the words are propaganda while the music is not too polished folk music. With reception of local broadcasters as ByC.M.STANBURY ll Verificotion cqrd from Radio Clube de Mocombique, s semilocql (regioncl) broodzosler heord throughouf the World on l1760 kc, Flowever, os indicoted on rlverse side of cord, rhis QSt is for receplion on the Broodcast Bond during the peok period for lower frequencies, 1953-55, Winter I950 will represent the very eorly sloges of onother such period. /\ocKoBCKOE PAAI4O pdAno A^H hcn.rpdhn hoclB., l.\. N! .,._ Itsclr, U$R Juiy 24, 1954 C.:. stdbury II Cry:ial leecl, Cniilio, f,ear trr. 3vo.J;rt, !E:.:: Jor vely ifc::c:;--r. le.e_,iiJtr !e-rc:ts oE or :--,tl.r l :l::s: ::!l ! ve!i::Jri:,:. c:rl :i \rell a9 5,--::-1:: :r:-e, :i : .rj!:::::. :i-1.: s.-::::. !..-:::.-i-r:.ci/ ol . ; .. : -d ::_: t:-e Verificqtion letter for Sputniks I qnd lll (no longer broodcosting) heord ql 20.005 mc. the goal, frequencies below 7000 kc. become. all important and a dropping sunspot count

can be nothing but good news. How far has it dropped? Well, the count has a long way to go but even in April two stations in the 120 meter band, H13C (2440 1*c,La Romana, Dominican Republic) and Radio lViartinique could be heard throughout the eastern Unired States. Inlernofionol Brocdcosling. If you're new to short wave listening, or you just plain want to listen and keep DXing down to minimum, then the International Bands, 31 through 13

132 RADIO.TVEXPERIMENTER 3 4 15 16 t7 r9 20 22 23 24 2526 Mc II ll I\4ETER BANDS NIGHTTIME DAYTIME TABIE Ar EEST BANDS BY NIGHTAND DAY meters (see Table A) will interest you most. from Asia and the Pacific. Technica llv this That boost in the F2 layer will certainly would be the best time for such listen ine but make things better than in the summer. But most broadcasts to North America are irade reception will be slightly poorer than last during the more convenient evening h ours: winter. Thus 19,25 and 31 become bands for all parts The 13 meter band will be open many days of the world with the latter pair mosi deto all parts of the world with north and south pendable. paths having an edge. Europe will be best Possibly you gathered from these predi cduring daylight hours on the 19 and 16 meter tions the increasing importance of 31 mete rs. bands and then at night on the 31 and 25 As the sunspot count continues to drop it will meter bands. Africa will follow a roughly become almost irreplaceable in interna tional similar pattern. The 19 and 16 meter bands broadcasting. Unfortunately, it may h ave to may remain open the first few hours of dark-be replaced. Crowding on this band i s fast ness with both Europe and Asia received. reaching an intolerable saturation, eve n for Such a path will occasionally hold up most the comparatively hardy SWL. As an ex of the night with the 25 meter band providing ample, listen to the 15 kc spread bet ween an alternate band for evening reception of 9585 and 9600. During the evening we have the Orient. During the hours after midnight no less than 5 transmitters in this tinyboth 25 and 31 -ete"s will produce signils portion of the radio spectrum. Ra dio Cana da (CKLP), Radio Nederland, Radio Cul-

TABLE B_GOOD SHORTWAVELISTENI NG (ZYN tura de Bahia GOUNTRY FREQUENCY TIME* 29), Radio Moscow, tN KC/S (EST) STATIONAND DETAILS Radio Republik IndoWINDWARD 3365,15085 r500.2115 West Indies Broadcast Seryice. Here we have the ne sia (YDF6) and the tsLAt{ Ds 1500-r730 hapFy of a semi.local using Broadcasting 5010 circumstance brsailcaster British an international band(after 7:30). This one in. Corp. (GRY). Of this tendedfor the CaribbeanFederation(BritishWest Indies) features a varietyof localproqramswhich group, ZYN29 and YD are a hlend of British, Caribbeanand American cult u res. F6 would be the newMOZAM BIQU E 11760 2230 until Another semi.local programin international terri-e r, and it is this con fadeout tory. This will give you a g00didea what the Eng-tinuous stream of new lish and Afrikaan (Dutch) of Central and South Africa consider ent rtainment.Pfogfams d0 n0t in tropical stations com cludenews. Reception will be best on the Pacific ing on the band which Coast. is mainly responsible C0NG0 11725 2L00.2145 Radio Brazzavilte. African news from a French Doint REPUBLIC df view. Also French music and French lessoni. for such overloaded ISRAEL 9008 1530.1600 Kol lsrael(or Kol Zion), Zionist pictureof Near channels. Of course (or 9725) Eastnews, limited anount of folk music. they have as much SWtfZfnLAlO 1fS65.9535 2030.t2f5 Swiss droadcasting Corporation. Neutrat interna . right here as any otherand6165 and tional news (government)t0llowed by democra tic 23L5-2400 West Europeanviewpointfrom Swiss newspapers. country. Has sunspot reportonce

a month. The International NETHERLANDS15220(or to13-r /u) Radi0 Nederland. lllost interestin0 features here are Tel ecommunications 16 meters) internationalnewsand to0ical talks. lrl55 and 2t30-22t0 Union is taking steps 9590 to alleviate this situa (or9715) tion but the ITU does GREAT Several 1600.2200 General 0verseas Service, British Broadcastin0CorBRITAIN frequencies poration. Good example of conservative not have enforcement British prothroughout grammingand thou0ht. powers. the bands If the malady is not JAPAN 17655,15235 1930-2015 Radio Japan. Features on Japan and a limited and 11705 arnountof Japro folk music. cured, or at least ar _ AUSTRALIA 1]7100714.0845 Radio Australia. Most important feature here is rested, broadcasters 11810 I0t4-1145 newsfrom the fifth continent. Remainder of proqram will either h ave to is primarilyentertainment. concentrate on 25 meARGENTINA 9690 2200-2300 B.A.E. Compate the polishedArqentinemusic with (or15345) and the more interesting Latin vatieties easily heard on ters, in whic h case that 0000-0100 49 and60 meters. band might soon look $ Time is oivenon the 24.hour clock- 1200 is 12 noon, 1300 is I pm,2400 is midni ght, and so on. like 31, or switch their In other words, for times pastnoon subtract 1200 to get EasternStandafdTime. pro grams to less adI Ffequencieslisted in bracketsare alternate possibilities.lf you fail to hear a programon the channelslistsd tirst, try these. vantageous afternoon periods.

RADIO-TVEXPENIMENTEN HqndyFoot Switch FOOT switch on your table saw or drill press may limit the damage that can occur in the event of an accident. A foot switch comes in handy at the telephone to mute a blaring radio or near your easy chair to kill TV commercials. There are uses for the foot switch in the kitchen, too. There are several types of switches that may be employed for foot switch duty. Several commercial foot switches, some of them in the form of a mat, are available. But these switches are rather expensive. You can make your own from inexpensive basic -switch units, enabling you to choose according to your power and function requirements. You'll want either a positive action switch, which remains on orce you switch it, or a momentary contact switch, which is only on when you hold it on. A positive action switch may be desirable for a foot switch for your' wife's electric mixer; a momentary contact switch is desirable for power tools since the natural tendency in an emergency is to release the switch. Power handling ability is important too. Switches are rated by volts and amps rather than by watts, To determine the ampera-ge of an appliance. divide the wattage of the device by the voltage, usually about 120. Thus, the switch required for a 600 watt appliance must have at least a 5 amp, rating at 120 v. Another point to remember is that switches OUTLET ll ,oo,.*,r., .,*.r,, are rated for resistive loads. Devices which involve coils or capacitors (for example, any thing containing a motor) usually dem-and

currents in excess of the current computed by this method. It's usually desirable to use a switch that can handle more current than the controlled appliance requires. The circuit for a practical foot switch is shown in Figure 1. The SPST switch is con nected in one side of the ac line. A plug is provided for easy connection to any ac out let. A receptacle is provided so that the switch may be uJed to control any or several appli anCes. The back view of the unit is shown in Fiqure 2. The switch is housed in a small metal box. A V2-ir'.hole drilled in or near the Chossis view of swirch before aitoching bock. FOOTSWITCH ( NORMALLY "0N" ) OUTPUT TRANSFORI',1ER SPKR. x INDICATES DISCONNECTION OF TRANSFORIVER LEAD FROM LOUDSPEAKER I SPEAKER IVUTING F00T SWITCH Speoker muling foot switch' X indicotes disconnec' tion of tronsformer leod from loudspeoker' through the grommet into the metal box. Mouni the switch, separate the parallel conductors, and connect them and solder. Wrap tape around the cord next to the grommet on the inside of the metal box as a strain relief. The box may be fastened to the floor with four small brickets attached to the sides. The connection to the line and to a specific power tool can be made permanent, too. If current exceeds 5 amps, a permanent installation is

desirable. Several switches are listed in the materials list. Pick the one that suits your function and current requirements. Note that you can obtain a norrially on switch which will turn off when you place your foot on it. This type of swiich placed near the phone with -radio or TV set Connected to the outlet is handy for turning either of these blaring contraptions off during a phone conversation' An alternate scheme *hiCh utilizes a normally on switch to mute the audio on a TV set from your easy chair during commercials is shown in Figure 3. In this case the switch is connected in the speaker coil circuit and does not control high voltages or currents.-Fnewx Wooos, Jn. MATERIALSLIST-FOOT SWITCH center of the front side of the box is required No. Reo. DescriPtion t switch. either a nomentary contact type, such as 72 amn' for the switch. A 3/a-in. hole is needed in the normailyoff (Grayhill4001) ot /2 aml, nornallv on (6ravh ll end of the box for the line cord. Insert a rub-4002) or l0 amp, normallvofi (Gravhill220I) or I0 amp. normilly on (Grathill 2202) or a positivecontacttvpe' 4 amp' ber grommet in the end hole. Double a con-Dushon-pushoff (CarlingI10'SP)' venience outlet extension cord on itself near 1 7V4x2t/BxL5B"metal box (Bud CU-2 10I) ion-veniincedutlet extension(electricalor variety st0re) the outlet end, and push the doubled end 1

l3{ RADIO-W EXPENIMENTEN Transmitter fortheJr|ovice Novice tronsmitter shown here otop o Knighr-Kir receiver, is powered by cn externol power supply, permitting fixed or mobile Inset shows use. closeup of tronsmitter fqce. ByALICEROLF,KNSSEL ERE'S a compact ?5-watt transmitter .that even a Novice YL can build. In fact, a Novice XYL did build it after her husband drilled the panel and took over as babysitter. The rig puts out a good signal on 40 and 80 meters, featuring bandswitching, and ean be used either at home or in the car with a suitable power supply. The two-tube circuit shown in Fig. 2 fits into a U.S. Army 30 cal. ammunition tin, available at surplus stores. The 31/+x6s/+x 70r/4-in. cabinet is modern enough to enhance any shack, and small enough to fit comfortably under the dash of even a foreign ear. If an ammo tin is not available, the circuit can easily be enclosed in a small commercial CI .o47 MF X TAL 3.5 0R 70MC 30MMF lnv2--l5 l* lvt I 12 A 7l l--cii-l .oorMFl I l---lH tl t? t'

#'# metal cabinet available from radio supply houses. The transmitter is built in a Ss/axg\/a-in. hardboard chassis,with a 3r/qx]i}r/e-in metal panel bracket-attached. Use two brackets of any convenient size and sturdy enough to support the panel, which extends about 7a-in. below the Masonite. Drill all the panel holes before fastening the panel to the chassis. The power socket-, key jack, band switch, tuning capacitors, diai light jewel, and antenna jack m^ount on this panel, the remainder of the components mount on the chassis. The 80? socket-mounts on an aluminum bracket 73/+-in. high at the right-rear of the chassis, leaving of llenty RFCz-SEE C5 TEXT ,OOIMF RFCI R4 2.5MHY 25K

NADIO-ry EXPERIMENTEN t35 MATERIALS LIST_I'IOVI CE TRAI'ISM ITTER Desig. Description ct .047 nfd 200 wv tubular c2 ib mmfdmica c3 iO mriitOmica c4 .Obi nru f tv, alsc c5 .ddi riJ i.S iv iututat sinslegangbroadcasttvpe Yariable(Philmore) c5 3tFm;id c7 S-iOO mmtUviriabte-(Aud MC 1873) c8 .-OO,ii mit i tv, Oisc c9 .ooi'miJ, ilv,'oisi cr0 .OOf rntA. t fv Oisc c11 .00I rnfd, I kv, disc JI phonojact, singlecircuit (Malloty) Rl RZ Rt R4 51 vl' t!2 Xtal 20 l0 2 J2 L1 i?"illl'.';Ti iXlln.r,u.ro*w'undon r" rorm,tappedi 15 turns from bottom L2 lo turns #22 enameledclosewoundovertop .h-alfof --Ll L7 ioti;r';!?i oiiiisini;eleo,i'Ji."'ii,''i7,;ii''ii' La t1455 I8-V pilotlamP RFC I lls'lirt't. iob'ntin'i'if,ole (National) wound oi #18 enameled 6fii'Sii:oiil,f.wa:it,.iistot li'tri'ii-+22 -

RFC2 ;;;.;iii;'.;;i. ; ' room for the 807. Place the tank coil between the panel and the 807 (Fig. 3). Mount the socket for the 6J5 on the left sideof the chassis.Clip the mounting saddle of the socket away with a pair oI snips and drill holes in the hardboard so that the socket solder lugs extend through the chassis.These holes are aligned by first drilling the tey hole for the liey pin of the 6J5. Put a drop of finger-nail polish on the pins o{ the 6J5 and piess it against the chassiswith the key in the drilled hole. The polish will mark hole locations. A{ter drilling, press the lugs into the holes until the socket is flush with the chassis. Bend the lugs back so that they lock the socket in place. Mount the remainder of the com ponents on f 8 terminal lugs which are fastened to the hardboard bY 6-32x 1/q,-in.machine screws-except for the two connections of RFC1. This choke is mounted on two single lug terminal strips in order to isolate th; hieh RF potentials from the metal cabinet. Parts laYout is not critical, but should be sirnilar to that shown in Fig. 3. Extend a length oI ft12 wire across the front of the chassis and ground it to the panel for a ground bus bar. Connect the 807 mounting bracket to this bar. Alt ground leads should

be connected to this bus, the Panel, 807 mounting bracket. Componenls sre mounied on terminol lugs. ihe 807 socket is Connect the leads to the 6J5 socket ol the mounled on qn oluminum brocket ond the 5J5 socket mounts similqr to sockets in printed circuilry. A wofer-type oclol socket aird them to the toP of the bring chassis through holes drilled around the tube socket. Indicator lamp terminals must not be grounded; they are sup ported by two pieces of solid wire. Coils L1 and L2 are #22 enameled copper wire wound in a 1-in. dia. form. This form can be a commercial unit with mounting brackets, or a cardboaxd or plastic tube 7r/zDesiq. Description 1 i l ot lry 6 ft 47,000 47'000 12,500 ? ,000 _ SPSTtoqsle switch (Arrow'Hart & Hesnen#20994NV) 5J5 vacuum tuhe 807 vacuumtube 80. or 4O.metercrystal-for liovic band 3750 KC t0 3800 Kc (80 lv) or 7150 to 7200 KG (40 M) 6'32 x /4tt machinescr ws and nuts #8 terminal lugs single lug terminal strips l;?ilil:#eiocretreisl s-Prong socket (607) sockets) ohn, ohm, ohm' ohm, t/2 wall l-watt.. 10 watt 10 watt_

Power ::|ii ii,t;'.i31*il'-Jii1'rni /a x 5 x 10" (chassis) l/ld'steel or aluminum 31ax I0" (p?nel) 4.wire rubber insulaiedcable(insulatedfor1000volts) hardboard in. long. L1 is wound with the connection for C5 at the bottom of the form, nearest the chassis, and the ground connection at the top. The tap for the bandswitch is placed 12 turns from the bottom of the coil. Twist the wire into a loop for the bandswitch connection and wind the other 15 turns. Coil L2 is wound over the top of L1 between the bandswitch tap connection and the top of the form. Wind it over a layer of Scotch tape with the connection to C7 at the top of the form. Coil L3 consists of 10 turns of if22 or f 18 is used for the crYstol. enameled wire close-wound on a Yz-in. form; RFC 2 ean eithel be a commercial parasitii choke of five turns of 522 or f 18 enameled wire wound on a 47 ohm, 1-watt resistor. For the antenna jack (J2 in Fig. 2) use a rniniature connector jack of a coax tYPe.

RADIO-TVEXPENIMENTER RECI 5U4-GA 6/:--.8 Power supply for novice tronsmi$er, o POWERSUPPLYPARTSLIST Desi0. DescriFtion C1 12. mfd. 700 W.V.D.C. etectrolyticcapacitor(Corneil Du. bilier BRHV712, or equiv.) GHI 7 0r 8. hy. 200 to 250 ma. filter choke(Thordarson20C5d, or equiv.) Fus 3 amp fuse, with holder

La #47 pilot lamp,with holder PL Line cord,heavyduty SWI SPST switch'(0n.0ff switch) Tt 1200 volt c.t. @ 200 to 260 ma. powertransformerwith 5 volt,3 amp, winding;6.4 vott,3 imp, windin0. (Stancor PC--E414,or Burstein-ApplebeeGo., t{ansas City, speciat #38164, or equiv.) Rect 5U4.GA tube Misc:2 octalsockets,chassis,mountinqscrews,etc. Note: BA #38164 transfornerhas 350 volt tap, at I0 ma, and 5 volt, at 2 amp., windings in secondary. These shouid he left unconnected if the unit is used. Use a 3-or 4-wire cable to connect the transmitter to the power supply. The power supply should be capable of delivering from 500 to 750 o at 150 ma for plate voltage, and 6.3 o at 7.2 amps filament voltage. For fixed use, an inexpensive full-wave rectifier circuit will work. For mobile work use a dynamotor or heavy duty vibrapack. At b00 o, the input will be about 50 watts; with 750 o. about 75 watts. A power supply circuit which will serve well is shown in Fie. 4. Tesl lhe Unit on " tton--"Lllic surface before putting it in the cabinet. Plug in the plweg cable, key, and a 40-or 80-meter crystal. Switch the bandswitch to the band ihe crystal operates in. Remove the 80T and turn on the power supply. After the tubes have

had time to warm up, key the transmitter and listen for the oscillator signal with a shortwave receiver. If nothing is heard, check the oscillator wiring and try a smaller value for C2. If the oscillator is working, turn off the power supply and insert the 80?. If the power supply does not have a bleeder resistor.-short the B-plus to ground before replacing tire 807 or handling the chassis to avoid shock. Connect a 60-watt light bulb to the antenna terminals and again turn on the power. place C7 at about half scale and rotate C6 while holding the key down. * i2 COPPEROR STRANDED y' ANTENNA WtRE-?SOLDER ozI rr. rorueron eo m 622-FT. LONG FOR 80M 32;FT. LoNGFoR 40t1 ANY LENGTH OF73 OR T5J'l.COAX CABLE(TYPESRG-II/UOR RG-59/U) TO TRANSMITTER Antenno recommended for use with novice lronsmitter. Should qnd be os high cleor of obslocles os possible. Solder inner conductor of coox coble to one side of cenfer insulotor, ond ouier conductor to other side. Tope cqble to insulotor to relieve siroin on soldered ioints, Ground outer conductor of coble ct the tronsmitter. With C6 at about half scale, the indicator lamp and the 60-watt lamp will show some sign of output. Adjust C6 and C? until the indicator lamp (La) glows brightest. Check the plate of the 807; if it is red, replace CB with a 50 mmfd. capacitor. This will increase the drive

from the 6J5 and allow the final tube to run cool. If available, a grid-dip meter (or an ab sorption frequency meter) should be used to check the transmitter's frequency and har monic output at twice the crystal frequency, and to note the keying characteristics. ii carefully constructed. the rig will be clean. After the transmitter has been tested. place it in the cabinet. Before doine this. how-ever,. driil a number of l/z-i:n.holeJ in tire rear of the cabinet and directly above the 80? tube location for ventilation. Then cement a piece of thin Bakelite plastic or three or four livers of "Salan Wrap" to the bottom of the cabinet to insulate the screw heads and 6J5 socket lugs from the cabinet's metal bottom. Secure the unit in the cabinet with two small wood screws on the underside which fasten into the Masonite chassis. Cement rubber feet on the cabinet to avoid scratching surface on which unit stands. The transmitter will work with most typesof popular amateur antennas. We had eood results with the antenna r.ig shown in Fg. 5. The ground lead of the antenna conneclion should be connected to a good ground. Capacitors C6 and C7 are adjusted until the indicator glows brightest. At this point the transmitter is loaded, and with a good antenna, is capable of working just a6out anv

station within range that cin Ue heard oir either 80 or. 40 meters. On 80 meters, the daytime range is 50-75 miles and night range is 800-900 miles with 40 to 75 watts input. On 40 meters, with the same input, daytime range is about 200 miles. night range is several thousand miles.

RADIO.TV EXPESIMENTER Ihe simple "tontrol-impedon(e" principleexploinsthis vitol, modern process By C. F. ROCKEY OT all amplification is electronic. Fun damentally, amplification is any process in which a great amount of power is controlled by a lesser amount. The throttle valve of an automobile, through which the full power of a several hundred hp engine is controlled by the touch of a toe, is a crude amplification system. Because electronic amplification first found wide use in radio, however, this process is firmly linked with electronics in most peopel's minds. Although technicians frequently "current 'lvoltage speak of amplication" or gain," the most fundamental form of amplification is polJJeramplification: PowerOutput Power Amnlification: Power Input Power Output refers to the large amount of power being controlled; Power Input, the much smaller amount of power that does the controlling. Often, in industrial usage, the power input may be called the "control signal." Both quantities in the fraction may be in ergs per second, joules per second, kilocalories per second, horsepower, or other power units, but uatts or kr,Louatts are most widely used in electrical systems. Since both numerator and denominator must be exoressed in the same units, it is seen that power amplification is a dimensionless, "pure ratio," without units in itself. Power omplificqtion is considered most fundamental here because neither current nor voltage amplification can occur without the simultaneous occurrence of power amplification. This is the case in the vacuum tube, the transistor, the magnetic amplifier, and all other true amplifying devices used today. For instance, although a transformer can readily step up electrical voltage, it does so

at the expense of a proportionately decreased amount of available current, Therelore the power available for exerting any use{ul func t--] NPUI .---1 coNrRoL A corlnor r{ orrprr { IERVS LoAo vot oarce TFRMS :i:i$: V J [--; L-;.;.1.;.;J lal H|GH ENERGY ELECTRICAL souRcE OUTPUT CONTROL LOAD ERISTIC CURRENT VARIATION LOAD CURRENT g tion has not been increased, and in practice it is usually decreased slightly. Thus a transformer. in itself. is not an amplifier, The basis of all amplification is control. No amplifier generates power, it merely makes it possible for a small amount to control a large amount. Thus the essence of an amplifier is what engineers call a control impe-d"ance,a device whose ability to pass electric current is at the direct command of a small control signal-a relatively small electrical current or voltage. In Fig. 1 the input control signal is shown as an alternating voltage generator and the supply voltage as a direct-current

source, but this is by no means always the case. Amplifiers may be made to work with either ac or dc signals or supply sources. All that is needed fundamentally is an input or control signal, a eontrol impedance, a relatively large power source, and a load. The lood (represented in Fig. 1 as a resistor) may be an electric motor, solenoid coil, transformer, lighting circuit, loudspeaker, radio transmitting antenna, heating coil, or any other device capable of applying electrical power to a useful function. The high-energy source in the output circuit of an amplifier causes a steady current to flow through the control impedance and load, normally, even when no control signal exists at the input terminals. When the input control signal, either voltage or current as the case may be, increases, it decreases the opposition which the control impedance offels to the flow of current from the highenergy source, and more current flows through it and the load. The load then consumes more power, normally, in proportion to the input signal. If the control signal decreases to zero, the current supplied to the load decreases to its resting value. Now, should the control signal reverse in

NADIO-TV EXPERIMENTER PLATE (CUT AWAY TO. SHOWOTHER ELEMENTS) VAoUATED i GR ID GLASS+ BULE MOUNTING SUPPORTFOR BASE WITH :! .ELEMENT CONNECTING i] PINS \ \\ ] j polarity, it will increase the opposition to current flow in the load circuit, causing the load to consume less than the resting current value. The control signal at the input terminals directly regulates the internal opposition to current flor,v by the control impedance. Since the power supplied to the load is the product of the cur-rent flowing through it times the voltage acr-oss it, changing its current supply directly affeets the power consumed by the load. And because the load current is a function of the input control signal's intensity and polarity, power amplification is the result. The confrol choroclerislic is a graph (or curve, as engineers call it) relating output or load current to input signal magnitude. Although the control characteristic of tubes, transistors, or magnetic amplifiers may be quite irregular in practice, it is represented in Fig. 2 as a smooth, gradually curving line. The output current magnitude is found on the vertical, the control signal magnitude on the horizontal line. To show how an engineer uses the control characteristic to predict the behavior of a control impedance as an amplifying device, a hypothetical alternating-control signal is projected in Fig. 3 upon the characteristic curve's horizontal axis. Note in Fig. 3 that there is a specific value of load curreart for each instantaneous value of control signal magnitude. Thus the output

or load current is under constant, direct control by the input signal. And, since the out put or load power may be large in comparison with the input signal (sometimes several hundred times larger), we have true amTiifying action. The exact shape of the control characteristic may be of the utmost importance to the engineer. For instance, where voice, television, or music signals are being amplified, it is essential that this curve be a nearlv straight line. Otherwise, the output ".r.."tit will not resemble the input signal, it will be distorted. In certain scientific or industrial applications, aceurate reproduction of the in put signal by the output current is not nec essary, and more efficiency can be secured by purposely distorting it. Then a highly curved control characteristic is advantageous. Other problems, such as feedback from the output to the input of the system may sometimes arise to complicate the designer's plans for a successful amplifier. The earliest, highly successful control im pedance applied to electrical amplification "the the device still called king of amplifiers" -is the three-element vacuum tube. First "wireless made for detection" bv Dr. Lee DeForest in the.early 1-900's,the vaiuum tube was the amplifier until 1947.

