COMPUTER NETWORKS IMPORTANT CONCEPTS - WEEK 1 1. IMPORTANT USES OF NETWORKS: User communication (Voice o er IP! Vi"eo con#erencin$!

$! instant messa$in$! socia% net&or'in$( Resource s)arin$ * (Printers! mac)ines in t)e c%ou"( +ontent "e%i er, * (Vi"eos- Son$s- We. /a$es- A//%ications -U/$ra"es( +om/uter communication (e0commerce! reser ations( +onnectin$ com/uters to t)e /),sica% &or%" (%ocation on mo.i%e /)ones( 1. STATISTI+A2 MU2TIP2E3IN4 * T)e net&or' .an"&i"t) uti%i5ation #%uctuates &it) time as in#ormation #%o& (Tra##ic( on t)e internet is .urst,. Most users use t)e net&or' on%, #or some time "urin$ t)e "a,. Statistica% Mu%ti/%e6in$ is t)e s)arin$ o# .an"&i"t) amon$ users accor"in$ to t)eir "eman" statistics. Ena.%es t)e net&or' resources to .e e##icient%, s)are" &it)out resu%tin$ in .a" ser ice. ISPs ma, .e usin$ t)is conce/t #or e##icient uti%i5ation o# t)eir resources. 7. Sen"in$ t)e content ia REP2I+AS can re"uce t)e num.er o# net&or' )o/s ma'in$ content "e%i er, more e##icient t)an sen"in$ a co/, a%% t)e &a, to e er, user. E$: 4oo$%e maintains contents at a//ro/riate %ocations. 8. MET+A2FE9S 2AW ON +ONNE+TIVIT: * I# t)ere are N no"es on a net&or'! t)en t)e a%ue o# t)e net&or' is /ro/ortiona% to N1 . T)e %ar$er t)e net&or' t)e more t)eir a%ue. E$ : I# t)e num.er o# no"es in a net&or' are "ou.%e"! t)en t)e a%ue more t)an "ou.%es. ;. PARTS OF A NETWORK A//%ications * Interacts &it) t)e user- Uses t)e Net&or' E$: S',/e! iTunes! Ama5on <ost * Su//orts t)e A//%ications * =es'to/- 2a/to/- Mo.i%e Routers or S&itc)es * Transmits messa$es t)rou$) t)e net&or' 2in's * +onnects no"es (Wires or &ire%ess( >. T:PES OF 2INKS (?I=IRE+TIONA2 @ UNI=IRE+TIONA2( Fu%% =u/%e6 * /ermits simu%taneous #%o& o# in#ormation in .ot) "irections <a%# =u/%e6 0 /ermits #%o& in .ot) "irections .ut on%, in one "irection at a time Sim/%e6 * /ermits #%o& on%, in one "irection Wire%ess 2in's * Recei e" ., a%% no"es in ran$e (?roa"castin$( * Possi.i%it, o# inter#erence. A. +2ASSIFI+ATION OF NETWORKS ?ASE= ON T:PE OF TE+<NO2O4:: Wi#i (BC1.11(! Et)ernet (BC1.C7(! ISP! +a.%e - =S2 (=S2 is =i$ita% su.scri.er %ine * a tec)no%o$, t)at /ro i"es internet access ., transmittin$ "i$ita% "ata o er &ires o# a %oca% te%e/)one net&or'(! Mo.i%e /)one (14-74-84 ce%%u%ar tec)no%o$,(! ?%uetoot)! Sate%%ite B. +2ASSIFI+ATION OF NETWORKS ?: S+A2E * PAN (<ome 0 ?%uetoot) )an"set(! 2AN (?ui%"in$ 0 Wi#i or Et)ernet(! MAN (+it, 0 +a.%e-=S2(! WAN(+ountr, 0 ISP(! Internet (P%anet(

D. KE: INTERFA+ES APP2I+A?2E IN NETWORKIN4 : Inter#ace .et&een APPS an" NETWORK * =e#ines )o& APPS use Net&or' Inter#ace .et&een Net&or' com/onents * =e#ines )o& no"es &or' to$et)er 1C. W<AT IS A SO+KET E W)en t&o a//%ications in t)e same com/uter nee" to communicate! t)e IP+ (Inter /rocess communication( is #aci%itate" ., t)e O/eratin$ s,stem. SO+KET is t)e un"er%,in$ mec)anism #or IP+ (Inter /rocess communication( &)en t)e a//%ications in o% e" are on t&o "i##erent )osts. SO+KETS #aci%itate Inter mac)ine inter /rocess communication. A//%ications on +%ient an" Ser er ac)ie e t)e a.i%it, to reac) one anot)er ., t,in$ into t)e net&or' so#t&are a%rea", runnin$ in t)em. T)e Soc'et API is an inter#ace .et&een t)e APPS %a,er an" t)e net&or' so#t&are %a,er t)at #aci%itates t)is.

