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Example Class: A Gradebook: - Create Class That Includes Instances of Other Classes Within It - Concept

The document describes a Gradebook class that stores student and grade data. The Gradebook class contains methods to add students and grades, retrieve student grades, and return a list of students. It hides the internal data representation from users, who interact with the class through its methods. For example, a user can get a list of all students or a student's grades without knowing that students are stored in a list and grades in a dictionary. This provides data encapsulation and allows changing the internal representation without affecting external code.

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petejuan
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41 views

Example Class: A Gradebook: - Create Class That Includes Instances of Other Classes Within It - Concept

The document describes a Gradebook class that stores student and grade data. The Gradebook class contains methods to add students and grades, retrieve student grades, and return a list of students. It hides the internal data representation from users, who interact with the class through its methods. For example, a user can get a list of all students or a student's grades without knowing that students are stored in a list and grades in a dictionary. This provides data encapsulation and allows changing the internal representation without affecting external code.

Uploaded by

petejuan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Example class: A Gradebook

Create class that includes instances of other classes within it Concept:


Build a data structure that can hold grades for students Gather together data and procedures for dealing with them in a single structure, so that users can manipulate without having to know internal details

Example: A Gradebook
class Grades(object): """A mapping from students to a list of grades""" def __init__(self): """Create empty grade book""" self.students = [] # list of Student objects self.grades = {} # maps idNum -> list of grades self.isSorted = True # true if self.students is sorted def addStudent(self, student): """Assumes: student is of type Student Add student to the grade book""" if student in self.students: raise ValueError('Duplicate student') self.students.append(student) self.grades[student.getIdNum()] = [] self.isSorted = False

Example: A Gradebook
class Grades(object): def addGrade(self, student, grade): """Assumes: grade is a float Add grade to the list of grades for student""" try: self.grades[student.getIdNum()].append(grade) except KeyError: raise ValueError('Student not in grade book') def getGrades(self, student): """Return a list of grades for student""" try: # return copy of student's grades return self.grades[student.getIdNum()][:] except KeyError: raise ValueError('Student not in grade book)

Example: A Gradebook
class Grades(object):

def allStudents(self): """Return a list of the students in the grade book""" if not self.isSorted: self.students.sort() self.isSorted = True return self.students[:] #return copy of list of students

Using a gradebook without knowing internal details


def gradeReport(course): """Assumes: course if of type grades""" report = [] for s in course.allStudents(): tot = 0.0 numGrades = 0 for g in course.getGrades(s): tot += g numGrades += 1 try: average = tot/numGrades report.append(str(s) + '\'s mean grade is ' + str(average)) except ZeroDivisionError: report.append(str(s) + ' has no grades') return '\n'.join(report)

Setting up an example
ug1 = UG('Jane Doe', 2014) ug2 = UG('John Doe', 2015) ug3 = UG('David Henry', 2003) g1 = Grad('John Henry') g2 = Grad('George Steinbrenner') six00 = Grades() six00.addStudent(g1) six00.addStudent(ug2) six00.addStudent(ug1) six00.addStudent(g2) for s in six00.allStudents(): six00.addGrade(s, 75) six00.addGrade(g1, 100) six00.addGrade(g2, 25) six00.addStudent(ug3)

Using this example


I could list all students using
for s in six00.allStudents(): print s

This prints out the list of student names sorted by idNum Why not just do
for s in six00.students: print s

This violates the data hiding aspect of an object, and exposes internal representation
If I were to change how I want to represent a grade book, I should only need to change the methods within that object, not external procedures that use it

Comments on the example


Nicely separates collection of data from use of data Access is through methods associated with the gradebook object But current version is inefficient to get a list of all students, I create a copy of the internal list
Lets me manipulate without change the internal structure But expensive in a MOOC with 100,000 students

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