The triode yccuun lube consists first of all of a bulb full of nothing; that is, an evacuated envelope. Placed within this envelope iS an electrically heated wire or metal tube called the cathode. When heated to a red, or higher temperature, the cathode boils off millions of negatively charged eleetrons. Surr: ounding the cathode is a spiral of wire called the grid. Finally a (frequently) cylindrical electrode, called the plate is mounted coaxially with the cathode and grid, and outward from the latter, as shown in Fig. 4. Vacuum tubes of myriad shapes and sizes have been made and used since about 1908, but the one diagrammed in Fig. 4 illustrates the principle as well as any. The connections of a basic triode vacuum-tube amplifier circuit are diagrammed in standard schematic symbols in Fig. 5. For simplicity, batteries are shown as the dc supply sources, but they are seldom used in modern practice. Instead, an electronic power supply, operating from the commercial power line is most often substituted. Basic principles remain the same. When the cathode of the vacuum tube is heated, clouds of electrons collect about it. When a positive potential (positive with respect to the cathode) is placed upon the plate, the negatively charged blectrons are attracted to it, and current flows between cathode and plate, around through the load and plate battery and back to the cathode. These electrons must, however, pass between the wires of the grid enroute to the plate. Normally, the grid is connected to a slightly negative clc potential, and this causes it CONTR0u SIGNAL SOURCE TO HEATER SUPPLY =rlrlrl PLATE BATTERY 300 voLTs

RADIO.TVEXPERIMENTER THTHYBRID(OIt One most interesting modification of the amplifier exists. Although it is an old idea, comparatively few people are aware of it. As everyone knows, telephone signals lose their "kick" rapidly as they travel down the line. After traversing about 30 miles of ordinary cable pair, the voice signals have been reduced to one-thousandth of their original strength. Thus, amplification becomes necessary to longdistance telephony. But the telephone is a two-way device. Mrs. Smith in Boston wants both to talk and to listen to Mrs. Brown in san Francisco. In fact, both ladies are often talking at the same time, How can we arrange a two-way amplifier that will amplify the signals equally well in both directions without complex switching, and without getting the signals mixed up? The answer lies in a special kind of transformer called a hybrid coil isee Fig. A). Two identical, carefully balanced coils, the line coils, are connected in series with the two wires of the line. A third winding, the output oil, is arranged to couple its magnetic field equally into both of the line coils. The output coil is connecfed to the output terminals of the amplifying device, which may be either a vacuum-tube or a transistor. The inDut terminals of the amplifier are connected to the two centertaps of the two line coils (see Fig. B). The two line coils have small resistance, about that of a mile or two of line, so the signal can pass through them with Iittle loss. And since the inDut of the amDlifier is connected to the two center taps, it is effectively connected across the line. Thus the voice signals from either Mrs. Brown's or Mrs. Smith's phone will be fed equally well into the amplifier. These signals act to vary the battery current in the output circuit via the control impedance. Therefore, a greatly enlarged replica of either or both voice currents flows through the output winding of the hybrid coil. These strong voice currents cause a changing magnetic flux to pass through both line coils in the right direction, LEI\ I LN CENTER . TAP tAe ,r \'" LINE COIL

#2 A fulRS-BROWN.S MRS.SMITH'S T ELE PHON E TELEPHONE BATT. thus inducing a large voice voltage back into the line. This greatly-amplified signal propagates down the line in both directions, giving both parties the benefit of the DOOST. Becausethe input of the amplifier is connected to the exact center of each of the coils, and since half of the signal is sent each way down the line, the amplifier's output voltage is cancelled out at its own input terminals. Thus, when things are adjusted properly, the voice signals annoying "singing," may be amplified many times wifhout or feedback. to have a definite repulsive effect upon the electrons. The control-signal voltage source is connected in series with the grid battery so that its variations will add to and subtract from the negative, fixed grid voltage. Thus the signal voltage will make the grid instantaneously more or less negative with respect to the cathode. When the grid becomes less negative, it repels the electrons less strongly, and the cathode-plate-load current increases. When the signal makes the grid more negative, it repels more electrons, reducing the load current. Thus the triode vacuum tube acts as a control impedance whose internal opposition to load current flow is at the command of the grid voltage. Like all practical devices, the vacuum tube "indigestion" can develop which interferes with its action under some circumstances. To avoid this, more grids have been added which, when properly connected, vastly improve its universality. Also, vacuum tubes ranging from pea-size (for hearing-aids and microwave use) to 1O0-kilowatt giants have been built and are in use as amplifiers on all sorts of jobs today. They're made of metal, glass and special cetamics. Vacuum tubes are shot into outer space on satellites, and are operating miles beneath the surface of the ocean as

transoceanic cable amplifiers. They work. The Tronsislor. In 1947, after countless hours of cogitation upon solid-state physics, quantum mechanics, statistical theory, and (possibly) voodoo, Drs. Bardeen and Brattain, of the Bell Telephone Laboratories brought forth a remarkable new control impedance called the transistor. Unlike the vacuum tube, the transistor makes use of conduction through a special kind of solid substanee called a semiconductor instead of through a vacuum. The stuff most of the practical ones are made of today is element No. 32, gerrno,nium, an element recovered as a by-product from the combustion of certain coals. When it's pure, germanium is an almost perfect insulator. But when the minutest whiff of indium, arsenic, gallium, aluminum, or certain other elements are added, it becomes a semiconductor. By adding the right stuff, in the right amount, one may make at will ttoo difierent types of semi-conducting germanium, either N-type, or P-type. An N-type germanium conducts practically like copper does, that is, by means of free elec trons which may move about inside the crystal. The P-type, however, is missing a few electrons which it should normally contain. These missing electrons, called holes, can

t{0 RADIO.TVEXPESTMENTEN gized, it_causes an alternating signal current BFIl$Fl to flow between the base and Jmitter connections of the transistor. We reeall that an ffi{.=l-l,f.ffitr4 COLLECTQR COUPLING CONTROL SIGNAL qnrto^F EASE RESISTOR SUPPLY BATTERY 9 VOLTS move around inside the crystal and conduct eleetricity too.-^However, siirce they're i *i""ing they're positively .electrons," charged partlcles and move in the opposite direction througtr the system. But ttiey still conduct, nevertheless. The art of semiconductor fabrication has advanced so far as to allow different zones of the sonle chunk of germanium to be made into either N-or P-type material. In fact, su_ch technique is necessary in tti" ,;"ti;; fabrication of a modern transistor. A modern "junction" transistor, the presently most comand practical -mon type is made of a small bar.of germanium about /a in. long and about L116in. square. This little bar is divided into three alternate zones of P- and N-type material. The finished bar is sealed in a neat case, for convenience and securitv.

As Figs. 6.4. and 68 show, two tvpes ofjunction transistors are thus possibleipN p and NPN, Both oper.ate upon the same basic theory, the main difference being in the polarity of the supply voltages. in schematic terms, an -_Iundamentally, NPN transistor is connected into its most generally practical amplifier circuit in the manner shown in Fig. 6C. The magnitude of the.voltages and current shown apply to the typical experimenter's transistor. powel transistors are made whieh are capable of dealing with much greater voltages ind currents when necessarv. Connections madJ to the ends of the bar of N-type germanium are designated the emitter and the collector, while the thin layer of P-type material in the center of the bar is called the bose. In normal operation an electron current of about one milliampere flows from the grounded side of the supolv battery into the emitter end of the transLior. and up toward the base. Here, within the transistor, it divides, about g5% of it flowine through the entire bar and into the loal through the collector connection. The remaining 5/6 fl,ows out of the base connection. through the base resistor, and back to the positive terminal of the battery. This is the resting state of the circuit. When the control signal source is ener alternating current can_flow readily throughthe coupling capacitor, but that this capaciitr acts as an open,eircuit for unvarying, dc bat_ tery current. Thus the capacitor preilents the generator from short-circuiting lhe base re_ sistor, while allowing the ac control sienal current to flow with relative ease. From one point of view, we may think of ., tne base section acting somethine like a semi-permeable wall, allowing eleJtrons to

pass through it in proportion tolhe base-emit_ ter current. When the signal source current acts in such a direction as to add to the steady,base current, its permeability is in_ creasecl, and more current can flow from the emitter to the collector through the load. On.the other hand, when the sftnal current suDtracts lrom the battery current from base to,emitter, base permeabillty decreases, the colleetor-load current is forced to decrease i_nproportion. Thus the load current is at the direct control. of the base current from the signal source; the transistor, like the vacuum tube, acts as a true control imped..r"u. Arrd since the magnitude of the baie signal cur rent change is always much less thai the cor_ responding load current change, transistors are effective amplifiers. -It_is most important to observe here that while the ."u^.r* tube attd iL" t*"rrJi*J are both control impedances, and thus amplifiers, they differ drastically in one importint operational aspect, Whereas the vacuuh tube is a voltage-controlled impedance, the transistor is a current-controlled device. Thus, while these two devices may often do similar jobs, they-are by no means interchangeable, either in theory or in praetice. Both the vacuum-tube and the transistor have. particular_amplifying jobs to do at wnrch each excels. At present, high_quality vacuum

tubes are relatively inexpensivi, easy to manufacture on a mass scale uniformly, and operate well when the control signal changes rapidly with time. that is. at high frequencies. On the other hand thev are relatively bulky, mechanically fragile," and require e-xcessiveoperating powe.r in the form ot cathode-heating requirements. The transistor is exceedinqlv compact. ooerates well with a low-voltage supply source, requires no power, -heating and laughs at mechanical shock that would shatte, i ,racgqm But, transistors are exceedingly !rbe. difficult to manufacture to within close till erances. Every production run includes a high precentage of rejects which do not meet government and c omm e r c i a I standards. (These culls are what you and I buy for experimenter's projects today, unless we pay over' $5 pel unit.) Furthermore. transistors are extremely subject to quick and fatal elec

RADIO.TVEXPERIMENTER trieal damage if wrongly connected or alIowed to become too warm. Truly effective high-power or high-frequency transistors remain extremely expensive, if indeed they are POWERFUL A,C. SUPPLY lil available to ordinary mortals at all, while so! Rc.E vacuum tubes capable of supplying hundleds CONTROLWINOING t of watts at hundreds of megacycles may be bought over the counter for a few dollars almost anywhere. Mognefic Amplif,ers: While the vacuumtube or transistor is still necessary for amplification of signals which change magnitude appreciably in less than one-thousandth of a second, slower signals may be effectively handled by the magnettc ampltfier. This interesting device depends for its operation upon the fact that an iron-alloy core, similar to that used in transformers, can' so to speak, pass only a limited number of magMAGNETIC IRON CORE CONTROL WINDING TER MI NALS (INPUTCIRCUM (OUTPUTCIRCUIT) BASICARRANGEMENTOF SIMPLE MAGNETICAMPLIFIER netic force (flux) lines per square-inch of cross-section area. When such a core has been fiIIed with magnetic flux it becomes very diffi cult to force any more to pass through it. The heavy alternating current to the load

is made to pass through the load winding (see Fig 7), while a small, possibly slowly changing unidirectional (dc) control current passes through the control windings. -Eecause the two control windings consist of the same number of turns effectively wound in opposite directions, the heavy load current induces equal but opposite voltages into each winding, which thus effectively cancel-out in the conlrol circuit. By this means, effective electrical isolation is maintained between control and load circuits. On the other hand, the control currents may still magnetize the core, and exert control action. A more easily understood schematic diagram of a simple magnetic amplifier circuit is shown in Fig. 8. Assume that the control resistor is of such high resistance that neglieible current flows through the control wlnding. The ac load current then flows througli the load winding, developing-a large and constantly changing magnetic field within the iron core. This continually changing magnetic field induces an opposi,ng ac voltage back into the turns of the load winding. This ooposing. self-induced voltage subtracts from the ac generator voitage, thus, reducing the current in the load circuit to a small number of amperes. In other words, the load winding "choke acts ai an efficient coil" in the oc load circuit, opposing the flow of current therein. But now let us pass a small current through the control windings. This current now adds a second set of magnetic flux lines to those present due to the load current. as we Eut, have just said, the iron core can only contain a certain maximum number of total magnetic lines. Since an appreciable amount of the core's magnetic capacity is now being used by the dc control flux, the oc load current can no longer produce as great a changing field within the core as formerly. Since the opposing voltage induced with in the load winding is directly proportional to its own changing field, and this must be appreciably less than

"choking' formerly, the load winding's effect is less, illowing more load current to flow. Increasing the steady current further leaves "space" less within the core for the changing flux about the load coil, so th-e choking-effect of the latter is reduced still further. Finally, we may increase the control winding current to the point where it almost fills. or="saturates" the ilon core. Then, even though the oc load current is still changing as rapldly as before, it can produce little or no changing flux within the coil. Thus we see that the magnetic amplifier is really nothing but a variable choke coil, whose current:opposing effect is at the direct control of a small direct current in the con trol windings. Though relatively slow-in,re sponse, it is a powerful amplifier, finding much use in multi-kilowatt applications. By its use, thousands of horsepower involved in the rolling-mills of a large steel plant may be perfectly synchronized and contlolled in an automatized steel-plate production system' OI course, numerous improvements at'e possible, and are frequently appiied in mag netic amplifier practice. By inserting a recti still

"one-way fier, or electricll valve" between the control source and the control windings, a magnetic amplifier may be made to amplify low-fiequency-cc control signals. Also, a feedback circuit by which some of the out put power is reapplied to the input circuit, inav-improve the-iction and response-speed of itre device. Where its inherent slowness is not a disadvantage, the magnetic amplifier is certain to find increasingly wider use, since it is the simplest, longest-lived (praclically immortal), most rugged high-powered am plifier we have available at present.

t12 NADIO.TVEXPERIMENTER lighter, than a diminutive hearing aid whose manufacturer advertises his unit as tiny enough to be hidden in milady's hair. Only slightly larger than a book of paper matches, it still has up to twice the volume and selectivity of ordinary transistor or transistordiode circuits. In spite of its tiny dimensions, all parts for the set are readily available. The poiystyrene plastic case you'll find WRISTRADIO "Cosmetics" on the counters of any dime store. There also you'll Lell, the versctile curl clip is lostenEd to the find the versatile clip cqse with screw qnd wqsher. Holes in end which attaches to the oI cqse qre lor phone clips cnd qnlennc coil. Above, underside ol chsssis. Virtuolly cll case, The trade name is wiring is done with pigtcil lecds ol circuit "Lady Ellen Curl Clips." componenta. Get the l-7s-in. size. For the chassis, we used a 177\671\5/16 in. piece of linen impregnated Bakelite. Thin fiber or cardboard can aiso be used. Lay out and punch the 17f6in. hoies (Fig. 2A) with a paper punch and pierce the /.32 in. holes for diode and transistor with a needle. If you use cardboard for the chassis, dip it in shellac, remove and

allow to dry after making mounting holes. Repeat if necessary to give the cardboard the sti.ffness that fiber or Bakelite has. Insert the germanium diode and tran "pigtail" sistor leads into their mountSATTER' CUPS ing holes and bend to right angles on the underside of the chassis (Fie. 3). -|HIS super-small set can-honestly-be called This gives rigidity to circuit components without a Wrist, CIip-On, or Pend,ant Rodio,. its mi-resorting to ultra-miniature clips and sockets. I I nute size lends itself to these applications with-Make the battery clips from strips of brass, out forcing the name upon it as is done so often copper or tinplate as in Fig. 2 8. To hold the with sets that should have been Iabeled Pocket brass cap end of the battery secu rely, dent or Radios Onlg. It's one-third smaller, and TSVo dimple one of the clips with a Yein.flat punch, or

RADIO-TVEXPERIMENTER t{3 SLL'G.TUNED corL + r{v SCHE[4AIIC MATERIALSLIST-WRIST RADIO No. Description I 1 I L I Plastic utility box, 2/e x Lya x T8 in. Generalpurposediode(IN34, 1N66,IN48, or 1N65) Transistor(Cl(-722,RR-38 0r 2N107) Ferrite antenna c0il (Miller,Stanwyck,Grayburne,etc.) Ceramic fixed capacitor (120 mmf. to tune 1590-860kc.;

220 mmt. to tune EE0-550 kc.) L Pair standard headphones, earphone(0.C. maonetic or miniature resistance sh0uld be 2000 ohms nrinimum) I Miniature llashlight battery (Ray-0-Vac#7L6 ot any othef size"N" L/2 v. cell. lf mercufy type cell should.beused.note ttat cap is nrirus. not plusas with re0ullr lrattefres) 3 5 I ] I 1 Tubepin c0ntacts salya(,ed from octal wafer socket 2-56 x l,/sin. brass machine screwsand nuts 4-40 nut or 4-40 knob for tunerscrew Small alliqat0r clip (0r "frictional"paperclip) 3 ft. lenuth li0ht. flexible h00k-upwire "Lady Ellen" curl clip,7z/a" size

machine screw. To prevent the smooth, zinc shell end of the battery from sliding out of position, pierce the other clip with a prick punch or nai1. Fasten the battery clips to the chassis with 2-56 machine screws and nuts not more than Ys irr Iong and the phone clips with 2-56 screws. The set uses either standard-size or hearingaidsize magnetic phones. Standard-size phones have cords fitted with tips, but with the miniature phone you'll have to add them. To do this, carefully remove about 1A in. of the insulation from the cord to expose its tinsel conductors. Then place a common pin parallel with the tinsel conductors, and bind pin and tinsel together with a single strand of ordinary stranded fixture wire, snip off the protruding end of the pin and

solder. Suppose you use standard-size phones-then what about the jacks we used? We1l, these are nothing more than the pin clips used in cheap octal wafer tube sockets. A 5y' socket yields 8 of them if you don't have an old socket from which you can salvage the 3 used in this project. If your standard-size phone tips don't fit, simply compress the clips with a pliers until they do. Except for the coil connections, wire all components on the underside of the chassis with the transistor and diode pigtail leads (Fig. 3); sep arate hook-up wire is not required. When soldering to the screw terminal points, use a thumbnail-size wad of wet cleansing tissue pressed over the pigtail lead so that heat is not DtODI CARACITOft ffi+iffi illi;ii ffi ffi ff#; PHONICLIPS; '8, Set wifh cqse open. Il meqsures only 2Vaxls/ax1/B transmitted up into the diode or transistor. Just as soon as the solder sets, move the wad over the hot connection so that it will cool rapidly. This protects transistor and diode from damage. Electrical connections are shown in Fig. 4; physical connections, in Fig. 5. In order to provide the most efficient match between the high-impedance resonant circuit of coil and capacitor and the iow-impedance diode detector-which, in turn, feeds into the low im pedance transistor-the ferrite slug-tuned antenna coil is tapped 16 turns from the outside end of the winding. Using the coil shown in Fig. 3, which has a progressive type winding, you needn't count off turns; just unwind 21 inches of wire. This is equal to 16 turns. Care

fullg scrape off the cotton insuiation and form a small loop, then rewind the coil wire as closely as possible into its originai space and pie-layer arrangement and reconnect the end of the coil to the terrninal lug, No great harm will result,

":;it4<4{?:Jlt?fPffY;i:ii!r-r*4:i--,i-i' NADIO-TVEXPERIMENTEN "scramble wind" however, if you the turns back on the eoil form. With two short lengths of light stranded, plasticcovered hook-up wire, connect one coil lug and the tap to chassis components. With a third length, connect the inside coil lug to another octal socket clip. This is the antenna connection. A 3 ft. length of wire fitted with a small alligator clip and brass weatherstrip nail or phone tip attaches to it. Removed from the set when not in use, this type of antenna eliminates dangling wires. A fixed ceramic capacitor connected across the coil lugs completes the wiring. Its value will depend upon stations operating in your area. If stations tune in between 1590 and 880 kc., the value of the capacitor should be about 120 mmf. To tune from 880 kc. to the top of the dial, 550 kc., use 220 mmf. Solder a 4-40 brass nut to the end of the threaded coil slug, or a small bakelite knob with a 4-40 lock nut, to turn the coil's tuning slug in and out. 'When testing the set before installing in its case, attach the alligator clip to the finger stop or metal box of your telephone. If wiring is correct, and the correct size capacitor for your area is across the coil, you may find that powerful local stations are so loud that the earphone is overloaded and reception distorted. If this happens, remove the alligator clip from the phone. The volume will still be loud, but the set will be free of distortion-and quite selective. Try the antenna clip on metal lamp bases, screens, bedsprings, etc., but you will probably find you can let it hang free and still get good reception. With the set tested, it's ready for mounting in the case. Drill two r/s-in. holes for the phone clips and a r'1'y6-in.hole for mounting the tuning coil (Fig. 1). Drill a1//ts-in.hole in the back of the case for securing the curl clip and slip a iia-in. dia. washer over a 2-56 screw and clamp the clip between washer and case. The chassis with its wiring friction-fits in the case.

The antenna lead passesthrough a niche filed between case lid and cover. (Fig. 6.) When not in use, it's tucked inside. Since the case is transparent, a snapshot, colorful floral print or decal can be inserted under the lid when the set is used as a Pendant Radio. There is a Ye-in. hole in the curl clip to which either a ribbon or chain may be attached. As a Wrist Radio, a plain leather strap is all that is required-the set clips to the strap-and as a Clip-On Radio, it clips to tie, shirt pocket, belt. We've obtained fair results with an aluminumfoillined hat as a walking antenna, receiving 50 kw. stations located 20 airline miles away. For so tiny a receiver, mobility is asking a lot, but in many areas this stunt is possible. Note that no ground connection is required for normal reception. In remote areas, of course, a ground may be connected to the battery's minus terminal.Tnouas A. Br,ercnlno, I don't obiecl lo your doing-it-yours lt-but I do drqw tbe line at growing Yout ow l needles!

RADIO-TVEXPENIMENTER Code 0scillators Praclico fwo codeprottice oscil' Ihe ortitle destribes loforkits thot ore eosylo build,instrucfive, ondinexpensive ODE practice oscillators are $ry compalativelY simPle elec tronic devices' The simPlest use only a single transistor or tube. The outPut is an audible tone, genet'all1. between 400 and 2,000ciyclesper second, which the user can hear in an earPhone' The LafaYette KT-72 kit is available for $2.99 from Lafayette Radio. 165-08LibertY Avenue, Ja fi:f;!llS t:::n,.,iS:.r*i maica 33. New Yolk. It comes complete with keY, but the headnhone must be bought seParatelY' hhu t<ttigttt 83Y239 kit is available from Allied Radio, 100N. Western At"rr,ru. Chicago 80. Iilinois. for ]|::j:'li]iar]:j::::|.'.'.] d:i $3.95. The keY and the headPhone Code Proctice Kil compleled' fhe lofoyette Tronsistor aru not included in the kit and

--itt"o"y. A small signal voltage at the input the base of the first transistor shown cost $3.33more' rn to i.ie. t*ill produce a larger sign-a-lat the second transistor (TR2) output'-Now e\',en rr there's no signal at the input ot the ampllitel" the flr'st there's still a very small signal-at made up of noise gen iransistot collector ;;;1;e within the tlansistor and the circuit is amPlified bY the ;;;;;";;6. This noise second transistor. -'ii; *"t" t" feed the output of this ampli fiel back to its input (thlough a resistance to keep the low-impedance input lrom pat'-v ii"ffv lftoiti"g ihe higher impedance output) ' *J pass through the ampllner-' this noise would again appeai-at the output-ampltIt would fied this time-and it would continue to rein this way until it r'vas prevented ;it""i;; @ il;T;;;ifu anv-louderbY the.valueof IRI COLLECTORSIG, voltafe and the par:ts values em

lutt;ty oloved in the cilcuit. ^ Oia t intentionally use two tlansistors to Yes. The transistor cilcuit illustrate this? used in the circuit of Fig' 2 is "o"fldt"tio" because one "uii"i u commoll emittel circuit ;;t;; terminal and one input terminal (inuv ttt" ground svmbol) a'e connected ;i;;i;e ir"irr" "*iti"t." rn. amplifier: in Fig' 2 consists of two cascaded common emitter connected transistors. o SIG. TR2 COLLECTOR -ffi* a

RADIO.TVEXPERIMENTER The common emitter circuit configurationis more popular than the common collector and the common base circuits shown in Figs. 3A and 38 because the common emitter circuit has greater power gain and because onlv one battery power supply is required to op'_ erate it. But the common emitter circuit inverts the_signal (see Fig. 2). Thus, if we fed some of the output of a single transistor back to its input, the signal would subtract and cancel the.tendency to oscillate. This type of reeooacK ts descnbed as degenerative. However, if two of these tiansistor stases are cascaded, the signal will be inverted" a second time, and when a portion of the out_ put is fed to. the. input o[ tl-ris two-stage am_ plrh r, the signals are in phase. This results in the build-up required for oscillation. If a resonating circuit consisting of an in . ductance (a pair of headphones inlhe case of this code practice oscillitor) and a suitable capacitance ac voltage divider combination lor feedback is provided, one transistor will produce oscillations. In this case the LC (in_ ductance and capacitor) combination tends to oscillate a given frequency depending -at on the product of their values. But-the inl ternal dc resistance of the headphone windingsdissipates energy, and the combination needsa reculring kick of energy-from some_ where-{or continued oscillation.

A single transistor can furnish the kick. This typ-e of oscillator is generally known as _a Colpitts oscillator, and this circuit is yfilizSp in the Lafayette KT-72 code practice kit. The circuit is shown in Fie. 4. The osciliator circuit of the Knight kit also utilizes a resonant LC circuit, but i-nthis case feedback is introduced with " t.u"rf*-".. The circuit is shown in Fie. 5. _ come with the LaThe instruciions which fayette code practice oscillator kit include a step-by-step wiring sequence. Many of the connections are made without any solderingand rely instead on screws and nuts ant Fahnestock clips. The components are mounted on perforated Masonite board before anv wirins -a is attempted. The shaft for the volume conlrol must be cut to about 3/s-in.length before it is inserted in the volume control. The 50-K volume control is connected as a rheostai (only two terminals are used) instead of as a potentiometer (where three terminals would be used). The K_night transistor code practice oscillalgt kil fits in a compact Bakelite case lsla x 2t/ex4 in. with an aluminum front panel. It operates-from a single 172-vpenlite cell. Termrnals for connecting key and headphones are provided on the front panel. The parts

in both kits are covered bv a

t47 RADIO.TVEXPEBIMENTER 2 KEYS AND PHONES EXTENDINGCODE PRACTICEOSCILLATORUTILITY A CONNECTING ,.i.,\ '.# KTY sm$ ' E,,;l.l.,,,''ll Front-ponel view of the Knight TrqnsistorizedCode PrqcticeKit. standard RETMA 90-day warranty. Any,defective parts will be replaced within 90 days provided the damage was not due to care will i""".r"r" or abuse. Each of the suppliers iroubleshoot your kit for a nominal cost if vou can't mak" it work yourself, br'rt the .hun"" that you'll have trouble with either is verv small. Almost any kind of magnetic headphones of 1.000 ohms or greater impedance may be used with either oscillator. Lafayette recom mends a single headphone which may be-or dered from ih"* ". AM-15-1 at $1.18. Allied recommends a unit which sells for $1'08 (59Y112, their catalog numb-er). The-k^eyfor

the Knight Kit may be Allied's ?6 PO53 at Lafayette's MS-309 at $1.25. If vou wish to use either code practice os $2.25 or ' cillator with another person' another key and headset may be added as shown in Fig.-6l\' If you wish to get as many as four people into rn parallel the circuit. connect the keys ano the headphones in series-parallel as shown in Fig. 68. This kind of operation is a lo-t oi fun a.rd it will help you and your friends learn the code faster. In comparing the two kits, I find it difficult to recommend one over the other. The Knight Kit is simpler to construct and can be built in less time. It is housed in a very attractivo functional package. The Lafayette on 5it, the other hand, ii less expensive and it in cludes the key.-F.H.F. Soldering"Pen" Absorbs Heol r Soldering iron heat can ruin transistors and other imall electronic parts, unless you use a heat sink. Pliers are often too bulky and heavy for the job, especially in the corners of chassis wiring, or working on minia eartridge from an old ball point pen, and saw off the tip about turized cilcuits. Remove the ink '/z-in. ft'orn the end. Then heat the back end oi a Mueller #88 test clip and force it into the pen han<ile. A drop of cement completes this handy tool. Drqftsmqn'sTdPe Holds Tight "third o Draftsman's tape makes an excellent hand" to hold electronic components together

during assembly or soldering.' Due to its high the tape can be left on permanent insulalion, ly' or can be peeled ou ""t3;. A. McRo'rnrs

RADIO-W EXPENIMENTEN AdqpterUnitChecksTubes WithYourMultimeter n Adcpter unit ot left obove (ond below) used wirh volt-ohmmeter for checking fubes. By TOM JASKI THp most commonand oneof the simplest testswhich ca.ngive reasonablyre lylq . lraolernrormatlonabouta vacuumtube is the emission test. Together with testsfor continuity of the filament, shorts and opens of the elements,theseare the teststhat are made when you take your tube to a service shon for a free tube test, and these are also thL tests which you perform on do-it-yourselftube testers. With the unit described h ere and with your volt-ohmmeter you can make these tests yourself. This.adapterunitenabfesyou to checktubeswithyourvoltohmmeter, makesa'fine filamen+ sourcefor experimental setups,andprovidesmulti-ac f apsf or measurement and calibrationwork Figure 2A shows the filament continuity test in schematic form, If a neon tube is connected to an appropriate_ voltage source, t],rrough a tube filament, it wili glow brightly. If the filament is open, the neon tube will stay dark.