11. TRA+EROUTE : It is a com/uter net&or' "ia$nostic too% #or "is/%a,in$ t)e route (/at)( an" measurin$ t)e transit "e%a,s o# /ac'ets across an IP net&or'. T)e traceroute comman" is a ai%a.%e on mo"ern O/eratin$ s,stems. (tracert on Win"o&s(. T)e traceroute %ets )osts /ee' insi"e t)e net&or'. A#ter eac) )o/! traceroute $ets in#ormation #rom t)e no"e (router( on t)e ISP names! IP a""ress an" time "e%a,. W)i%e e6ecutin$ traceroute! some routers "o not res/on" %ea"in$ to FTime out9 messa$es. 11. W<AT T<E NETWORKS =O FOR T<E APPSE Ma'in$ @ ?rea'in$ connections! Fin"in$ /at) t)rou$) t)e net&or'! Re%ia.%e trans#er o# in#ormation! Ena.%es sen"in$ messa$es o# ar.itrar, %en$t)! Sen" messa$es as #ast as /ossi.%e! S)ares .an"&i"t) amon$ users! Ensures con#i"entia%it, o# in#ormation! Ena.%es a""ition o# ne& )osts. 4i en t)e arious #unctions /er#orme" ., t)e Net&or's! t)e, nee" mo"u%arit,. (Mo"u%arit, * is t)e "e$ree to &)ic) a s,stem is ma"e u/ &it) re%ati e%, in"e/en"ent! .ut inter%oc'in$ /arts.( 17. PROTO+O2S AN= 2A:ERIN4: T)e net&or' can .e isua%i5e" to .e o# se era% se/arate %a,ers! eac) &it) t)eir o&n /rotoco%s (set o# ru%es #or in#ormation e6c)an$e( an" s/eci#ie" #unctions. Protoco%s #aci%itate /eer to /eer irtua% communication .et&een /rotoco% instances in t&o no"es. Protoco%s are )ori5onta%. Eac) instance o# a /rotoco%

uses t)e ser ices o# on%, t)e %o&er %a,er. 2a,ers are ertica%! one on to/ o# t)e ot)er. T)is creates a /rotoco% stac'. 18. OSI Re#erence mo"e%: T)ere are A %a,ers in t)e mo"e% an" t)e ta.%e $i en in t)e %ast /a$e on t)is note "escri.es it in more "etai%. 1;. EN+APSU2ATION : It is t)e mec)anism use" to e##ect /rotoco% %a,erin$. Messa$e on t)e &ire .e$ins to %oo' %i'e an onion (&it) se era% %a,ers(. Eac) %a,er a""s its )ea"er as t)e "ata $oes "o&n #rom to/ to .ottom %a,er at t)e source )ost. As t)e "ata $oes u/ a%on$ t)e arious %a,ers in t)e "estination )ost! t)e )ea"ers are remo e" ., t)e corres/on"in$ /eer instances. Fina%%, t)e a//s in t)e "estination )ost $ets t)e messa$e sent ., t)e a//s in t)e source )ost. T)e #i$ure .e%o& s)o&s t)e enca/su%ation /rocess : =ata se$ments &ra//e" in IP /ac'ets (&)ic) contain t)e IP a""ress ie From an" To (IP( a""resses( ! IP /ac'ets in Et)ernet Frames &)ic) contain t)e MA+ num.er (To @ #rom(. MA+ num.er is t)e Me"ia Access +ontro% num.er &)ic) is in t)e Net&or' inter#ace car"s o# t)e )ar"&are "e ices.

1>. =EMU2TIP2E3IN4: T)e )ea"ers mentione" a.o e contain "emu%ti/%e6in$ 'e,s t)at ensure t)at t)e messa$e /asses to t)e /rotoco%s t)at it uses. 1A. A=VANTA4ES OF 2A:ERIN4 : In#ormation )i"in$ an" reuse 1B. =ISA=VANTA4ES OF 2A:ERIN4 : A""s o er)ea" to messa$es. (?ut #or %on$ messa$es! t)is )as on%, a minor e##ect(. A//%ications mi$)t care &)et)er t)e messa$e is #%o&in$ t)rou$) Wire" or Wire%ess me"ium. 1D. W<: IS T<E IP PROTO+O2 +ONSI=ERE= AS T<E NARROW WAIST OF T<E INTERNETE ?ecause! IP su//orts "i##erent t,/es o# %in's .e%o& it E$: Et)ernet! BC1.11! +a.%e-=S2! 74 etc an" a%so man, a//s an" /rotoco%s %i'e T+P! U=P! SMTP! <TTP! RTP! =NS a.o e it! it is consi"ere" as t)e narro& &aist o# t)e Internet. 1C. <o& man, /rotoco%s e6ist in eac) %a,erE A %a,er ma, )a e man, /rotoco%s &or'in$ to$et)er. It ma, a%so .e "i##icu%t to assi$n a s/eci#ic /rotoco% to a %a,er as t)e $ui"e%ines are not strict.

