Homework: 2, 4, 5, 11, 16, 24, 35, 41, 44, 47, 49, 51

2. If the 1 kg standard body has an acceleration of 2.00 m/s

2
at
20.0
0
to the positive direction of an x axis, what are (a) the x
component and (b) the y component of the net force acting on the
body, and (c) what is the net force in unit-vector notation?
acos m a m F
x x
= =
asin m a m F
y y
= =
) j

sin i

a(cos m j

F i

F F
y x net
+ = + =

4. Three astronauts propelled by jet backpacks, push and guide a

120 kg asteroid toward a processing dock, exerting the forces
shown in the figure below, with F
1
=32 N, F
2
=55 N, F
3
=41 N,
u
1
=30
0
, and u
3
=60
0
. What is the asteroids acceleration (a) in unit-
vector notation and as (b) a magnitude and (c) a direction relative to
the positive direction of the x axis?
x x
a m F =
3 3 1 1 2 x
cos F cos F F F + + =
3 3 1 1 y
sin F sin F F =
y y
a m F =
j

a i

a a
y x
+ =

2
y
2
x
a a a + =

|
.
|

\
|
=

x
y
1
a
a
tan
11. The figure below shows an arrangement in which four disks are
suspended by cords. The longer, top cord loops over a frictionless
pulley and pulls with a force of magnitude 98 N on the wall to which
it is attached. The tension in the shorter cords are T
1
=58.8 N,
T
2
=49.0 N, and T
3
=9.8 N. What are the masses of (a) disk A, (b)
disk B, (c) disk C, and (d) disk D?
T
Disk A: T=T
1
+m
A
g m
A
=4.0 (kg)
Disk B: T
1
=T
2
+m
B
g m
B
=1.0 (kg)
Disk C: T
2
=T
3
+m
C
g m
C
=4.0 (kg)
Disk D: T
3
=m
D
g m
D
=1.0 (kg)
16. There are two horizontal forces on the 2.0 kg box in the
overhead view of the figure below but only one (of magnitude F
1
=20
N) is shown. The box moves along the x axis. For each of the
following values for the acceleration a
x
of the box, find the second
force in unit-vector notation: (a) 10 m/s
2
, (b) 20 m/s
2
, (c) 0, (d) -
10 m/s
2
, and (e) -20 m/s
2
.
F
1
+F
2
=ma
(a) F
2
=ma-F
1
=2.0x10-20=0 (N)
0 F
2
=

(d) F
2
=ma-F
1
=2.0x(-10)-20=-40 (N)
i

40 F
2
=

24. In the figure below, a crate of mass m=100 kg is pushed at

constant speed up a frictionless ramp (u=30.0
0
) by a horizontal
force . What are the magnitudes of (a) and (b) the force on the
crate from the ramp?
F

F
g
F
N
(a) The crate moves with a constant speed, so
the net force acting on the crate is zero. Along
the x axis:
Fcosu = mgsinu F = 566 (N)
(b) Along the y axis:

F
N
= mgcosu + Fsinu F
N
= 1132 (N)
x
y
35. An elevator cab that weighs 27.8 kN moves upward. What is
the tension in the cable if the cabs speed is (a) increasing at a rate
of 1.22 m/s
2
and (b) decreasing at a rate of 1.22 m/s
2
?
(a) Applying Newtons second law, a=+1.22 m/s
2
:
T-mg = ma
m = (27.8x1000)/9.8 = 2837 (kg)
T = 2837 (9.8+1.22) = 31.3 x 10
3
(N)

(b) a=-1.22 m/s
2
: T = 2837 (9.8-1.22) = 24.3 x 10
3
(N)
44. In Figure a, a constant horizontal force is applied to block A,
which pushes against block B with a 20.0 N force directed
horizontally to the right. In Figure b, the same force is applied to
block B; now block A pushes on block B with a 10.0 N force
directed horizontally to the left. The blocks have a combined mass
of 12.0 kg. What are the magnitudes of (a) their acceleration in
Figure a and (b) force ?
(a) Figure a: F
B
= m
B
a
Figure b: F
A
= m
A
a

a = (F
A
+F
B
)/(m
A
+m
B
)