Simi_larly, if any of the elements are shorted,and the neoniube ir-";;;;;i;; thlough both of them to its source, it will glow again brightly (Fig. 2B). UJ"lly ;; are interested in shorts to cathode.beiause they are the most commonlyfo"rrd'.fiori, i, tubes. a tube is in good condition, the cathode is capable of emitting all the electrons which can be demanded by plate and grid voltages. Actually, the catirode can deli"ver many .more electrons, but there is a finite lrmrt, the saturation current. When a vacuum_ t_ubecathode starts to deteriorate, the first indication is a drop in saturation current. Thus by testing what the saturation current is. we can pretty well determine the condition of the tube. We do this by tying .Wlen the cathode to ground, heating the filament normally, and applying an ac voltage to all tJre other'ele_ ments together. Then we measure the current through the tube, this is the emission test. (See Fig. 3.) Since this measured emission cunent is the total of that received bv all of the elements, when we remove orr" o-f th"from the circuit, there will be a sllght drop in cuuent. Not much, but enough 1o be perceptible and enough to indicate whether-the element in question is open. The recommended mari,mum time to take a reading is three seconds. Multimefer R.equirenents.The schematic is shown in Fig. 4. The transformer for the adapter unit is a tube checker transformer with many voltages tapped off. The tapped

voltages are supplied to jacks. There are-hve jacks to a _red lead; these supply ac to the elements of the tube under test. There are three black pin-jacks; these are grounded.

RADIO-W EXPERIMENTER One of these must be used for one side of the filament, one for the cathode and one is a spare in case you want to ground the suppressor grid also. There are two jacks for the meter, one red for the positive prod, one black for the negative meter prod. The neon tube circuit was shown in Fig. 2. Each lead of the group of nine flexible black leads with phone tips on the ends is connected to a numbered pin on the tube test socket S. Lead one connects to all the ff1 pins, lead two to all the S2 pins, etc. These are plugged into the appropriate jacks when you are using the uhit. The meter must have at least a 100 rno scale and preferably a higher one. If your multimeter does not have a scale as high as 100 rna, make a shunt to use with whatever scales you have. If you have only an ordinary 1-rno meter, you can use this provided you make a shunt for it which has a resistance of Yqgth of the meter internal resistance, for the 100 rn& range, or %gsth for the 200 ma range. The reason your meter needs these high ranges is that the saturation current of cathodes is considerable. in some cases over 200 ma. (In regular emission tube checkers, this is comTABTE A EMISSION CURRENT AND TE5I VOTIAGE OF REPRESENTATIVE TUBE5 Fcr other tuber, reler lo tub mcnuol. Similority fo. smittion tert G.n be ludged from mqximum dissipotion, moxlmum plole Gurrenl ond vohoge cr mor. Gothode currenl. (For duol tube', the figurer refer lo eoch tection tePqrotely with the other section snconnected.) fert lyPe Yoltcge Current (mo) 5U40 70 180 5Y3 ,o 60 5Y/t ,o 65 tzg 70 ,o 6AG5 2' 5' 5AH6 l2 7A

6AK' 6Al5 6AO5 6AU6 63A6

2' t2 35 t2 l2

55 !to to 60

/tO 6BC' l, fo 6C4 2' 55 6t5 2' 40 616 to 200 6SL' a, 50 65N7 25 ,, 6V6 35 90 6X4 50 roo 6X5 50 90 rr^u7 2' 7' tzAX7 2' to I 2gN7 2r) EO ,ra635 r60 ,r',, 35 t50 2rz6 35 I /to 3tr,6 25 t40 cSwl 2' t40 3525 ,5 t40 50t5 35 r60 30G5 35 t40 50t6 25 rEo FILAMENT CONTINUITY | trD I (l-,-'-t tlr-.-):' SHORTSTEST BLACK (SHOW\FOR SHORTS TO CATHODE} RED PIN JACKS g

E MI SSION TEST AND TEST FOR OPEN ELEMENTS pensated for by a dc voltage circuit which counteracts the deflection of the meter.) Plug in the adapter unit, but do not yet turn it on. Find the base connections of the tube you wish to check from a tube manual. (Electronic supply stores have good tube manuals available for from 25C to 75C.) Plug one of the filament terminals into a black pinjack, the other into the appropriate voltage jack. For split filament tubes, use the entire filament. For example a 12AX? can be used on 6.3 and L2.6 u, but in this case you would use the 12.6-o tap and apply it to either pin f4 or pin f,5, rvith the other one connected to the ground jack. Next, determine what the cathode is. On 7-pin miniature tubes, for ex

RADIO.TVEXPERIMENTEN "sHoRt'' p2 lrz -ry:--tt"'t@--o FLo,n 35V .-j-./ )Js << LDilo ra tq J5 +{ \P SI ( SLIDE) J3 J2 t^^ ,Vl? / r.^ --oploNALpusH LEAU q/'l BUTTON HERE Rr { ron [-, + (RED)zw I lieracr)J20Ct O..rrg [4ETER FLEXIBLE LEAD FOR GRID CAP USE IOO IVA SCALE AND I AIVP SCALE SCHEMATIC ample, it will usually be either pin #2 or #7. Plug it into a black pin-jack. IT the suppressor grid is internally tied to the caihode. ignore its pin # lead. If it isn't, plug it into a reo JacK. Norv plug all the remaining element leads which are appropriate into red jacks. Of course on a 7-pin tube you will have two unused leads. If a tube socket has no connection to, say, pin $6, this lead will not be used. Hang the leads away from the box, in case there is an internal connection in thc tube.

Insert the meter prods, and make sure the meter is at least on the 700-ma range. Observe meter poiarity. (Note that so far we have done nothing with the red lead which supplied oc to the red jacks.) Turn the unit on, and let the tube warm up for about a minute. Then select the proper ac voltageand plug in the red tip to that particu l"arjack. In table A, a representative group o[ tube types are listed, together with the ;oltage which should be used to test them and the current the meter should read for a good tube. Tubes which belong to the same tamitv can be found in your tu6e manual. For example a 12AY7 is tested with the same voltages as a 724U7, draws a bit more current. As soon as you plug in the red lead, read _ the meter and unplug it again. Don't leave the red lead connected any longer than necessary._ If don't to plug a _yo_u want and unplug-"te;t" hot lead, build in a normally open pusllbutton so that this lead can 6e plugged in ahead of time and pushed on as needed. If the tube reads the approximate current listed, in Table A, or a value you calculate must be about right from similaf tube listings, it passes the emission test. If it reads onlv 60% of these values, the tube is doubtfui. If it reads only 50/6, reject the tube. Consiruclion, Front paneJ.layout is shown in Fig. 1; internal construction in Fig. 5. The flexible leads are anchored on the tie-point strips, so -could,SK thev pull I won't out. You soJdel thern dilectly to one of the tu,be sockets. but then they must be made lonser. There ii nothing critical about the layout, 2 just make sure the leads are long enough to leach all of the jacksl A bayonet type socket is included for testing pilot lamps. If you exSK SK

pect to check other types of tubes, 3 with different bases.there is nothing to keep you from including as 5 RED JACKS many different kinds as are availablesimply use a larger box. The shorts and filament continuity tests have not been discussed in detail, but once you know how to set up a tube for the emission check. it is obvious from Figs. 2A and B what must be done for the others. Simply plug in the appropriate leads, one at a time on the shorts test. Don't be alarmed if the neon tube glows siightly when you test the cathode to filament short (which is done by simply plug "short" ging the cathode lead in the jack). There is always some leakage between cathode_ and filament, and only if the tube lights up brightly should the tube be rejected. MATERIALSLIST_ADAPTERUNIT No. Req'd Description I transformer(T1) Stancor P-1834.3-tube foflner(or equivalent) I octal socket I 7.pin miniature socket 1 9"pin miniature socket 2L phone.tipjacks 10 phonetips resistor,(Rl) 10 ohms, 2 watts resistor.(R2) 10,000ohms,7, watt pilot lamp socket, bayonettyfeNE2neon lamp DPSTslideswitch(51) gfrp-capc0nnect0r 3lt extraflexible test lead 2 5-pointtie-pointstrips I 3x4x6,t box hardware,wire and solder, decals

1 pushbuttonswitchfor "Test" (optional) E E ,r86t,t nr ri-l!0 checker trans Under-chossisview of odopter unit.

RADIO-TVEXPERIMENTEB t5t Electric 0ne-string Guitar How one slring and on eorPhone m.rke music for You EYARTTRAUFFTR \ / ELLOW. rich and vibrant f\/l "tu the tones Produced bY I Y I this experimental unit. It can be built in an evening, and will play notes ranging through 1Yz octaves. Ordinarily, the magnets in an earphone cause the diaPhragm to vibrate, making sound. This instrument uses fhe same PrinciPle in reverse: when the steel string (Fig. 1) vibrates, voltage induced iir [he'coilsthe corls produces a aa musicalmuslcar in procluces tone when fed through an amPlifier, You YouYou pluq fier. can cancan plug the thethe unit unitunit into intointo the phono jack of a radio, TV set, phono amplifier or tape recorder, and when you move the sliding lllf tlk']l tli"n'fll"it , ,,fu...f'-"-,',i"i*,.i1i,fi t|; ''';';r','':,.'',., string' '' ' e**-t4t;iitittdr+ltt ' apieceof straight1x 2-in. Efit lumber about 28-in. long. Sand it Connectthe one srring electric guitor to lhe p hono plug of your perfectly smooth (the block must omplifier,rodio.TV set,or lope recorder.Be sure

lhqt your set is properlygroundedfor sofety. "lid" "."ily), and ihen give it two coats of varnish or shellac. About ii;. f*; each end center the lr/+-in.long rh supplied with a loop or factory mad -e c-ollar wood screws. These screws allow for height at one end. Fasten this to one end ot the .ai"rt*""t .nd their slots support the strtg board, *iq th^" nail and washer ass embly above the board. shown in Fig. 2. "IJ" "E" you The tie polt which holds the other end of "tri"e. Obtainable in any music store, these the string m-ade of a roller rn'ind ow shade pitched strings on mounting.bracket. Drill the center hole out can use either a or steel -is ;;;G; ";; ili; il; nignuit -Usually " rt"-"a"ta 6-string giitar. they are to Ya in., bend the bracket as in Fig. 2, and PHONO CEMENTPHONE TO WOOD SOLDERONELEADTO OUTSIDE PIN PLUG SHELLOF PHONOPLUG RH WOODSCREW , LAMP CORDOR SHIELDED PHONOCABLE BEND ROLLER \ SHADE BRACKET METAL STRIP IMBEDDEDIN SLOT onu-r-d' WING HOLE NUT

STEELGUITAR I STRINGE(IST).OR t #leote* Jou HEADBOLT

RADIO.TVEXPERIMENTER MATERIALSLIST-.,ONE.STRINGELECTRONIC GUtTAR,, Amt. DescriFtron i ilz;:i::,li'.X.iil,;"'o i':,:'),'Ytrn'r"iJ r/4" itr'w'oodirews i? xS 3;,n, 2 Vc',x 5 rh woodscrews l t/a-20 wing-nul I Y4x20x I,, brass bolt, hex.head r rotter.shade brack t I 1,, finishinqnail, or fh nail I 36,f dia. washer I hjgi-impeda.ncemagneticearphone(1.000-2,00O ohm, higher 9ft i'l#;trt tilt:Ttt#,).,oro ,nonoormikecabre r phonoDin lluo I Gibsonsteel q-uitarstring (E or B) mount it on the end of the board with two s/a,-in.rh wood screws. Now drill a %a-in. hole for the string through the head of a t/4-20 x l-in. hex-head screw. ' The pickup is made of a discarded ear

plgne 9f high impedance, between 1,000and 2,000 ohms dc resistance, and with magnet coils in good working condition. Remove the outsidS screw cap and the metal diaphragm disc. Then cement, or screw the phone oito the wood board about S-in. from one end. If your earphone has cord terminals on the back side, you may have to cut grooves in the board for the cord. This connecting cord can be made of ordinary lamp cord, witf, a phonopin plug soldered at one end. However. if you find later that there is objectionable hum pickup, you may have to substitute shielded phono or mike cable. the sliding wood block 1 in. wide by ^. Y.\u 3/ain. high and about 2 in. lone. With a thinbladed hacksaw, cut the sloiin the top to accept a thin strip of sheet metal. Stretch the strings over the heads of the supporting screws, thread the end throush the hole and twist the end securely. Turn ti-re wing slowly until the string is taut -nut enough to produce a medium pitch. For best results-the space between the string and the tops of the magnets should be as-small as possible, but not so the string hits the ohone when it is plucked. Plug thJ phono tip into the jack of your hi-fi amplifiei, a radib, TV or recorder. The instrument is now readv to play. Safety note. In most types of ac-dc radios (having no power transformer), the chassis is hot and hence, if the power is not polarized, the string of the instrument could also be "hot," and serious electrical shock could r.esult. Be cautious about using this instrument

on, or near damp floors, or near radiators. etc., and if in doubt, have your phono inoui jacks checked for safety by a radio r"rufo"man. How lt Works. In theory, this one-string "guitar" works like a musician's electric guitar with magnetic pickup. When the steel guitar string vibrates in the magnetic field of the earphone pole pieces, the itring cuts the lines of force between the poles andinduces a small e.m.f. (electromoti ie i;;tin the coils. This c.m.f. is amplitieci bv an audio amplifier. or by the audio .e"tio""of a radio or TV, and then rcproduced by a ioud_ speaker. -The tone you hear depends on the rate of vibration of the string. A 1000 c.p.s. tone means that the string is-vibratine 1b00 times per second. The amplitude of thE tone depends on the strength of tt " "irirre; ,it.* tion, the gain of the audio amplifier. and on the spacing between the stiing ind the magnets. Qlomp Holds Wire for Soldering o -When tinning the tips of electric wires and on lugs, use a large paper clamp to ;oldpringnold the wire still and keep it from rollins -ihE while you touch the iron and solder to wire's tip.-JoHN A. Cousrocr<. Drilling ChossisHotes r When drilline holes in the meta] chassis of electronics gear, there's a good possibility that

some of the metal chips will fall between contact points on the underside of the ehassis and cause a short circuit. .To prevent this, apply a wide strip of masking tape to the underside of chassis where the drill will come through, to catchand,hold the chips. Once the hoju'h". b""" onlted, remove the tape, being especiallv careful not to spill the meial chip's. I I ( SOTUTIONTO ETECTRON I TUBE ( ANAGRAM t Poge I30 ( t t p

BADIO,TV EXPERIMENTER ]liril{ri;S :$ri f;t The for-flung connections mode by the connectors in the foreground of the photo ot right ore oll brought into one plane for eosy hondling in the potchponel. A potch plug ond pctch cord ore shown plugged in fo connect inputs of one unil io outpuls of others, On the chossis, lettering stonds for: R ond [, stereo heod; Hl ond tO M-AG., AUX, TAPE lN, MlC., ond TUNER, terminolions found on reor ponel of o DB-l l0 omplifier; AM ond Fiil ore tuner outputs, os is RECORDEROUT; RECORDPICKUP iock connects ro mon. ourol disc heod; AUXIIIARY AMPLl. FIER, Hl qnd [O refer to inpurs of o second amplifier for stereo; AUDIO lNPUT FROM ond AUDIO OUTPUT TO refer lo color coding rhor simplifies moking connections. to wire in an evening, this J-ASY I patch panel wiil enable you to set up l-practically any combination of audio components without delay, and without fumbling for matched cords and connectors. For many years, audio engineers have used patchboards to quickly connect combinations of equipment in broadcast stations, recording studios, and theatres. These panels offer not only convenience, but a complete variety of possible combinations. But the broadcaster has a great advantage over the hi-fi enthusiast in that most of his lines are low impedance and thus less vulnerable to screaming or hum. This article describes an easily assembled high-impedance patch panel that will greatly facilitate the connection changes required for straight play-back of records, dubbing discs onto tapes, or any other connection it might be desirable to make. With it. all innuts become accessible in one location, eliminating the need to pull amplifiers off shelves or out of cabinets to get access to lear or underside ter:minals. It also sirnplifies the adapter fitting problem that plagues most audiophiles because

all changes are made with RCA type plugs. Audio Patch-Pattel Build this $10versionof o broodtoststotion pofchboord the use of your hi-fi to brooden audio componenls BYDOI{SCHROEDER Conslruction. The patch panel shown in Fig. 1 was designed for use with a Bogen DB-110 amplifier. It therefore includes all those jacks that are present on the back of that model amplifier. It will probably be necessary to change these to suit your particular amplifier. The important thing to bear in Inierior wiring is not difficulr ond is further simplified by the use of double jocks. All shields ore grounded in the bsx bui only one is grounded ot fhe plugs going lo qny one unif, io ovoid ground loops ond hum. Two poirs of jocks ore connecled together oi the right. These toke core of the tuners which usuolly come equipped with on output cord.

NADIO.TVEXPENIMENTEff 8 .-ias"7i ^-.: fwo plugs ore soldered together to mcke the potch cord (left), the inner connectors being wirh ioined shielded wire. Note rhot only rhe righr plug connects fo rhe shield on the poich cord, the other end being insulated with tope to prevent ground loops. At right, potch plug. mind is to keep those combinations most likely to be in constant use above and below each other, For instance, the magnetic input will most often be connected to the masnetic cartridge. Therelore those jacks rep."s"nti.tg magnetic input and magnetic cartridge should be vertically aligned. The same is true of a tape input and a tape output. Double jacks are used to keep hole drilling to a minimum, two less mounting screws being necessary. Handi-Grip plugs were used on the patch cords to make plugging easier. Several of these plugs were soldered directly together to providd easy vertical patching. Betwegn patch and interconnecting cords a considerable amount of shielded wire strinping is required. For this I usually use a dull knife, a scriber, soldering aid, or nut pick, and a pair of scissors. Cut a ring around the outer jacket about 1 in. from the end and pull the piece of jacket off the wire. Now unravel the shield, pull the strands to one side, and twist them together. Where no termination is to be made to the shield, fan the wires and cut them off. lhen wrap with two turns of any kind of tape.'With as iittle pressure as possible cut a circle in the inner plastic insulation-no closer than 126in. to the earlier cut-and pull the plastic off the end. It is now possible to unravel the protective threads. Bend the inner wires to one side. Then, gripping all the threads, cut them ofl at the plastic. Often in the course of soldering, an excess of heat melts the plastic insulation. Skill is the most effective means of avoiding this but a clean, thoroughly tinned and heated soldering iron is a great help. If you use a soldering MATERIALSLIST_PATCH PANEL No. Reqd.Descriotion t0 Hardi-Grip pin plugs,soldertype BA +f12A904. Mfg. by Workman TV I Doublepin jack. BA #12A576, MfO. by H. H. Smith,

nl2L4 s0ft. miirophonecable, Belden 841I, BA #2AI02 gray afuminum box, I x 3 x23/+il, 8A F20A50t, LMB tI37 Ib binder head screws and nuts 6-32xWt, BA #198863 and 19A1014 conneclorsto match inputs and outputs of existin0 componentsin system. Suppliersparts nunbers aboye are for Burstein.Applebee, 1012 McGee St., Kansas City, Mo, gun, trigger it and allow it to get hot enough to melt solder before touching it to the wire. Sirnultaneously touching tip, wire, and solder together allows the rosin to run on the wire, giving maximum flux when it is needed. High heat, rapidly applied and quickly removed, does far less damage than prolonged heating at subsoldering temperature. To minimize the danger of hum from ground loops, shields were connected only at one plug of all patch cords, the other end being carefully insulated with a piece of plastic tape. The same was true of lines running to the units when more than one line ran to the same unit. Only one of the wires going to the amplifier is grounded at both ends. Again these iines were carefully insulated with plastic tape against accidental grounding. Generally a good rule of thumb with highimpedance lines is that they should not exceed 20 ft. in length. Actually, the shorter the better, If your equipment is spread around the walls of the room it might be wise to regroup it to keep line lengths to a minimum. Should hum occur it can sometimes be relieved by use of the larger Belden #840I shielded wire in place of the smaller Belden ff8411 specified in the Materials List. Aside from the care required in grounding, construction is straightforward and no difli "Audio" culty should be encountered. Teknicals wele used to put the finishing touch on the unit These are applied like any decal, wetting the surface to ease positioning. Careful blotting with a dry rag sets them in position. After at least 12 hours drying time the decal can be permanently attached by a very "Cutex" light brushing with clear nail polish.

If you have been having a battle keeping track of your audio terminations, try this unit. It pays big dividends in frustration reduction.

RADIO-TVEXPENIMENTER 155 Radio-Phonograph Portable rodio phonogroph thol op Here'solronsisforized und turntoble erotesofi botleries. Youconluke it, onduseil, onywhere ByHOMERL. DAVIDSON Belting ond cotch on cose ore ovqilqble in dime stores. In the home, on fhe beoch, in the oir, overseos-wherever you hoppen to be or go, rhis rodio-phono combinoiion con go with you. RF section of the radio circuit of this portable I J-HE consists of three RF transistors and a fixed diode recr tifier (see Fig. 3). Transistor TR1 is the oscillator mixer stage, TR2 and TR3 are IF amplifiers. The intermediate frequency is 445 kilocycles. This IF signal is rectified to audio frequency by the fixed crystal diode. A 3 x 11-in. printed cireuit board is used as a subchassis for the RF and audio circuit (see Fig. 5 for RF section MATERIALSLIST-PORTABLEBADIO.PHONOGRAPH Desi0. Description Desig. DescriPtion RF SECTION cr,c2 c3,c4, c6, c7, c8 cl0, cu, c12 c5 c8 c13 Rl, R5, R5 R2 R9 RIO L1 L2 ft, T2 f3 TRl, TR2, TR3 diod

AUDIOSECTION variablecanacitor.BF section6.3 lo L23.1 R3 mmfd; osc. section5.7 t0 76.2 mfd-R4, R7, R8 LafayetteM5261 .01 mfd disc capacitors .005 mfd disc capacitor 10 mfd 25 v elec. capacitor 50 mfd 25 v elec.capacitor 100k ohm, Z2 watt resistor 1000 ohm, Z2 watt resistor 330 ohm,/2 watt resistor 4.7k ohm,/2 watt resistor 2700 ohm, Z2 watt resistor 33k ohn. t/c watt resistor ant. loop, 700 mh (LafayetteM5-264) osc. c0il (LafayetteMS-255or equiv.) Meisner t6-9002 455 kc lF transforner Meisner 16-9014 455 kc output lF transformer Raytheon2N4l.4Atransistors(PNP) Raytheon1N295fixeddiode c14 cl5 R10 Rlt R12 R}' R14 R15, R16 TR4 TR5, TR6 T4 8 mfd 25 v electrolytic capacitor T5 .05 mfd 200 v papercapacitor 10ft Yolume control, with sw SWI 470k ohm, l,/2watt resistor Batteri s t2k ohm, tZ-watt tesistor SPk'jack 3000 ohm,l/2 watt resistor I 68 ohn, t/2 watt resistor I0 ohm,Yz watt resistor 1 2N107 GE transistor(PNP) 2N188 GE transistot (PNP) SW2 AR109Arsonnetransformerdriver PRI 10,000 f ARt19 Atgonne output transformerPRI 500 ohm C. T.; sec. 3.2 ohm SPSTswitchon rear of R10 9-volt (Eveready#276 o( equir') standardfemalephonojack pickup arm and crystal (PK.89 ph0n0 arm and cartridge,Lafayette) 6.voft phonomotor, 45 rpm, 33Vs, 16 tpn (Lafayette) rotatino DP0T switch 6.volt hattery(Eveready#409 or equiv') ohm; sec. 2000 C.T. t pt. I PRINTEDCIRCUIT PE.5 liouid etchant I XXXP copner laminatedboard (3 x 1I" cut I t0ll from 12" piece)

PRLT ball point Pen tape resist

NADIO.W EXPEilMENTER ANT, T2 T3 corL switched into the pho r!_e l6-9002 TR3 r6-90t4 2N4t4A 2N4 r4A LI riograph circuit, with a rN2s5 5V -7V , A-separate battery for ezl Ai this circuit since the ;trl1 *lrkct2 radio operates ofi 9 r-r. .0i Prinfed Circuif. Wash I I R3:l R4 R5 T]3ao<4.7t t00 lconr X I ". 101 dris I I I I I I c9 o osc. coiL L2 @ t rooK RI t00 K a4

5 T.ol RF SECT]ON SCHEIIIATiC and Fig. 6 for audio section portions of the PC board). The audio circuit consists of an audio amplifier with a volume control in the base circuit of TR4. The last two audio stages are opbrated push-pull for greater amplification. This little portable has two 5 x 7-in. PM speakers in the output and pulls only 10 rno with full volume. A 6-o nhono-motor is 10 ,' AUD]O R8< 7AO:. ","i t I I c i3 50 MF IT the copper side of the PC board with soap and water, and their trace on it the RF and audio circuits through carbon paper. Unroll resist tape and apply, using a sharp pocket knife to cut all corners. Dots can be made with a ball-point resist paint by simply pressing down on the ball point of the pen. When the circuits have been completely laid out on the printed board, pour enough etching solution into a tray to sufficiently cover the board. The solution should be agitated or rocked back and forth to quicken the etching process. It will

take about one hour to complete the process. Wash the finished board in cold-running water, wash out the etching tray or dish, and pour the remaining solution back bottle. It can be used again. Remove TO AN'. COIL LI TO VAR.CAPACITOR 8- 9V ; MOUNTING CAPACITOR SECONDARY osc- sEcrloN ho[ES c). ot 9 TR2 torinto the the tape t (AOTUALSIZE) RF StCTION P.C. (SEEflG.3l

RADIO.TVEXPERIMENTER RF SECTION TR4 fR5 and pen resist paint. A-2Nr8s *'r Now drill all holes in l].o. z'u,ot "au, rroa* -"l' ___1-"+-r.. _ oK z{-t c5 the printed circuit .05 board before mounting 'r llilfn(J Iilllil, any parts. A very R16 eLac( -t1|ilfi91,. t llll,llll= small drill should be io GQEE\l l1 .:'l lllllll ll^'.' GQEE\ [) used for all small parts Illlt ll llo''o' =lll,ll =lll,ll=lll,ll such as resistor, capacSPEA(ER l'lllffiF l;lll*"*-;;= / l JACK itors, and transistor ---". lllrll ll wires. The phono and ' | | | | !'r l lcED I

speaker jacks take 3/s-in. dia. lllrlfrll I holes. At RADroll+l+ +l I the two ends of the \tI tt I I printed circuit board PHoNoll | | I I ': "r JACK\l t lRr | drill Y+-in. holes for l\5 | >.47o i -oo mounting the PC I (o,Y.rKlrn board on the wooden swtTcH I cabinet. Y I MountingCornponenls. r*l I All the small parts are BATTERY i 9 VOLTS mounted as they are A I :v"','g 4 l+ wired into the circuit. AtDrosEc-toNschEVATtc !"o"0[ TWait until the last I/0r0RI I thing to solder the transistors into the circuit so that excessive heat on a given point do the IF and RF receiver alignment. (Se e will not ruin them. The variable capacitor "How To Align Superhet Circuits," p. 66, Roand volume control are bolted to the printed dza-TV Erperi.menter, No. 559, 75C from chassis, as are the phono and speaker jacks. Science and Mechan'ics, 450 East Oh io-Street, The smatl antenna is temporarily taped to Chicago 11, i[.) If not, the local rad

io and the printed board while alignment and television shop can-easily do__aprofession al -or-,tting is done (see Fig. ?). If you have job of alignment of the small porta ble rea signal generator, you already know how to ceiver. PHONO SPKR. JACK JACK { uou*r,*n A HOLES o, o. o' o' o' o' t,o. ,/ CONNECTIONS PHONOSWITCH (SEE AUDIOSECTIONP.C FIG.4I

t58 RADIO-W EXPENIMENTER B,? TR4 R J6 ,t'# 1, *;L; TRI N2 TR2 Tff3 .i:i :'tl. ,ill "1, it lif l ,Ll 'i;tii!i'r' Ar{T,t0tL ;'*'.''fu . ::..t]: nl!1 !::,' '::,: -l':-:1.1':i .,.r .i l:.,:,:,::T^ *,,*;;; F?:r.r';::.:.,, i.:"r]..r:i.i.Liiir, :i, r : ;.1-;-r:r*, . :--..,-i i, li'ji;i;*r,i looking up into cobinet. Speokers mount ot opposite ends of cose. Test the audio portion of the printed circuit board first. Do all alignment and testing of the chassis before it is mounted in the cabinet. Turn the switch on and the volume up half-way, and plug the crystal pickup arrir into the audio phono jack. A noise should be heard. Rub your finger over the needle and a scratchy sound will be audible. The radio portion can be checked by simply turning the switch to the radio position, and aligning first the IF stages with a signal generator, then the RF section. Cobinet Conslruction. After the receiver and phonograph printed circuit board has been

thoroughly tested it is ready to be mounted into the cabinet. The cabinet can be made h'om 3/s-in. plywood. If you already have a case, be sule it is large enough to take both chassis and speakers. The speakers mount at the ends of the cabinet (see Fig. 8). A piece of r/+-in.Masonite was cut and drilled for the top panel to 3" 8 t PHONOMOTOR CUTOUT TOP PANEL \rr.lSPEAKER OPENING-.\ I I SPEAKER OPENJNG I\44IN 9qqr I_ ,,^, _^ BOTTO[4 PANEL IIASONITE EIffi f@ .or'r., .o*.ror..,on, hold the record player and phono pickup arm, and another pieee of 7a-in. Masonite was cut and drilled for the bottom, as in Fig. 10. Cover the cabinet with plastic grille cloth, stapling it to the case. Apply glue around the speaker holes before stapling. Both Masonite panels and the top phono-lid were sprayed with red enamel paint. The small batteries were bracketed to the bottom Masonite panel. A small wooden block and No. 8 wire form a holder (see Fig. 9) to secure the phono arm to the cabinet when transporting this portable.

