11/13/2013

1
Fast Load Flow
and
Contingency Analysis
Dr. Swapan Kr. Goswami
Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
Jadavpur University
Applications of load flow
As an independent tool
As a support tool
Speed requirements
Accuracy requirements
Fast and accurate : Fast decoupled load flow
Fast but approximate : DC load flow
Fast Decoupled Load Flow:
Newton Raphson method in polar co-ordinate
|
|
]
|

A
A
|
]
|

=
|
]
|

A
A
V
V
L J
N H
Q
P

P-V & Q - o are weakly coupled
V
1
X
V
2
/
P+jQ
1 1
1
1
1 2
1
V
Px
j x
V
Q
V
V
jQ P
jx V V
V
jQ P
I

|
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.
|

\
|
=
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|
.
|

\
|
=

=
|
|
]
|

A
A
|
]
|

=
|
]
|

A
A
V
V
0
0

L
H
Q
P
Assuming complete decoupling

V
1
(Q/V
1
.X)
(PX/V
1
)
V
2
( )
( )
km km km km
m
m k
Specified
k k
km km km km
m
m k
Specified
k k
B G V V Q Q
B G V V P P


cos sin
sin cos
+ = A
+ = A

( )
km km km
k k kk kk k k kk kk
km km km km m k km km
jB G Y
Q V B L Q V B H
B G V V L H
+ =
+ =
= =
2 2
;
; cos sin
Normally,
V
k
, V
m
~1.0 p.u.
R
x
ratio of lines are high
o
km
are small
Thus, cos o
km
~ 1, G
km
sin o
km
<< B
km
;
11/13/2013
2
( )
km km km km
m
m k k
B G V V Q cos sin =

ko
k m
m
km ko
k m
m
km
k m
m
km kk
m
km
Y y Y y
B B B
~ +
|
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.
|

\
|
+ ~
+ ~ ~


= =
=
and
2
Thus,
k kk kk kk
km m k km km
km km
i
ko ki kk
V B L H
B V V L H
y Y
y y Y
= =
~ =
=
+ =

The decoupled load flow equation is thus,
j j j
j j j
V
V
V B V Q
V B V P
A
' ' = A
A ' = A
. .
. .
The elements of the matrices [B ] and [B] are strictly elements
of [-B].
Further simplification:
(a)Taking the left hand V terms on to the left hand sides of the
equations and by setting all the right hand V terms to 1 p.u.
(b) Omitting from [B ] the representation of those network
elements that predominantly affect MVAR flows i.e., shunt
reactances and off-nominal in phase transformer taps.
(c) Omitting from [B] the angle shifting effects of phase shifters.
(d) Neglecting series resistances in calculating the elements of
[B ].
The final fast decoupled load flow equations
j j
j j V B
V
Q
B
V
P
A ' ' =
|
]
|

A
A ' =
|
]
|

= ' '
= = ' '
= '
= = '
k m
km kk
km km
k m
km
kk
km
km
b B
k m b B
x
B
k m
x
B

for ,
1
for ,
1
Where,
2 2
km km
km
km
km km km
x r
x
b
jb g y
+
=
+ =
The matrics B and B are real, sparse and have the structures
of [H] and [L] respectively. Order of B and B are (N 1) and
(N M) respectively, where N is the number of bus bars and M
is the number of PV bus bars. B is symmetric in value and so is
B if phase shifters are ignored. The elements of the matrices
are constant and need to be evaluated and triangulated only
once for a network.
The speed of iterations of the fast decoupled method is about
five times that of formal Newton Raphson and about two thirds
that of Gauss Seidel method. Storage requirements are about
60 percent of the formal Newton Raphson method.
11/13/2013
3
KP = KQ = 1
Calculate [P/V]
Converged? KP=0
Solve for and update
KQ=1
KQ=0
?
NO
YES
O
u
t
p
u
t
Calculate [Q/V]
Converged ?
Solve forV and
update V
KQ=0
KP=1
KP=0 ?
YES
NO
YES
NO
Y
NO
Flow Chart:
P-o, Q- V equations to be converged simultaneously
Branch Outage Calculation:
Equation to be solved in fast decoupled load flow are of the form
[R] = [B
o
] [E
o
]
For which a solution, [E
o
] = [B
o
]
-1
[R] , can be obtained using the
factors of [B
o
].
For outage of element k-m
j j j , , M bM B b B B
b
o o
+ =
|
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|
]
|

+ = 0 1 0 1 0 0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
k m
k
m
b = line or transformer series admittance.
Using matrix inversion lema,
j j j j j
1 1
1

=
o o
B M X C B B
j j
j j
t
o
M B X
X M
b
C
1
1
1

=
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
Where,
The solution vector [E
1
] to the outage problem is
j j
j j j j , ,
j j j j
o o
o o
E M X C E
R B M X C B
R B E
1 1
1
1 1
=
=
=

j j
j j
quantity Scalar
1 1
;
1
1
1
1
|
|
|
]
|

=
= |
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
|
]
|

|
|
|
]
|

+ =
|
]
|

=
|
]
|

|
]
|

X M X
b
b
X M
b
C
M B
X
t
o
M
=
k
k
m
m
j j j j j
j j
j j
1
1
E E
E C E
E M X C E E
o
o o
o o
=
=
=
11/13/2013
4
The DC Power flow : Simplified further by dropping the Q-V
equation i.e., assuming V = 1 p.u.
j j j A ' = A B P
Useful for calculating MW flows through lines and transformers.
ik
k i
ik
x
P