F
B
=20 N; F
A
=10 N; m
A
+m
B
= 12 kg a = 2.5 (m/s
2
)

(b) F
a
= (m
A
+m
B
)a = 30 (N)
10 N F
B
=20 N
Additional question: what are masses m
A
and m
B
?
m
A
= F
A
/a = 10/2.5 = 4 kg
m
B
= F
B
/a = 20/2.5 = 8 kg
F
A
=10 N
Inverse problem:
If we know F
a
= 30 N, m
A
= 4 kg and m
B
= 8 kg, Determine
contact forces between the blocks in Figure a and b.
F
a
= (m
A
+m
B
)a a = F
a
/(m
A
+m
B
) = 30/12 = 2.5 m/s
2
Figure a: F
B
= m
B
a F
B
= 8 x 2.5 = 20 N
F
a
-F
A
= m
A
a F
A
= F
a
- 4 x 2.5 = 20 N
Figure b: F
A
= m
A
a F
A
= 4 x 2.5 = 10 N
F
a
-F
B
= m
B
a F
B
= F
a
- 8 x 2.5 = 10 N
F
A

F
B
F
A

F
B
47. The figure below shows two blocks connected by a cord (of
negligible mass) that passes over a frictionless pulley (also of
negligible mass). The arrangement is known as Atwoods machine.
One block has mass m
1
=1.3 kg; the other has mass m
2
=2.8 kg.
What are (a) the magnitude of the blocks acceleration and (b) the
tension in the cord?
F
1,g
T

F
2,g
T

y
m
1
g - T = -m
1
a
m
2
g T = m
2
a
) m/s ( 6 . 3
m m
)g m (m
a
2
2 1
1 2
=
+

=
T = m
1
(g+a)
T = 17.4 (N)
49. A 10 kg monkey climbs up a massless rope that runs over a
frictionless tree limb and back down to a 15 kg package on the
ground (a) What is the magnitude of the least acceleration the
monkey must have if it is to lift the package off the ground? If,
after the package has been lifted, the monkey stops its climb and
holds onto the rope, what are the (b) magnitude and (c) direction of
the monkeys acceleration and (d) the tension in the rope?
F
m
T
T
F
N
F
p
(a) T: the force the rope pulls upward on the
monkey: T mg = ma
m
For the package:
T+F
N
-Mg = Ma
p
To lift the package off the ground: F
N
=0,
and the least acceleration a
m
requires a
p
=0, so:
T = Mg
Mg mg = ma
m
a
m
= 4.9 (m/s
2
)
(b) See Problem 47:


(c) See Problem 47: T = m(g+a
m
) ~ 118 (N)
) m/s ( 96 . 1
m M
m)g (M
a
2
=
+

=
51. A block of mass m
1
=3.7 kg on a frictionless plane inclined at
angle u=30.0
0
is connected by a cord over a massless, frictionless
pulley to a second block of mass m
2
=2.30 kg hanging vertically.
What are (a) the magnitude of the acceleration of each block, (b)
the direction of the acceleration of the hanging block, and (c) the
tension in the cord?
1. Force analysis
N
F

g 1,
F

'
T

g 2,
F

y
x
y
2. Applying Newtons second law:
0 cos F F
g 1, N
=
a m sin F T
1 g 1,
=
Block 1:
Block 2: a m T - F
2 g 2,
=
) ( 735 . 0
2
2 1
1 2
m/s
m m
gsin m - g m
a =
+
=
a>0: the direction of the acceleration of block 2 is downward.
(N) 20.9 a) - (g m a m - F T
2 2 g 2,
= = =
Chapter 2 Force and Motion

2.1. Newtons First Law and Inertial Frames
2.2. Newtons Second Law
2.3. Some Particular Forces. The Gravitational Force and Weight
2.4. Newtons Third Law
2.5. Friction and Properties of Friction.
Motion in the Presence of Resistive Forces
2.6. Uniform Circular Motion and Non-uniform Circular Motion
2.5. Motion in Accelerated Frames
2.5. Friction and Properties of Friction. Motion in the
Presence of Resistive Forces
No motion of the block:

: static frictional force
Motion of the block:

: kinetic frictional force
max s, k
f f

<
Friction:
s
f

k
f

s
f

No motion
k
f

' F

motion
Properties of friction:
Property 1: If the body does not move,
and the component of that is parallel to
the surface are equal in magnitude and
opposite in direction.
s
f

Property 2: The magnitude of has a

maximum value computed by:




is the coefficient of static friction.
is the magnitude of the normal
force on the body from the surface.
s
f

N s max s,
F f =
s

N
F
F f
s
=
F f
s
=
max s,
s
f
F f
=
=
0 f
s
=
Properties of friction:
Property 3: If the body moves, the magnitude
of the frictional force decreases to a value f
k

calculated by:


is the coefficient of kinetic friction
N k k
F f =
k

N k k
F f =
N k k
F f =
Sample Problem 6-2:
A woman pulls a loaded sled of
m=75 kg at constant speed;
k
=0.10;
|=42
0
; determine:
(a) (b) T increases, how about ?
N k k k
F f 0; f - Tcos = =
Constant speed requires a = 0, so:
For the x axis:
T

k
f
For the y axis:
(2) 0 mg F Tsin
N
= +
(N) 7 . 90
sin cos
mg
T (2) & (1)
k
k
=
+
=
Tsin - mg F
N
=
If T increases, F
N
will decrease
f
k
decreases
loaded sled
a m F
net

=
) 1 ( 0 F - Tcos
N k
=
Checkpoint 2:
F
1
=10 N, F
2
increases from 0. Before the box begins to slide, do
the following quantities increase, decrease or stay the same:
(a) f
s
; (b) F
N
; (c) f
s,max
(a) the same;
(b) F
N
+F
2
=mg F
N
decreases;
(c) , so f
s.max
decreases
N s max s,
F f =
2
F

Summary
Steps for solving problems using Newtons laws
1. Draw a free-body diagram for each object of the system:
- draw all possible forces: gravitational, normal, tension, friction
(static or kinetic), any applied forces, third-law force pairs.
- choose a coordinate system for each moveable object.
- indicate the acceleration direction of each object, if unknown you
can make an assumption.

2. Write Newtons second law:

- Write the equation above for each axis


- If the system is stationary or moving with a constant speed, then
a = 0.

3. Put constraints on the accelerations of the objects

a m F
net

=
; ;
, , y y net x x net
ma F ma F = =
Motion in the Presence of Resistive Forces:
If a body moves through a fluid (gas or liquid), the body will
experience a drag force (due to air or viscous resistance)
that opposes the relative motion.
D

Drag at high velocity:

is the density of the fluid
v is the speed of the body relative to the fluid
A is the effective cross-sectional area
C is the drag coefficient
2
Av C
2
1
D =
- For a body falling through air: F
g
D = ma
F
g
= mg - F
buoyant
D ~ v
2
D increases until D=F
g
, and the body falls at a
constant speed, called the terminal speed V
t
:
A C
F
v
Av C
2
1
F
g'
t
2
t
g'
2
0
=
=
+
Drag at low velocity:

b is a constant, depending on the properties of the fluid and the
dimension of the body
v is the speed of the body
bv D =
(1) ma bv - F - mg
buoyant
=
D increases until the acceleration a=0: ) 2 ( bv F - mg
t buoyant
=
dt
dv
m v) - b(v or ma v) - b(v (2) and (1)
t t
= =
}
=
}
=
t
0
v
0
t t
dt
m
b
v - v
dv
dt
m
b
v - v
dv
) 3 ( ) e (1 v v t
m
b
v
v - v
ln
t
m
b
t
t
t

= =
); e (1
b
mg'
v
t
m
b

=
=

=
b
mg'
b
F mg
v (1)
buoyant
t
t
m
b
e g' a

=
1) - (e
b
m
v t v y
t
m
b
t t

+ = (3)
1) - (e v t v y

t
t t

+ =
time stic characteri the :
b
m
=
) e (1 v v

t
t

=

t
e g' a

=
Homework: Read Sample Problem 6-4 (p 123)
7, 10, 15, 21, 25, 30, 33 (p 131-133)