NTDIO.IV EI(PENIMENTEN ls9 theConductivity Measuring0fLiquids TERMINALFOR COPPERSTRIP LAMP TERIVINAL TO ItN 6-32 / SCREW WASHER ' I clrnn o PLAsTlc BASE Adding o feospoonful of solurqled solulion common solt from beoker of left to tesf ior of wofer, upped voltmeter reoding from l0 fo ll2. OME liquids conduct electricity better than others. You can test this fact with the setup shown in Fig. 2. Two strips of sheet copper secured to the underside of a plastic disc are immersed in the liquid to be tested. A meter connected across the lamp telminals indicates voltage applied to the Iamp. With this setup, we fcund, for example, that the voltmeter registered 10 volts with pure water in the peanut butter jar. We then HOLE WIH PRESS FIT ON SOCKET\\ t".,\ I v zxz" PLASTICDISC COVERS L IVE I ERIVIN ALS -t^ 6 BAKE L ITE OR CLEAR PLASTIC

TERMINAL FOR COPPER STRIP LAMP T0 ilo-tzo V TERMINALLINE \ 25 WAIT LAiV P PORCELAIN SOCKEI #r18 oR 20 PLASTIC ]NSULATEDFLEXIBLE WIRE, I8'' LONG TO A,C.+ VOLTMEIER PANELTYPE, 0-150 v I' I I PEANUTBUTTER JAR I I t CONDUCTIVITY WIDE STRIPS OF SHEE ROOFINGCOPPER z z r f, r-oHo added one teaspoonful of a saturated solution of common salt to the pure water (Fig. 1)' The voltmeter reading jumped up to 112 volts, and the lamp burned brightly. No wonder medical technicians use salt-soaked pads when attaching various types of electrical equipment to the body! Figure 3 shows an experiment using a teasooonful

of bicarbonate of soda from a saturited solution placed in a fresh jar of water' Here the voltmeter registers J.08 volts, as against 112 for salt. Figure 4 shows how a teaspoon of vinegar results in 58 volts to the lamp, indicating conductivity better than water but not nearly Teospoonful of soturofed bicorbonote of sodo resulted in o lighted lcmp ond 108-volt reoding.

t60 RADIO-TVEXPENIMENTER 'ff1 ruoRf PICTURE POWER riorrrn#loNGUE Y-24 POW.R BOOSTER ' itzsa poweffylbooster .. . or &netnplifiedcoupler! Teospoonfulof vinegor producedreoding of 58 volts. so high as either salt or soda. For accurate comparisons, use the same quantity of each additive, e.g. a teaspoonful. You'll find salammoniac (ammonium chloride) similar to salt in conductivitv. A few drops of dilute sulphuric acid (battery aeid) will show a surprising degree of added condtrctivity to water. Cqulion: Do not tr.y any but aqua solutions -an in{lammable touched off Also, don't plugged in, poke around liquid could easily be in contact with the copper electrodes. leave your test setup or out where youngsters can its live terminals under the

plastic guald ring.-Henor,o P. SrnaNo. Film Spools As Wire Srqnd-Offs proyides TUpictures sharp,clear on lr 2 or more TUsetswith only I antenna 'straight-thru'eircuit providesup to 10 db gain asa powerfulone-setbooster 'couple-two'circuit providesup to 5 db gain (per sei) as an amplified two-setcoupler 'straight-thru'circuit andB-T 4-set coupler provideno-loss4-setdistribution system

Employs new frame-grid tube 6DJ8, new circuitry to achieve highest signal gain and "lower-than-cascodet' noise factor. Provides full broadband ampliffcation covering low and high VHF channels. Features "NO-STRIP" 300 ohm terminals for positive, electrical connections in seconds. Has ttonloff" switch. Improve TV reception today on lr 2 ot more TV sets with a single antenna. . Those plastic spools that 120 film comes Available at parts distributors. For details wfite: wound around can be made into low-loss, noBIoNDER-TONGUE tNC. LABORATORTES, cost stand-off insulators for wires such as 9 Alling Street, Dept. RX-60,Newark 2, N. J. radio lead-in. Cut the spool in half, drill a ln Canada: TelequipmentMfs. Co,, Ltd,. London. ont. Erlort: hole through the inside and insert a long MorhanExport Corp:, N. Y. 134N. Y.ahi.fi componehts.UHF'con. verters. masterIV systems . industrialTVcameras. tm.AM ladi0s wood-screw. Wrap o ne turn of the wire around the insulatbr near the flange as shown.

:'':.'.'),,:u'. . ,, I ..\) Every efiort hqs been mgde lo eqsure occurocy gf the informclion lisled in this pub' licotion, bul obsolule cccurocy ii nol gocronteid and, of iourse, only informoti on ovcilcble up lo press-timecould be included. Copyrighrl?@ by Science snd Mechoni cs PublishingCo.,o.subsidicryofDovisPublicotions,lnc.,45OEosf OhioSl.,ChicogolI'lll. INDEX QUICK REFERENCE U.5.odd Canqdion AM Stofions by Frequeney......t5l U.S.qnd GqnodionAM Stofions by Locolion.. . . . . . .l7O UnitedSiotesFM Stations..... .............178 GqnqdisnFM Stotions. .. . . UnifedStstesTelevisionSfotions. .....180 CqnqdionTelevisionStqlions. r82 Wqrfd-WideShorf-WaveSldtions .... . .182 Short-WoveStotions . .... .r..... ...184 ; .Conodicn U. S. rlnd Conqdion AM Stofions bt Frequency U.S.sfotionslistedolphobeticollyby stoteswithin groups, Conodiqn sloiions preced e U.S. Abbreviotions:Kc., ftequency in kilocycles; W,P.,wqtt powei; d-operoles doytime only. Wove length is givenin meters f,c. Wavet eagtft W.P.|fic. Wove lenglfi *.e. l(c. Wave Length W.?. Kc. Wove Len glh w.P. . wausau' 5000 500d KFXM SanBernardino,Cal.. 1000 wis. WSHE Raloioh, N.C. -lO0O. 540-555.5 ,lwsAu WKBN Younrstovn.Ohio 5000 KCSJ Pueblo, Colo. WNAX Yankton, S.Dak. 5000 WDLP PanamaCily. Fla. 1000 WFAA Dallas. Tex. 5000WPLO Atlanta,Ga. 5000 fi?f'*,filllhi,t*':i'.'u&tr1!!G--535'4 'rriie-ilan

- . sooolQfR4 gttaYa'.o-nt WBAP Ft. Worth, Tox. 5000 KGMB Honolulu, Hawaii 5000 W'eiio cyiimsi GirdenC,-lSl[L ,.! o'ilco, catit. 9990 . Kirkla-ld Lak;6'.ort. 5qg0 KLUB Salt Lakc CitY, Utah 5000 KID ldaho Falls, lda ho 5000 Florida 50000dlCFOS ouen Sound,Ont. !qgo KVI Soattlo. Wdh. 5000 WVLK Lexington, Ky. 5000 WDAK Columbus, Ga, 5000lwooF Dothan,Ala' Sqqqd WlllAM ilarinctto, Wis. 250 WEEI Boston. Ma$. 5000 KBRV Soda spriiss, ldaho 500d1KYUM Yuna, Ariz. ---!gq0 WKZO Kalamazoo.Mich. 5000 580-5t 6.9 5000' rwnf rt. odole, tbya l000dl!(9Eo-san FEn:' Calit. flqo WOW Onaha. Nebr, poionot-eCity, Md. qqqoC,FX Antigonish,N.S. 5000WBOW Albany, N.Y. 5000 f... \IOUV -500dlKLZ Detrver,Col!! CKEY Toronto, Ont. 5000 WGTM wilson, N,C. 5000 *aie'titip, N-V. .--250dlUQ-Arl^Miami, Lla. 9990 5000 pa. lll. CKPR Ft, William, Ont. KUGN Eugene, orco, 5000 *citc-Cii6nsrurl, 2sodlwlND Chicaco, --9qQ0 OKUA Edmonton, Alta. t0000 WABM Scranton. Pa. 5000 iioin ciiilsvnie, ruin. ts0dlwMlK Middl sboryr[v-500d gQqoCKY Winnipe& Man. 50000WMBS Uniontoun,P& 1000 *nid-nlihtinos, Va. 1000dlWq4!-lortland'- -Maino WABT Tuskeg@, Ala. 500d KTBO Austin. Tox. 5000 I(TAN Tucson, Ariz. 5000 KSUB Cedar City, Utah lolx) IWHYN SDrinsfield,Mas5. 1000 Monro ,Mich. IwEBC Ouluth- Minn. 5000 lwillc iqqd

550-545.t KMJ Fr6no. Calif. 5000 WLVA Lynchburg, Va. 1000 CFNB Fredericton,N.B. 50000lKWTo Sprincficld,Mo. 5000 KUBC Montmsc, Colo. 5000 K HQ Epokane,Wash. 5000 oFBB sudbury, Ont. 10001KMON Great Falls, Mont, 5000 WDBO.Orlando,Fla. 5000 CHLN Throe Bivore, Quo. 5000lwcAl Elizabeth city, N,C. 1000 WGAO Aususta,Ga. 500 0 600499.7 cKPG Prince Gcorce, B.C. 250lwFlL PhitadGlDhia, 5000 KFXD Nampa,ldaho 5000 Pa cFiF Montreai,Que. 5oo0 WILL Urbana,lll. 5000d KENI Anchorago, Alaska 5000lWtS Columbia,S.C. 5000 5000 CFCH North Bay, Ont. 1000 KSAO Manhaftan, Kans. KOY Pho nix, Ariz. 5molwHBA Memnhis,TGnn. 5000 CF0C Saskatoon. Sask. 5000 WIBW Topeka,Kans. 5000 KBAI Graic, Colo. l000lKPO wenatcheo,wash. 5000 KAFY Bak rsield. Calif. looolKFDM Beaumont,Tex. 50Q0 CJ0R Vancouver,B.C. 5000 KALB Alexandria, La. 5000 WTAG Worcestcr, MaEs. 5000 CKCL Truro, N.8. l{x)o WGGA Gailesville, Ga. 5000lwJLs Beckloy.W.Va. 5000 wlRB EnterDrise.Ala. 1000 KMVI Wailuku. Hawaii 10001 WELO TuDelo,Miss. t000 I(CLS Flaostaff, Ariz. 5000 KVCV Reddins,Calit. 1000 WAGR Lumborton,N.C. 500d wHP Harrisburg,Pa. 5000 $,[Er#ffitl:',fiit:r's33 | !19--521 KFSD San Dioso, Calit. 5000 frsri"st]"L'i,,iirlivrri."*'-Euri;.-'rilolia. EodolcxErcranhrooLq.c. lSqqWKAQ Sa

n luan, P.R. 5000 WIOC Bridoepoft, Conn. tlIlo iaoFu tooolcrcq ou6nel'.8.c.---!9.00KOBH Hot Srrinss, S,Dat. 500d 5000 WPDO Jacksonville, Fla. ii-ci'eunatd, r,l.v. 5000lclFM..E!mundst0n,.N.B.!990 WBKH Rockvood. T nn. 1000dWMT Codar Raoids,loya 5000 Ala. KDAV Lubbock,Tex. 500d ii6iim siiiiivilte, tt.c. sodilwAAx Gadsden, !q0 WYFE New Orlsans, La. lo{X}d i<r-vC'eii;iiiid-fu.Dii.-ci-riCiriniii,-btriii-50001!!9ry9Arturas, calif. ... !p 90 WCHS Charloston, W.Va, 5000 wFST caribou,Maino 5000d Los Ansol6s, calif' 5000WKTY Lacrosse,Wis. 5000 iirhrc ioooIrlac wcAo Baltimoro,Md. 50q0 D.G. 59990 iitiAdco'r'iitiii,-'itriri.-iooolw-e4s-wasrinston' 590-508.2 wLsT Escanaba,Mich. l00od -ei6oinll;urg; |wAcL wavcross,Ga. p,090 ittilu tsa.' 500 WTAC Flint. Mich. 1000 Kv. CFAR FlinFlon, Man. 1000 *FAB-Po'i;;,F.B. 5000lwKYBPaduga!!-.lSqo KGEZ Kali$ell. Mont. 2000 CKAR Huntsvills,Ont. 1000 *FAw'piirticrii,-n.t. l000dlwvMlBiloxi'Mi3s.--lqqqd WCVP Murphy,N.C. lm0d iex.'-KGBTlqsd1gco9' lo00dCKRS Jonquicre, Que, 1000 , iaiCA san Anlbnio, iex.-5000lwucANcvYork'!.Y. lQqoVOCM St. Johns, N.F. l0m0 i<cn'C-triioii-nd,-50001 ry-M-ox. qqq0WBAG Carrollton, Ala, 1000d ilblV *iieionrv,'vt. 5000lwsYRsvracusG'N.Y. r5000dWHITE'S BADIO LOG I5I *SVA tiliiisontir:rc, va,' 5000lwwilc Asheyilte,ttl.C. 5000KBHS Hot Springs,Ark.

il'fgi:

'W.P. I(c. Wove Lenglh lrY.P.1fic, Wave Lensth I f(c. Wave Lengfuh W.P' l{c. Wova leng il W.P. s.c. 5000dlcBL Toro-nto,Ont. Ga wsJSwioston-satem,N.G. sooolwesc Greonvillo, ---lqssqlw-l-AT-svaiqslom! lo00c oattas' '*'l[u'if rix' $ildn,rd""',1l,l;#jg;:'-. iTil,lilliHl.or' 'ri6t iii8l ,sBBSli(sri ]friiil$ir's't!:.ti'Y'i'l:"'t,. *AEL Mayaru.z,p.R. rcaol570-447.5 | iiEid A;;t;ii;t;iii.' tooooa| *iior ortfis;6, iooor ,nF'EB chiras', 500001 g,ry,Jjl;r.*,r!33glwuno ur. ff_&Bssf.1i. :if&.|{EEf.ffii;i,,!:"Ifi} ff.,fi::.r9.il:'. i8tti iiEFE 'Tr31 ri'""i"ti,_r;i."'ssiil580-440.e KTBBTvler' Tex' 'oool lS"-533liiih,..lii. [?J[ Bl'*.',"1ti,1i: i333$ t"ao Edmonton, 5000 ldaho I KJEM okla city, okta. AIta. I KYMEBoisc, 500d 250d 610-491.5 ?I9ql-KSS,q lcHLo st. rhomas,ont. l00qlwvlry qlnoy, lll.. P,ortland,ores._ 1000d "-'}ii""','.:''ii:",6331| t" cHNcNew quo.*oo Yil"li'?f3; |SRB? 8l"1ll:T3:'" carrisre, l3'*%% #"11' i33ffi WBBA 13331 CJAT Trail, B.C. 1000| I(NBC San Fran.,Calif. 50000| WFRB Frostburl. Md. 250dI W EAB Gr er- S.C, 250d CKI(L Thonpson,Man. Fla. l000dlWTAO Cambridi , 250d1WDEH Sveoiwatei. Tenn, 1000d 1000lWPlNSt. Potersburg, Ma$. CKTB St. Catharinos, Ont 5000lWCTTCorbin,Ky. 10001KPBM Carlsbad, N.Mox. l00OClKD Do Dumas.T6x. 250d WSGN Birmingham, Ala. 5000lWCBMBaltimore,Md, 100001WGSM Huntinston,il.Y. l000dlx euX Briqhah CiW. Utah 2E0d -' KAVL Lancastor, Calif. 10001WNAC Laurenco,Mass. 50000| WMBL MoreheadCity, N.C. 1 000d I *SVS Criie. Va. t000d

KFRC San Francisco, Calif, 500QI WDBC Escanaba,Mi{h. 1000| WPAQ M0unt Airy, N.C. 10000dlyXgg Huntihqton. W.Va. 100{d .WQKRldiami,.Fla. 5000lKFEQSt. losoph,M0... 500q1KRMG Tutsa. Okla. 50qqqlwDaX -- -Wiupiia, tjVis. t000d WDEB Pensacola,Fla. 500dIWINR Binghamlon,N.Y. 1000| WVCH Choster, Pa, 1000dI r0g33l 91' 933$ I810-370.2 WSEE iil',"i-f"ti;i':h.t:"' u'o3331 Hi*iil"f IWFYP wLx"*"fl"'.''li:i,l'Jl'." KDAL Duluth, Minn. 50001wtSR Butt r;Pa. 250dI iiltij"H;mboit, fenn.-250dIGFAX Vict o.la,B.C. _--1000d WDAF,I(ansasCity, Mo, 'ftouston, 250d1 KGO San Francisro, 5000lWAPASan Juan,P.Rico, 100001*iiG Tuttahonia,tenn, Calif. 50000 KOIM Havre, Monl: 1000|WMPS Mem0his, Tenn. 10000| iliiJ{ '-"' tsr 50000I WABW An napolis' Md. 250d wclR Manchestor, 50001 '-" 500001 I KCMO l(ansas City, Mo. 50000 -Ait-,iiiu;;dud'r'i.iuex.N.H. KENS San Antonio,Tex, riid'{iii 50d0| i(o-iii4,-6;;i; Wiii. idddd| 750L399.8 | vibY s,irrenidiary,-h.v . b0000 E888lero-.rlrs WfJi81ff*i-"1;,tf; ,_^ fiffjlWiif ,""^"lV.E"ri-fl,',,;,p.1,yu.-. iliil wlP Philadelrhia'Pa. 5000lcBUvancoui'er, 1000u t*.i,""t.tji,d:: KlLr Houston,r x. soooliEF-r&iiiiiiii,'oiil',. 1 Kgt6.t crand tstard,N6b. ri16661W rvm sanJuan,P.B' 25000 _iigQ,lrwHseportsmouth, B.C. 5Ett{ d,-;i;"oF;""'ezo-_re r;istb-N.H. .aflflfl s.e fHiH1i{i{{tJli*;,,.[Vlir:,'1ru*:xn:". .. A$flfl] "*tl*lttil":i*ii,ti** 620r4s3.6lliF[i,h{fr?,il1h'f"' :l;ii ii$Il#{:;;:l"or"o*u'' CFCL Timmins, Ont, t0000lWAUSAnsonra,uonn. "uuf 16a661KtKt Hon0tutu,Havaii 2s0 s;;9 I XeU Honotul!,Hayail

-ioooltvirir oiiii'"rii' 50000 'i!^t}ttu; Dii;;ii;-'M'.cr'.-soxxil ftfiff Ff",#i, ffili'fifj-1'.!.l"lli'i{rfiir w-ere Ft'-wrrth' Tox' 50000 eiiliro-6.t.raa.rro rooo'i'liibis-i'iiriiio"'ii"c' KNG5 Hanrord, carir. roooliiqli ' f,r,x r$i$! [$F-"*i;,fln.r";g"t1ih.l ftf{ }:.T"dlili'ir,tf l zzq=Lqt lvsuN st. petersburs,Fta. 50001|(sTL st. Louis, Mo. l000dl KUoM tlinneapolillili nn. !90q4lwcqq !!innoaD0!i3!Mlnn. 50000 wr8p Lacranse, Ga. rooooI 4Fcq Prineville,oJeg'-IQQQaI wcAL Noilhneld,ltlinn. 50 qq{| (BqA -Ktnnett'-Mc 1000d KWAL watraco,tdaho roooI t<qso, vermitlion, S,Dak. lqqq{ | wiw St, Louis,Mo. __ 1000dI WNYC Noy York, N.Y. 1000d' iiuiiSsiorii diti, lirva -N.-ilex.900001 i000Il(HEY El Paso, Tex. l000gll(oB Albuqu rquo, wrMr L.uisvilo, t(y. soooI i(ifi _t--mes1tex. -3,5SI iiAEi'[;i Yo'rr..1.v. soqoq| 840-355.9 *r-ei glnqor, liai'id r000d sooolrzEY-r-vl9! JoL' .-?Iqq l KxA seattlo, wash. l000l .',.."f;:l'[ ''i!!!lzao-*r.r wrre Mobite.Ata. ioooo | !"(lE N;i'Eiir"iri..conn. Wl""n,T $fii: ffiflfiili ilil:';,].f1 s0^^"lwHAs Louisville'Kv' 50000 500;litll-eM-c-r,i*co,rrl wHEN syracuse,.N.y. soooliiEiri il;i;;;w:ft. rbbblwvro str0udsbur!' 250d Pa' wDNc Durham,N.c. **lr*-,r. " lwJAc N.rfork,N b. |eso-:sz.z il$Yp"3il'f,l$",ii'$;. -----or,, P#Jlli '.r. !$3$ !3i31'"1'*-""i,,",;.'",,.**o--IW353 !r."y, wcAY cayco, S.c. 500dI | Kspl stiltwater,Okla, 250dI cKvL Vorduit,Qu6. 50000 r000d IcKRoE

HSiil[",ttiii'"i"'[i'J"t.,. 0-422.3 ?333l7t |y1-*'11']t'"'u" Eii,?fii'"#jti'rr.'[838 5000 ont. lTtO-379.5 50000 WCAX Burlinston, vt. ICJSPLeamington, 1000d I KOA Denv r,Colo. u933$ 1333l3i,tt,' lSSfiI S:'$:,ilil,"3i"l[1'ro. ilY#,*"1ii1l%..*#,1 \liii3''fi'"i1;.'fiih|ggl"'"lls"rfik'"tF. 'S33WEHi ?333 u![33lg,qtb;'iiijt*i,*i;' ut8i3 G3o-47s.e l[ii{.3jS'X;,^.i":i'.','. | []fetii.'.tr"t_-,fi*.r.rofi;IwKBz Musketlbn' 1000 Mich' Itdie-rni-"il;;;iz.'cFcqqharhan,ont. tqqql{,tc#sDfiiX',i;.c$i;. s333R . rbbbbliiHsfr lttti di,ti Siiiii;iriiiireroie. _ Hiii',it'eij-' Iqd_8jl [Bil'.*g*i,"ai,+:-. ;llil$.'r,j.*"]!*'{..L cFcYcharlottGtown,P.E.l.5000liiiEf's'riieiii9it,14.!9!;;16as6Los Anletes, 8000 c.nr. ibbblii'jirC.cililia'iid,Qhli cjEr-smfth.Falls'-ont. Rsaoins; l9SqlwlB tanslscitv,[t!0. 19!kxrwr-ee Fra. #ddl*Eau Fq.-1000 Le sburs. |il?FlF;;-.;;i;,.'i,'i.,qllllw*R6 i3333 8[89 [ii,1Jlil'#i:: i333ly,of"*fl-""Y,'"1",:,'.'' 'iffilWtlit'ji-ef" fi8ffil[q": 'u' u'033 gJiiii"r,?;fiil:;flT". difliliiiidiil;il'*;h. '000 ,l33glW$iR $'iiii,i."1i:ni* wrDB rhonasyine. r000d Am.ar.ino, r0!gg Ara. IKGNc. r_ x. | $,it? i:lii:liii;:''kv. 1666I860-348.6

f(lNO Juneau, Alalk3 rUnV Edinburs, 2 _IQQQI T x. I Wiijfu numtma,-4e.-tqq$lcJ.Bg-Tol0nto,..ort'. '[[!glwrri"-s";iiior, KVMA Uasnotia, Ark.-lgQQqtrrno seatlo,wash. 8003H 50000 wis. ,m|ffifi.yir1fliffi [1"""*'1"]it*il.*jl fl.,ti_ ififlilWi[I_dff:i','jji'"rii.8t wg^t."x**ilt$:" r{ffilr;+il"sl,r;nu.ilslt -gs[sl3q_:t*....""""lwiu.v:il,*liiff5.-$,i iiio-rj e-6'rse'tdho si1a)6lwcNchicaco,lll. 50000lwTNc rhomasville,ry-c^. tglfJl iiw-nr *n6'i, Ai.(, zsou. ilffil$'-Lttl*:':i'::'" i8881 wig,iilit'"t*Xl' Eif3lzro-rro.z l[f.q.-d'r1jlf.:"-i3?-:'" -r,r6''ii*ii, KwlL Albanv'oroc. 1000d wlMs tronwood,'iuich. 'riiinn.t000lCJNRBtind River, ont. 10001 Pa. r:xxlWERDAflanta,Ga. ttD{i'E'i;:"bt:-F;iii, 5a00ld(;\'d'biiiirriii,iii,.l'-5d000I wAEB-Arrentown, ..f 19I iiDiirc'i,;u;i;;,-c;. 5000d iiltj( st.'a;iris.M'0. Iciidu ioooI wptc sharon,Pa' -rqo"qq 'iiulciiirid,-iova 2 50d -Bas;;;;; sooo M"ir. B.l. | 'iitttiii ru-ri6n' ino'.iiev,F'riox M;;t. todfi |iiir-c' ru-a-VL'i'*r'i.i,e.c. too6o IwEAN ProYidence,.iPPgI ii'titd 250d nmi,-r,r"v. sooolxloD Aiisr<a-'roorii lwwBD Bambers's.G. | iio/ifr F-iiiaririirl krG. t0000'500d A'n:cri'iiii, '--!9999 liililw 1i['ii I we.r-elohnso.n 'ounaitr. i<[En-'ib'iin'sii'd,N.[aex, soo iiililii,-eri.'-citv,rcnn. r000dI ii-s'dttil;;d; Edii,lkt.iiiEd Hi;i.;ii.'n.c:"'--loooalirfriif ii;;;;;i,'A;i. i000;lW-!!9-rt'romphis'-ren n. gI99liiAVE iira. b00d "'c' ;339lHJIf .ifiilll:jji; .,- .illllHiE! fil*"fiii,11'lfl';T""',333$ WH,'.o#ll,T,ill'fl Il,',iliill'k;"ii'i3331l.iiilp'isii I wsro Mountlackson,va. ru.llfl| *rirh-e roreit,ilriss. -tsoliiir.lic

