CHAPTER II DISCUSSION Although the Hamiltonian system is already known, there are various issues that are often

encountered in quantum physics, for example due to the electron-lectron interactions or due to an external field. The solution of these problems can be solved using the theory of perturbation. In the theory of disorder, the Hamiltonian system has been broken down into two main parts and the parts without disturbance or nuisance tribe. At the tribal bullies are decomposed into a stationary perturbation (perturbation theory of free time) and the theory of time-dependent problems. Time independent perturbation theory (Stationary) No case of degenerate Review the Hamiltonian of a system with a form

H gH H 0 1

1 H gH 0

(1.1)

with a Hamiltonian without interruption and disruption is Hamiltonian. The perturbation, the energy eigen values and functions will have a small correction,
(0) En En E n

(1.2)

(1.3) Furthermore, the energy eigen values and functions can be written in the form of a convergent (1.4) (1.5) It Energy (1.6) with the exact solution is known. Substitution of (1.2) and (1.3) to (1.4) yields: (1.7) or (1.8) is (1.9) true if and only if can be written in the form is clear eigenvalue that equation the for g the case of 0 this applies disorder and are: series,

Of (1.10) (1.12)

the

equation

is

obtained (1.11)

and

so

on

...

Note that also the solution to equation (1.11). Thus, these equations and solutions as well as and. Thus dperlukan constraints (constraint) to create a unique solution. This constraint is taken as follows: all the corrections of the equation (1.3) is considered for s> 0 normal and all to, n. ie (1.13)

In the Hilbert space H, the relationship hormalisasi above shows that (and also) is normal (orthogonal) to. This relationship will be used to build.

Correction

Order

From equation (1.11) above, it appears that proposes that the solution is a linear combination of, namely so that equations can be written in the form (1.14) Multiplication (1.15) With At (1.16) And (1.17) Furthermore, the value obtained from the normalization constraint on the s = 1, (1.18) So, (1.19) At (1.20) j = n, apply j n, obtained of the equation with the right result

Thus, the wave functions and energy eigenvalues of particles in the correction of order (1.21) (1.22) In and Correction Order order expansion converges, it must be true, or (1.23) 2 1 due to the disturbance Hamiltonian

As the first order correction, the wave function for the second order correction is taken (1.24) so (1.25) Multiplying (1.26) the last equation from the left produces that equation (1.12) can be written into as a linear combination wave function undisturbed,

Obtained (1.27) At (1.28) So, (1.29) By (1.30) applying n 6 =

at

j,

equation

(1:26)

written

as

the

normalization

condition,

obtained

So that the wave function and total energy of particles after the second order

correction

can

be

written

as,

(1.31) (1.32) Degeneration Note (1.33) In the case of folding with a generation-q (q-fold degeneracy), i = 1, 2, ... q, means that even though so for i q. Cases that

So the solution is to build a new basis functions from the set that diagonalizes the (n, i q), which means building the off-diagonal elements are zero, so. Think of the fruit consists of a function q which diagonalizes the (n, i q), (1.34) So (1.35) Furthermore, the shape can be expressed as a diagonal matrix size. Given that the basis for the Hilbert space and is that

the

matrix

to

be

written

as

(1.36) Correction Order 1

Similar as in the case did not degenerate, the energy correction of order 1 for the degenerate (1.37) Consider the Schr odinger equation. By taking and with n q, then the Schr odinger (1.38) above result due). This means that the (n q). So that the diagonal elements of submatrices * with (n q) is the first order correction of the Hamiltonian. (1.39) equation is written into case can be written as

Multiplying (1.40) or (1.41)

the

last

equation

to

yield

Above equation can be written in matrix form. For example, for n = 1, and obtained (1.42) Basis for the above matrix is. For n = 2, then the equation obtained for fruit and q. And so on. Then, for n q, then For there each will n = be 1, pieces 2, ... of q, the so matrix that the equation solution q as exists, above. then the equation for the following:

(1.43) Each with n = 1, 2, ..., q meemberikan and solutions on these coefficients will provide a new basis on the basis of this degeneration is not removed and become degenerate. So, in the end obtained the functions and energy eigenvalues as follows: (1.44) (1.45) (1.46) (1.47) (1.48) (1.49) Time Suppose (1.50) with a solution of the form (which is a stationary solution and obtained through separation of variables) is known exactly. Disturbance applied to the Hamiltonian assume t 0. After the disturbance is applied, Schr odinger equation solution is not to be stationary. No stationary solution can be obtained from a linear combination (1.51) of stationary solutions, there Dependent is a Hamiltonian Disorders form

with a coefficient of linear combinations of the (only) depend on time. Physical meaning of the relations obtained by applying the completeness,

(1.52) Thus, it can be interpreted as a possibility to find the particle / system is in state n at Substitution of (1:51) time into equation t. Schrdinger,

(1.53)

Multiply (1.54)

the

last

equation

then

integralkan

on

the

whole

space,

Seen that the g 0 (no perturbation), the Cm constant (independent of time). Can then (1.55) Substitution (1.56) By collecting each tribe according to the rank of g, obtained of these series into equation (1:54), be written

(1.57) (1.58) (1.59)

(1.60) Eg disturbance applied at t = 0, so that before the disturbance (and take the system state before the disturbance is expressed as) applies

(1.61) Thus, it is certainly valid and applicable for all t (for constant), (1.62) Substitution (1.63) Substitution of these results to the following equations will give the results (1.64) of these results to (1:58) to give

(1.65)

by

(chronological

time).

On

quantum

mechanics,

equations for Cm is illustrated by the Feynman diagram.