=
Extensively used in contingency analysis.
System Security:
Involves practices designed to keep the system operating when components
fail.
Mechanism:
Maintaining proper spinning reserve
Maintaining proper network flow margin.
Functions:
System monitoring:
Measuring critical power system quantities
Estimation of system states.
Contingency analysis:
To determine which contingencies cause limit violations and also
severity of such violation. Results of this study allow system to be
operated defensively.
Security constrained optimal power flow:
Contingency analysis incorporated into power flow optimization
Why contingency analysis is needed:
250MW
500MW
Unit 1
250 MW
1200MW
700MW
Unit 2
Optimal dispatch
500MW
Unit 1
500MW
700MW
Unit 2
1200 MW
Post contingency dispatch
200MW
400MW
Unit 1
200 MW
1200MW
800MW
Unit 2
Secure dispatch
400MW
Unit 1
400MW
800MW
Unit 2
1200 MW
Secure post contingency dispatch
Contingency Analysis Procedure:
Start
Set system model to initial
conditions
i = 1
Simulate outage of Generator i
Line flow
or
Bus voltage limit
violated ?
last generator
considered
?
Display alarm
message
i = i + 1
Yes
No
l = 1
Simulate outage of line l
line flow
or
bus voltage limit
violated
?
Display alarm
message
l = l + 1
last line
considered
?
No
No
end
Problem : Time Consuming
No
Yes
Yes
11/13/2013
5
Fast Solution: Two approaches
1. Linear sensitivity factors : Uses simple multiplying
factors very fast and
approximate solutions.
2. Contingency ranking : Contingencies are ranked
according to their severity, full
AC load flow performed for the
selected cases.
Linear sensitivity factors:
1. Generation shift factors.
2. Line outage distribution factors.
;
i
l
li
P
f
a
A
A
=
o
i i
P P = A
Af
l
= Change is flow through line l
AP
i
= Change is generation at bus i.
Pre-calculated set of a factors can be used to determine the
Change in power flow on each line.
For outage of the generator at bus i,
i
j
l
Generation shift factor of line l due to a shift of generation at
Bus i,
DC Load flow equation:
n
m
l
X
l
i
( )
mi ni
l
i
m
i
n
l
l
m n
i i
l
li
X X
x
dP
d
dP
d
x
x dP
d
dP
df
a
P X
B P
=
|
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.
|

\
|
=

= =
A = A
A = A
1
1

Generation Shift Factor:

A
|
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]
|

|
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|
|
]
|

A
A
A
A
i
mi
i
m
n
P
X 0
0
0
..... ..........
.....X ..........
ni
1

i li
o
l l
P a f f A + =

j lj i li
o
l l
P a P a f f A A + =

If the generation outage is made up at bus j,

=
=
= A A + =
i k
k
j
ji
i j
i ji lj i li
o
l l
P
P
P a P a f f
max
max
;

Post contingency flow through line l
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6
Line outage distribution factors:
o
k lk
o
l l
o
k
l
lk
f d f f
f
f
d
.

+ =
A
=
k
l
i
j
Outage of line k is simulated
as
AP
i
= + P
ij
AP
j
= - P
ij
k p q
+P
pq
P
pq
- P
pq
l
r s
P
rs
+ d
rs - pq
P
pq
( )
( )
pq pq qq pp rs
sq sp rq rp pq
pq
rs
pq rs
x X X X x
X X X X x
P
P
d
+
+
=
A
=

2
Contingency Selection:
Severe contingencies are identified and ranked.
Full AC load flow run for the selected cases.
Contingency
Selection and
ranking
L
i
s
t

o
f

p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
o
u
t
a
g
e
s
S
h
o
r
t

l
i
s
t

o
f

m
o
s
t
s
e
v
e
r
e

c
a
s
e
s
i = 1
Pick outage i from short list and
remove the component from the power
flow model
Run AC power flow
Test for over load / voltage limit
violation
all cases done
?
i = i + 1
end
A
l
a
r
m

l
i
s
t
No
Yes
Contingency Ranking : According to Performance index (PI)
Most severe contingency ranked first followed by less
severe ones.
Active power contingency :
n
element
l
l
l
P
P
W PI
2

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
W
l
= weightage factor for element l
P
l
= power flow through element l
_
P
l
= power rating of element I
11/13/2013
7
Reactive power / voltage contingencies:

=
2
l l
P x PI
x
l
= reactance of element l
This index can identity contingencies creating wide spread
voltage problem. However, this index show little sensitivity
to smaller local problems, where the voltage on one or a few
Buses has dropped only slightly.
Alternative approaches for the identification of
local problems:
Local solution method:
Voltage problems generally occur in the neighbourhood
of the dropped element. A modified Gauss Seidel
solution algorithm is used by dividing the network into
layers. Voltage at buses near the outage are updated keeping
the voltage on the distant buses constant.
layer - 3
layer - 3
layer - 2
layer - 1
outage line
layer =1
end buses of the
outage line
Consider voltage at the
buses connected to
layer as constant
Determine voltage of
the buses in the layer
bus voltages close
to the pre-contingencies
values
?
Expand the layer by
including the buses
directly connected to
the previous layer
Yes
end
No
1P1Q method:
One iteration of fast decoupled power flow.
B, B" matrices
model outage case
solve P - eqn.
for , update
solve Q-v eqn. for
v, update V
Calculate line flows and PI
Pick next outage case
F
u
l
l

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u
t
a
g
e
c
a
s
e

l
i
s
t
P
I

l
i
s
t
(
o
n
e

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n
t
r
y

f
o
r
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c
h

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t
a
g
e

c
a
s
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)
Questions ?
THANK YOU