,iiFir-oFioi,iaerice.-n.r. sSSalil;-iliw-il4;iioiiriiij.-kv.-' s00d iidii Fi,iin-."S.oaii.-' tooXiI wrAR Norfolk. va. ?XHX N.c. r000d V;;;ifi;, iit. I wrruo Fairmont, 2d; I Kvos B-ellinsham.,..wasi' KMAC san Ant0nior x. 500olr'ifirY-esiii,-0.-1".'' lgtRliliiilib i{;;;ld;i;'i'; 250 d k'd'ori rriririaliin'i'e-ci"'ffionL". Er'i',i'iiii.'wa'n" -\4;;i'i"*ii;;,"wir. wash' tooolWf#r*"?1:l;T"'il:." KzuN opportunitv' :T$lft-i[ Eilt""l,Y'f,j!; liiilili5iili'ft{i'.'['.t.u; ,ffi1 '"""rwrvr( Kn.xvire, 13331lil,'Eit ronn. r000d 640-468.5 |iiiini viiiini"n, no. '!g$_.]aoo_rze.a .^- ^ | wp+"#."g,l11TJf:?L..'" '336llr'1rs ig3d.. cBN st. rohn's, N.F...-roooolllflrof 250d #fli1,x!1tlll;#'tt' u0os3rav,-sask. lgglllKpAN Hcreford.rex._ KFr Los Anselcs, calit tq0^q0^ t000d 99919rW-D'ds i,t-.V. fentictm,'e.q,-| iibi-A Haioriooches.'!"x.'s[i-Antonio-..ro x. o;i;;i;:-d;iiL6;;d; rorjoiIs(q( wol Ames.lowa sqqo.ilWFilt-c N.b. roriit I croe Ft. Frandca, ont, l99RI ii6'rJds;ii 5000d ,J331IWl'{ild$i[Hii;';; |iiwi'-orii; d'oJ,"n WliBt1i",X;"iT"*'". f;''Xiili:tf,:'',?333 ,*ou -t[33ilEfrF^H.fiil!;llufi' .,,.;gggildi'"t 650-461.3 l$'-1"-K";ltdliljF'r'-Eti$iiiis.-"". iiiifilwEXg 'liE!{ iodn;I clAD Montreal'Quo' 19999 250d

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, ,3331 & 5000 W_K-LFClanton,Ata. t000c n... wLs.ch.iraso,wHNcHenders.n'N.c._ r000d!0e-0sl[9E3Ell,iSlJ$fli;,31'i1i,.'it'rtlW6 $f' *" *"*" JJ.?,X1"nl""',";.il"'d.-!ioo"iioo13331KIN_S_E_ureka, 6000. . Catit. yj|J,c,l"::dT::,1,,1;9.l9g91l -eio.'riii*'iiil'coro. irir,h": 500d I[iqe {";;nd;iiiq{ fi;in..fi; d;'ili;'il'' sooolii;i,-j-oii;;;i:'6d66lii;ilj"oti i;ii:'iiii,i": KEAP_Frosno,catif. KByEokra.citv'okra. 1000d Iiiir-Ex iddoIiiri'sist:"i;iiis"i;;i. Minn.|660dSllV-F ^L.osAnse-les,Catif. 5000 l-|(_LIUR |000d L_amar,Colo. 1000[WBKHHattiesburs.Miss. i000d I(.GLN GlenvoodSprgs.,Colo. ''": 't$ttlS'"'#r,fiT:[',ti,f,'i:f " ,lBBlWSUB Groton,Conn. t000 eo0-333.t. lW,ff..T+i,ii",.X1"n'o WRC Washington,D.C. 8000 CKTS Sherbrooko,Quo. toool5A.lU-Y.aiphau..Hava.ii ..!^opglwlBX utica. tt.v.'---S oooWDVH Gainesvillc,Fla. 500M. lll. luuudlWPETGreensboro, 500d cArrro Suiruri.'ont." looooly_B_44^W.Lafayottt,.trd. gqqqlwfudc Earnostoro.Fi. i ooo WBOP Ponsacola,Fla. l000d CJBR Bin0uski,Que. l0000l-+-lryt'a0d0lWIqy lnooanooan,lova lUuulWPENPhiladelphia ,Pa. 5000WLOD PompanoBrach,Fla. t000d akl'LCI(JL St, Jerome, 1000lwruw wnrrsourg,trv.Ky. ruuuulWSPAspaiiJnuirig,'s.c.S partanburg, 5000 t000d CHML Hamilton,Ont. 50001-Iygl-Mer-t0p0rrs' N.C. WTOT Marianna,FIA 1000d Si. j;i;e.-ift.quo, whilsburo. t000dlwspA S.C, EoooWKLY Hartwell,Ga. \ CjVf CjVfCjVf Viritolii, Viritolii,Viritolii, elCl-'' elCl-''elCl-'' TOOOOIW_e_O.x TOOOOIW_e_O.xTOOOOIW_e_O.xBosatusa, Bosatusa,Bosatusa,La. La.La. t000dlKWAT t000dlKWATt000dlKWAT Watertown,-S.Oiir. Watertown,-S.Oiir.Watertown,-S.Oiir. iOOO iOOOiOOOWBBlt Porry,ca. S00d Cket

CketCket Fiinio'-;ilbiri, Fiinio'-;ilbiri,Fiinio'-;ilbiri, Sask SaskSask iOOOOI!!.T_QC_ iOOOOI!!.T_QC_iOOOOI!!.T_QC_ La. La.La. 'r". ''" -cnn WBIP Bossyillo, E00d l_onesboro, l_onesboro,l_onesboro, s00dlWAGG s00dlWAGGs00dlWAGG Franriin, Franriin,Franriin, ?mn.-" ?mn.-"?mn.-" |OOOU |OOOU|OOOU'soo ca. nr^yCj-cx V;;ii;;,..sa;[.:--v^.Ll-n c..i id000-lWp.txLerinstonPk..Md. KnCt D;nia o;,'rei. rnnnnlWPIXLexinqtonp.lt.,.Md. .IQqqlKDS'500d1 n"i;."i KUPI ldahoFalls,ldaho tt[o d WATV Birmingham,Ala.--l000dlwmrL EancocK.Mlcn. lUUudlKPRC Houston,Tex. 5000WITY Danvillo,tlt. WooK Motil;;Ai;.. i000dlKDltL Faribautt, Mirn. laaQlrsE'i iir'b-d,il[]iei iooo ( OKA Shreyeport,La. t000 5000d *ozk-or;rk.-hii.' i060; I KWA_Dwadona, Minn. !000lwtct ni*nriiia. Vi. lrjdoo WCA P Lovell, Ma$. t000d I(PRB Fairbanks,Alaska J+Ii-M lUUoI KJR Seattle,Wash. 5000WPBC Minneaoolis. " 10000 -LasYegas.N v. Minn-t000d t(HOz Htrison: Ark. 4000dI l_(qlS Rero, Nev. t000lwkht ch;ilmiirn.-iv.va, sbbbUl _ClElt4ccomb,Miss. t000d I KBIF-Centervill ,Calif. t000dl_{.qFg_{buqucrque, Wis. b00dKM-BC KansdsCity, Mo. 5Q 0O N.Mex. I00qlWKTL Shoboysan, wJwL Georsotown, l000dlWTTMTrenton,N.J. KSqil Sto. conetiavo,Mo. 5b0 Dol, 10001''" KVEB Clovis,N.Mox. t000 wi.'Y!8."ii:,1iP1333$lw{[[ N.c. 'iffflrco-vz.r s3f'?[1;li-].v. KMIN Grants, N. M x.. t000d wccA c-arh0un,_ca._w_uuAu_arn0un,,ua. r000dlWBBBtuuuu, Burlincton' JUUUUICFAC 50 00 ' 5000dlcFAccargary, 10000 1000010000W_r_BYT!gy, N.Y.

0algary,Alta, Alta,Alta, WC.By-Macon,.Gi,' C0lunbus,_ WCByMacon,Gi, ttdlWllNl C0lunbus,-0hio 500_tcnrusHarifax,N.S. r9g99t0000 S000d ttd ll,V!_ry| ohio q0( N.q. 'iooo WKLM -W.ilnington. w1v Savannah.savannah.ca. ca.ca. 16n66lne,rr r-duinon,bre'i.-ores. r66dlFll$,1tooolCrwS'rl'riiiiin,"riitll ljj:l-N..1:. WAAA Win.-Sal m,N,C. t0000 wJtV roooll.t!.9-4!.Lebanon, KStR Wichita,Kan. 2S0IWKVAt wistour,pa. t000( WONE Dayton.Ohio 5000 ';"0"0ilwBBcBirninsham'Ala' 5000 wKyw Louisvire,Ky. roooalyi4t'piir'iid;;;; R.i. W!LK Wilkes-Barro, Pa. b00{, wLsrpjk vi1e,r(y. roooa KDSI Deadvood, IylLc _o-";!i,r;'s,-{b. lmd'qIHJ""rtlf"lili';.*1.. 1333 S.Dak. t000 rnE4 oiraire, Li. t50Al5.F_z!i --6ooWSIX Nashyille,Tend. Rapidcity,s.Dak. tooolliiAVE iiiiii,'Variiv.-burir.sddoo 5000 *cmr Cruniwicr,maino 500;lly}rY LiYinsston,ronn. lgqqi i(Nit Lii'f,iic.-Ciiii.-"" l(FRD Bosenb r!,Tcx. t00Od WATC Gaylord, Mich. l000dl rELr Lr Faso, rex' luuul KABL Oakland, Calif. t000 I( SVC Bichffeld,Utah 500C odcssa,-r x._ rris-miniriipririi,minn. i000;l!J_Ep5. .1009WiLl i;;.T;i.;:'i;nn. i6ooWF_EG Bris tdl. Va. 5000 ciry.rqx. t000d{\rGRb W.M_El(-.Ch.are woor eieeniilie,'Misi.-i0ddlltIL.W' -'r rexas Lii".ditv,,r.ii..l.. idoo City,-Va . 500q rFAl ruriin,ilrri. ' i000dl[!L{.O^ly'fpia,wash. l0qQ{lw jci[ Seriiini.-'Fri.'-'' c;. rdoouKUTI Yakima,Wash. 5000d iijsii iorirri.dui,.riretr. i6d0iIKx.Ly.se0kane.wash. 500qIivirl.d ;th;;i 6oooWH AW W ston,W.Va. 1000d . worw Nashau,.N.H. rooool}l|f,IJ.f,1!.lll9l-! H;Ia. l99glKSdAs;ni6-ii,'rrirrb r6o orWCUB Manitowoc,Wis, 1000d' WBRVBoonville,N,Y. l000d MrrwauKee' luuulWSBT Bend,Ind. WPRE PrairioduChion. lwuKr wls' South 5000 Wi5.500d WSPNSaratosa N.Y,25tldl6.^ lowa 5000 '

sprss,, I KMA Shenandoah, 190-302.8 RockinghAm,N.C. N.C.N.C. 1000d 1000d1000dlt5U-JZZ.{ Ky. Ky.Ky. 1000d 1000d1000d i WAYN WAYNWAYN Rockingham, IIJU-JZZ.{ IWPRT IWPRTIWPRT Prest0nsburg, Prest0nsburg,Prest0nsburg, N.C.t' l000dlcrnc sinf La. '9333 50000 WIAM Williamstbn, t.hn\N a nnn^IKROFAltbeville, 1000dCBW Winnipo!, Man. Hlft$.K.q{.Y larto,Yll,''ls.'iffieilil,Dak. i333llglP^".y*,1t"/^'lnily;8.l000dld ji:A'E'iriiii'to"iil"hiiil' ,tggglil,EBIr666b1W999.s_qlis.bury,M_d. s000 CBT Gra ndFalls,N.F. l00O i t]i,fii1i.';.!fu. wANo canton,ohio -citrjiiir, i0d00lWlqM Fitchburc.Mass. WWWF Fayetto,Ala. ttx|0d 500dlcloN Si. r;i;;;,'ii.?. l{00 'aii.' Fremont,.oj'i0 |wiro jrirdriiIV_Har. EqSerscitv, _Mich. 5000dWTCB Flomalon,Ala, ;S00d ," wqPA Qle-arfield. l9o94lrrr<r,r iieictritin,"ltasta VFRo _-s!Q4 '1-0-0i'15.1=T-FPa.-L.ittlo Falls, Minn. 500d KTKT Tucson,Ariz. 10000d WF-L-N.Philadetphi4Philadetphi4 I iaAFiiitd,;;i;;.'iri;:**borliji'j,'irii.--* '; iilll_(lYS'iiiilKFvs Grenwood, Grenwood,Grenwood,Miss.__ 1000 10001000 5000 WF_L-N. Pa. Pa.Pa. !ASS4!9qgqliiAFii 'r"jtir rrjririjlW4.9-crriririilW4-9,c Miss. KKIS Pitts burg,Calit. y!{KXV Tenn, Tenn,Tenn, l000dlKHi Lns l-ni"i"" CapeGirardeau, KLIR Denver. 1000d : WKXVl(noxvill0, l(noxvill0,l(noxvill0, l000dliii.ii-i""-a'l'-i"L""i"lir;+ qape Gjrardgau,Mo. Mo.Mo.1000 10001000 Colo, wco*Lobanon.r nn. ,orr l[ooWBZY Torrington,Contr. t000d". 1 l[ni"tg:i'riiiui"blirrt.illll [[YE9i3,1,$i,1ft:oiiJd..M"

KALr Atlanta,rex. tooooliykte-niiiriiil6ii)' s-d'g;ll(wYKFarminston, 1000dWHOO O rlando,Fla. 10000j,. N.Mex. KMCOconroe.Tcx, 500d -Plattsbur!, 9q00 ca. i lwJAx riciidn,ji[e.'-rra. inbilyE4y -N.Y. WDWD Dayson, 1000d !!f!-9. flovd.qqa'rrex. ?!Q4lwrXV siiii6il.--iri.--' i0dxlWlLc,(inston'N'c. 5000 KOOD Honolulu,Hawaii 1000 .Kc-LwH_amilton, 1000d -r x. _?IS4Iwricn B;;i,-rifis;,"t". sdrioliIl{lY_9I wooster,.ohio WCAZ Carthage,ll l. l0l0d. WAFC Staunton, Va. t000drksFr p^.r+.il^ riah^ in^;lt(cWA Enid, Okla. 1000 WITZ J asper,Ind. 1000d i .KUENwonatchee,wash. sooliii-do'Oi,'ii,r1il'rii'"" #dXlltl4P KlamathFalls,oreo.5000d 250d ! 'dieen, KAYL Storm Lake, lova Kv idd;IWtlYl carlisl ,Pa. WATKAotiso,wis. 2s0dIWi(CTe-owiiii "-s000dI(RSL Russell.Kans. 250d ;5oXll{491r(ang'P-a' r000d lwrrirb riiitiiicr, iiii: WIMR Nca Orl6an5,La. 250d l(RlH Bawillc,La: 250d ,.rr2,.. Mich.t000l,W;il-c"ririTiilnliiiiii.r."n..Edoo ero-32e.5 ero-32e.5 lwB.c-K_Bat'ec-r_eek, llffilWABO Wayn6boro,MlF8. 25lld.:' . lWgilp."",.-%#;h;,,, ::., i6ilWffil"nifii;fifit:,.", CJpVDrumheller, 16ss raokson,Jaoks-on,Miss. 5000 CtDV Drilmhelcr Alta,Att, l6nnlWSLIlW.S.L|-Miss' 500urxruo il+ Dr.6.-n+ ?^e KRMO Monett,Mo. 250d | KilrripMi-iSiiiii;:t.'f"i."' lddoo Mo.-1000 , 'rrt6itt.'-' Ckt-Vt-iniiiiv,-ijni.'--' i6ddlK!v-o-c.Poplar..Blutr, t00 KGKLsan An06lo'Tox' 50 00KSVP Art 6ia, lrl.Mox.

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rex. *lii;:_i:"9. KSAY San Fran,,Calif. ' WCNU Crestview,Fla. 1000d. ' WZRO Jacksonvillo [$hl"StilfllEi . ili8l?10-3rs.6 fWP#^:f,i:ii,,X'Blh-9333 Boach, \ . KALL satt LakAcity, Utah t000lCKNB Campbeilton,N.B. tooOl*Alit Aiiri-n-citrio" t oorit Florida 1000dWWBJ White River Junction, ICI(BB-B_qrri_e, 5000| KAKC Tutsa, Okta. t000WGUN Decatur,ca, 5000M Ont. Vermontl000dlW--BMAMontgomcry,Alaj l000dlKOtN Fo*tairt, Oiec. SOOOWCSI Columbus, Ind. 500d' iWBN-L Bichm-ond,va, 5000lKXJK Forrestcity, Ark. s000dIw\itsw piilitu ish, Fi.' SirooI(SMN ilasonCity, loua 1000d WH_YE_Roanoke.Va. 1000dlKFS.A Ft. Smith, Ark, t000lWJMX rtorence.-S.C. sooo Kans . 250d KIND.Inde0endonco, l(oRD Psco, Iyash: tfilodlKAHt 'J000d Auborn,citif. tooodI r[o( Ft.-worttr,-ru. toooo KDLA DoRiddor,La. Wash. X!r_q,Y-F0nt0n, . !0O0lKI_UN Dcnyor,C0!0. SOOOIWOit'Danviile,Vi. 5b0dWSID Baltin ore.Md. 1000d KlSl{ Vancouvor,Wash. 1000 Ft.-WaitonSch.,Fta. t000dlKREM SpokanqWash. 1},V_FBS ..OOO WHSil Hayvard,Wis, t00odIWLOF Ortando,Fta. 500dlwwyo Fi'i;ii[ .-w.V;_ trxioa It{oon EturteonBay, Wls.-500dI WGTA Sumn ryillo,ca, 1000dIWHA ttadison,Wis. 8000dW HITE'S NADIO LOC l0s ',.,,, .,., .,i.:.i::1.:. :'.111i

(c. Wcve Lenglft KCHI Chillicotho,Mo. KjCF F6tu6, ilo, KRVN Loxington,Ncbr. wlNs Nev York, N.Y. WABZ Atbermarte.N,C. WELS Kinston,N.C, wlol Eoston. WlOl N v N vN v Boston, Ohio OhioOhio Pa. wrTT Lewisburg, Alta, keti ketiketi Amariilo. Amariilo.Amariilo.tex. tex.tex.-5966l 5966l5966lKSCO KSCOKSCO Cruz, Cruz,Cruz,Calif. Calif.Calif. zsOalQrlF,oEdmonton,4rt3,*OntUW3[[SXllllii]'lTi*.bivannil,renr,' lslrp ^erlnon-t on, Santa SantaSantaSantaCruz-,calif. iieui' Amiriiio,'rex. soool-t!.s:QQ WHEY Millington,Tenn. 250 iiiliiv'ilffii;;;'r;:-' tsddlV-r_rc-H?rtford.,.conn_.tsddlw.r_rc_H?rtford-,.conn . 5qqq0WORA Mayagucz,P.B, iiilj{ Ciirioiieivirle,va.--roooal . .. WRNO Oran!ebur!,S.C. ,lrt."EUJi{n'il''J.u]fi',. iailiiv'ilffii;;;'r;:-'iinl* i,iiiiin, i"x. 25s4|!y-T_lc-H$uord.,.conn_. 1000 LoulsvillgrKy. Ky.Ky. qQqo Va. l000dl-ryKLU -Loulsvlu-e, 5000 iiil E'i,rri;;i;;,-V;:--'niurion,Vu. i0d0JIwoAP ovosso,Mich. Mich.Mich. 250dWT\rC BockHill. S.C. 1000d ?3gi WELI( Charlottesville, YKLo *ilEi roooolYQ4.p Ovosso, WLSD BiO StonecaD, Va, to00d 'iiiSr-di*eGvsprcs.,w.va.isoul!Y-Ysl--N.Y-' !qg-od WFAX FallsChurch,Va. 1000d

tiiiisr e'i*eGv sprus.,w.va, isoo IV,YSL-Kenmore,N'Y'Kenmo.e, WSNW SonecaToynshi p, ---i -i-i ii6Fi ii6Fiii6Fi St,ii,iiip-i;qi;:' 00dd 00dd00dd SouthCarolina1000d'---stivitiip{;1ti;:' |[S]1[[ y,o"l.i*i11,11,16g,;J...o":iJ#i,Xl't'";J'c. WAP0 Chattanoosa,Tenn, 5000 KASY Auburn,W$h. 2S0d | KWJJ Porttand,Orog. i00333 ' eittsruish,ie'i,e'i. idoduWCRK Morrist0Un,Tenn. 1000 Dallas'--"--' Tex' 50000WTAW Bryaf Tex. 1000d lw_e_eelittpruiel, l620-293.t| 020-2g3.t [W_e_eg |230-243.8 I KBLD KBLDKBLD Dallas,Tex. KPOP KPOPKPOP Los LosLos Anc les, Anc les,Anc les,Calit,catif' 50001 KCCTCArpusChristi,Tex. 1000d 50001'-"-CFCW Camroso,Alta. l00O wclL carbondale,lll. 1000d | | 090!275.1 KIZZ El Paso,Tex, l0fild CHFC Churchill, Man. 2fi 1000d wFLb'flfi,il"lii:"'' | ::: WPEO P oria,lll. l333tl!0?0-275.1 KJBC ilidland, Tox. 1000dCFI(L Schefierville, Qu e, 2i0 piitsllich, pa. 50000lcHE-cLethbridg0' 5000 XDKAKDKA Pittsburgh, 5000019I4C-Lethbrid! iiotcn Pittsbursh, Pa. Pa.Pa. 500001qI lc -Lethbridss,Alta. Alta.Alta. KPNG Port Noches,T x. I l5O FGR Gravelbourg, Sask. 250 ICHIC ICHICICHIC BramDton-

OnlBrampton,Ont. 250 KOLI Quanah,Tex. 500d r. roo lcH Rs st. st.st. Jban.'euo. | 030_291.1 Jban,'Quo. l00o 1030-291.1 IGHRS KOFE Pullman,Wash. 1000dSiJdBii"',1i,3'"v;tYukon u3333 sgssslSlii KAYO Ssattle. Wash; 5000 wBz.B_osren,-Mass:. !!tgz-B_osren,-Mass:-!#"'io"T,.li,.o'*. sglsslSlii !H"'30"T,'li,.o'*' wB?A.sprincfield,_M_a$. KKEY Vancouvor,Wash. 1000d wB?A.sprincfield,_M_a$..laAa.laAalkn*sWiili:i"i,'rii,iiIkn*s Wiili:i"i.'rii,ii l o66i '5-0-0bb KoB KoBKoB Albuquerque, Albuquerque,Albuquerque, WELC Welch,W,Va. l000d N.|tt x. !!ggqIii i;ii N.|[ x. !lggql*ririi a;tiin;;;,' M;, B;iiiil;;,' T;, KCrA KCrAKCrA Corpus CorpusCorpuschrisri, WAXX ChippevaFalls,Wis.5000d christi,rex. rex.rex.5000odl*|it 5000odl*|it5000odl*|it B6iiiril-fuisl'-' B6iiiril-fuisl'-'B6iiiril-fuisl'-' ifrinr WISN MilYaukee,Wis, 5000 t04o-288.3 l['ttt"T"'ii[:"rl/"l[:'n[3333 I t60J258.5 KHYH Honolulu.llavail 5000 WJID Chicaso,lll, 50000 wHo DosMoines, sooorilll00-272'6

lova KSL Salt Lake City, Utah 50000 KIXL Dallas,Tex. l000dlKFAX San Francisco, Calit. t000d Io5o-285.5 IWltr"c3;'f]llli: r| 7G-256.3 I Uau-zoe.r IWHLt Hemnstead,N.y. t0000d $1v.,,ffi31 cFCp cmnda prririe_ Attr_ t100{llKYW Cleveland, Ohio OhioOhio CFGp cmnde prairie, Atta. t000Ol -!!.y^W_Ct_evgland, pa" CkSe Si.'Bonitiee. tritan. i0000lWGPA B thlehem, cJlC Sault Sto. Mafie, Ont 250 cHUM roronto,.ont. soodll | 10_270.1 WRF9 AlexatrderCity, Ala. loqqqlCFML Cornyail,Ont wCRl scottsboro,Ala.. KvwM showLow,Ariz, wlvY WHBO WBMF WIAZ Jacksonyiilo,FIa. Tampa,Fla. Titusville,Fla. Albany,Ga.

