1. The difference between experimental probability and theoretical probability.

The experimental or empirical probability of an event is based on what has actually happened while the theoretical probability of the event attempts to predict what will happen on the basis of certain assumptions. As the number of trials in an experiment, go on increasing we may expect the experimental and theoretical probabilities to be nearly the same 2. The theoretical (classical) probability of an event E, written as P(E), is defined as P (E) = Number of outcomes favourable to E Number of all possible outcomes of the experiment where we assume that the outcomes of the experiment are equally likely. 3. The probability of a sure event (or certain event) is 1. 4. The probability of an impossible event is 0. 5. The probability of an event E is a number P(E) such that 0 P (E) 1 6. An event having only one outcome is called an elementary event. The sum of the probabilities of all the elementary events of an experiment is 1. 7. For any event E, P (E) + P ( E ) = 1, where E stands for not E. E and E are called complementary events. When two coins are tossed simultaneously, the possible outcomes are (H, H), (H, T), (T, H), (T, T), which are all

equally likely. Toss two coins simultaneously the values of

cards.
. That is, the probability of an event which is impossible to occur is 0. Such an event is called an impossible event. The event E , representing not E, is called the complement of the event E. We also say that E and E are complementary events. P(E) + P(not E) = 1 Example 13 : Two dice, one blue and one grey, are thrown at the same time. Write down all the possible outcomes. What is the probability that the sum of the two numbers appearing on the top of the dice is (i) 8? (ii) 13? (iii) less than or equal to 12?

Note that the pair (1, 4) is different from (4, 1). (Why?)So, the number of possible outcomes = 6 6 = 36. (i) The outcomes favourable to the event the sum of the two numbers is 8 denoted by E, are: (2, 6), (3, 5), (4, 4), (5, 3), (6, 2) (see Fig. 15.3) i.e., the number of outcomes favourable to E = 5. Hence, P(E) = 5/36..

there is no outcome favourable to the event F, the sum of two numbers is 13 So, P(F) =0 A die is thrown twice. What is the probability that (i) 5 will not come up either time? (ii) 5 will come up at least once? [Hint : Throwing a die twice and throwing two dice simultaneously are treated as the same experiment]

23. A game consists of tossing a one rupee coin 3 times and noting its outcome each time. Hanif wins if all the tosses give the same result i.e., three heads or three tails, and loses otherwise. Calculate the probability that Hanif will lose the game. 3 /4Possible outcomes are : HHH, TTT, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH. Here, THH means tail in the first toss, head on the second toss and head on the third toss and so on. 1. Two customers Shyam and Ekta are visiting a particular shop in the same week (Tuesday to Saturday). Each is equally likely to visit the shop on any day as on another day. What is the probability that both will visit the shop on (i) the same day? (ii) consecutive days? (iii) different days? TOTAL NO. OF POSSIBLE EVENTS 5*5=25 1. (i) 1/5 (ii) 8/25 (iii) 4/5 2. A die is numbered in such a way that its faces show the numbers 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 6. It is thrown two times and the total score in two throws is noted. Complete the following table which gives a few values of the total score on the two throws: What is the probability that the total score is (i) even? (ii) 6? (iii) at least 6?

Event x occurs {P(X) prob of event X} after x event Y events occur occurs {P Y|X }WHERE | MEANS GIVENy is occurring after x And if Y does not occurs after x {P(YX)} X EVENT DOES NOT OCCUR P(X) AS WE MOVE ALONG TREE BRANCHES WE HAVE TOMULTIPLY SO GIVEN{ P(Y/X) } Y OCCURS AFTER X AND INVERTED U MEANS AND

83 LIKE A AND B INCLUDES PEOPLE WHICH WILL LIKE ALL 3 WINES.REMEMBER ITS NOT 83 LIKE JUST A AND B ALSO P (C|A) IS SIMPLY SEEN IN VENN OR USING FORMULA FOR CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY = P( C A) /P (A) P(C A) MEANS C AND A OVERLAPPING

A ARTS , B : BIOLOGY P(A|B) READ AS HOW MANY STUDENTS DOING BIOLOGY WILL DO ARTS .READ AS PROB. OF A GIVEN B . P (ART AND BIO|DO NOT DO CHEMISTRY) MEANS PROB OF STUDENTS DOING A AND B IN STUDENTS NOT DOING CHEMISTRY.

The Event A or B Recall that union of two sets A and B denoted by A B contains all those elements which are either in A or in B or in both. 3. The Event A and B We know that intersection of two sets A B is the set of those elements which are common to both A and B. i.e., which belong to both A and B. The Event A but not B We know that AB is the set of all those elements which are in A but not in B. Therefore, the set AB may denote the event A but not B.We know that Example 6 Consider the experiment of rolling a die. Let A be the event getting a prime number, B be the event getting an odd number. Write the sets representing the events (i) Aor B (ii) A and B (iii) A but not B (iv) not A. Solution Here S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, A = {2, 3, 5} and B = {1, 3, 5} Obviously (i) A or B = A B = {1, 2, 3, 5} (ii) A and B = A B = {3,5} (iii) A but not B = A B = {2} (iv) not A = A= {1,4,6} 16.3.4 Mutually exclusive events In the experiment of rolling a die, a sample space is S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Consider events, A an odd number appears and B an even number appears Clearly the event A excludes the event B and vice versa. In other words, there is no outcome which ensures the occurrence of events A and B simultaneously. Here A = {1, 3, 5} and B = {2, 4, 6} Clearly NO OVERLAPPING EMPTY SET i.e., A and B are disjoint sets. In general, two events A and B are called mutually exclusive events if the occurrence of any one of them excludes the occurrence of the other event, i.e., if they can not occur simultaneously. In this case the sets A and B are disjoint. Again in the experiment of rolling a die, consider the events A an odd number appears and event B a number less than 4 appears Obviously A = {1, 3, 5} and B = {1, 2, 3}

Therefore, A and B are not mutually exclusive events.

Example 12 Two students Anil and Ashima appeared in an examination. The probability that Anil will qualify the examination is 0.05 and that Ashima will qualify the examination is 0.10. The probability that both will qualify the examination is 0.02. Find the probability that (a) Both Anil and Ashima will not qualify the examination. (b) Atleast one of them will not qualify the examination and (c) Only one of them will qualify the examination. Solution Let E and F denote the events that Anil and Ashima will qualify the examination, respectively. Given that

DO IT WITH VENN DIAGRAM VERY EASY

0.87

ANIL
0.03
.

0.02

ASHIMA
0.08

Example 13 A committee of two persons is selected from two men and two women. What is the probability that the committee will have (a) no man? (b) one man? (c) two men? Solution The total number of persons = 2 + 2 = 4. Out of these four person, two can