11. W)at are t)e units o# "ata in t)e arious %a,ers E Messa$e in a//s %a,er! Se$ments in Trans/ort %a,er! Pac'ets in Net&or' %a,er! Frames in =ata 2in' %a,er an" ?its in P),sica% %a,er. 11. W<AT ARE T<E NETWORK =EVI+ES OPERATIN4 AT VARIOUS 2A:ERSE Routers in t)e Net&or' %a,er! S&itc)es in t)e =ata 2in' %a,er! Re/eaters in t)e P),sica% %a,er! Pro6, (E$: Fire&a%%s( t)at o/erate u/ to a//%ication %a,er.

OPEN SYSTEMS INTERCONNECTION (OSI) REFERENCE MODEL AN ISO STANDARD THAT COVERS ALL ASPECTS OF NETWORK COMMUNICATION : BENEFITS OF THE MODEL :>(i) Fa i!i"a"#$ #a$% !#a&'i'( )* '#"+)&, )--.'i a"i)' /% $0!i""i'( *.' "i)'$ (ii) E'a/!#$ "# 1')!)(i a! a23a' #-#'" )* a !a%#& +i"1)." a**# "i'( )"1#& !a%#&$ (iii) Fa i!i"a"#$ #a$% "&)./!# $1))"i'( *)& '#"+)&, )--.'i a"i)' 0&)/!#-$4 P&)" La% D#$ &i0"i) F.' "i)' ) )! #& ' $ 5 A00!i a"i)' La%#& P&#$#'"a"i) ' La%#& Interacts an" /ro i"es ser ices to t)e users. E$: Internet e6/%orer- 4oo$%e +)rome- Fire Fo6. +ontains a ariet, o# /rotoco%s t)at are common%, nee"e" ., users * <TTP! FTP! SMTP!=NS! RTP A//%ication /rotoco%s =ata #%o& Protoco%s O/eratin$ s,stem is in t)is %a,er. +oncerne" &it) t)e s,nta6 an" semantics o# t)e in#ormation transmitte". It trans%ates! com/resses! encr,/ts messa$es. It #aci%itates esta.%is)ment! mana$ement an" termination o# a session .et&een users &or'in$ on t)e source an" "estination )osts an" error reco er,. E$: W)en a &e. /a$e is accesse"! t)ere is a session esta.%is)e" .et&een t)e user )ost an" &e. ser er. =ia%o$ contro% (&)ose turn to transmit ne6t(! To'en mana$ement (to /re ent simu%taneous /er#ormance o# a critica% o/eration ., .ot) t)e en" users( an" S,nc)roni5ation (use" #or c)ec' /ointin$ in %ar$e transmissions ! to a%%o& t)em to continue #rom &)ere t)e, &ere a#ter a cras)( 0 are t)e #unctions o# t)is %a,er. =eci"es )o& muc) in#ormation must .e sent at a time. Is res/onsi.%e #or s%icin$ o# t)e %ar$e "ata into trans/orta.%e se$ments &it) se$ment num.er to #aci%itate trans/ort o# "ata. Mana$es /rocess to /rocess "e%i er, o# "ata. T)e Router an" IP a""resses resi"e in t)is %a,er. 4eneration o# /ac'ets an" routin$ o# /ac'ets to t)e correct "estination is t)e #unction o# t)is %a,er. T)e "ata ma, )a e to /ass t)rou$) man, net&or's &it) "i##erent /rotoco%s! /ac'et si5e s/eci#ications etc. T)e net&or' %a,er ensures t)at "ata mo es #rom source )ost to "estination )osts in s/ite o# a%% t)is. +ontro%s t)e o/eration o# t)e su.net. Routers can .e static (#i6e" route(- ",namic ("eci"es route at t)e .e$innin$ o# eac) con ersation( or )i$)%, ",namic (route "etermine" ane& #or eac) /ac'et( .ase" on current %oa". Net&or' con$estion is contro%%e" ., t)is %a,er. Gua%it, o# ser ice! transit "e%a,s! Hitters are "ue to t)is %a,er. S&itc)es an" MA+ (Me"ia access contro%( a""resses are in t)is %a,er. T)is 2a,er is res/onsi.%e #or or$ani5in$ .its into #rames (to #aci%itate )o/ to )o/ "e%i er,( an" t)e mo ement o# "ata #rames #rom no"e to no"e. F%o& contro% an" Error contro% are #unctions o# t)is %a,er an" t&o %a,ers a.o e. Res/onsi.%e #or .inar, transmission. T)e ca.%es! connectors! etc t)rou$) &)ic) "ata #%o&s are in t)is %a,er. I# t)ere is a ca.%e "isconnection causin$ communication .rea'"o&n! it is a 2a,er 1 /ro.%em. T)is %a,er inc%u"es s/eci#ications #or acti atin$! maintainin$ an" "eacti atin$ t)e /),sica% %in'. P),sica% %a,er /rotoco%s inc%u"e re/eaters an" )u.s. Issues * W)at must .e t)e o%ta$e #or a 1 .it - C .it. ?it transmission time (nanosecon"s(. <o& man, /ins t)e net&or' connector )as an" &)at eac) /in is use" #or.

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