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250d1KRLA pas;d6n; Calif. tw0d I KBND Bend,ore!, 250dI WNAR N0rristown,Pa" 500dlWVJPCaouas,P.B, l000dlWH|M Pr0vidonce,B.l.'333$lr rzo-zez.z KzlN D'Alene, ldaho 250d' wlcy KZIN Cocur CocurCocurD'4lene, ldato _?I941 WUST Bcth6da,Md. wD! D catur, lll. .-!Q994lxrrrox si' r_6uisl'riro. KNCOGardonCity, Kans. 10001lwwou Bufialo,N.y. yllf ,-'!gllIiiil-f c-r.ij"iir""', 99yjl0j9Lr,5^y:-^ iti: SilveiSDr!.,Md. l000dl''--Ann Arbor. Mich. l000dlCKWX Vancouvor,B.C. w.P.l(c. Wove Lengfft W.P, Itc. Wave Length W.p. r0000 KSENShelby,tlont. t000 WENCWhiteville,N,C. t000d5000 N.Mex.1000dKEYD Oak6, N,Dak, t000d KDEF AlbuquGrque, 1000dWRUN Utica, N.Y. 5000WGAR Cleveland,Ohio 5000050000 WBAG Burlinston,N.C. t0 00d WERT Van Wert, Ohio 2sod t000 WGBR Goldsbom,N.C. 5000 KGYN Guynon,Okla. , I000d10000WCUE Akron,Ohio 1000d WJUN Mexico,Pa. 2S0dWIMA Lina, Ohio t000 WRIB Proyidence, F.l. 1000d l(NED McAlester,Okla. t000 WALD Walterboro,S.C. t000d KAGO KlamathFalls,Ores. b000 WFWL Camden,Tcnn. 250

10000WHUN Huntinsdon,Pa. 1000d WCPH Etowah.Tcnn. 1000d tfi)0 WKPA NewKensinOton,Pa.le00d 50000 80000 250d t{X}o 'tio tood$ t0000d 1000 5000d 50000 50000 5000 50005000 E00d 250 Ctl{S Saskatoon,Sask. WCOV lilontsom ry,Ala KCBQSan Dieso,Calif KLOK San Jose,Calif. KoHO Honolulu,Hayaii WLBH Mattoon,lll. KSTT Davenport,lowa KVOO Tulsa, Okla. WLEO Ponco,P,R. KPUG Bellinbham,Wash. WWVA Wheelins,W.Va, I | 80-254.I WLDS Jaeksonvill .lll. pioeston .itinn, t000dl|(SDOSan Dieg0,Calit. 5000 Coiumbus.Miss. t000dJKWt(H Shrov port,La. b00001200-24.r.9 WACR Columbus,

,edalia.Mb. t000dlt!{C48 D0troit.itich. s0000 KSIS Sedalia,Mo. WOAI San Atrtonio,Tox. KRBO Lasvesas, $lliTfi'11'iu.91"" ht'"J"'"t"ii 33333 $-',339$lWREil, t2ro-247,8 WCNT Centralia,lll, *me M uevYbrk,-.N-.Y.509!qlcKXLcatsary,Atra. -5ddoWKNX Saginaw,Mich. t0000 wBrLFarmviile,-r.r.c. ?!!{lxnArst0ii6;,'d;iif. WADE Wad sboro,N.C. WFSCFranklin,N,C, 500dlWM|Etrtiami,'rfa. IOOOO WAVI Dayton,Ohio WLON Lincolnton,N.C. l000dlKGEMBoisc,idaho l000o WCAU Philadelphia,Pa. W\rycP ganford,N.C. l000dl WSlv Pekin;ilt. t000d KCCOLawton.Okla. 250d1KLPR OktahomaCity,Okla.1000d KFMI Tulsa,Okla. l000dlWITASan Juan. P.-R. 500 l220-245.8 KUBE Pcndleton,Or gr l000dlKSoO Sioux Fa[s, S.Dak. t0000 CJOC Lothbridre, Alta. KEED.Springfeld,oreg. 1000dI KORC Mincral Wells. Tex. 250 CKDA Victoria,8.C. WBUT Butler,Pa. .250dlWBVA Richmond,Va. 50000CJBL KGnora.Ont"" CKEC New claslov, N.S. WSMT SDarta,Tonn. rrso-ze l000dlI l5U-ZOS., KLEN KLENKLEN Killesn, Killesn,Killesn,Tex. Tex.Tex. 250d' nre^ CJSSCornwall.Ont. W!il9U,il'.,fT.1il:13331| o.z CKCW Moncton.N.B. 250d WHAM Bochcster,N.Y.

1000d I t90-252.0 250rr KEZY Anahein,Calif, s-o-oioKNBA Vallojo,rcalif. 1000dWOWO Ft. Wayne,Ind. 't;6d WANN Annaoolis.llld. WKOX Fram'gham,Mass. WLIB Nov York, N.Y. KEX Portland,Ore!. 50000KLIF Dallas,Tex. wGAr Gateoity,v_a, WEZB Birmingham,Ala. -?!9qlciao-cHiiliriiii.'oni:' Gddo wBRGLynchburs. WPRN Butlor,Ala. va' !9994|cxx-eiinidir,-i*ian.'-' Sodo KVSA Moc heo, KNBx Kirkland,wash. l000dlwbc;\'eii-dii;iir-;,Tii. KIBE Palo Alto, Calif. wcMsNorfork,.va.. lgggr.lcittn-irriii'htii;il"'oue. ifio Ark. roddl l00odlWGEAGeneva, KFSCDenver,.Colo, WCEF Parkorsburs,_.V,va. WECLwEcL Eau EauEauctaiE! wis. t9!94lWjnOtusmio-oii.'lla-tusmio-oiil'lta. 50-0b r99!dlwcEAGeievi,Ala,' wcqF earkorsburs,._w.va. Ala,' irjodc1000d ClaiE!Wis. lgqgdlwjRD WTTT Arlinstdn. Fla. so-oo wllp Kenosha,wis. ?E94| irci(V c;;tids;;-h;i;.' iooo WKBX Xissinheo,Fl& KWlv Douslas,Wyo. 250dI i(iLti trto.'t-iftiliiict<,nrr. idoo WFEC Miami,Fla. l'['*?gtn,^X'""j:i;,ltii'r. WCLB Camilla,ca, WPLK Rocknart,ca. !!r,4LSantaRosa,Cqlif. 5000WSFT Thomaston,Ga. t060-282.8 3333 CFCNCatsary,Atta, IOOOOI

-.' !!q E_nslevood. 1000dWLPO Lasalls,lll. colo. ii iri' oii'rli.'6rie'. 50001.|!'.q WKRS Waukeqan,lll. ft'p-ri'vtr,i.ii,'diili. tfiooolYSEIlil.iddlelown'c!nn.9qqq i'p-riVlcii.ir-ld"rii. r6ooolYQ|!Ilu_iddl torn,c!nn.qqgd wilminston'Del' 5000WSLM Salem,Ind. t-a. ----iiio-e r'jiw-brt"irii, ' soooolWQEL (JAN Atlantio,lowa ii'iFE eiiitori'H-iilo'1 LW!-SE-Davtona-,Bch.' '---Fla.-!!90 Tampa,FIa., s000dKOFO Ottawa,Kans. titictr.t000dlWTMP valley,tca. WFKll Franklin,Ky. WMAPMonme,l,t.C. zsoo|!!{if_t!t.Fo.rt lqggd Ga... lqqqdKBCL BossierCity, La, iidriiw Ciiiionlorriti roooclllF_lil_va.ldost_a, 1000 2S0 10000 KCON Conyry. Ark, 2s0 50000 KFPW Ft, Smith. Ark. 2so 10000 1000 ['EIHdlt8'"3$[ia.t*rr. 250d 3gB 1000 50000 250

!000 50000 1000d 50000 1000 250d 50000 CKSM Shawinigan,Quebec t000 KSLo ft'fii'i'iii,;-,'dr;l: ?i!418$8i*i1,",'TJ,l;:'ii.#". 1333 ,ljnbV'pf,iii,t"ipftia,pa. Hau.aii WLBI DenhanSprinss,La, 250dKODE 10000lK-ANl,o-qhu, -.!Q!0 IWGGH Marion, lll. 5000d WSMESanford,Maino t000d I(LWTrloines'lova WBCH Hastinos ,Mich, 250d KNCM lOlO-2802 lKwr(YaDes llflg WAVN Stillwater, I I(SAL Salina, Kans, 5000 Minn. 1000dKANA CBA Sackvillo,N.B. 50000lwMSTMt. Sterlins.Kv. 500d WMDC Hazlehurst,Miss. 250d KB MN CHOK Sarnia.Ont. 5000lwLoCMuml0rdvillo,Ky. 1000dKBHttl Branso[,Mo. 1000d KXLO WAPI Birmingham,Ala. 50000lWlBOBatonRouge,La. 5000 KGMO Capecirardeau,lll0, 250d KLCB KilX Los Angoles,Calif. 50000lWGHMSkowhegan,tlaino 5000d KLPW Union.Mo. 1000dKTN C WVGG Coral Gables.Fla. l000dlWCOP Boston,Mass. 5000 WKBK Keene,N.H, 1000dKHAS WIBC tndianapolis,tnd. 500001WqEryMt. Ple4lant,Mich, 1000WGNY Nevburgh,N.Y. 1000 dKELY I KASM Albany,Minn, 1000d N. Y, KLAS WJMK N, Syracuse, 1000d IWXTN Lexinston,MisE. 500d WKMT KinssMtn.,N.C. 1000dKDOT 164 WHITE'S RADIO LOGIKRMS osase-Beich,Mo, 1000dWBEV R idsvillo,N.C. 250d WMOU CFPA Port Arthur. Ont. t0O0 8[hBIX''rl''"'#. $it.*'q!'";gg "u';,'Bl8i"; Ufl0B dli: lgg WAUD Auburn,Ala. OWJBB Halewille.Ala. ,snWBHP Huntsyille.Ala. 2S0 WIH'Z fl,t

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opelousas, La, 2S0 Calais. Maine 250 Baltimore. Md. 2s0 Cumb rland,Md-25o No. Adams, Mass. 2S0 Sal m, Mass, 250 Worcester. Mass. 250 250dW.IEF Grand Rapids, Mich, 50o 250d Wfl(B lron Riyor, Mich, 250 1000d WMPC Lapeer, Mich. 250 .250d WSOO Slt. Sto, Marie, Mich. 250 WSTR WKLI( 250d t000d KYSM t000d KTRF 1000d KWNO 250d WCMA 25M WHSY 250d WSSO 250d WAZF Stur0is, Mich. 256 Cloquet, Minn. 250 Mankato, Minn. 250 Thiof Riv. Flls.,Minn. 250 Winona, Minn. 250 Corinth, MisE, 280 Hattiesbuio, Miss. 250 Starkville, Miss. 250 Yazoo City, Miss. 250 JoDlin. Mo. 250 L banon. Mo, 250 Mob rly, Mo. 250

Anaconda, Mont 250 Bozeman, llont. 250 Lewlston, Mont. 250 Libby, Motrt. 250 Falls City, Nebr. 100 Hastings, Nebr. 250 Ely, Nev. 250 Las Vooas. Ney. 250 Reno. Nev. 250 Berlin, N.H. 250

lc.' Wdve Length l{.P.11(c. Wcve ldngfh W'P.l r',lt0-2t:2,4 l&,fF.ti3lJllii,Jiil'ont.rr000l CFAM Altona, Man. 5000|WJAM Marion, Ala. 5000dI GKSL Lotrdon. ont. 5000lKBUZ Mosa, Ariz. 50001 WTHG Jackson, Al8, l000dlKBoK Malvcrn.Ark, 1000dI WtLS Sylacauga,Ala. l000dlKWBB Oalland, Calit. 10001 l(EO8 Flacstafi,Ariz. 10001KTKB Taft, Calif, 500dI xcuB Tud6bn,Ariz. 10001KFKA Groel y,colo. 1000I KDffs El Dofadd,Ark, 5000dJwlCH Norwich, Gonn. 1000| KUOA Siloan Sorqs.,Ark. 5000dIWOOO Doland, Fla. 5000dI KHSL Chic0. Calif. 5000IWAUOWauchula,Fla, 500d1 KPER Gilroy, Calif. I000dIwBRO wavn sboro, G& 1000dI KITO San B6rnardin0,Calif. 5000lwBMK W*t Point, Ga. 1000| VOCC Hartfdd, conn. 500d1KLIX Tuir Falls, ldaho 10001 WTUX Wilminrton, Del. 1!l0odlwlSHlndianapolis,lnd. 5000l WTMC Ocala, Fla. 1000| KoKX Keokuk, lowa 1000l WSCM Panama City Boach, IWTTL MadisonYille'Kv. ,S994r -Florida 500d IwD0C Prostonsburc,Ky. 5000dI ' WIBK WDEC WCHK WTOC KYTE WIHL WCBL XJEF WHGB W, Palm Bch,, Fla. 5000lK|KS Sulphur, La, 500| Americus, Ga. I000dI KUZN W. Monroe, La. 1000dI CantoD, Ga. l000dlWLOB Porlland, Maino 1000dI Savannah, Ga, 5000IWORCWorcest r,Mass. 50001 Pocatello,ldaho l000dlWKMH Dearborn, l,lich. 5000| Peoria,lll. 5000lKRBISt. Peter, Minn. l800dI B nton, l(y. 1000dIWXXX Hattiesburg, Mlss. 1000dI Jenninos, La. l000dlKFSB loplin, Mo. 5000| HoughtonLake, IKFBB Great Falls, Mont. 5l)00|

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WATO Oak Bidgo, Tenn. 10001KUBO San Antonio, Tex. 5000d rBLT Big Lake, Tox. lo0odlWEELFairfax,Va. l0O0 KIVY Crockott, Tex, 500dI WGH Newrort N ws, Va. 5000 KRGV,W6lac0, Tsx. 5000lKARY Pross nWash. l000d KTBl'l \y.lclrlta falls, Tox. qggqlwlBA Madison. Wis. 5000 WPVA Colonial Hrts,, Va, 5000d1 wAGE Leosbur!,va. 1000d11320-227.1 e.c. re!-oo Wil9I"\iffili#'ilii.'3333lsle!'.vanmver, toooa IQKEO Nov Glassov' N's. 1000 I CJSO Sorel, P.Q. 1000 *d-tiw'ipuii, *is, ICKKW Kitchen r'Ont. 1000 1300-230.6 .BAFr.ncron, **lWffifi B?llil'rf"'ft: N.B. o'". JSdtl CJME Betina, Sask. l000lKBLUYuma, Ariz, 500d WAVC Boaz, Ala, 500d1I(WHN Fort Snith, Ark, 5000 WTLS Tallassee,Ala. 1000dI KRLW Walnut Ridg , Ark. 1000d KWCB S arcy, Ark. loo0dlKHSJ Homot, Calif. 500d KRoP Brayley, Oalif. l000lI(UOE Ocoanside,'Calif. 500 KYNO Fresno,Calit. l000lKCnA Sacranent0.Calif. 5000 KWKW Pasadona,Calif. 1000| l(AVl BockyFord, C010, 1000d KVOR.Colo, Sprcs., Colo.' l000iWATB waterbury. Conn. t000 WAVZ Nov Haven, Conn. 1000IWGMAHollwood. Fla. t000d WnKT CocoaBeach,Fla. 500qlWJHp Jacks;nvitt;. Fla. 5000'Y,SOLTampa, Fla. 5000dlWH tEcriffn. ca.' 5000d WMTM Moultrie, Ga, 50mdIWNEG Toccoa. ca. 1000d WlilO Winder.Gr. l000dlWKAN l(ankakee.lll. l000dr KOZE Lcri8ton, ldaho 60001KMAQ Ma0uoketa,loya 500il WTAO Lacrange, lll. 5001KLWN Lawrence,Kans. 500{F WFRX W, Frankfort,lll, 1000dIWBRT Bardstown. Ky. 1000d WHLT Huntington,Ind. 500dlWNGOMayield. Ky. t000d WMFT KGLO WBLG WIBR KLUE WFBB Torr3 Hauto, Ind. 50QdI KVH L Homer. La. 1000d ilason City. lowa 5000lWlCOSalisbury. llld. 1000d Lcxington,Ky. 1000lWARAAttteboi0, Mass. t000 Baton R0uc8, La. looolwlls Lansinc.[,lich.' 5000 Shroveport, La. l000dlWDMI Marouotto.Mich. 1000 Baltimore,Md, 5000ly6p6 Houston.Miss. 5000d

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IWBIW Picayune. Miss. 5000d WOOD GrandRapids,Mich, 50001 KXLW Glayton. Mo, t000d WRBC Jqcksqn,. M!gs, . glql KoLT Scotisbtdtr,Ncbr, 5{Xm l(ilMo Mamhall,Mo. 1000dIyWHG Haineti: i!.t. s000d KBBL MGCook, l000dly46y Forest Citv. fu.C. 500d Nobr. KPTL CaNon CitJ4 Nev. 5000|WCOGGr ensboro:il.C. 5000 WAAT Trenton,N.J. 250d1KODY Minot, N.Dak. t000d WOSCFulton, N.Y. 1000d Ohio IWHOK Lancastor, 1000d WGOL. Goldsboro, 1000d lo00d N;C. WSYD WERE WMVO KOME KDOV KACI WTIL WCKI KOLY WMTN WMAK KVET I KWOE Ctinton. okla. ilt. Airy. N.C. 5000lt1|(4p Atlontown. Pa. t000 Cloyeland, ohio 5000IWAMP Pittsburoh. Pa. 5000 Mt. V rnon, ohio 500IWSCR Scranton. Pa-1000 Tulsa, Okla. 5000lWR|O Rio Pirdras, P.R. 5000 Medford,Or 9. 5000dIWMSCColumbia.S.C. 1000 Th6 Dalles, Or 9. l000dlKELO Sioux Fails. S.Dak.5000 Mayagucz,P.B. 1000lWKlN Kinqs!0rt. T nn. ,5000d Gr r, S.C, 1000dIWMSR Manchester.Tenn. 1000d Mphrid0e,.S.Dak. 1000dI KVMC C010. City, Tex. 1000d Moilistovn, Tenn. 5000dI KXYZ Houston, Tex. 5000 Nashyillo,Tenn^ 5000| KCPX Salt Lako City, Utal 5000 Austin. Tsx. looolWLLY Richmond, 1000d

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50005000 f000dlwKMc f000dlwKMcf000dlwKMc R0aringsprss.,Pa.l000dlUflslackson,T nn. WRNY il,Y, sooclwlvv P.B; 10001!(u!=Ptoooll!UL! campo'Tex' 500d 500d500d cornins,i\i.Y. lackson,T nn. WBNY Rome, Rome,Rome,N,Y, 500dlwlvv vioques; vioques;vioques;P.R; El ElEl ca-mpo'.Tex. WHtP Mooresvill0,N.C. l000dlWDEF Chattanoosa, 5000 Tex. Tenn. | KBEC Warahachie, 500d KQDI Bismarek,N.D. 500dIwDxE Tonn,1000dl -K-L-qry-Lo!-an'Utah Lavrenceburg, 1000d WADC Akron,Ohio 5000lWBGSRogersville, l000dl-W-EAU 900 Tenn. Arlinslon,V-a. wcHl Chillicbthe, 500dlI(OKEAuatin,Tox. va. ohio l000dlWlv^o_D-lvnchbu.rs, qq00 |(RHD Duncan,Okla. 250lKFBOLonsviow,Tex. t0001KLOQYstina, Wash' 1000 $,'olt'illi:"f*o*''' 9333 r.un150009$ |[g#3{"'nt]f}b,,", |I400-214.2 Bennington, Bennington,Bennington, 500dlCKBC 500dlCKBC500dlCKBCBathurst BathurstBathurstll.B. ll.B.ll.B. WGSW WGSWWGSW Greenwood, Greenwood,Greenwood, l000dlWHEE l000dlWHEEl000dlWHEEMartinsville, Martinsville,Martinsville, l000dlCKCY l000dlCKCYl000dlCKCYSaultSto. SaultSto.SaultSto.Marie, Marie,Marie,Onl. Onl.Onl. 250 250250 WDAR WDARWDAR Darlington, Darlington,Darlington,S.C. S.C.S.C. (500dlWBTN{,500dlWBTN Vt. Vt.Vt. 250 250250 S.C. S.C.S.C. Va. Va.Va. WBKM WBKMWBKM Carthage. Carthage.Carthage.Tenn,

Tenn,Tenn, l000dlCJFP l000dlCJFPl000dlCJFPRivi re-du-Laup, Rivi re-du-Laup,Rivi re-du-Laup, 500dlWJWS 500dlWJWS500dlWJWSSouth SouthSouthHill, Hill,Hill, Va. Va.Va. Qu , Qu ,Qu ,1000 10001000 KTXJ KTXJKTXJ JasDer,Jasper,Tex. Tex.Tex. l000d l000dl000dij KPoR KPoRKPoR Quincy, Quincy,Quincy,Wash. Wash.Wash. I IICKRN CKRNCKRN Rouyn,Quo. Quo.Quo. 250 250250 1000d 1000d1000d Rouyn. KCoR San Ant0nio.Tex. 5000lwMODMoundsyill0, 250 W.Va. l000dlcKsw swilt curront,Sask. WBLT B df0rd,Va. l000dlWCCNN illsville,Wis. 5000dlWMSLDocatur,Ala. 250 WNVA Norton,Va. KVWOChoyenno, 1000l!,XAL Demopolis, 250 5000dI Wyo. Ala. WAVY portsmouth, Va. 50001 -_ , l!{E.p4 _Et,payne,Ala. ?S0 wpDRportase, roooalt3S0-2r7.3 wis. quo. lwjhB53lii,i"1Tif'" tg3 cF.DAvictoriayills_, .lqgqIKSFLV 2s0 | || cF-q! victoriaYilts,Quo. Sitka,Ataska 360_220.4 | || 360-220.4 IICKPCCKPCBrantford, Brantford,Brantford,Ont. Ont.Ont. 10000KGLF KGLFKGLF Ctifton.Clifton,Arlz, I Artz. 250 250250 WWWB,sper,

,sper,,sper,,sper, Ala,Ala. Ala.Ala. ICK-LCl9KLq _ K-ins8ton,.Kinr8ton, ont, IKXIV KXIVKXIV 250 250250250 wwwB wwwBwwwB t000dl9KLq1000d 1000d1000d Kinlston,ont. ont.ont. qggg5000| Kxlv Phoonix, Phoonix,Phoonix,Phoonix,Ariz. Ariz.Ariz.Ariz. Monioeville, 1000d 1000d1000d!!-G-Yy Ala'Ala, I Tuc8on, 250 250250 WM WMWMFC FCFC Monio ville,Ala. Ala.Ala. | ||!!_G-YyGrsenvill r Grsenvill rGrsenvill r 1000dKTUC KTUCKTUC Tucson,Ariz. Ariz.Ariz. I II (qXF-(qxF-Al KVOY Yuma, Ariz. Ariz.Ariz. N. N.N. Littls LittlsLittls nock, nock,nock,Arkl 250 WELR WELRWELR Roanoke, Roanoke,Roanoke,Ala. Ala.Ala. 1000d 1000d1000d !q00ql(Yqy Yuqra, ?50 5000jKq!/M Lancastff,Calif, ?50 KBUXKBUXGlondal0,Ariz.Glondal0,Ariz. 5000jKq!/M Lancastff,Calif, l000dlKELD ElDo jadq,Ark.KELD El Dorado.Ark. 250 I(LYR f(LYR Clarksvilie. Clarksvilie.f(LYRf(LYR Clarksvilie.Clarksvilie.Ark, Ark,Ark,Ark, g}od5O0d 5O0d5O0dlI(GMS Sacramento,Calif. Calif.Calif. | || KCLA KCLAKCLA Pine PinePineBlufi, Blufi,Blufi, Arlc ArlcArlc I IIKGMS KGMSKGMS Sacramenlo, Sacramenlo,Sacramenlo,Calil 1000 10001000 250 250250KFFA

KFFAKFFA Helena, Helena,Helena,Ark ArkArk fooolKSBW fooolKSBWfooolKSBWSalinas, Salinas,Salinas,Calif. Calif.Calif. 5000lKWYN 5000lKWYN5000lKWYNWyrne,Ark. Wyrne,Ark.Wyrne,Ark. r rr 250 250250 ' '' f(Ffv f(Ffvf(Ffv Mod std, Mod std,Mod std,calif. calif.calif. 10001 1000110001KFLJ KFLJKFLJ wals nburs, wals nburs,wals nburs,colo, colo,colo, 100041 100041100041!!BE,Berk lev1c.qlif. !!BE,Berk lev1c.qlif.!!BE,Berk lev1c.qlif. ?50 ?50?50-Calif. __ ____ ?50 ?50?50 KRCK KRCKKRCK Ridsec;osi, Ridsec;osi,Ridsec;osi,Calif. Calif.Calif. t000d t000dt000dI IIwAMs wAMswAMs wilminston, wilminston,wilminston, Del, Del,Del, r00d r00dr00d| || !!8_Eq !!8_Eq!!8_Eqlndio, lndio,lndio, cauf, cauf,cauf, f(cB t000IWLIZ LakeWorth, 500d 500d500d 2-rQ t000lwl,lz-Lakeworth, Fla FlaFla Reddins,Callt .--?50 wDnc tiarlioio-,'coiii. s00dlwaxAormondBdh.,Fla. l000dll!9.P^4gantaPaula-."calit ..250 f(GB San SanSan Dicso,ticso. Calif. | !(994I KSDA Eeddils'Qallf..-. j;;iG#tille, 1400 50d0d-sb00lwAoK st. Petersburil, wkAi Mitnii e;iih,'Fta, 5000lKUK| ukiah'calif. 250

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l(.U_l-K_H-illrboro,ores. toqq4liiib-e-r<iitian-iiiir,"ia. lddo'ilrvro FortDodc. e'lova ?50 CFUN Vancouver.B.O. 10000 Kans. ?a. ?5o WALA Mobilc, Ala, teFA-Foiiiviiie,_Fa._tsesl,ijiiFi KTCS Fort Smith, Ark, wMcK ruckeg.sjior!-lqqql*AiZ tt'atn;aadid,'p.j. i000:lKvqE Emporiq' 5000 w;;ili(_"ldii.i: isssilSwR 500d wELP Eastey. l000dl*At-S_Bis!;tJiii;:^b-_e: ti1i.n,5il,'.*". ?33 50O s.c. KERN Bakemflold,Calif. " Ky. 250 iq!Q:rwler-Etizabethtoyn, wLcM Lancaster's.c. toood qo: KRML Carmol,Calif. 500i1 l(9in-t-pidtiiv.s.iiir."-" . London,t(y. 2so wNAH Nashvill , 1000d rwrre KMYC Marysvillo,Calif. 5000 Tenr. liajETBdumontiiJi. tdoi.^,,"r"" Hamnond,La, 250 KRAYAnarillo,T x. sooolrewoJrownqooc, KCAL Redlands.Calif. 1000d Andrevs,rrx. rer. l6yt rnor Lakechartes,La. 250 KA_c_r_ KCOL Ft. Collins,Colo, lulo tss9{| lsgll gla!;;f;I:' r00!yrwnoo Aususta,Maine 250 l(wBA Baytown, 1qq0l i0001 WPOP Hartford.Conn. 5000 Tex. KTSME!paio,rex. iiib;E iiiierrii,i.iiiiiiii Zso IVDOV Dover,Del. 1000d fel. !(gyg qsrplrschrijri,T x. !E-01KMULMuresh6o, 500dliiwfii d;iti;;;;,-Mri; lso preasantoir, WMYB Fort Myors,Fla, r(xo|-Ft.worth.Tox. 5000lx_Bop Tei. 5000 tsas{I,frAii-rlti-.iiivril,iiiiis. zso WBIL Leesburc, wBoB Garax,va. Fla. 1000d. . .-!!994lwsve Builand,Vt. s000liiit_x Loiven"iiisi.---' iso sqqqdlw$.8_,c_3icrrmoid,Va.qSqSli{E-i,iFji;,liiliniiiiojr', WDAX McRae,Ga. 1000d i

y!_BG!arrisonburs,-va.. rr,ra*.iao wash.l000dlK-RKo WLAQ Rome,ca. 1000 KFDBGrandC0ulee, Eyerus, wasn,-BatflO iliicri.Mich. 250zso ,vuuu t^h^u Evemtt,-Wlsh.' leSqlWEII eiiilo-dielil "' -'-' luuu I WELL Creek, "--"' qgqq WBMN Elsin,lll. 50Od KMo KMoKMo racoma, racoma,racoma,wash._wash. _99Q9lweet-sooo iso isoiso lwBEL Boloit,Wis, WHJCWH_r_q. W.Va, lqqq4| / twHnF. ui.h t50 Boloia;'Wia; 5000liir-iel Wr-ie-DJtrcit,-rrtitiii.5;tn;it.-iliicfi. WTIM Taylory ille,lll. 1000d Matawan, Matawan,Matawan,W.v-a.--l000dl r H.nnhr.n 2in Iiii-n-o-Fx-,iirlriioirl-riilcrr. W.Va.loQodl1390-215.7 WMOVRav nswood, l*Mle irunisino.Mich.-250 KGRil Grinnell,lova 50Od KLEM LeMars,lova 1000d ru"r*"i.c.-s;;i;;;"'n'!iei';'?b0KCLO LeaYenworth, Wi#u,qi3il"?l"ri'lg.''3333lir<-i* '000lttsi-t'-Kans, 50qld iii,"r,ie'M nmoi,ia,wis. 1s6661fr!-lilri;i;iii"i,lAp. KWBB Wichita,Kans. 5000 iisilW?tT.r l!3 ?t;"J8i3Bne,l9l'h,,n. toooIlfP9* g'-9-1'-"n,^4.'k',19991 WLBJ Bovling creen, l(y, 5000 i<Vnsnocrspiings'wio. xEVt'r-i,i'riFiiiiiiiiuiirir-.''zso '-;iiS WHLN Harlan,Ky. 5000d t37o_2rs.8 ili"'0"'dt{i,1'e"rir.ISST-'"iiil.;jl, 'fii;h:'""'#"iiil.n,"". KDBS Al exandria.La. l000d |ii6.qn" Sf,i"..lti: 3i3 IKTUR Turlock,Calif. 100( WGRD GrandRap.,Mich. l0o0d l6ts_Blurrock, lssq virlinia' Minn-tts6

-caiir. IWSLE 250, D nver, D nver,D nver, wByEWB.Y-E-calera,catera,Ata,Ala.-l.l_(.tt'l.l coto.colo.. t000fIwHLB iiiii.-KLFD Litchffeld,Minn, t000dllgQQ{KFML Avonpark. Fra. !SSSqtiiElp ea,,;;iifiG, t50 roooilYRI^P^s^og^1":il.!t'.lu:t' 500d KBucKqucQorona,cqlif--corona.carir.' 1SSSIyAyfrwAvp Av.onPark,Fla. taaa{Iiir,lii cei6i,irii;;'Mt;;' 3:R Miss. 1000d 1000 WDSK Cleveland, iso qar rosercsllf, c_hicq!|g,_ll.lj. WBKN Newton,Miss. 500d I(EEN. .!SqqlW-qE-s-!aa9lW'ion HiiiGtlr'i,'-rr,l'is. zso KGENrulare.calif. 1000dIwFlw _Fairnold,_lll. .I9e4liijo-d'tiirr:6;.-iliiri,-'--. zso WHTG Eatontovn,N.J. 500d 6 ocala, l000dlWICDl000dlWJCD Seymour, Seymour,Seymour, l000dliii{-B-Ci,i;;;;: 500 WHYS WHYSWHYS Ocala,Fla. Fla.Fla. Ind. Ind.Ind. l000dlii'tr,t-Bt-[i;;;;: WDOE Dunkirk,N.Y. iil;:liii;: 2s0 wco.AP nsacora,.Ft!r. .q00qI KcLN clint0n, clint0n,clint0n, lowarowa. 1000d WEGO Concord. 1000d WAXE yoro Beach,FIa. !gg!ql[CCC_DesMoines,-,l0wa !gg0| iiiiiu s-ii."iiirn tio WS RCDurham,N.C. 1000d WBGR ,osup,ca. !S0g{l.{,ry9.S,co.ncordia,Kans. !SS{| iiiis Siiii-oriird,'rilo. z so WING Dayton,Ohio 5000 tqaa4li(idN--tiiiiriin-'min1. WCqA P nsacola,Fta lq9qq Citriii'riii.'uiuo. z5o N.C. .q9!ql5a!! I II iiFhu iiFhuiiFhu ciiriii'riii.'uo.-' zso zsozso wFDR Manchester.Ga. l000dl!!|AN^Y.Albany,.{y. t1o KPAM Portland,Oro!, 5000d WKLE washinston,ca. 1000dlwl(lc Hazard,Ky. 5000dlii;idii die-iTriirsl'-lii6irt. Z5b WLSH Lansford.Pa. 100fi1

WPRQlincoln,lll. KCOWAlliancc,Nebr, 250 q0q4lKNOE Monroe,La. 50001 KQV Pittsbursh,Pa, 60m wrrs Bloomlriston,lnd. 50qql.WQ4I-qFnqe,_!ua:!. !!-0g4liiilli'Li'i;fi:-i\t;il:" zso WYMB Manninc,S.C. 1000d qqqqd.l l000d WGRY Gary,Ind. 500dlW.lLU Pymourh,-!!a$. kBttii tt"ntiiioii,' ttiv. 250 WCMT Mar tin,Tenn. t000lWCERCharlotte, l000d KGNO DodseCily.Kans. 5000lKRFOOuatonna,Minn. 500dlWTSLHanover.N.H. 250 KBAN Bovi o.Tex. l(DTH Dubuquo,lowa Mich. l000dliawNh Winnimuica.Nev. 250 KBUD Athens.Tex. '500d WGOH Grayson,Ky. 5000dlWROAGulfport,Miss, l000dlKGFL Rosuoll.N, Mex. 250 KVLB Cl evoland,Tex. 500 La, l000dlWQ|CMoridian,Morroran, 5000d1 KXIT KAPB Marksville,KAHE Marxsvrlle,La. IOUUOIWqIU Miss.Mrss. KTRCSanta N.Mer. 250z5 u Dalhart,T x. 500d WKIK WKIKWKIK L onardtovn,Leonardtovn, -1000d N,Mex, 50001 Conseqlen KADO Marshall,T x. cuuuolKTRGsantaFe, Fe,Fe, N.MeI. l000dlI KENN KENNKENN Farminoton, es, 500 Md. Md.Md. KCHS KCHSKCHSTruth TruthTruthor oror Consequences, Earmln0t0n,N,lUSl, qqgql WGHN GrandHaven,Mich. 500dlWEOKPoughkoepsie, l000dl KRIG Odcssa,Tex, 1000 N.Y. Nev Mcxico 250 KsuM Fairmont,Minn. l000lwRlv N.Y. 250 Rivorh ad, l000dlKTNM Tuctrnciri,N.Mex. WDOB Canton,Miss. IWFBL Syracus ,N.Y. N.J, 250 1000d 5000IWONDPleasantville, KWRT Boonville,Mo. l000d|WFNC Fhyetteville,N,C. 5000IWABY Albany, il.Y, 260 WHIT EIS RADIO LOG 167 .

t I ' .' \ !, l f,c.' tvcze''Lengui KBAL 8a Saba,Tox. l(llA|. Vlctoria, Tex. lvFtg Bdanoke,Va. WKBH Laerosss,Wis. .KWYO Stcriqqn, Wyo.. t420-2tl.l I O.XPT Poterbomush,Ont. OJIIT Chicoutimi,Quo. CKOII Saskrtoon,Sask. r,YACTTuscaloosa.Ala. KHFH SierraVista,Ariz. KPOC Pocahontas,Ark. KSTN Stoolton, Califr WLIS Old Saybroot,Conn. fWBRD Bmdonton,Fla. VDEFI DelrayBcaci, Fla. WSTN St. Augustine,FIa. lWAYO AvondaloEstat s,Ga.500d "WBBL Columbus,ca. 5000 WLET Toccoa,Ga. 5000d WlNl ilurphyEboro,lll. 500d Wlltls MichisanCity. ltrd. 1000 WOC Davenport,lowa 5000 KJCK JunctionCity, l(ans. 1000d YYTCRAshland,Ky. 5000d WNPI! Harrodsburt,Ky. 1000d lvVIS Ovonsboro,Ky. 1000 KPEL Lafayotto, Lr. 1000 SESU Ntu Bodtord,Ma6s, loo0 WBEC Pittsffeld. Mass. WAMM Flint, Mioh. KTOE Mankato,Minn. VYSUHOxfod, Miss.

WQBC Vicksbur!, Miss. KBTltl Neosho,ilo, 'l(O0O Omolu, llebr. UAI'Y Herlim r, N.Y. -.WAGK'Nc*ark,ta.Y, UrLflA Ps kskill,N.Y. WllYil WllYilWllYil ilayodan, ilayodan,ilayodan, N.O, N.O,N.O, ----WGAS WGASWGAS S. S.S. Gastonia, Gastonia,Gastonia,N.O. N.O.N.O. WVoT Wilson,N:C. livtlK CtoYeland.Ohio KTJS Hobart,okla,. KYf{G CoosBay, Ot g. WCOI Coat svillo,Pa. r'VCEDDuBois.Pa. W'EUCPonce.P;R, WCRE Cheravfs.c, KAiBR Aberd6 n.S.D. WEMB ruln! Tonn, ,WKSR Pulaski,Tenn. KFY[{ Bonham.Tex. KrBE Lutkin, Tox. KGNB t{eu Bmunfols,Tcx. 1000d (PEP SanAnselo,Tex, WWSB St. Albans,Vt, ,WDDY Gloucoster,va. WKCW Warr nton,Va. KlTl Chshali!,Wash. KUJ Walla Walla, Wash. WPLY Plymouth,Wis. 14?0-209,7 CKFH Toronto,ont, ryFH K Pcll Oity, Ala, KfIBM Monticello,A.k. I(AMP El Centro.Calif. KARiI Fresno,Calif. KALI Pasadena,Calif. KOSI Aurora,Colo. WSD& Homostead,Fla.

WLAK. Lakoland,Fla. WPCF PatranaCity, Fla. WOFS Covirqton,Ga. WBCD Dalton.Ga. WWGS Tlfton, Ga. WCMY Ottava,lll. fflRE Indianaoolis,lnd, KASI Ames,lova KMRC MoruanCity, La. WilAV Annapolis;Md. WHIL ilodford,Mass, WION lonia.'Mich, Y{BBB Mt. Clomens,Mich. IYLAU Lauml,Miss. Wl,L St, Loui8,Mo, .KRGI Grand lsland, Ncbr. WNJB xovark, N.J. WENE Enrticott-fr.Y. WIINC ilorlartolL N.C. WRXo, Rorboro,N.c. WFOB Fostoria.Ohio WCLT ]{evark, Ohio KALV Alva,Okla. KTUL Tclsa, Okla, KGAY Salem,Ore0. WVAII Altoora. Pa, WFRA Fmnklin, Pa. .WBLB Batosburc,8.C. WATP Mariotr,S.C. l(BBK Brookinls,S, Dak, WEIO Urdison,Tonn. TTVHERilemDhis,Tsnr. KSTB Breclenridge,Tex. KSIJ Gladevater;Tex. KCOH Houston,Ter. KLO Oiden, Utah KBBC Mt. v rnbn,wsh. VEIB ryciltotr, w.va. I'VBEV Board Dam,Wis. wglr,s.BADIO w.P. 500d 500 5000d 5000 1000

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500d 5000 5000 1000d 1000d 5000dWNAB BridgeDort, Conn, 500d WILM Wilninston,Del, 5000 WOL Wdshinslon,D.C. 1000d WWJB.Brooksville, Fla, 500d WMFJ OaytonaBeach,Fla. 1000 WSKP Miani. Fla, 5000d WBSR F nsacola,Fla, WSPS Sarasota,Fla, 5B0d 500d WSTU Stuart,FIa, WTNT Tallahassoo,Fla. 5000d WGPCAlbany,ca. , 5000 WBHF Cartorsvillo.ca, 1000 WCoN Cornelia,ca. 5000 IryKEU Griffn. Ga 5000 5000d 1000d

1000 500d 500 5000 5000d 1000 500d KSAN San Frandisco,Calif. KROG &nora, Calif. KVEN Ventura,calif, KAGR YubaCity,Calif. KGIW Alamosa,Colo. KYOU Greeley,Colo. I(c. Wove LczgfD WZEPDoFmialSnrints, Florida WMBB labksonyittc,fla. i WDMF Buford,Gd. WBOY Garni,lll. WKAM Goshen.lnd. WOCH NorthVernon,lrd. KSO D6 Moines, lowa KCRB Chanute,Kans. WRVI( Mt, Vernor,Ky. WAIL Baton Bouq ,La, KBSF WBET WBBN WPON KDMA Springhill, La. . Brockton, Mass. Bis Bapids,Mich. Pontiac,Mich. Uontevideo,

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WJAK Jackson,T nn. WEEN Lafayette,T nn. I(BBZ Froeport,Tex. KLLL Lubbock,Tox. WAGo Waco,Tex. WPBW Manassas,Va. WRAD Radford,Va. Kl MA Yakima.Wash. WRAC Racine,Wis. 1470-204.0 CHOW Welland,Ontario CFOX PointoCiaire,Quo, WBLO Evor[reen,Ala. KBLO Hot Sprinls, Art. KBMX Coalinga,Calif. KUTY Palndale,Calif, KXOA Saoramento,Calil. WMMW Moriden,Conn. ':d:l W,P. 1000d 5000 1000d 1000d 1000d 500d 5000 1000d500d 5000 1000d 1000 1000d 500 1000 l0d0d 5000d 5000d 1000 5000 50{d5000 500d 5000 500d 1000d

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1000 l000d 5000 . 5000 5000d 1000d WSRO Marlboroudh,Uass.;1000dWNBP N vburyport,Mass.. 500d ' WKMF Flint. Mich. 1000 WKLZ Kalamazoo.Mioh. 500d KANO Anoka,Minn. 1000d WCHJ Brookhaven.Miss. 1000d WNAU N wAlbany,Mlss. )500d KGHM BrooktrEld,Mo. 500d KTCB Malden,Mo. lmod WTKO lthaca,N.Y. 1000d WPDM Potsdan,N,Y. 1000d WBIG, Grecnsboro,N.C. 5000 WPNO Plymoutft,N,C. 1000d W\TOESprucePine,N.O. lC00d WOHOToledo.Ohio 1000 f(VLH PaulsValley,okla. 250d. KVIN Vinita, Okla. s00d WSAN AllontoYn,Pa, 5000 WFAR Farrell,Pa. 1 ,1000d WOIC Columbia,S.C. WEAG Aleoa,Tenn. WHER Momphis,Tenn. WVOL Nashville,Tenn. I(BBC Alrileno,T x. KWRD Honderson.Tex, I(ONY San Maroos,Tox. I(ELA centralia, Wash. KSEM MososLako. Wash.i WPLH Huntinoton:W.Va. wBKV WostBond.Wis. KTWO Osper, wyo. 1480-202.5 WABB Mobile. Ala. KHAT Phoenix. Ariz, KGLU Safford, Ariz, KTCN Beryville, Ark. KIEM Eureka, Calif.. KYOS Merced, Calif. KWIZ Sdlta Ana, Cali!.

KTUX Pueblo, Colo. WAPG Arcadia, Fla. WEZY Cocoa, Fla. wTHR wTHRwTHR Panama Beach. PaoainaBeach,Fla. Fla.Fla. WYZE Atlanta.Ga. WBDw Autusta, Ga. WTHI Terre Haute. lnd. WRSW WaBaYf lnd. 5000d 1000d 1000d 1000d 5l)00500d 250d 5000 5000 5000d 500d 5000 5000 500 1000 lfi)O 5000 5000 1000 l000d 1000d 1000d fl)o! 500d 5000d 5000 1000 500

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' WSTL Eninence,(y, 500d 1000d\,VBOFvirginia Bch.,va. 1000d KOST Frostro,Callf. 1000d WKSK W. Jeff 60n,N.C. l(wow Pomora, Cali|' l00o KFNV F rriday,La. 1000dWBLY Sprinsfield,ohio l0q0d wHLL Wheolin!,W.Va, 5000d .KUBA YubaCitv, calif. 1000 KLFT GoldonMeadow,La. 1000dWTTF Tiffn, Ohio 500d WCW C Ripon,Wis. 5000d U. S. qnd Cqnqdicrn AM Stqtions by Locgtion Abbreviorions,C,[., coll lefiers;Kc.,frequencyin kilocycles;N.A., network qfiili otion-A: Americon BroodcostingCo., l,-,, C: Columbio BroodcosiingSystbm,Inc,;M: Mutuql BroddcostingSystem;Nr Notiop cl BroodccstingCo', Inc. tocofion G.L. l(c' l{.4. Baytovn, rer. ,l$El ,933 Aurora, Colo. KOSI 1430 Aurora.lll. WMBO 1280 Austin.Minn. KAUS 1480M Austitr: T x. KNOW 1490A KTBC 590 C r(oKE 1370 KVET ISOOM Avalon.Calif. KBIG 740 AvonPark.Fla. WAVP 1390 AvondaleEstates.GB, wAvO 1420 Aztsc.N. Mex. KNDE 1340 Babylon,N.Y. WBAB 1440 wGLt 1290 BadAxc, Mich. WLEW 1340 Bainbridqc,Ga, WMGR 930 wAzA 1360 Bak r.Ors!, KBKR l4S0 Bakosfeld. Calif. KAFY 550 M r(Bls 970 KEBN I4IOC KGEEI23O KUZZ 800 KLYD I35O KMAP I4SO I(PMC 1560A Baldsinsvillo,N.Y. wSEN 1050 Ballinlor,Tox. KRUN 1400

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r,itiiii, rdi.' l{urLD i0;0 |ruaioen.rilir."" riii "'I Meridiair,Misa. tjid c I cFcF 600 A j'hll;ir Jltgx ^lMni*.: _ liHu"":, iig$ .W!'-t:I ^8j03'i38 *i,r. il*i iii8'l ii',g| cKA.c 730 G LIncoin, tt'Cuc Iruanaiiis. \tFiii; ifti 'ivr'ri'i W.g.i(i{ tti. iitb iri'. I iasleI tiffiiii; ii;'br. iiio-i at4d t'onn. nlryr.iiicriiiih, ca. iis'd |,",", o,,,. H""|,., colo. l(LlN 1400 | Manch st r, WFDR 137, i313 lrnontroso, :-tlrtt 938 rilrirs i,ieo IM;fih;itil;rd: rr'iiil r4;0: |il;tit+d 'r'. 'f,U?,t;g33 | ffBlll8 iii,fi.r.c.V,."r,lF Llnclrnto!,N.c. wLoN r0i0 iiiS lManchester,N.H.-!V_F_EArczg^lifi;;i;|;.'#i.-[iH; ii:8 Mlili;;hA'i; i,!in;.' rir iijj< ited m Litrdsay,Ont CKLY 910 L,nt'n.rnd.wBro,600 ..fiEAi*' #;%'$;ti#'l$;ilr:[":$l't8iiiB.l$i!!!i4l;$!H' l--""--'"" I Morehead'l(v' wMoR 1330 Lttchfleld,ltl. Tenn. wMSB t32d llliami"lrli' l(iRii i5id wsMl 1540 lltlanchoster, nlMorehoadcitv'N'c'WMBL 740 Litcftfleld,Minn. KLFDl4l0 lManhattan,Kans. <snc suri lUiami'fia" -wc-lis'i;; 'ii8ilil!iiii.,!,r1",,,.:d:. rilli:'t:lrir[j+:.$+fi,ts[l;;;, il;: *n+E .v?fE Morsantoun'{ilfi8iii8T " - '' '' nlt | *'u" Litl-6n;rd;idi:rizZri'rilii lruanitoir''siiiiids, I YAltE i?ig l ltt8 n dte;. W6L3'aoo littroB'ck,Ark' *AIji :i;H IM.rrirt'n, wre. ,[8$8 '638 | f-fifi Ark. r(v"ti'ril fr'r$ $ lmanitovoc,

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uitu'B'c'..GArk' ' Fra. lParatka, Y"Xfi t".l#TgTnlu' tliE ii!! ,,u'*, ,,atchez, nInonn i,,sr.$$i+'iifi i::f' ,$iif '{i{^liiiHh"l,lt*,till I KPAL IEi#iqii$t *Hdi Ieananaciw,th. WB.tF cit' t'"1nlfJgrf lPdma '}iii lElitiliii* ilffiflWrurfffi +:ll' lF:ri:: lpifl *.""WflF "'' Par&orsDur!, t"*.WiET N vBedtord. ii'nbul"'"'"' I rlcvBern'r'r'c' M or.q. ##r!l iXlt Io."untuk.' stnu:'+'r""' '|l;llil*:ltf;'FJrj fill'f',{*f,"''iiiio KwKw I I KRLA

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Loccllon C.L. f,c. t.l. ltocotlon G.L. l(c. tJ.A. Rctro, l{cy. KOH 630 llst.Aulustlio, Fh. wFoY 1240c KBET 1311(} WSTN I42O M I KOLO 920 ClSt. Bonilace. Man. CKSB 1050 KONE1450 lSt. Catherin s, 6tO Ont.CKTB KDOI l2S0 lSt. chartes. M0. KADY 1460 Rcnton,Wash. KUDY 9l0 lSt, Cloud. Minn. KFAM 1450 N Borburr, ldaho KRXK 1230 | WJON 1240 Rhineland r, WOBT 1240 KDXU 1450 Wis. lSt. ceorre. Utah Rice Lake, Wis. WJMC 1240 lSt. Helen.-Mich, WMIC 1590 Richff ld,Utab I(SVC 980 lSt. Hyacinthe.Oue, CKBS 1240 Richland,Wash. KALE 960 lSt. l an. ouo. CHRS 1090 Bichland,Wis. WRCO 1450 lSt. Jsrons. Oue- CKIL 900 Bichlands,Va. _lt-il-q _9{ - | SEintJohn,N,B. CFBC s30 Richm0nd,lnd. WKBV 1490 A I CHSJ tt50 Richmond,Ky. WEKY 1340 MlSt. John's. Nfld. CBN 640 -' Richmond, WANT 990 | CJON g3O Va. WBBL t480 | voAR 1230 livEzl 1590 | vocM 590 WLEE 1480 Nl VOWR 800 WEET 1320 lSt. lohnsburv. Vt WTWt$ 1340 WiIBG 1380 AlSt. los lh. Mich. WSIM 1400 WnNL 910 MlSt Josobh;Mo.-KFEQ 680 WRVAll40 Cl KREst5s0M WXGI 950 | KU3N t270 RichnondHill, Ont.CJRHl9l9 lSt ,osoDhd'Alna, Que. Richvood,W.Va. WVAR 1280 | CFGT t270 Ridsocrsst,Calif. f!-c-{ leqS IEt, Louls.-M0.-KATZ t600 KRKSt240 | Kfuo 850 Rimouskl,Qu.. CJBR 900 | KM0X il20 c Bio Piedras, P.R. WRIO 1320 | KSD 850 N

wwww 1520 | KSTL 690 RiDley,Tenn. WTBB l57o I KwK r38o Ripon, Wis. WCWC1600 | KXOK 630 Bivorhsad,N,Y. WRlv 1390 | WEW 770 M Rivsrsids, Calit. KPRo 1440 | WIL 1430 A KACE 1570 lSt. Louis Parlc ltinn. Riyerton, Wyo. KWRL l45OM I KBS| 9i0 Rivisra B@ch, Fla. WH EW 1600 jSt. Mary's.Pa. WKBI t400 Riyierodu LouD, Que.CJFP l40O ISt, Paul, Mlnn. KSTP 1500 N Roanoko, WELR 1360 KDWB 1590M Ala. | Roanote,Va. WDBI 960 ClSt. Peter. Minn. KRBI tst0 WRIS l4l0 MlSt. Pstersbur!. Fta,WPtN 680 WHYE 9t0 | wsuN 620 A wRov 1240 Al wLcY t380 M _ WSLS 610 il I8t, poteEburc Beach, RoanokoRapids, N.Q, | Ftt. WtLz t590 . -WS-qM9Q Mlst. Thoms, ont. cHLo 6s0Roarin!Sprgs.,Pa.WKMC 1370 lSto. cenevi;v0. tilo_ t(sCtrt 0s0 Roberyal,Que. CEF_I= .9!g Isalamanca,N:y, WNYS t590 ll!, R0ch0st6r,Minr. KROCls40 N l a;t ;: iti. wStru riio Bob.inEon, VTAY !5Zg -.1 Sstom, ilt.' WJBD t3s0 KWEB 1270 WESX t230M Rochester,N,-t. wulI ggg __| satem.iro. t(sMo t340 lSatem,Mass. Bochost r,N.Y. WBBE 950 lI lSii;m, ori:s. rSLM ieso I ''-'-'-* WHAM ll80 tll- k6zv i1e0 N WHEC 1460OI kcAV t4i0 WRVM 680 lsalem,Va. ri;elrj i460

WSAY 1370 lSattda,Colo. KVRH t340 M wvET 1280 AISatina, xarii. KSAI |4s0 -MR0ckford,lll. lvRqK l4tq A Isaiint!,'diii i. rooN i+60 WBRR 1330 l--woiA K-agtt ieg6 M' RockHill, s.c, llBl{l !34 Mlsatino.Mich. iisbwTYc il50 lsaiisbi,t Mi. WBOC A60 Bockincham,ll.C. WAYN 900 l-WtcO t32ri. A Rock lsland. lll. WHBF 1270 Cl wrnv r47o Rocklad4Maino !v.E(9 !!CS Alsatisbury, N.C. *-sii i4bo na Rockmart,Ga, WPLI( 1220 l-'06ir ' WSaT a28o aRock Sprinss, Wyo. KVRS 1360il I Satmon, tdaho KE'dA Bockvillo,lld. WINX 1600 lSalt LakoCIty, Utah RocBwoqd,Tcnn,WRKH 5qq | , kALL 9t0 M RockyFord,Colo, KAvl 1320 Ktpx t320 tir RockyMount, N.C, WCEC 8lO - | KLUB 570 A WEED t390 Al KNA|( t280 WRMT 1490 | KSL il60 CRockylt4ount, Va. WYTI 1570 | KSop t3t0 Rocers, Ark. KAMO 1390 | KWHO 860 Rocer6City,Mich.WHAK 960 | Kwtc ts70 !og_eFv-i_lle, T nn, r{EgQ lqzq ISrn Anloto, Tox. KTXL t340 Rolla, Mo. KTTR 1490 I KGI(L 960 A Roms,Ga. WLAO l4l0 Al KpEp t420 . WRGA t470 M I KWFR 1260 WROM 710 lSan Antonlo. T r-KCOR 135{r Rom ,N.Y. WKAL 1450 Al KENS 680 C WRNY I35O I KUKA I25O Ronceverle,W.Va. WRON1400 | KUBO l3l0 B0sebur!,0reg. KBltlR 1490 Cl IKMAC 630 A KQEN 1240 Al KONO 860 Ros nb rg,Tcx. KFRD 980 | KTSA 550 Bossvillo, Ga. WRIP 980 | WoAl 1200 R0svcll,N.ilox. KSWS l2S0 | San Bernardino, Calif. KGFL 1400 M I KcKc t3s0 KBIM 9IO I KFXM 5SO Rouyn,Quo. CKRN 1400 | KRN0 t240 . Roxboro,N.C, WRXO 1430 | l(lTO l2S0 M RoyalOak.Mich. WEXL 1340 lSandersville,ca. WSNT 1490

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Ccnodiqn Television Siorions Locolfon C.t. . , A[8ER,TA Cal!ery CHCT.TV t , Ednonton CFRN-TV 3 L thbrid!oCJ LH.TV rlledicinc Hat CHAT.TV 6 nrd Deor CHCA.TV 6 \. BRITISH COTUMBIA DausonCreek OJDC.TV s KFmloops CFCR-TV 4 l(hloma CHBC-TV 2 cHGP_TV-t72 Olivor, , CHBC.TV.3 8 Ponticton CHBC-TV tg Vancouver CBUT 2 V.rnqn CHBC-TV 7 Victoria CH EK.TV 6 TABRADOR Gooso Bay CFLA.TV 8 .Sroodcosts. . , fics. Colf qnd Locallon ,. 4$O HeGBl, Quito, Ecua. .O65 HIEF, Cali, Col. 4770 El-WA, Monroyia. Lib. 4770 YVMW, Punto Fiji, Von. ,U75 Librevil16, cabon R p. ift8o;YYLA. Valencia. Ven. ' ,4t90,YVQN, Puerto La Cruz, , , Von. 4795 Ran0oon, Burna 4m)5 ZYS8, Milaus, Braz.

,1810 YVMG, Maracaibo, Ven. , l|8:10YVOA. San CristobalVen. il8:15 HJKE, Bosot4 Cot. 48/O Lourenco Mareu s, Moz. 48,10YVOI, Valcra, V n. 4845 HJGF, Bucaramanga, Col. 4850 YVMA, Barquisimoto. Ven. 4870 Cotonou, Dahomey Rer. 4E80 YVKF,Caracas. V n. . 4893 48S5 4808 4900 4905 Hon. I82'. WEITE'S BA,DIOIOG '\ (cs. Cofl oad Locollon 4945 HICW, Botota, Col. 4945 Paradys, So. Afr. 4950 Dakar, Maii Fed. 4950 YVMM. Coro. Ven. 4955 CR6RZ, Luanda, Ang. 4960 YVQA, Cumana. Von. 4970 YVLK, Cafacas, V n. 4075 Yaounde. Cameroun 4990 Laros, Nigeria 4990 YVMQ, Barquisimeto, Von5010 HCRCX, Quitl, Ecua. 5010 St Geor! , Gionada, B.W.t. 5020 HJ FW, Manizales, Col. 5020 Niamey, Ni0er Rep. 5030 YYKM. Caracas. Vs. 5040 YVMA, Maracaibo, Vcn. 5045 Lome, Togo 5050 YVKD. Caracas. Ven, 5075 HIGC, Bogota, Col. 5873 HRN, Tegucigalpa, Hond. 5940 l|loscov, U.S.S.R. 5952 TGNA, Guatomala, Guat, Dakar. Mali Fed. PRF6, Manaus, Braz. HJAG, BarranquiUa, Cot, YVKP, Caracas, Von. HBQN, Puerto Cort6s,

5954 TlQ, Puerto Linon, C. R. 5960 HJCF, Borota, Col. 5S65 YNWW, Granada, Nic, 5980 TGAR, Guatemala, Guat. 59Bl GeorgQtown,Br. Guiana 5982 4VB, Port-au.Princo, Haiti ,5990 Andorra.' Andorra /5990 TqJA, cuatemala, cuat. 5995 Fort-de-Fmnc , Mart. 6002 6005 6006 6010 4VEC, CaD Haitien, Haiti RIAS. Berlin. cer. TIHBG, San Joso, C. R. XEOL, Mexico City,

. Mcxico 6015 PRA8, Reifc, Bmz. Locatlon C.t. Cion. ONTARIO P'T"i?* r'8tY't--tuI ,ElliotLake CKSO-TV-| a Hamiltotr CIiCH.TV I I _{apusk6ln! CFCL-TV-t s Kcnora CBWAT I Kingston CKWS-TVti Kitchoner CKCO.TV 13 London CFPL-TV t0North Bay CKGN-TV t0 Peterboroulh CHEX-TV t2 Ottava CBOFT 9 CBOT 4 Port Arthur CFCJ.TV 2 Sault Stc, Mario CJ|C-TV 2 Sudbury CKSO.TV 5 Timmins CFCL-TV 6 Toronto. CBLT 6 Windsor CKLW-TV 9 Winsham CKI{X-TV I PRINCEEDWARD IStAND CharlottetoYn CFCY-TV t3 ' World-Wide Shorr-WcrveStotions

Most internotionol broodcostingis donJwirhin frequencylimits ogreed uponot Locolion G.L, C[on.' OUEBEC Clernont CFCV-TV-l 7b Estcouft CTES.TV-I 70 Jonquiere C|(RS-TVt2 Matane CKBL-TV g Montroal CBFT 2 CBMT 6 N yCarlislo CHAU-TV s Queboc CFCM-TV 4 cKMt-TV 5 Rinouskl CJBB-TV 3 Rouyn cKRil-TV 4 Sh rbrooke CHLT.TV 7 Throc Riv F CKTM-TV tg SASKATCHEWAN MooseJav CHAB.TV 4 PrlncoAlbert OKBI-TV 5 Be0ina CKCK-TV 2 Saskatoon CFQC-TV I Svift Current CFJB.TV 5 Yorkton CKoS-TV S METERBANDS otthe rish'' 47soto so;6okc/st6omaellovu'l ,I#fr:::J$55Tf''1';:'l:::J:fffiT5J:IJffil;';i:';1,:i,.'"re' I Receplion 59.5oIo 6200kc/.sllgneferbond) in the voiious bonds vories occording to fhe time of doy ond seoson of the yeo;. Receptionin the 60, 49 qnd4l mJter bonds is best ot nijht duringthe 7100to 73OOkc/sl4l meterbondl winfer monfhs. Receotionin the 3l onQ 25 M. bonds is best o! night, but oll ydor . 9500t;.9775kc/sl3 lmeferbond| Receptionin fhe 19, 16, 13 ond ll M. bonds is besr during rt'eO-oy,olso,or nighr ^q

I1700to lISTSkc/sl21meferbond) during.thesummerin the l6 ond l9 M. bonds, . j, 1.510oto15450kc/st 19 meferbqnd) .Abbr., AIR-All lridio Rodio;RAt-Rodiorelevisione ltoliono;RTF-Rodiodiffusion TelevisionFroncoise;VOA-:Voice of Americo;RFE-Rodiofr." frr"o". .a."ot"r 177OOt.o\T9OOkc/s116melerbond| slqtionsbeomihg evening (U.S.)broodcoststo the U.S.,tmorning or ofternoon 2l45Ot o2l75Okc/sll3melerbond) 256ooto26lookc/s(l I meterbondl (cs. Colf cad Locofion 6020 Amman, Jordan 6020 Kiev, Ukrainian S.S.n. 6025 Kuala Lumpur, Malila 6025 HilvcEum. Neth6030 Baghdad, lraq 6035 Bangoon, Burma 6035 HRTL, Tegucigalpa, Hond. 6037 TIFC, San Jose. C. B. 6037 Monte Carlo. Mon. 6040 HJLB, lbague, Col. ,6045 YDF, Oiakarta, Indon.'6045 HOU3l, Davld. pan. 6050 HCJB, Quito, Ecua. 6050 BBC, London, Eng. 6055 HIEX, Cali, Col. 6055 lOZ2, Tokyo, laoan 6060 RAl, Caltanissetta. lt, 6065 XEXG, Leon. Mex, 6065 Horby, Sveden 6070 Sofa, Bulgaria 6070 BBC, London, Eng. 6075 l{ordon, cer. 6080 ZL7, Wellinston, I{.2. 6082 OAX4Z, Lima. Peru 6085 Munich, Ger. 6000 VLl6, Sydney, AuE. 6090 Luxombour!, Lux. 60S0 XECMT, C. El Mante, Mex, 6035 ZYB7, Sao Paulo, Braz. 6100 VOA, MuniGh, cor. 6100.Belgrado, Yuso. 6103 Pekins. China 6105 XEQM, Merida, Mex. 6105 Tunis. Tunisia 6ll0 BBC, London, Ens.

6115 ZYC7. Rio dc Jan.. Braz. 6l l5 Khabamwk, U.S,S.R. 8120 LBXI, Euonos Air6 Kcs. Csff and Locatlon 6t20 BBC, Linassol,Cyprus6130Portlllsesby,NeuGuinca 6130 Madrid, Spaino 6135 HRMF, LaCeiba,Hond. 6135 Paoeete. Tahiti 6135 Sinqapor , Sing. 6140 HCOVs, A:otu6, Ecua. 61,t0VLW6, Porth, Aue. 6145Algic6,Alseria 61,17PRLS.Bio do Jan.. Braz. 6150 VLR6, Melbourne,Aus. 6150 BBC, London, Ens. 61554VWA, cap Haitien, r Haiti 6155 V0A, Salonika,Groee 6160HJKJ; Bogota,Col. 6160FEN,Tokyo,lapan 6165 HER3, Bern. Switz.'. 6165 XEWW, MexicoCitrf, M ex. 6165 Sai!on, Vistnam6l70 BBC, Limassol,Cyprus6170 Cay nne, Fr. Guiana 6175 RTF, Paris, Fmnce 6180 BBC, London,Enlland 6185HJCT, Borota.Col. 6l90 VOA, lllunich,cen 6190HVJ, VaticanCity6195 HJEZ, Cali. Col. 6195 HRD2, La Ceiha, Hond. 6195 Pyongyang, N. Korea 6200 Ht2LR, C. Trujillo, D.R. 62m 4VHW, Port.au-Princo, Haiti 6208 TGHC, cuatemala. cuat 6215 Pyongyatrg, N. Koroa 6225 Pokin!, China 6305Ahdorra. Andorm 6327COCF, Havana, Outa 6345Ulah Batrr, llon!.

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72lO Dakar, Mali F d. 9635 ZYR83, Aparecida, Braa 11735 Moscow. U.S.S.R, a 11972 B razzaville, Equat. Un. a 72lo Khabilovsk, U.s.S.R. 9635 VOA, Munich, Ger. | 1740 VLCI I, Molbourne, Aus. 11975 Pekint, China 7220 V LD7, Melbourne, Aus. 9635 Lisbon, Portugal o 11740 CEl174, Santiago, Chil o 11975Moscow, U.S.S.R. a 7220 Budapest, Hun0. 9640 BBC, London, Eng. | 1740 Peking, China ll9B5 Moscow, U .S.S.R. 7230 BBC, London, Eng, 9640 Cologno, Gormany a 11740VOA, Tangiar, Mor. | 1986 EL WA, Monrovia, Lib. a 7235 Taipoi, Taiwan, China 9640 Accra, Ghana 11745 RFE. Gorm. 11990 Praguo, Czoc ho. 7235 VOA, Munich, Ger, 9640 HLKs, Seoul, l(orea 11750 BBC, London, Eng, 12000 Ms cov, U.S.,S.B. 7240 RTF. Paris. Franco 9640 Moscow, U.S.S.B, 11750 FEN, Tokyo, Japan 12010 Hano i. Vietnam 7250 BBC,. London, Eng. 9645 TIFC, San loso, C,B, 11755 RFE, Port. 12020 AlR. De lhi. lndia 7255 Soffa, Bulg. 9645 HVJ, Vatican Citrf |1755 Hilversun, Neth, . 12020 Moscow, U.S,S.R. 7260 Saigon, Vietnam 9650 BBC, Limassol, Cyprus 11755Komsomolsk, U.S.S,R. 12040B BC, London, Eng. 7270 Motola, Sweden 9655 Radio Free Europo, Ger. 11760VLBll, Melbourno,Aus. 1205 0Cairo. U.A.B. 7270 Maoadan, U.S.S.B. 9660 LBX, Buenos Aires, Arg. 11760VOA, Munich, G r; 12035 B BC, London, Eng. 7275 RAl. Rome, lt. 9660 VLQg, Brisbane, Aus, | 1760 VOA, Tangior, Mor. 15020Han oi. N. Vi tnam 7280 Teh ran, lran 9660 Radio Liberty, Ger. 11760 Lour nco Marques, Moz. 15030 Pekin g, China 7280 HVJ, Vat. CitY 9660 Teheran, lran 11760 Hanoi. N; Vietnam 15060 P king, China 7285 Ankara, Turk. 9660 Kohsonolsk, U.S,S,B. | 1765 ZY88, Sao Paulo, Braz. 15070 BBC, London, Eng. 7290 RAl, Rome, lt. 9665 Moscow. U.S.S.R. -11765Berlin, E. Gormany 15085 Gronada , Windward ls., 7295 Makassar, Celebes 9667 Hargeisa, Somalia | 1770 Colombo, C ylon BWI 7295 BFE. Ger. 9667 TG NA, Guatemala, Guat a 11770 BBC, London, Eng. 15095 P kin0, China 7320 BBC, London, En0. 9670 COCO, Havana, Cuba 11775ZYZ2a. Bio d Jan.. Braz. 1510 0 Lisbon, Port. \ 7398 DanNtus. U.A,B. 9670 Pracuo, Czecho. 11775 Moscow, U.S.S.R. 15100Moscow,USS R 7505 Pekins. China 9675 BBC, Lon'don, Eng, 11780BBC, London, Eng. a 15105 ZYZ32, Rio de Jan., Brc. 7650 YNMS. Leon, Nic. 9675 RTF. Paris. Franco 11785 Diakarta, Indon. 15t05 AlB. Delhi. lndia 7670 Sofa, Bulg. 9675 J089, ToWo, Japan 11785 VOA, Tangier, Morocco l5l I0 BBC, London, Eng, 7850 Timna, Alb. 9675 Warcav, Poland a 11790 BBC, London, Enq. l5ll0 Moscov, USS R .. 8002 Beirut, Leb. 9680 VLHg, M lbourne, Aus. 11790VOA, Manila, P.l, l5ll5 HCJB, q. uito, Ecuador a 8900 HC.lC3, Zaruma, Eeua. 9680 XEQQ, Mexico City, Mox. 11790 Moscow, U.S.S,R. l 5l l5 Pekin0, China 90{9 TQI AviY, lsracl 9680 VOA, Tangier, Mor. ll7g5 Cologno, GGr. . 15120 Colomb o, Ceylon 9026 COBZ, Havana, Cuba 9680 Paradys, S. Afr. 11795 Djakarta, lndon. 15120RAl, R ome, ltaly 9005 P kins, China 9685 Algicrs, Alg ria ll80O BBC, London, Eng. 15120 WaNaw. Polatr

dt 9210 Leopoldville, Congo 9690 LRA, Buenos Air6, | 1802 Warcaw, Poland a 15120HVl , Vatican City 9360 Madrid, spain o Arg. a llB05 RAl, Rome, lt. 15125ZYN3l, Salvador,Brazil 9363 COBC. Havana, Cuba 9690 BBC, London, Enq. llB05 VOA, Courier, Rhodes 15125 Prague, Czecho. 9380 Alma Ata, Kazakh S.S.B. 9690 BBC, Singaoore I l8l0 VLBI I, Melbourne, Aus, f 15125 Seoul, l(oroa . ggB5 Leopoldville, Congo 9700 Sofia, Bulgaria a llBl0 RAl. Romo. lt. 15125 VOA, Manila, P,l. 9410 BBC, London, Eng. 9700 Rabat, Morocco I l8l0 Amman, Jordan 15125Lisbon, Por tugal . 9,t40 CP38, La Paz, Bol. 9705 Kabul, Afghan. ll8l0 Bucharest,Rom, a 15130RTF. Pa ris. France 9458 Pekins, China 9705 Bruss ls, Bels. ll8l0 Horby, Sweden a , 15130 VOA. Manila. P.l. 9500 XEWW, Mexico 9ity,9705 AlR. Delhi. India llBl5 Madrid, SDain 15130 l(CBR, D elano.Calif. Mex. 9705 Radio Free Europe, PorL | 1820 Pekins, China 15130WBOU, New York. USA 9500 Maqadan, U.S.S.R. 9710 BBC, London, Etrg. 11820 BBC, London, Eng. 15130 Mos cow. USSR 95tX) Moscow. U.S,S.R. 9710 RAl. Bome. lt. | 1820 XEBR. Hormosillo, Mex. 15135PR B23, Sao Paulo, Braz. 9505 PRB22, Sao Paulo, Braz. 9715 Hilvorsum, Neth, . 11825 ELWA, Monrovia, Lib. 15135lOBl5, Tokyo, Japan 9505 nabat, Mor. g7l5 Radio Free Europe, G8f. | 1830 WRUL, Boston, U.S.A. 15135 Radio Free Europe, Port. 9505 HOLA, Colon, Pan, 9720 Paradys, S. Afr. 11880 Moscov. U.S.S.R, 15140 Pekins , China 9510 Pekin0, China 9725 Tel AYiv, lsrael 11835 Algi 6, Alg. 15140 BBC, London, Ens . . 95lO VOA, Tanqier, litor, 9725 RFE, Port. 11835 VOA, Colonbo, Ceylon 15140 AlR. D !hi.lndia 9515 RAl, Caltanissetta, lt, 9725 BBC, Singapore 11835 CXAl9, MonteYideo,Urug. 1 5140 l(omsomolsk, USSR 9515 Ankara, Turkey . 9730 Brazzaville, Equat. Un. 11840 Pratu , Czecho. 15145ZYI( 33. Recif . Brazil 9520 Colombo, C ylon 9730 Leipzig, E. Ger. 11840VOA, Tangicr, Mor. 15145 Bddio Fr e Europ , Port 9520 Copenhagen, DeD a S73O DZH7, Manila, P.l. 11840 Lisbon. Port. . l5l48 CEl5l 5, Sartiaso, Chile 9520 VOA, Salonika, Gr. SZ35 Pekinq, China I lB40 Khabarovsk, U.S.S,R, 15150 Dia karta, Indonesia 9520 OAX8E, lquitos, Poru 9735 BBC, London, Eng. 11840 Hanoi, N, Vietnam 15150 L ourenco Marques, Moz. 9523 Paradys, S. Afr. 9735 Cologne, Gornany 11845 RTF. Paris. Franco 15150 Lisbo n, Portuqal 9525 BBC, London, Eng. 9735 AIR. Madras. lndia 11845 Karachi, Pak. 15150 Moscow, USSB. 9525 JOB9, Tokyo, Japan 9740 VOA, Tan!ier, Mor. 11850 Sofla, Buls. 15153 OAX4T, Lima, P ru 9525 Warsav. Poland 3742 LRSI, Buenos Aires, Arg. | 1850 AlR, Bombay, lndia 1515 5 ZYB0, Sao Paulo, Brazi'l 9530 COCO, Havana, Cuba 9745 Brussels, B lg. 11850 Oslo, Norway . 15155l(arachi, P akistan 9530 VOA, Munich, Ger. 9745 HCJB, Quiio, Ecua. a 11855 Brussels, Bels, o 15155 V

OA. Manila. P,l. 9530 AlR, Delhi, India 9745 Ankara, Turk. 11855 Radio Free Europs, Ger. 15155 WB OU, New York, USA 9530 VOA, Courier, Rhodos 9745 Moscow, U.S.S,R. 11855DZH8, Manila, P.l. 15155 Mo soow, USSR 9530 YvMz, Maracaibo, VGn. 9750 BBC, London, Eng. 11860 Peking, China 15160 VLAl 5. M lhourne,AuE. 9535 Lagos, Nigeria 9750 Badio Free Eurupe, Pott. 11860 BBC, London, En!. 15160R TF, Paris, Franco 9535 VOA, Manila, P.l. 9750 Khabarovsk, U.S.S.R. 11860 Moscow, U.S.S.R. 15160 XE WW, Mexico oity, Mex, S535 HER4. B rn. Switz. a 9755 ZY,W23, coiania, Braz. 11865PRA8, Recite, Braz. 151 60 Ankara, Turkey' S540 ZL2, Wetlinqton, M.Z. 9755 BTF, Paris. Franco ll865 VoA, Tansior, Mor. 1516 0 Moscow, USSR 990 Waruaw, Poland 9755 Saigon, Viotnam 11865 HERs, Bsrn, Switz. a 15165 ZYN7. F ortaleza. Braz. 9540 Omdurman, Sudan 9760 BBC, London, Eng. 11865Tunis, Tun, 15165Coponhagen,D nna rk 9545 zYS43. Cu.itiba, Braz, 9762 Hanoi, N. Vietnam | 1870 Moscos; U.S.S.R. 15165 Danascus. UAR 9545 HED5, Bern, Switz. 9765 Moscow,U.S.S,R. llB75 zYN32, Salvador, Braz. 15170T ronso, Norway 9950 Pra0u , Czecho, . 9770 Brazzaville, Equat. Un. 11875 VOA, Colombo, Ceylon 151 70 OBX4C. Lima. Peru 9550 AlR, Bonbay, India 9770 BBC, London, Enq. llB75 VOA, Tangier, Mor. 15170 Ra dio Free Europe, P0rt. 9550 OAXIZ, Tumbes, Peru 9775 Moscow,U.S.S.R. llB80 BSC, London, Eno. 15175Pekin q,China 9555 CP6, La Paz, Bol, 9795 Cairo, U.A.R. . 11880XEHH, M xico City, M6x. 15175Oslo , Norway o 9555 BBC, London, Eng. sB00 Pekinq, China' I lB85 P king, China 15180 BBC, London, Eng. 9555 XETT, MBxico City, M x. S800 Moscow, U.S.S.R. 11885 Kafachi. Pak. l5lB0 AlR, Oelhi,India 9560 RTF, Paris, Franco 9805 Cairo, U.A.R. 11885 Radio Free Europe, Get 15180 Mo scow, USSR , 9560 Tokyo, Japan 9825 BBC, London, Eng. O11890 Moscov, U.S.S.B. l5lB5 VOA. Ma nila. P.l, 9563 OAX4R. Lima. Peru gB33 Budapest, Hung. a 11895Oakar, Mali Fed. 15185 Radio Freo Europe, Port. 9565 ZYK3, Recife, Braz, 9840 H.anoi, N, Vietnam 11895 VOA, Tanqier, Mor. 15,85 WDSI, New York, USA ' 9565 Radio Liberty, Ger. 9850 AlB, Delhi, India 11895 VOA. Manila. P.l. 15190 Br azzavill , Congo Rep. 9565 l(habaroYsk. U,S.S.B, 9860 Poking,.China llg00 Birchar st, Bumania a l5lg0 He lsinki. Finland t 9570 Bucharest, Rom, o 9870 Djakarta, Indon. 11900CXAl0. Montevideo, UL 15190 l( omsomolsk, USSR 9575 ZYZ27, Bio de Jan., Braz, 9895 Eengazi, Libya 11900 Moscow, U.S.S.R. 15190M oscow, USSR 9575 Taipei, Formosa 9915 BBC. London, Eng. 11905 RAl, Rome,ltaly . 15195 P.agu ,

Czecho. 3575 RAl, Bome, ltaly a 9973 Pekins, China 11905 WDSI, New York, U.S,A. 15195 Ra dio Free Europe, Ger, 9580 VLAS, Melhourne, Aus. 10335 Ulan Bator, Mong, ll9l0 BBC, London, Ens. 15195 Ankara, Turkey 95a0 .BBC, London, En0. 10530 Alma Ata. Kazakh S.S.B, I lgl0 Budap st, Hung. a 152 00 Paradys, South Africa 9585 ZYR56, Sao Paulo. Bra2, | 1290 Pekin0, China ll9l0 Banskok, Thai. 15200 WDS I. New York. USA 9585 RTF, Paris. Franco 11570Moscov,U.S.S.F. ll9l5 HCJB. Suito Ecua. a 9588 Peking, China 11600 PGkins, China I l9l5 Hilv fsum, N th, 9590 Djakarta, lndon, 11630 Moscov, U.S.S.R. 11920 RAl, Paris, Franco WHITE'S BA DIO lOG I89

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Moscov,"USSB t5365 WLWO, Cincinnati, Ohjo 15215Radlo Fr@ Eumpe.Port. 15370 ZYCg, Rio de lan., BrAz. 21470BBC, London,Eng. t52t5 voA, okinawa,nvukvuls. 15370 Radio Liborty, Csrmily 21480HilvcFun, l,loth. lil20 HilYersum,'ileth. t 15375BBC, London, Eng. 2til85 Radio Fr e EuroPe,PorL 2l48lt WLWO. Cin!itrnatl, U8A lCf25 Tairei, Taiwan,China 15375 Cologno, Germany f 2t4go BBc, bndon, Eng. 15380 VOA, Tangier, Morocco ..15225Fadio Libertv, Gormany 21490Cologno,Gormany 15380 VOA, Okinawa, Ryukyu ls. l5!25 Moscow,US$R 21495Lisbon,Port. vLHl5. Melbourne,Aus. 15380 WBUL, Boston, USA 15230 2lil95DZl8, Manila,P'1, 15385DZF3, Manila, P.l. ', 15230BBc, London,Eng. 15385 CXA60, MonteYid6o,Urug. i 15230VOA, Colombo,Cevlon 21sfi) BrazzavillqCotrroRoP. \ 15a35Joal5, Tokyo,Japan 15385 Moscow, USSR 7773Athens. Grcaoo 21505ltrDsl, ]{cv York, USA 7775HilYemum,Noth. 21505MoEcou,USSF 15390 BBC, London, En!. 15235vOA, Tangier,Morueco 7780WSOU, Nev York, USA 21510Brulsol!,Bolgidn 15390 Moscow,\USSR 15235Komsomolsk,USSB

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15255CKSB Montrsal,Quo.* 6090 | ;dr-d dftijB-rii-oiiiiiir,'due.. 1il705 CBFY Uontreal, Qut.. quo'* 15275Cl(BR Montrcal,QuG.n 6005 CFCX Nontreal,Que. I b'i-3bc'iix'ilitiiui,'t't.s. ll1705 cKxA -Montroal' t5320CKCS Montroal,Quo'* I 6010CJCX/SYdneY,N.S. | 6i60 d-dijt Vinc'ouv-er,e.C, | 11720CBFL Montreal'guo.603 0 cFVF c6lrarv, Alta, | 6'i6-di'[Ie !ioi':iiar, irei' 1il720 cHoL Montreal,_Quc.* 17710CHSB Montroal,que.* -r'st-o 6060 cKBz itbntrcal, Quo.+ | b'd'Fu iionireil, riue. | | t760 cBFA l-t'!0ntreal,Que'" 17735CtIRX Montr al,Quo .* I dis-i C'kLF-ilidntrs-ii, due;. | 11760CKRA Montreal,Quo.* | t7820CKNC ilontr@1 ,Que.* -s-6i6 --, | | l90o cKEx Montrual'Que'* 17865CHYS Montreal,Que.* | biiFx i'tontroai,Que' I ddid dfrLS tiioriiieii,lque.i I lle45 cKEx !-lontroal,Quo'* 2t600CKRP Montroal ,Quo.* -r-6i6 t8{ WHITE'S"RADIO LOG | cdFo uontreat,0us. I t5090cl(Lx Montreal'Que.* 2l7lo CHL A Montroal,Qus.+ EXPERIII|IENTER 0nSslelUovember walchiortheSCIENCE Isf .lF